Chapter I: Front Matter (1)

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE HUGO, VICTOR MARIE: "In 1831 appeared the greatest of all
tragic or historic or romantic poems in the form of prose
narrative, Notre-Dame de Paris." 'Notre' amended from 'Norte'.

ARTICLE HUMOUR: "To expect exalted humour is a contradiction in
terms.... The poet, therefore, must place the object he would have
the subject of humour in a state of inferiority; in other words,
the subject of humour must be low." 'contradiction' amended from
'contradition'.

ARTICLE HUNGARY: "This policy he pursued with masterly skill. His
first acts on taking up his office were to repudiate the authority
of the Hungarian diet, to replace the Magyar officials with ardent
'Illyrians,' and to proclaim martial law." 'Magyar' amended from
'Maygar'.

ARTICLE HUPFELD, HERMANN: "See E. Riehm, Hermann Hupfeld (Halle,
1867); W. Kay, Crisis Hupfeldiana (1865); and the article by A.
Kamphausen in Band viii. of Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie
(1900)." 'Hupfeldiana' amended from 'Hupeldiana'.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE
AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XIII, SLICE VIII

Hudson River to Hurstmonceaux

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

HUDSON RIVER HUMPHREYS, ANDREW ATKINSON
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY HUMPHRY, OZIAS
HUE HUMUS
HUE AND CRY HUNALD
HUEHUETANANGO HU-NAN
HUELVA (province of Spain) HUNDRED
HUELVA (city) HUNDRED DAYS
HUERCAL OVERA HUNDRED YEARS' WAR
HUESCA (province of Spain) HUNGARY
HUESCA (city) HUNGER and THIRST
HUET, PIERRE DANIEL HUNGERFORD, WALTER HUNGERFORD
HUFELAND, CHRISTOPH WILHELM HUNGERFORD
HUFELAND, GOTTLIEB HUNINGEN
HUG, JOHANN LEONHARD HUNNERIC
HUGGINS, SIR WILLIAM HUNNIS, WILLIAM
HUGH, ST HUNS
HUGH HUNSDON, HENRY CAREY
HUGH CAPET HUNSTANTON
HUGH DE PUISET HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM
HUGH OF ST CHER HUNT, HENRY
HUGH OF ST VICTOR HUNT, HENRY JACKSON
HUGHES, DAVID EDWARD HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH
HUGHES, SIR EDWARD HUNT, ROBERT
HUGHES, HUGH PRICE HUNT, THOMAS STERRY
HUGHES, JOHN (English poet) HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY
HUGHES, JOHN (American divine) HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN
HUGHES, THOMAS (English dramatist) HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS
HUGHES, THOMAS (English lawyer) HUNTER, JOHN
HUGLI (channel of the Ganges) HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO
HUGLI (town of India) HUNTER, WILLIAM
HUGO, GUSTAV VON HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER
HUGO, VICTOR MARIE HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON
HUGUENOTS HUNTING
HUGUES, CLOVIS HUNTING DOG
HUICHOL HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
HUITZILOPOCHTLI HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS
HULDA HUNTINGDON (Huntingdonshire, England)
HULKE, JOHN WHITAKER HUNTINGDON (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)
HULL, ISAAC HUNTINGDONSHIRE (HUNTS)
HULL (Quebec, Canada) HUNTINGTON, DANIEL
HULL (Yorkshire, England) HUNTINGTON, FREDERIC DAN
HULL (shell) HUNTINGTON (Indiana, U.S.A.)
HULLAH, JOHN PYKE HUNTINGTON (New York, U.S.A.)
HULME, WILLIAM HUNTINGTON (West Virginia, U.S.A.)
HULS HUNTINGTOWER AND RUTHVENFIELD
HULSE, JOHN HUNTLY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
HUMACAO HUNTLY
HUMANE SOCIETY, ROYAL HUNTSMAN, BENJAMIN
HUMANISM HUNTSVILLE
HUMANITARIANS HUNYADI, JANOS
HUMAYUN HUNYADI, LASZLO
HUMBER HUNZA and NAGAR
HUMBERT, RANIERI EUGENIO HUON OF BORDEAUX
HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH ALEXANDER HUON PINE
HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON HU-PEH
HUMBUG HUPFELD, HERMANN
HUME, ALEXANDER HURD, RICHARD
HUME, DAVID HURDLE
HUME, JOSEPH HURDLE RACING
HUMILIATI HURDY-GURDY
HUMITE HURLSTONE, FREDERICK YEATES
HUMMEL, JOHANN NEPOMUK HURON (Indian tribes)
HUMMING-BIRD HURON (North American lake)
HUMMOCK HURRICANE
HUMOUR HURRY, SIR JOHN
HUMPBACK WHALE HURST, JOHN FLETCHER
HUMPERDINCK, ENGELBERT HURSTMONCEAUX
HUMPHREY, LAWRENCE

HUDSON RIVER, the principal river of New York state, and one of the most important highways of commerce in the United States of America. It is not a river in the truest sense of the word, but a river valley into which the ocean water has been admitted by subsidence of the land, transforming a large part of the valley into an inlet, and thus opening it up to navigation.

The Hudson lies entirely in the state of New York, which it crosses in a nearly north-and-south direction near the eastern boundary of the state. The sources of the river are in the wildest part of the Adirondack Mountains, in Essex county, north-eastern New York. There are a number of small mountain streams which contribute to the headwater supply, any one of which might be considered the main stream; but assuming the highest collected and permanent body of water to be the true head, the source of the Hudson is Lake Tear-of-the-Clouds, which lies near Mount Marcy at an elevation of about 4322 ft. This small mountain stream flows irregularly southward with a fall of 64 ft. per mile in the upper 52 miles, then, from the mouth of North Creek to the mouth of the Sacondaga, at the rate of nearly 14 ft. per mile. In this part of its course the Hudson has many falls and rapids, and receives a number of mountain streams as tributaries, the largest being Indian river, Schroon river and Sacondaga river. Below the mouth of the Sacondaga the Hudson turns sharply and flows eastward for about 12 m., passing through the mountains, and leaping over several falls of great height and beauty. At Glens Falls there is a fall of about 50 ft.; and just below this, at Sandy Hill, the river again turns abruptly, and for the rest of its course to New York Bay flows almost due south. There are numerous falls and rapids between Glens Falls and Troy which are used as a source of power and are the seats of busy manufacturing plants. Several large tributaries join this part of the river, including Batten Kill, Fish Creek, Hoosic river and the Mohawk, which is the largest of all the tributaries to the Hudson, and contributes more water than the main river itself.

