Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

AUTHOR LIST: "Author of Asien und Europa nach den Aegyptischen
Denkmalern; &c." 'Aegyptischen' amended from 'Aegptischen'.

ARTICLE GILGIT: "These basins include a system of glaciers of such
gigantic proportions that they are probably unrivalled in any part
of the world." 'part' amended from 'pact'.

ARTICLE GILGIT: "... F. Younghusband, 'Journeys in the Pamirs and
Adjacent Countries,' Proc. R.G.S. vol. xiv., 1892; Curzon,
'Pamirs,' Jour. R.G.S. vol. viii., 1896; Leitner, Dardistan
(1877)." 'Younghusband' amended from 'Tounghusband'.

ARTICLE GILLRAY, JAMES: "Gillray lived with Miss (often called Mrs)
Humphrey during all the period of his fame. It is believed that he
several times thought of marrying her ..." 'Gillray' amended from
'Gillary'.

ARTICLE GINGUENE, PIERRE LOUIS: "... D. J. Garat, Notice sur la vie
et les ouvrages de P. L. Ginguene, prefixed to a catalogue of his
library (Paris, 1817)." 'Ginguene' amended from 'Guingene'.

ARTICLE GINSENG: "Great care is taken in the preparation of the
drug. The account given by Kaempfer of the preparation of nindsin
..." 'Kaempfer' amended from 'Koempfer'.

ARTICLE GIRONDISTS: "... by A. Gramier de Cassagnac (Paris, 1860)
led to the publication of a Protestation by J. Guadet ..."
'publication' amended from 'publicaton'.

ARTICLE GIUSTO DA GUANTO: "Yet there are notable divergences
between these pictures and the 'Communion of the Apostles.'"
'between' amended from 'betweeen'.

ARTICLE GLACIAL PERIOD: "... the side of the hill facing the
advancing ice being rounded and gently curved (German Stossseite),
and the opposite side (Leeseite) steep, abrupt and much less
smooth." 'opposite' amended from 'opposte'.

ARTICLE GLASS: "A non-spherical form can only be produced by
blowing the hollow bulb into a mould of the required shape. Moulds
are used both for giving shape to vessels and also for impressing
patterns on their surface." 'surface' amended from 'suface'.

ARTICLE GLASS: "It must be remembered that the Romans possessed no
fine porcelain decorated with lively colours and a beautiful glaze;
Samian ware was the most decorative kind of pottery which was then
made." 'porcelain' amended from 'procelain'.

ARTICLE GLASS: "... a squat tumbler covered with prunts, gave rise
to the "Krautstrunk," which is like the "Igel," but longer and
narrow-waisted." 'Krautstrunk' amended from 'Krautsrunk'.

THE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

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in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by

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THE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XII
GICHTEL to HARMONIUM

New York

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.

