Chapter V: Section I: Operations on unfermented Vegetables

CHAP. I. _Of the Substances obtained from
Vegetables by Expression only._

1. PROCESS. To express and depurate the juice of a
Plant, containing its Essential Salt. The
crystallization of that Salt 383

2. To draw the Oils out of Kernels, Seeds, and Fruits,
by Expression 386

3. To draw the Essential Oils of certain Fruits by
Expression 387

CHAP. II. _Of the Substances obtained from
Vegetables by Triture._

1. PROCESS. To make the Extract of a Plant by
Trituration 389

2. To extract from Seeds and Kernels, by
Trituration, the matter of Emulsions 392

CHAP. III. _Of Operations on Fat Oils._

1. PROCESS. To attenuate Fat Oils, and change their
nature, by exposing them to the action of fire, and
distilling them 395

2. To combine Fat Oils with Acids. The decomposition
of this combination 398

3. To combine Fat Oils with Fixed Alkalis. Hard and
Soft Soap. The decomposition of Soap 400

4. To combine Fat Oils with Sulphur 405

5. To combine Fat Oils with Lead, and the Calces of
Lead. The Basis of Plasters. The decomposition of
this combination 406

CHAP. IV. _Of the substances obtained from Vegetables with
a degree of heat not exceeding that of boiling water._

1. PROCESS. To obtain from Plants, by distilling them
with the mean degree of heat between freezing and
boiling water, a liquor impregnated with their
Principle of Odour 408

2. To extract the Fat Oils of Plants by Decoction in
boiling water. Cacao-Butter 410

3. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by
Distillation with the heat of boiling water.
Distilled Water 412

4. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by
distillation _per descensum_ 418

5. Infusions, Decoctions, and Extracts of Plants 419

CHAP. V. _Of Operations on Essential Oils._

1. PROCESS. The Rectification of Essential Oils 422

2. To fire Oils by combining them with highly
concentrated Acids: instanced in Oil of Turpentine 426

3. To combine Essential Oils with mineral Sulphur.
Balsam of Sulphur. This composition decompounded 434

4. To combine Essential Oils with Fixed Alkalis.
Starkey's Soap 438

CHAP. VI. _Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables
by means of a graduated heat, from that of boiling
water, to the strongest that can be applied to them
in close vessels._

1. PROCESS. To analyze vegetable substances that
yield neither a Fat nor an Essential Oil: instanced
in Guaiacum-Wood 440

2. To analyze a vegetable substance which yields the
same principles as are obtained from Animal matters:
instanced in Mustard-seed 445

CHAP. VII. _Of the Substances obtained from
Vegetables by Combustion._

1. PROCESS. To procure a Fixed, Caustic, Alkaline
Salt from a vegetable substance, by burning it in
the open air 448

2. To procure the Fixed Salt of a Plant, by burning
it after the manner of Tachenius 453

3. To render Fixed Alkalis very Caustic by means of
Lime. The Caustic Stone 455

4. The Analysis of Soot 457

CHAP. VIII. _The Analyses of some particular
substances belonging to the Vegetable Kingdom._

1. PROCESS. Analysis of the Native Balsams: instanced
in Turpentine 460

2. The Analysis of Resins: instanced in Benjamin.
The Flowers and Oil of Benjamin 463

Reflections on the Nature and Properties of Camphor 465

3. The Analysis of Bitumens: instanced in Amber.
The Volatile Salt and Oil of Amber 467

4. The Analysis of Bee's Wax, and such Oily Compounds
as are analogous to it 472

5. The Saccharine juices of Plants analyzed: instanced
in Honey 474

6. Gummy substances analyzed: instanced in Gum
Arabic 476