From Troy to the mouth of the Hudson the river is tidal, and from this point also the river is navigable, not because of the river water itself, but because of the low grade of the river bed by which the tide is able to back up the water sufficiently to float good-sized boats. From Albany, 6 m. below Troy, to the mouth of the Hudson, a distance of 145 m., there is a total fall of only 5 ft. It is this lower, tidal, navigable portion of the Hudson that is of so much importance and general interest. Numerous tributaries enter this part of the Hudson from both the east and the west, the largest and most important being the Wallkill which enters at Kingston. In general there is in this part of the river a broad upper valley with a much narrower gorge cut in its bottom, with its rock floor below sea level and drowned by the entrance of the sea. Although this is true in a general way, the character of the river valley varies greatly in detail from point to point, under the influence of the geological structure of the enclosing rock walls.

Most of these variations may be included in a threefold division of
the lower Hudson valley. The uppermost of these extends from the
south-eastern base of the Adirondack Mountains to the northern portal
of the Highlands in Dutchess and Ulster counties. This is a lowland
region of ancient Paleozoic rocks. Into the upper portion of this
section of the river the non-tidal Hudson is depositing its load of
detritus, building a delta below Troy. This, shifted about by the
currents, has interposed an obstacle to navigation which has called
for extensive dredging and other work, for the purpose of maintaining
a navigable channel. The width of the tidal river varies somewhat,
being about 300 yds. at Albany and thence to the Highlands varying
from 300 yds. to 900 yds.

The scenery in this part of the river, though not tame, is a little
monotonous, the gently sloping hills, with the variegated colours of
wood and cultivated land, and the occasional occurrence of a town or
village being repeated, without any marked feature to break their
regularity. Thirty miles from Troy noble views begin to be obtained of
the Catskill Mountains towering up behind the west bank, the nearest
eminence at the distance of about 7 m. Along the immediate banks of
the river are great beds of clay which is extensively used in the
manufacture of brick; and the brick-burning plants and huge ice houses
are conspicuous features in the landscape. Although the river freezes
in the winter, so that ice-boating is a favourite winter sport, the
summer climate is warm enough for the cultivation of grapes and other
fruits, which is aided to a considerable extent by the influence of
the large body of water enclosed between the valley walls, which tends
to retard both early and late frosts, and thus to extend the growing
season. In addition to smaller towns and villages, there are a number
of larger towns and cities, including Hudson and Catskill, nearly
opposite each other, and farther down Kingston and the thriving city
of Poughkeepsie. Near the extreme end of this section of the Hudson
lies the city of Newburgh, a short distance below which, at Cornwall
Landing, the river enters the Highlands, the second division of the
tidal part of the Hudson and far the grandest of all.

The river enters the northern portals of the Highlands between a
series of hills whose frequently precipitous sides rise often abruptly
from the water's edge. For about 16 m. the river is bordered by
steeply rising hills, giving picturesque and striking views of great
variety. These are due to the fact that the river here is crossing a
belt of ancient crystalline rocks of moderately high relief,
comparable in geological structure to the Adirondack region. The views
in this part of the river, often compared with those along the Rhine,
are of a character in some respects unparalleled, and at several
points they have an impressiveness and surprising grandeur rarely
equalled. About 10 m. after the Highlands are entered West Point is
reached, a favourite landing-place of tourists and the seat of the
United States Military Academy, from whose grounds fine views of the
river may be had. This point is historically interesting as the seat
of Fort Putnam, now in ruins, built during the American War of
Independence, at which time a chain was stretched across the river to
prevent the passage of British ships.

The third and lowest section of the tidal part of the Hudson extends
from the lower end of the Highlands to New York Bay. This is a region
of ancient and metamorphic Paleozoic rocks on the eastern side, and
mainly Triassic rocks on the west. Because of their less resistance to
denudation, these rocks have permitted a broadening of the valley in
this part of the course. Just below Peekskill the river broadens out
to form Haverstraw Bay, at the extremity of which is the headland of
Croton Point. Below this is the wider expanse of Tappan Bay, which has
a length of 12 m. and a breadth of from 4 to 5 m., while below this
bay the river narrows to a breadth between 1 and 2 m. On Tappan Bay
stands Tarrytown, famous both historically and from its connexion with
Washington Irving, whose cottage of Sunnyside is in the vicinity. At
Piermont, where the bay ends, the range named the Palisades rises
picturesquely from the water's edge to the height of between 300 and
500 ft., extending along the west bank for about 20 m., the opposite
shore being level and dotted with hamlets, villages and towns. The
Palisades are a lava rock of the variety called trap, which has been
intruded as a sheet into the Triassic sandstones, and, on cooling, has
developed the prismatic jointing which is so much more perfectly seen
at Fingal's Cave in Scotland and Giant's Causeway in Ireland. It is
this imperfect hexagonal jointing that has given rise to the name
"palisade," applied to the range whose face fronts the lower Hudson.
At its mouth the Hudson both broadens and branches, forming a series
of islands and an excellent harbour, owing to the fact that the
sinking of the land here has permitted the sea to fill the valleys and
even to flood low divides. A submerged valley, traceable over the
continental shelf, south-east of New York, is commonly believed to
represent an earlier course of the Hudson when the land stood 2000 or
3000 ft. higher than at present, and when the inner gorge above New
York was being excavated.