VOLUME XII, SLICE I

Gichtel, Johann to Glory

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

GICHTEL, JOHANN GEORG GIRART DE ROUSSILLON
GIDDINGS, JOSHUA REED GIRAUD, GIOVANNI
GIDEON GIRDLE
GIEBEL, CHRISTOPH ANDREAS GIRGA
GIEN GIRGENTI
GIERS, NICHOLAS KARLOVICH DE GIRISHK
GIESEBRECHT, WILHELM VON GIRNAR
GIESELER, JOHANN KARL LUDWIG GIRODET DE ROUSSY, ANNE LOUIS
GIESSEN GIRONDE
GIFFARD, GODFREY GIRONDISTS
GIFFARD, WALTER GIRTIN, THOMAS
GIFFARD, WILLIAM GIRVAN
GIFFEN, SIR ROBERT GIRY, ARTHUR
GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN GISBORNE
GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON GISLEBERT OF MONS
GIFFORD, WILLIAM GISORS
GIFT GISSING, GEORGE ROBERT
GIFU GITSCHIN
GIG GIUDICI, PAOLO EMILIANO
GIGLIO GIULIO ROMANO
GIJON GIUNTA PISANO
GILAN GIURGEVO
GILBART, JAMES WILLIAM GIUSTI, GIUSEPPE
GILBERT, ALFRED GIUSTINIANI
GILBERT, ANN GIUSTO DA GUANTO
GILBERT, GROVE KARL GIVET
GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY GIVORS
GILBERT, JOHN GJALLAR
GILBERT, SIR JOHN GLABRIO
GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY GLACE BAY
GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ROSANNA GLACIAL PERIOD
GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT GLACIER
GILBERT, WILLIAM GLACIS
GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK GLADBACH
GILBERT DE LA PORREE GLADDEN, WASHINGTON
GILBERT OF SEMPRINGHAM, ST GLADIATORS
GILBERT FOLIOT GLADIOLUS
GILBERT ISLANDS GLADSHEIM
GILBEY, SIR WALTER GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL
GILDAS GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART
GILDER, RICHARD WATSON GLADSTONE
GILDERSLEEVE, BASIL LANNEAU GLAGOLITIC
GILDING GLAIR
GILDS GLAISHER, JAMES
GILEAD GLAMIS
GILES, ST GLAMORGANSHIRE
GILFILLAN, GEORGE GLANDERS
GILGAL GLANVILL, JOSEPH
GILGAMESH, EPIC OF GLANVILL, RANULF DE
GILGIT GLAPTHORNE, HENRY
GILL, JOHN GLARUS (Swiss canton)
GILL GLARUS (Swiss city)
GILLES DE ROYE GLAS, GEORGE
GILLES LI MUISIS GLAS, JOHN
GILLESPIE, GEORGE GLASER, CHRISTOPHER
GILLESPIE, THOMAS GLASGOW
GILLIE GLASITES
GILLIES, JOHN GLASS
GILLINGHAM (town of Dorsetshire) GLASS, STAINED
GILLINGHAM (borough of Kent) GLASSBRENNER, ADOLF
GILLOT, CLAUDE GLASS CLOTH
GILLOTT, JOSEPH GLASSIUS, SALOMO
GILLOW, ROBERT GLASSWORT
GILLRAY, JAMES GLASTONBURY
GILLYFLOWER GLATIGNY, JOSEPH ALBERT ALEXANDRE
GILMAN, DANIEL COIT GLATZ
GILMORE, PATRICK SARSFIELD GLAUBER, JOHANN RUDOLF
GILPIN, BERNARD GLAUBER'S SALT
GILSONITE GLAUCHAU
GILYAKS GLAUCONITE
GIMBAL GLAUCOUS
GIMLET GLAUCUS
GIMLI GLAZING
GIMP GLAZUNOV, ALEXANDER CONSTANTINOVICH
GIN GLEBE
GINDELY, ANTON GLEE
GINGALL GLEICHEN
GINGER GLEIG, GEORGE
GINGHAM GLEIM, JOHANN WILHELM LUDWIG
GINGI GLEIWITZ
GINGUENE, PIERRE LOUIS GLENALMOND
GINKEL, GODART VAN GLENCAIRN, EARLS OF
GINSBURG, CHRISTIAN DAVID GLENCOE
GINSENG GLENCORSE, JOHN INGLIS
GIOBERTI, VINCENZO GLENDALOUGH, VALE OF
GIOIOSA-IONICA GLENDOWER, OWEN
GIOJA, MELCHIORRE GLENELG, CHARLES GRANT
GIOLITTI, GIOVANNI GLENELG
GIORDANO, LUCA GLENGARRIFF
GIORGIONE GLEN GREY
GIOTTINO GLENS FALLS
GIOTTO GLENTILT
GIPSIES GLEYRE, MARC CHARLES GABRIEL
GIRAFFE GLIDDON, GEORGE ROBINS
GIRALDI, GIGLIO GREGORIO GLINKA, FEDOR NIKOLAEVICH
GIRALDI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA GLINKA, MICHAEL IVANOVICH
GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS GLINKA, SERGY NIKOLAEVICH
GIRANDOLE GLOBE-FISH
GIRARD, JEAN BAPTISTE GLOBIGERINA
GIRARD, PHILIPPE HENRI DE GLOCKENSPIEL
GIRARD, STEPHEN GLOGAU
GIRARDIN, DELPHINE DE GLORIOSA
GIRARDIN, EMILE DE GLORY
GIRARDON, FRANCOIS

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. A. R.*
ARTHUR ALCOCK RAMBAUT, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.A.S.

Radcliffe Observer, Oxford. Professor of Astronomy in the
University of Dublin and Royal Astronomer of Ireland, 1892-1897.

Grant, Robert.

A. C. Se.
ALBERT CHARLES SEWARD, M.A., F.R.S.

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Hon. Fellow of
Emmanuel College, Cambridge. President of the Yorkshire
Naturalists' Union, 1910.

Gymnosperms.

A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Professor of English History
in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary
of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Author of _England under the
Protector Somerset_; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.

Grindal.

A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Grynaeus, Simon;
Haetzer,

A. G. B.*
HON. ARCHIBALD GRAEME BELL, M.INST.CE.

Director of Public Works and Inspector of Mines, Trinidad. Member
of Executive and Legislative Councils, Inst.C.E.

Guiana.

A. H.-S.
SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

Giilan;
Hamadan.

