Chapter IV: Literature (7)

HU-PEH, a central province of China, bounded N. by Ho-nan, E. by Ngan-hui, S. by Hu-nan, and W. by Shen-si and Szech'uen. It has an area of 70,450 sq. m. and contains a population of 34,000,000. Han-kow, Ich'ang and Shasi are the three open ports of the province, besides which it contains ten other prefectural cities. The greater part of the province forms a plain, and its most noticeable feature is the Han river, which runs in a south-easterly direction across the province from its northwesterly corner to its junction with the Yangtsze Kiang at Han-kow. The products of the Han valley are exclusively agricultural, consisting of cotton, wheat, rape seed, tobacco and various kinds of beans. Vegetable tallow is also exported in large quantities from this part of Hu-peh. Gold is found in the Han, but not in sufficient quantities to make working it more than barely remunerative. It is washed every winter from banks of coarse gravel, a little above I-ch'eng Hien, on which it is deposited by the river. Every winter the supply is exhausted by the washers, and every summer it is renewed by the river. Baron von Richthofen reckoned that the digger earned from 50 to 150 cash (i.e. about 1(1/2)d. to 4(1/4)d.) a day. Only one waggon road leads northwards from Hu-peh, and that is to Nan-yang Fu in Ho-nan, where it forks, one branch going to Peking by way of K'ai-feng Fu, and the other into Shan-si by Ho-nan Fu.

HUPFELD, HERMANN (1796-1866), German Orientalist and Biblical commentator, was born on the 31st of March 1796 at Marburg, where he studied philosophy and theology from 1813 to 1817; in 1819 he became a teacher in the gymnasium at Hanau, but in 1822 resigned that appointment. After studying for some time at Halle, he in 1824 settled as _Privatdocent_ in philosophy at that university, and in the following year was appointed extraordinary professor of theology at Marburg. There he received the ordinary professorships of Oriental languages and of theology in 1827 and 1830 respectively; thirteen years later he removed as successor of Wilhelm Gesenius (1786-1842) to Halle. In 1865 he was accused by some theologians of the Hengstenberg school of heretical doctrines. From this charge, however, he successfully cleared himself, the entire theological faculty, including Julius Muller (1801-1878) and August Tholuck (1799-1877), bearing testimony to his sufficient orthodoxy. He died at Halle on the 24th of April 1866.

His earliest works in the department of Semitic philology
(_Exercitationes Aethiopicae_, 1825, and _De emendanda ratione
lexicographiae Semiticae_, 1827) were followed by the first part
(1841), mainly historical and critical, of an _Ausfuhrliche Hebraische
Grammatik_, which he did not live to complete, and by a treatise on
the early history of Hebrew grammar among the Jews (_De rei
grammaticae apud Judaeos initiis antiquissimisque scriptoribus_,
Halle, 1846). His principal contribution to Biblical literature, the
exegetical and critical _Ubersetzung und Auslegung der Psalmen_, began
to appear in 1855, and was completed in 1861 (2nd ed. by E. Riehm,
1867-1871, 3rd ed. 1888). Other writings are _Uber Begriff und Methode
der sogenannten biblischen Einleitung_ (Marburg, 1844); _De primitiva
et vera festorum apud Hebraeos ratione_ (Halle, 1851-1864); _Die
Quellen der Genesis von neuem untersucht_ (Berlin, 1853); _Die heutige
theosophische oder mythologische Theologie und Schrifterklarung_
(1861).

See E. Riehm, _Hermann Hupfeld_ (Halle, 1867); W. Kay, _Crisis
Hupfeldiana_ (1865); and the article by A. Kamphausen in Band viii. of
Herzog-Hauck's _Realencyklopadie_ (1900).