Although the Hudson river has a total length of only about 300 m., and a drainage area of but 13,370 sq. m., it has been one of the most significant factors in the development of the United States. With an excellent harbour at its mouth, and navigable waters leading into a fertile interior for a distance of 150 m., it early invited exploration and settlement. Verrazano proceeded a short distance up the Hudson in a boat in 1524; but the first to demonstrate its extent and importance was Henry Hudson, from whom it derives its name. He sailed above the mouth of the Mohawk in September 1609. The Dutch later explored and settled the valley and proceeded westward along the Mohawk. The Dutch place-names of the region clearly show the significance of this early use of the Hudson highway. Later, in wars, and notably in the American War of Independence, and American War of 1812, the valley became a region of great strategic importance. This was increased by the fact that from the Hudson near Sandy Hill there are two low gaps into the northern country, one along the valley occupied by Lake George, the other into the Lake Champlain valley. The divide between this part of the Hudson and Lake Champlain is only 147 ft. above sea level, and a depression of the land of only 200 ft. in the region between Albany and the St Lawrence river would convert the Hudson and Champlain valleys into a navigable strait having a depth sufficient for the largest vessels. Movements of armies across these gaps were noteworthy events in the wars between the United States and the French and British; but modern commerce has made far less significant use of this highway, mainly because the gaps lead to a region of little economic importance, and thence to the boundary line of a foreign country. Far more important has been the highway westward along the Mohawk, which has cut a gap across the mountains that has been the most useful of all the gaps through the Appalachians. It has been useful in exploration, in war and in commerce, the latter especially because it leads to the fertile interior and to the waterway of the Great Lakes. By the Erie canal the river is connected with Lake Erie, with a branch to Lake Ontario, and other branches to smaller lakes. The Champlain canal connects the Hudson with Lake Champlain. Although these canals are far less used than formerly, the Hudson is still a busy highway for navigation. It is of interest to note that it was on the Hudson that Fulton, the inventor of steam navigation, made his first successful experiment; and that it was along this same highway, from Albany, that one of the first successful railways of the country was built. A railway line now runs parallel to each bank of the Hudson, the New York Central & Hudson River on the eastern side and the West Shore on the western side, each with connexions to the north, east and west, and each turning westward along the Mohawk to Buffalo. It is largely because of the importance of this highway of commerce, by water and by rail, from the coast to the interior, that the greatest and densest population in the United States has gathered at the seaward end of the route in New York City, Jersey City, Hoboken and other places on and near New York Bay, making one of the leading industrial and commercial centres of the world.

For references to articles on the physiography of the Hudson river see
R. S. Tarr, _Physical Geography of New York State_ (New York, 1902),
pp. 184-190. For Pleistocene conditions see J. B. Woodworth, _Ancient
Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys_ (Albany, 1905), N.Y.
State Museum, Bulletin 84. For facts concerning water supply see
_Surface Water Supply of the Hudson, Passaic, Raritan and Delaware
River Drainages_ (1907), being U.S. Geological Survey, Water Supply
Paper, No. 202. For relation between physiography and history see
chapters in E. C. Semple's _American History and its Geographic
Conditions_ (Boston, 1903); A. P. Brigham, _Geographic Influences in
American History_ (Boston, 1903), and _From Trail to Railway through
the Appalachians_ (Boston, 1907). See also E. M. Bacon, _The Hudson
River_ (New York, 1902); W. E. Verplanck and M. W. Collyer, _Sloops of
the Hudson: Sketch of the Packet and Market Sloops of the Last
Century_ (New York, 1908), D. L. Buckman, _Old Steamboat Days on the
Hudson River_ (New York, 1907), and Clifton Johnson, _The Picturesque
Hudson_ (New York, 1909). (R. S. T.)

HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, or "the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay," a corporation formed for the purpose of importing into Great Britain the furs and skins which it obtains, chiefly by barter, from the Indians of British North America. The trading stations of the Company are dotted over the immense region (excluding Canada proper and Alaska), which is bounded E. and W. by the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and N. and S. by the Arctic Ocean and the United States. From these various stations the furs are despatched in part to posts in Hudson Bay and the coast of Labrador for transportation to England by the Company's ships, and in part by steamboat or other conveyances to points on the railways from whence they can be conveyed to Montreal, St John, N.B., or other Atlantic port, for shipment to London by Canadian Pacific Railway Company's mail ships, or other line of steamers, to be sold at auction.

In the year 1670 Charles II. granted a charter to Prince Rupert and
seventeen other noblemen and gentlemen, incorporating them as the
"Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's
Bay," and securing to them "the sole trade and commerce of all those
seas, straits, bays, rivers, lakes, creeks and sounds, in whatsoever
latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the straits
commonly called Hudson's Straits, together with all the lands and
territories upon the countries, coasts and confines of the seas, bays,
&c., aforesaid, that are not already actually possessed by or granted
to any of our subjects, or possessed by the subjects of any other
Christian prince or state." Besides the complete lordship and entire
legislative, judicial and executive power within these vague limits
(which the Company finally agreed to accept as meaning all lands
watered by streams flowing into Hudson Bay), the corporation received
also the right to "the whole and entire trade and traffic to and from
all havens, bays, creeks, rivers, lakes and seas into which they shall
find entrance or passage by water or land out of the territories,
limits or places aforesaid." The first settlements in the country thus
granted, which was to be known as Rupert's Land, were made on James
Bay and at Churchill and Hayes rivers; but it was long before there
was any advance into the interior, for in 1749, when an unsuccessful
attempt was made in parliament to deprive the Company of its charter
on the plea of "non-user," it had only some four or five forts on the
coast, with about 120 regular employes. Although the commercial
success of the enterprise was from the first immense, great losses,
amounting before 1700 to L217,514, were inflicted on the Company by
the French, who sent several military expeditions against the forts.
After the cession of Canada to Great Britain in 1763, numbers of
fur-traders spread over that country, and into the north-western parts
of the continent, and began even to encroach on the Hudson's Bay
Company's territories. These individual speculators finally combined
into the North-West Fur Company of Montreal.