A. He.
ARTHUR HERVEY.

Formerly Musical Critic to _Morning Post_ and _Vanity Fair_.
Author of _Masters of French Music_; _French Music in the XIX.
Century_.

Gounod.

A. H. S.
REV. A. H. SAYCE, D.D.

See the biographical article, SAYCE, A. H.

Grammar;
Gyges.

A. J. G.
REV. ALEXANDER JAMES GRIEVE, M.A., B.D.

Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United
Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
University and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Haggai (_in part_).

A. J. H.
ALFRED JAMES HIPKINS.

Formerly Member of Council and Hon. Curator of Royal College of
Music. Member of Committee of the Inventions and Music Exhibition,
1885; of the Vienna Exhibition, 1892; and of the Paris Exhibition,
1900. Author of _Musical Instruments_; _A Description and History
of the Pianoforte_; &c.

Harmonium (_in part_).

A. L.
ANDREW LANG.

See the biographical article, LANG, ANDREW.

Gurney, Edmund.

A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article, CLERKE, A. M.

Halley;
Hansen.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article, NEWTON, ALFRED.

Goatsucker;
Godwit;
Golden-eye;
Goldfinch;
Goose;
Gos-Hawk;
Grackle;
Grebe;
Greenfinch;
Greenshank;
Grosbeak;
Grouse;
Guacharo;
Guan;
Guillemot;
Guinea-Fowl;
Gull;
Hammer-Kop.

A. Ne.
ALEXANDER NESBITT, F.S.A.

Author of the _Introduction_ to _A Descriptive Catalogue of the
Glass Vessels in South Kensington Museum_.

Glass: _History of Manufacture (in part)_.

A. S. C.
ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Author
of _Ancient Needle Point and Pillow Lace_; _Embroidery and Lace_;
_Ornament in European Silks_; &c.

Gold and Silver Thread.

A. Sy.
ARTHUR SYMONS.

See the biographical article, SYMONS, A.

Goncourt, De;
Hardy, Thomas.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.

Godfrey of Viterbo;
Golden Bull;
Habsburg.

A. W. R.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
_Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Ground Rent;
Handwriting.

A. W. W.
ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LL.D., LITT.D.

See the biographical article, WARD, A. W.

Greene, Robert.

C. F. A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.

Grand Alliance, War of the;
Grant, Ulysses S. (_in part_);
Great Rebellion.

C. Gr.
CHARLES GROSS, A.M., PH.D., LL.D. (1857-1909).

Professor of History at Harvard University, 1888-1909. Author of
_The Gild Merchant_; _Sources and Literature of English History_;
&c.

Gilds.

C. H.*
SIR C. HOLROYD.

See the biographical article; HOLROYD, SIR C.

Haden, Sir, F. C.

C. H. C.
CHARLES H. COOTE.

Formerly of Map Department, British Museum.

Hakluyt (_in part_).

C. H. Ha.
CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York
City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Gregory: _Popes_, VIII. to XII.;
Guibert.

C. J. L.
SIR CHARLES JAMES LYALL, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D (Edin.)

Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office. Fellow of
King's College, London. Secretary to Government of India in Home
Department, 1889-1894. Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces,
India, 1895-1898. Author of _Translations of Ancient Arabic
Poetry_; &c.

Hamasa.

C. L.*
CHARLES LAPWORTH, M.SC., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.

Professor of Geology and Physiography in the University of
Birmingham. Editor of _Monograph on British Graptolites_,
Palaeontographical Society, 1900-1908.

Graptolites.

C. L. K.
CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of
Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_, and Stow's _Survey of
London_.

Glendower, Owen;
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of;
Hallam, Bishop;
Hardyng, John.

C. M.
CARL THEODOR MIRBT, D.TH.

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author
of _Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregor VII._; _Quellen zur Geschichte
des Papstthums_; &c.

Gregory VII.

C. Mi.
CHEDOMILLE MIJATOVICH.

Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St James',
1895-1900 and 1902-1903.

Gundulich.

C. M. W.
SIR CHARLES MOORE WATSON, K.C.M.G., C.B.

Colonel, Royal Engineers. Deputy-Inspector-General of
Fortifications, 1896-1902. Served under General Gordon in the
Soudan, 1874-1875.

Gordon, General.

C. Pf.
CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D.-ES-L.

Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Etudes sur le regne de Robert le Pieux_.

Gregory, St, of Tours;
Gunther of Schwarzburg.

C. R. B.
CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of Modem History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer
in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889.
Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_;
_The Dawn of Modem Geography_; &c.

Gomez;
Hakluyt (_in part_).

C. We.
CECIL WEATHERLY.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law.

Graffito.