HURD, RICHARD (1720-1808), English divine and writer, bishop of Worcester, was born at Congreve, in the parish of Penkridge, Staffordshire, where his father was a farmer, on the 13th of January 1720. He was educated at the grammar-school of Brewood and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He took his B.A. degree in 1739, and in 1742 he proceeded M.A. and became a fellow of his college. In the same year he was ordained deacon, and given charge of the parish of Reymerston, Norfolk, but he returned to Cambridge early in 1743. He was ordained priest in 1744. In 1748 he published some _Remarks_ on an _Enquiry into the Rejection of Christian Miracles by the Heathens_ (1746), by William Weston, a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He prepared editions, which won the praise of Edward Gibbon,[1] of the _Ars poetica_ and _Epistola ad Pisones_ (1749), and the _Epistola ad Augustum_ (1751) of Horace. A compliment in the preface to the edition of 1749 was the starting-point of a lasting friendship with William Warburton, through whose influence he was appointed one of the preachers at Whitehall in 1750. In 1765 he was appointed preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and in 1767 he became archdeacon of Gloucester. In 1768 he proceeded D.D. at Cambridge, and delivered at Lincoln's Inn the first Warburton lectures, which were published later (1772) as _An Introduction to the Study of the Prophecies concerning the Christian Church_. He became bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1774, and two years later was selected to be tutor to the prince of Wales and the duke of York. In 1781 he was translated to the see of Worcester. He lived chiefly at Hartlebury Castle, where he built a fine library, to which he transferred Alexander Pope's and Warburton's books, purchased on the latter's death. He was extremely popular at court, and in 1783, on the death of Archbishop Cornwallis, the king pressed him to accept the primacy, but Hurd, who was known, says Madame d'Arblay, as "The Beauty of Holiness," declined it as a charge not suited to his temper and talents, and much too heavy for him to sustain. He died, unmarried, on the 28th of May 1808.

Hurd's _Letters on Chivalry and Romance_ (1762) retain a certain interest for their importance in the history of the romantic movement, which they did something to stimulate. They were written in continuation of a dialogue on the age of Queen Elizabeth included in his _Moral and Political Dialogues_ (1759). Two later dialogues _On the Uses of Foreign Travel_ were printed in 1763. Hurd wrote two acrimonious defences of Warburton: _On the Delicacy of Friendship_ (1755), in answer to Dr J. Jortin; and a _Letter_ (1764) to Dr Thomas Leland, who had criticized Warburton's _Doctrine of Grace_. He edited the _Works_ of William Warburton, the _Select Works_ (1772) of Abraham Cowley, and left materials for an edition (6 vols., 1811) of Addison. His own works appeared in a collected edition in 8 vols. in 1811.

The chief sources for Bishop Hurd's biography are "Dates of some
occurrences in the life of the author," written by himself and
prefixed to vol. i. of his works (1811); "Memoirs of Dr Hurd" in the
_Ecclesiastical and University ... Register_ (1809), pp. 399-452; John
Nichols, _Literary anecdotes_, vol. vi. (1812), pp. 468-612; Francis
Kilvert, _Memoirs of ... Richard Hurd_ (1860), giving selections from
Hurd's commonplace book, some correspondence, and extracts from
contemporary accounts of the bishop. A review of this work, entitled
"Bishop Hurd and his Contemporaries," appeared in the _North British
Review_, vol. xxxiv. (1861), pp. 375-398.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] "Examination of Dr Hurd's Commentary on Horace's Epistles"
(_Misc. Works_, ed. John, Lord Sheffield, 1837, pp. 403-427).

HURDLE (O. Eng. _hyrdel_, cognate with such Teutonic forms as Ger. _Hurde_, Dutch _horde_, Eng. "hoarding"; in pre-Teutonic languages the word appears in Gr. [Greek: kurtia], wickerwork, [Greek: kurte], Lat. _cratis_, basket, cf. "crate," "grate"), a movable temporary fence, formed of a framework of light timber, wattled with smaller pieces of hazel, willow or other pliable wood, or constructed on the plan of a light five-barred field gate, filled in with brushwood. Similar movable frames can be made of iron, wire or other material. A construction of the same type is used in military engineering and fortification as a foundation for a temporary roadway across boggy ground or as a backing for earthworks.