The fierce competition which at once sprang up between the companies
was marked by features which sufficiently demonstrate the advantages
of a monopoly in commercial dealings with savages, even although it is
the manifest interest of the monopolists to retard the advance of
civilization towards their hunting grounds. The Indians were
demoralized, body and soul, by the abundance of ardent spirits with
which the rival traders sought to attract them to themselves; the
supply of furs threatened soon to be exhausted by the indiscriminate
slaughter, even during the breeding season, of both male and female
animals; the worst passions of both whites and Indians were inflamed
to their fiercest (see RED RIVER SETTLEMENT). At last, in 1821, the
companies, mutually exhausted, amalgamated, obtaining a licence to
hold for 21 years the monopoly of trade in the vast regions lying to
the west and north-west of the older company's grant. In 1838 the
Hudson's Bay Company acquired the sole rights for itself, and obtained
a new licence, also for 21 years. On the expiry of this it was not
renewed, and since 1859 the district has been open to all.

The licences to trade did not of course affect the original
possessions of the Company. Under the terms of the Deed of Surrender,
dated November 19th, 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company surrendered "to
the Queen's Most Gracious Majesty, all the rights of Government, and
other rights, privileges, liberties, franchises, powers and
authorities, granted or purported to be granted to the said Government
and Company by the said recited Letters Patent of His Late Majesty
King Charles II.; and also all similar rights which may have been
exercised or assumed by the said Governor and Company in any parts of
British North America, not forming part of Rupert's Land or of Canada,
or of British Columbia, and all the lands and territories within
Rupert's Land (except and subject as in the said terms and conditions
mentioned) granted or purported to be granted to the said Governor and
Company by the said Letters Patent," subject to the terms and
conditions set out in the Deed of Surrender, including the payment to
the Company by the Canadian Government of a sum of L300,000 sterling
on the transfer of Rupert's Land to the Dominion of Canada, the
retention by the Company of its posts and stations, with a right of
selection of a block of land adjoining each post in conformity with a
schedule annexed to the Deed of Surrender; and the right to claim in
any township or district within the Fertile Belt in which land is set
out for settlement, grants of land not exceeding one-twentieth part of
the land so set out. The boundaries of the Fertile Belt were in terms
of the Deed of Surrender to be as follows:--"On the south by the
United States' boundary; on the west by the Rocky Mountains; on the
north by the northern branch of the Saskatchewan; on the east by Lake
Winnipeg, the Lake of the Woods, and the waters connecting them," and
"the Company was to be at liberty to carry on its trade without
hindrance, in its corporate capacity; and no exceptional tax was to be
placed on the Company's land, trade or servants, nor any import duty
on goods introduced by them previous to the surrender."

An Order in Council was passed confirming the terms of the Deed of
Surrender at the Court of Windsor, the 23rd of June 1870.

In 1872, in terms of the Dominion Lands Act of that year, it was
mutually agreed in regard to the one-twentieth of the lands in the
Fertile Belt reserved to the Company under the terms of the Deed of
Surrender that they should be taken as follows:--

"Whereas by article five of the terms and conditions in the Deed of
Surrender from the Hudson's Bay Company to the Crown, the said Company
is entitled to one-twentieth of the lands surveyed into Townships in a
certain portion of the territory surrendered, described and designated
as the Fertile Belt.

"And whereas by the terms of the said deed, the right to claim the
said one-twentieth is extended over the period of fifty years, and it
is provided that the lands comprising the same shall be determined by
lot, and whereas the said Company and the Government of the Dominion
have mutually agreed that with a view to an equitable distribution
throughout the territory described, of the said one-twentieth of the
lands, and in order further to simplify the setting apart thereof,
certain sections or parts of sections, alike in numbers and position
in each township throughout the said Territory, shall, as the
townships are surveyed, be set apart and designated to meet and cover
such one-twentieth:

"And whereas it is found by computation that the said one-twentieth
will be exactly met, by allotting in every fifth township two whole
sections of 640 acres each, and in all other townships one section and
three quarters of a section each, therefore--

"In every fifth Township in the said Territory; that is to say: in
those townships numbered 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and so
on in regular succession northerly from the International boundary,
the whole of sections Nos. 8 and 26, and in each and every of the
other townships the whole of section No. 8, and the south half and
north-west quarter of section 26 (except in the cases hereinafter
provided for) shall be known and designated as the lands of the said
Company."

See G. Bryce, _Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company_
(London, 1900); and A. C Laut, _Conquest of the great North-west;
being the story of the adventurers of England known as Hudson's Bay
Co._ (New York, 1909).

HUE, a town of French Indo-China, capital of Annam, on the Hue river (Song-Huong-Giang) about 8 m. from its mouth in the China Sea. Pop. about 42,000, of whom 240 are Europeans. The country immediately surrounding it is flat, alluvial land, traversed by streams and canals and largely occupied by rice fields. Beyond the plain rises a circle of hills formed by spurs of the mountains of Annam. The official portion of the town, fortified under French superintendence, lies on the left bank of the river within an enclosure over 7300 yds. square. It contains the royal palace, the houses of the native ministers and officials, the arsenals, &c. The palace stands inside a separate enclosure. Once forbidden ground, it is to-day open to foreigners, and the citadel is occupied by French troops. The palace of the French resident-general and the European quarter, opposite the citadel on the right bank of the Hue, are connected with the citadel by an iron bridge. Important suburbs adjoin the official town, the villages of Dong-Bo, Bo-vinh, Gia-Ho, Kim-Long and Nam-Pho forming a sort of commercial belt around it. Glass- and ivory-working are carried on, but otherwise industry is of only local importance. Rice is imported by way of the river. A frequent service of steam launches connects the town with the ports of Thuan-an, at the mouth of the river, and Tourane, on the bay of that name. Tourane is also united to Hue by a railway opened in 1906. In the vicinity the chief objects of interest are the tombs of the dead kings of Annam.

HUE AND CRY, a phrase employed in English law to signify the old common law process of pursuing a criminal with horn and voice. It was the duty of any person aggrieved, or discovering a felony, to raise the hue and cry,[1] and his neighbours were bound to turn out with him and assist in the discovery of the offender. In the case of a hue and cry, all those joining in the pursuit were justified in arresting the person pursued, even though it turned out that he was innocent. A swift fate awaited any one overtaken by hue and cry, if he still had about him the signs of his guilt. If he resisted he could be cut down, while, if he submitted to capture, his fate was decided. Although brought before a court, he was not allowed to say anything in self-defence, nor was there any need for accusation, indictment or appeal. Although regulated from time to time by writs and statutes, the process of hue and cry continued to retain its summary method of procedure, and proof was not required of a culprit's guilt, but merely that he had been taken red-handed by hue and cry. The various statutes relating to hue and cry were repealed in 1827 (7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 27). The Sheriffs Act 1887, reenacting 3 Edw. I. c. 9, provides that every person in a county must be ready and apparelled at the command of the sheriff and at the cry of the county to arrest a felon, and in default shall on conviction be liable to a fine.

"Hue and cry" has, from its original meaning, come to be applied to a proclamation for the capture of an offender or for the finding of stolen goods, and to an official publication, issued for the information of the authorities interested, in which particulars are given of offenders "wanted," offences committed, &c.

For the early history, see Pollock and Maitland, _History of English
Law_, vol. ii.; W. Stubbs, _Select Charters_.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The word "hue," which is now obsolete except in this phrase and
in the "huers" on the Cornish coast who direct the pilchard-fishing
from the cliffs, is generally connected with the Old French verb
_huer_, to cry, shout, especially in war or the chase. It has been
suggested that while "cry" represents the sound of the voices of the
pursuers, "hue" applies to the sound of horns or other instruments
used in the pursuit; and so Blackstone, _Comment._ iv. xxi. 293
(1809), "an hue and cry, _hutesium et clamor_, ... with horn and
voice." "Hue," appearance, colour, is in Old English _hiew_, _hiw_,
cognate with Swedish _hij_, complexion, skin, and probably connected
with Sanskrit _chawi_, skin, complexion, beauty.

HUEHUETANANGO (i.e. in the local Indian dialect, "City of the Ancients"), the capital of the department of Huehuetanango, western Guatemala, 106 m. W.N.W. of Guatemala city, on the right bank and near the source of the river Salegua, a tributary of the Chiapas. Pop. (1905) about 12,000. Huehuetanango was built near the site of the ancient Indian city of Zakuleu, now represented by some ruins on a neighbouring ridge surrounded by deep ravines. It is the principal town of a fertile upland region, which produces coffee, cocoa and many European and tropical fruits. Chiantla, a neighbouring town mainly inhabited by Indians, was long the headquarters of a successful Dominican mission; its convent, enriched by the gifts of pilgrims and the revenues of the silver mines owned by the monks, became one of the wealthiest foundations in Central America. It was secularized in 1873, and the mines have been abandoned.

HUELVA, a maritime province of south-western Spain, formed in 1833 of districts taken from Andalusia, and bounded on the N. by Badajoz, E. by Seville, S. by the Gulf of Cadiz and W. by Portugal. Pop. (1900) 260,880; area 3913 sq. m. With the exception of its south-eastern angle, where the province merges into the flat waste lands known as Las Marismas, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, Huelva presents throughout its entire extent an agreeably varied surface. It is traversed in a south-westerly direction by the Sierra Morena, here known, in its main ridge, as the Sierra de Aracena. The principal streams are the navigable lower reaches of the Guadalquivir and Guadiana, which respectively form for some distance the south-eastern and south-western boundaries; the Odiel and the Tinto, which both fall into the Atlantic by navigable _rias_ or estuaries; the Malagon, Chanza, Alcalaboza and Murtiga, which belong to the Guadiana system; and the Huelva, belonging to that of the Guadalquivir. Huelva has a mild and equable climate, with abundant moisture and a fertile soil. Among the mountains there are many valuable woodlands, in which oaks, pines, beeches, cork-trees and chestnuts predominate, while the lowlands afford excellent pasturage. But agriculture and stock-breeding are here less important than in most Spanish provinces, although the exports comprise large quantities of fruit, oil and wine, besides cork and esparto grass. The headquarters of the fishing trades, which include the drying and salting of fish, are at Huelva, the capital, and Ayamonte on the Guadiana. There are numerous brandy distilleries; and bricks, pottery, soap, candles and flour are also manufactured; but the great local industry is mining. In 1903 no fewer than 470 mines were at work; and their output, consisting chiefly of copper with smaller quantities of manganese and iron, exceeded L1,500,000 in value. The celebrated Rio Tinto copper mines, near the sources of the Tinto, were, like those of Tharsis, 30 m. N.N.W. of Huelva, exploited long before the Christian era, probably by the Carthaginians, and certainly by the Romans. They are still among the most important copper mines in the world (see RIO TINTO). Saline and other mineral springs are common throughout the province. Huelva is the principal seaport, and is connected with Seville on the east and Merida on the north by direct railways; while a network of narrow-gauge railways gives access to the chief mining centres. The principal towns, besides Huelva (21,359) and Rio Tinto (11,603), which are described in separate articles, are Alosno (8187), Ayamonte (7530), Bollullos (7922), Moguer (8455), Nerva (7908) and Zalamea la Real (7335). The state and municipal roads are better engineered and maintained than those of the neighbouring provinces. See also ANDALUSIA.