HURDLE RACING, running races over short distances, at intervals in which a number of hurdles, or fence-like obstacles, must be jumped. This has always been a favourite branch of track athletics, the usual distances being 120 yds., 220 yds. and 440 yds. The 120 yds. hurdle race is run over ten hurdles 3 ft. 6 in. high and 10 yds. apart, with a space of 15 yds. from the start to the first hurdle and a like distance from the last hurdle to the finish. In Great Britain the hurdles are fixed and the race is run on grass; in America the hurdles, although of the same height, are not fixed, and the races are run on the cinder track. The "low hurdle race" of 220 yds. is run over ten hurdles 2 ft. 6. in. high and 20 yds. apart, with like distances between the start and the first hurdle and between the last hurdle and the finish. The record time for the 120 yds. race on grass is 15(3/5) secs., and on cinders 15(1/5) secs., both of which were performed by A. C. Kraenzlein, who also holds the record for the 220 yds. low hurdle race, 23(3/5) secs. For 440 yds. over hurdles the record time is 57(4/5) secs., by T. M. Donovan, and by J. B. Densham at Kennington Oval in 1907.

HURDY-GURDY (Fr. _vielle a manivelle_, _symphonie_ or _chyfonie a roue_; Ger. _Bauernleier_, _Deutscheleier_, _Bettlerleier_, _Radleier_; Ital. _lira tedesca_, _lira rustica_, _lira pagana_), now loosely used as a synonym for any grinding organ, but strictly a medieval drone instrument with strings set in vibration by the friction. of a wheel, being a development of the _organistrum_ (q.v.) reduced in size so that it could be conveniently played by one person instead of two. It consisted of a box or soundchest, sometimes rectangular, but more generally having the outline of the guitar; inside it had a wheel, covered with leather and rosined, and worked by means of a crank at the tail end of the instrument. On the fingerboard were placed movable frets or keys, which, on being depressed, stopped the strings, at points corresponding to the diatonic intervals of the scale. At first there were 4 strings, later 6. In the organistrum three strings, acted on simultaneously by the keys, produced the rude harmony known as _organum_. When this passed out of favour, superseded by the first beginnings of polyphony over a pedal bass, the organistrum gave place to the hurdy-gurdy. Instead of acting on all the strings, the keys now affected the first string only, or "chanterelle," though in some cases certain keys, made longer, also reached the third string or "trompette"; the result was that a diatonic melody could be played on the chanterelles. The other open strings always sounded simultaneously as long as the wheel was turned, like drones on the bag-pipe.

The hurdy-gurdy originated in France at the time when the Paris School or Old French School was laying the foundations of counterpoint and polyphony. During the 13th and 14th centuries it was known by the name of _Symphonia or Chyfonie_, and in Germany _Lira_ or _Leyer_. Its popularity remained undiminished in France until late in the 18th century. Although the hurdy-gurdy never obtained recognition among serious musicians in Germany, the idea embodied in the mechanism stimulated ingenuity, the result being such musical curiosities as the _Geigenwerk_ or _Geigen-Clavicymbel_ of Hans Hayden of Nuremberg (c. 1600), a harpsichord in which the strings, instead of being plucked by quills, were set in vibration by friction of one of the little steel wheels, covered with parchment and well rosined, which were kept rotating by means of a large wheel and a series of cylinders worked by treadles. Other instruments of similar type were the _Bogenclavier_ invented by Joh. Hohlfeld of Berlin in 1751 and the Bogenflugel by C. A. Meyer of Gorlitz in 1794. In Adam Walker's _Celestina_ (1772) the friction was provided by a running band instead of a bow. (K. S.)

HURLSTONE, FREDERICK YEATES (1800-1869), English painter, was born in London, his father being a proprietor of the _Morning Chronicle_. His grand-uncle, Richard Hurlstone, had been a well-known portrait-painter a generation earlier. F. Y. Hurlstone studied under Sir W. Beechey, Sir T. Lawrence and B. R. Haydon, and in 1820 became a student at the Royal Academy, where he soon began to exhibit. In 1823 he won the Academy's gold medal for historical painting. In 1831 he was elected to the Society of British Artists, of which in 1835 he became president; it was to their exhibitions that he sent most of his pictures, as he became a pronounced critic of the management of the Academy. He died in London on the 10th of June 1869. His historical paintings and portraits were very numerous. Some of the most representative are "A Venetian Page" (1824), "The Enchantress Armida" (1831), "Eros" (1836), "Prisoner of Chillon" (1837), "Girl of Sorrento" (1847), "Boabdil" (1854), and his portrait of the 7th earl of Cavan (1833).