HUELVA (the ancient Onuba, Onoba, or Onuba Aestuaria), the capital of the Spanish province of Huelva, about 10 m. from the Atlantic Ocean, on the left bank of the river Odiel, and on the Seville-Huelva, Merida-Huelva and Rio Tinto-Huelva railways, the last-named being a narrow-gauge line. Pop. (1900) 21,357. Huelva is built on the western shore of a triangular peninsula formed by the estuaries of the Odiel and Tinto, which meet below the town. It is wholly modern in character and appearance, and owes its prosperity to an ever-increasing transit trade in copper and other ores, for which it is the port of shipment. After 1872, when the famous Rio Tinto copper mines were for the first time properly exploited, it progressed rapidly in size and wealth. Dredging operations removed a great part of the sandbanks lining the navigable main channel of the Odiel, and deepened the water over the bar at its mouth; new railways were opened, and port works were undertaken on a large scale, including the construction of extensive quays and two piers, and the installation of modern appliances for handling cargo. Many of these improvements were added after 1900. Besides exporting copper, manganese and other minerals, which in 1903 reached 2,750,000 tons, valued at more than L1,500,000, Huelva is the headquarters of profitable sardine, tunny and bonito fisheries, and of a trade in grain, grapes, olives and cork. The copper and cork industries are mainly in British hands, and the bulk of the imports, which consist chiefly of coal, iron and steel and machinery, comes from Great Britain. Foodstuffs and Australian hardwood are also imported.

Huelva was originally a Carthaginian trading-station, and afterwards a Roman colony; but it retains few memorials of its past, except the Roman aqueduct, repaired in modern times, and the colossal statue of Columbus. This was erected in 1892 to commemorate the fourth centenary of his voyage to the new world in 1492-1493, which began and ended in the village of San Palos de la Frontera on the Tinto. Columbus resided in the neighbouring monastery of Santa Maria la Rabida after his original plans for the voyage had been rejected by King John II. of Portugal in 1484. An exact reproduction of this monastery was erected in 1893 at the World's Fair, Chicago, U.S.A., and was afterwards converted into a sanatorium. Higher up the Tinto, above San Palos, is the town of Moguer (pop. 8455), which exports large quantities of oil and wine.

HUERCAL OVERA, a town of south-eastern Spain, in the province of Almeria, on the Lorca-Baza railway, and between two branches of the river Almanzora. Pop. (1900) 15,763. Huercal Overa is the chief town of a thriving agricultural district, largely dependent for its prosperity on the lead mining carried on among the surrounding highlands.

HUESCA, a frontier province of northern Spain, formed in 1833 of districts previously belonging to Aragon; and bounded on the N. by France, E. and S.E. by Lerida, S.W. and W. by Saragossa, and N.W. by Navarre. Pop. (1900) 244,867; area 5848 sq. m. The entire northern half of Huesca belongs to the mountain system of the Pyrenees, which here attain their greatest altitudes in Aneto, the highest point of the Maladetta ridge (11,168 ft.), and in Monte Perdido (10,997 ft.). The southern half forms part of the rugged and high-lying plateau of Aragon. Its only conspicuous range of hills is the Sierra de Alcubierre on the south-western border. The whole province is included in the basin of the Ebro, and is drained by four of its principal tributaries--the Aragon in the north-west, the Gallego in the west, the Cinca in the centre, and the Noguera Ribagorzana along part of the eastern border. These rivers rise among the Pyrenees, and take a southerly course; the two last-named unite with the Segre on their way to join the Ebro. The Cinca receives the combined waters of the Alcanadre and Isuela on the right and the Esera on the left.

The climate varies much according to the region; in the north, cold winds from the snow-capped Pyrenees prevail, while in the south, the warm summers are often unhealthy from the humidity of the atmosphere. Agriculture, the leading industry of Huesca, is facilitated by a fairly complete system of irrigation, by means of which much waste land has been reclaimed, although large tracts remain barren. There is good summer pasturage on the mountains, where cattle, sheep and swine are reared. The mountains are richly clothed with forests of pine, beech, oak and fir; and the southern regions, wherever cultivation is possible, produce abundant crops of wheat and other cereals, vines, mulberries and numerous other fruits and vegetables. The mineral resources include argentiferous lead, copper, iron and cobalt, with salt, lignite, limestone, millstone, gypsum, granite and slate. None of these, however, occurs in large quantities; and in 1903 only salt, lignite and fluor-spar were worked, while the total output was worth less than L1500. Mineral springs are numerous, and the mining industry was formerly much more important; but the difficulties of transport hinder the development of this and other resources. Trade is most active with France, whither are sent timber, millstones, cattle, leather, brandy and wine. Between 1882 and 1892 the wine trade throve greatly, owing to the demand for common red wines, suitable for blending with finer French vintages; but the exports subsequently declined, owing to the protective duties imposed by France. The manufactures, which are of little importance, include soap, spirits, leather, pottery and coarse cloth.

The Saragossa-Lerida-Barcelona railway traverses the province, and gives access, by two branch lines, to Jaca, by way of Huesca, the provincial capital, and to Barbastro. Up to the beginning of the 20th century this was the only railway completed, although it was supplemented by many good roads. But by the Railway Convention of 1904, ratified by the Spanish government in 1906, France and Spain agreed jointly to construct a Transpyrenean line from Oloron, in the Basses Pyrenees, to Jaca, which should pass through the Port de Canfranc, and connect Saragossa with Pau. Apart from the episcopal cities of Huesca (pop. 1900, 12,626) and Jaca (4934), which are separately described, the only towns in the province with more than 5000 inhabitants are Barbastro (7033), an agricultural market, and Fraga (6899), an ancient residence of the kings of Aragon, with a fine 12th century parish church and a ruined Moorish citadel. Monzon, long celebrated as the meeting-place of the Aragonese and Catalonian parliaments, is a town on the lower Cinca, with the ruins of a Roman fortification, and of a 12th century castle, which was owned by the Knights Templar. (See also Aragon.)

HUESCA (anc. _Osca_), the capital of the Spanish province of Huesca, 35 m. N.N.E. of Saragossa, on the Tardienta-Huesca-Jaca railway. Pop. (1900), 12,626. Huesca occupies a height near the right bank of the river Isuela, overlooking a broad and fertile plain. It is a very ancient city and bears many traces of its antiquity. The streets in the older part are narrow and crooked, though clean, and many of the houses witness by their size and style to its former magnificence. It is an episcopal see and has an imposing Gothic cathedral, begun in 1400, finished in 1515, and enriched with fine carving. In the same plaza is the old palace of the kings of Aragon, formerly given up for the use of the now closed Sertoria (the university), so named in memory of a school for the sons of native chiefs, founded at Huesca by Sertorius in 77 B.C. (Plut. _Sert._ 15). Among the other prominent buildings are the interesting parish churches (San Pedro, San Martin and San Juan), the episcopal palace, and various benevolent and religious foundations. Considerable attention is paid to public education, and there are not only several good primary schools, but schools for teachers, an institute, an ecclesiastical seminary, an artistic and archaeological museum, and an economic society. Huesca manufactures cloth, pottery, bricks and leather; but its chief trade is in wine and agricultural produce. The development of these industries caused an increase in the population which, owing to emigration to France, had declined by nearly 2000 between 1887 and 1897.

Strabo (iii. 161, where some editors read Ileosca) describes Osca as a town of the Ilergetes, and the scene of Sertorius's death in 72 B.C.; while Pliny places the Oscenses in _regio Vescitania_. Plutarch (loc. cit.) calls it a large city. Julius Caesar names it Vencedora; and the name by which Augustus knew it, Urbs victrix Osca, was stamped on its coins, and is still preserved on its arms. In the 8th century A.D. it was captured by the Moors; but in 1096 Pedro I. of Aragon regained it, after winning the decisive battle of Alcoraz.

HUET, PIERRE DANIEL (1630-1721), bishop of Avranches, French scholar, was born at Caen in 1630. He was educated at the Jesuit school of Caen, and also received lessons from the Protestant pastor, Samuel Bochart. At the age of twenty he was recognized as one of the most promising scholars of the time. He went in 1651 to Paris, where he formed a friendship with Gabriel Naude, conservator of the Mazarin library. In the following year Samuel Bochart, being invited by Queen Christina to her court at Stockholm, took his friend Huet with him. This journey, in which he saw Leiden, Amsterdam and Copenhagen, as well as Stockholm, resulted chiefly in the discovery, in the Swedish royal library, of some fragments of Origen's _Commentary on St Matthew_, which gave Huet the idea of editing Origen, a task he completed in 1668. He eventually quarrelled with his friend Bochart, who accused him of having suppressed a line in Origen in the Eucharistic controversy. In Paris he entered into close relations with Chapelain. During the famous dispute of Ancients and Moderns Huet took the side of the Ancients against Charles Perrault and Desmarets. Among his friends at this period were Conrart and Pellisson. His taste for mathematics led him to the study of astronomy. He next turned his attention to anatomy, and, being himself shortsighted, devoted his inquiries mainly to the question of vision and the formation of the eye. In this pursuit he made more than 800 dissections. He then learned all that was then to be learned in chemistry, and wrote a Latin poem on salt. All this time he was no mere book-worm or recluse, but was haunting the salons of Mlle de Scudery and the studios of painters; nor did his scientific researches interfere with his classical studies, for during this time he was discussing with Bochart the origin of certain medals, and was learning Syriac and Arabic under the Jesuit Parvilliers. He also translated the pastorals of Longus, wrote a tale called _Diane de Castro_, and defended, in a treatise on the origin of romance, the reading of fiction. On being appointed assistant tutor to the Dauphin in 1670, he edited with the assistance of Anne Lefevre, afterwards Madame Dacier, the well-known edition of the Delphin Classics. This series was a comprehensive edition of the Latin classics in about sixty volumes, and each work was accompanied by a Latin commentary, _ordo verborum_, and verbal index. The original volumes have each an engraving of Arion and the Dolphin, and the appropriate inscription _in usum serenissimi Delphini_. Huet was admitted to the Academy in 1674. He issued one of his greatest works, the _Demonstratio evangelica_, in 1679. He took holy orders in 1676, and two years later the king gave him the abbey of Aulnay, where he wrote his _Questiones Aletuanae_ (Caen, 1690), his _Censura philosophiae Cartesianae_ (Paris, 1689), his _Nouveau memoire pour servir a l'histoire du Cartesianisme_ (1692), and his discussion with Boileau on the Sublime. In 1685 he was made bishop of Soissons, but after waiting for installation for four years he took the bishopric of Avranches instead. He exchanged the cares of his bishopric for what he thought would be the easier chair of the Abbey of Fontenay, but there he was vexed with continual lawsuits. At length he retired to the Jesuits' House in the Rue Saint Antoine at Paris, where he died in 1721. His great library and manuscripts, after being bequeathed to the Jesuits, were bought by the king for the royal library.

In the _Huetiana_ (1722) of the abbe d'Olivet will be found material
for arriving at an idea of his prodigious labours, exact memory and
wide scholarship. Another posthumous work was his _Traite
philosophique de la faiblesse de l'esprit humain_ (Amsterdam, 1723),
His autobiography, found in his _Commentarius de rebus ad eum
pertinentibus_ (Paris, 1718), has been translated into French and into
English.

See de Gournay, _Huet, eveque d'Avranches, sa vie et ses ouvrages_
(Paris, 1854).

HUFELAND, CHRISTOPH WILHELM (1762-1836), German physician, was born at Langensalza on the 12th of August 1762. His early education was carried on at Weimar, where his father held the office of court physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 he entered the university of Jena, and in the following year proceeded to Gottingen, where in 1783 he graduated in medicine. After assisting his father for some years at Weimar, he was called in 1793 to the chair of medicine at Jena, receiving at the same time the dignities of court physician and councillor at Weimar. In 1798 he was placed at the head of the medical college and generally of state medical affairs in Berlin. He filled the chair of pathology and therapeutics in the university of Berlin, founded in 1809, and in 1810 became councillor of state. He died at Berlin on the 25th of August 1836. Hufeland is celebrated as the most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany, and as the author of numerous works displaying extensive reading and cultivated and critical faculty.

The most widely known of his many writings is the treatise entitled
_Makrobiotik, oder die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlangern_
(1796), which was translated into many languages. Of his practical
works, the _System of Practical Medicine_ (_System der praktischen
Heilkunde_, 1818-1828) is the most elaborate. From 1795 to 1835 he
published a _Journal der praktischen Arznei und Wundarzneikunde_. His
autobiography was published in 1863. There are sketches of his life
and labours by Augustin and Stourdza (1837).

HUFELAND, GOTTLIEB (1760-1817), German economist and jurist, was born at Dantzig on the 19th of October 1760. He was educated at the gymnasium of his native town, and completed his university studies at Leipzig and Gottingen. He graduated at Jena, and in 1788 was there appointed to an extraordinary professorship. Five years later he was made ordinary professor. His lectures on natural law, in which he developed with great acuteness and skill the formal principles of the Kantian theory of legislation, attracted a large audience, and contributed to raise to its height the fame of the university of Jena, then unusually rich in able teachers. In 1803, after the secession of many of his colleagues from Jena, Hufeland accepted a call to Wurzburg, from which, after but a brief tenure of a professorial chair, he proceeded to Landshut. From 1808 to 1812 he acted as burgomaster in his native town of Dantzig. Returning to Landshut, he lived there till 1816, when he was invited to Halle, where he died on the 25th of February 1817.

Hufeland's works on the theory of legislation--_Versuch uber den
Grundsatz Naturrechts_ (1785); _Lehrbuch des Naturrechts_ (1790);
_Institutionen des gesammten positiven Rechts_ (1798); and _Lehrbuch
der Geschichte und Encyclopadie aller in Deutschland geltenden
positiven Rechte_ (1790), are distinguished by precision of statement
and clearness of deduction. They form on the whole the best commentary
upon Kant's _Rechtslehre_, the principles of which they carry out in
detail, and apply to the discussion of positive laws. In political
economy Hufeland's chief work is the _Neue Grundlegung der
Staatswirthschaftskunst_ (2 vols., 1807 and 1813), the second volume
of which has the special title, _Lehre vom Gelde und Geldumlaufe_. The
principles of this work are for the most part those of Adam Smith's
_Wealth of Nations_, which were then beginning to be accepted and
developed in Germany; but both in his treatment of fundamental
notions, such as economic good and value, and in details, such as the
theory of money, Hufeland's treatment has a certain originality. Two
points in particular seem deserving of notice. Hufeland was the first
among German economists to point out the profit of the _entrepreneur_
as a distinct species of revenue with laws peculiar to itself. He also
tends towards, though he does not explicitly state, the view that rent
is a general term applicable to all payments resulting from
differences of degree among productive forces of the same order. Thus
the superior gain of a specially gifted workman or specially skilled
employer is in time assimilated to the payment for a natural agency of
more than the minimum efficiency.

See Roscher, _Geschichte der Nationalokonomik in Deutschland_,
654-662.

HUG, JOHANN LEONHARD (1765-1846), German Roman Catholic theologian, was born at Constance on the 1st of June 1765. In 1783 he entered the university of Freiburg, where he became a pupil in the seminary for the training of priests, and soon distinguished himself in classical and Oriental philology as well as in biblical exegesis and criticism. In 1787 he became superintendent of studies in the seminary, and held this appointment until the breaking up of the establishment in 1790. In the following year he was called to the Freiburg chair of Oriental languages and Old Testament exegesis; to the duties of this post were added in 1793 those of the professorship of New Testament exegesis. Declining calls to Breslau, Tubingen, and thrice to Bonn, Hug continued at Freiburg for upwards of thirty years, taking an occasional literary tour to Munich, Paris or Italy. In 1827 he resigned some of his professorial work, but continued in active duty until in the autumn of 1845 he was seized with a painful illness, which proved fatal on the 11th of March 1846.

Hug's earliest publication was the first instalment of his
_Einleitung_; in it he argued with much acuteness against J. G.
Eichhorn in favour of the "borrowing hypothesis" of the origin of the
synoptical gospels, maintaining the priority of Matthew, the present
Greek text having been the original. His subsequent works were
dissertations on the origin of alphabetical writing (_Die Erfindung
der Buchstabenschrift_, 1801), on the antiquity of the _Codex
Vaticanus_ (1810), and on ancient mythology (_Uber den Mythos der
alten Volker_, 1812); a new interpretation of the Song of Solomon
(_Das hohe Lied in einer noch unversuchten Deutung_, 1813), to the
effect that the lover represents King Hezekiah, while by his beloved
is intended the remnant left in Israel after the deportation of the
ten tribes; and treatises on the indissoluble character of the
matrimonial bond (_De conjugii christiani vinculo indissolubili
commentatio exegetica_, 1816) and on the Alexandrian version of the
Pentateuch (1818). His _Einleitung in die Schriften des Neuen
Testaments_, undoubtedly his most important work, was completed in
1808 (fourth German edition, 1847; English translations by D. G. Wait,
London, 1827, and by Fosdick, New York, 1836; French partial
translation by J. E. Cellerier, Geneva, 1823). It is specially
valuable in the portion relating to the history of the text (which up
to the middle of the 3rd century he holds to have been current only in
a common edition ([Greek: koine ekdosis]), of which recensions were
afterwards made by Hesychius, an Egyptian bishop, by Lucian of
Antioch, and by Origen) and in its discussion of the ancient versions.
The author's intelligence and acuteness are more completely hampered
by doctrinal presuppositions when he comes to treat questions relating
to the history of the individual books of the New Testament canon.
From 1839 to his death Hug was a regular and important contributor to
the _Freiburger Zeitschrift fur kathol. Theologie_.

See A. Maier, _Gedachtnisrede auf J. L. Hug_ (1847); K. Werner,
_Geschichte der kath. Theol. in Deutschland_, 527-533 (1866).