HURON (a French term, from _hure_, bristled, early used as an expression of contempt, signifying "lout"), a nickname given by the French when first in Canada to certain Indian tribes of Iroquoian stock, occupying a territory, which similarly was called Huronia, in Ontario, and constituting a confederation called in their own tongue Wendat ("islanders"), which was corrupted by the English into Yendat, Guyandotte and then Wyandot. The name persists for the small section of "Hurons of Lorette," in Quebec, but the remnant of the old Huron Confederacy which after its dispersal in the 17th century settled in Ohio and was afterwards removed to Oklahoma is generally called Wyandot. For their history see WYANDOT, and INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN (under "Indian Wars"; _Algonkian_ and _Iroquoian_).

See _Handbook of American Indians_ (Washington, 1907), s.v. "Huron."

HURON, the second largest of the Great Lakes of North America, including Georgian Bay and the channel north of Manitoulin Island, which are always associated with it. It lies between the parallels of 43 deg. and 46 deg. 20' N. and between the meridians of 80 deg. and 84 deg. W., and is bounded W. by the state of Michigan, and N. and E. by the province of Ontario, Georgian Bay and North Channel being wholly within Canadian territory. The main portion of the lake is 235 m. long from the Strait of Mackinac to St Clair river, and 98 m. wide on the 45th parallel of latitude. Georgian Bay is 125 m. long, with a greatest width of 60 m., while North Channel is 120 m. long, with an extreme width of 16 m., the whole lake having an area of 23,200 sq. m. The surface is 581 ft. above the sea. The main lake reaches a depth of 802 ft.; Georgian bay shows depths, especially near its west shore, of over 300 ft.; North Channel has depths of 180 ft. Lake Huron is 20 ft. lower than Lake Superior, whose waters it receives at its northern extremity through St. Mary river, is on the same level as Lake Michigan, which connects with its north-west extremity through the Strait of Mackinac, and is nearly 9 ft. higher than Lake Erie, into which it discharges at its south extremity through St Clair river.

On the mainland, the north and east shores are of gneisses and
granites of archaean age, with a broken and hilly surface rising in
places to 600 ft. above the lake and giving a profusion of islands
following the whole shore line from the river St Mary to Waubaushene
at the extreme east end of Georgian bay. Manitoulin Island and the
Saugeen Peninsula are comparatively flat and underlaid by a level bed
of Trenton limestone. The southern shores, skirting the peninsula of
Michigan, are flat. The rock formations are of sandstone and
limestone, while the forests are either a tangled growth of pine and
spruce or a scattered growth of small trees on a sandy soil. This
shore is indented by Thunder bay, 78 sq. m. in area, and Saginaw bay,
50 m. deep and 26 m. wide across its mouth.

The chief tributaries of the lake on the U.S. side are Thunder bay
river, Au Sable river and Saginaw river. On the Canadian side are
Serpent river, Spanish river, French river, draining Lake Nipissing,
Muskoka river, Severn river, draining lake Simcoe, and Nottawasaga
river, all emptying into Georgian bay and North Channel, and Saugeen
and Maitland rivers, flowing into the main lake. These have been or
are largely used in connexion with pine lumbering operations. They,
with smaller streams, drain a basin of 75,300 sq. m.

There is a slight current in Lake Huron skirting the west shore from inlet to outlet. At the south end it turns and passes up the east coast. There is also a return current south of Manitoulin Island and a current, sometimes attaining a strength of half a knot, passes into Georgian bay through the main entrance. Ice and navigation conditions and yearly levels are similar to those on the other Great Lakes (q.v.).

Practically all the United States traffic is confined to vessels passing through the main lake between Lakes Superior and Michigan and Lake Erie, but on the Canadian side are several railway termini which receive grain mostly from Lake Superior, and deliver mixed freight to ports on that lake. The chief of these are Parry Sound, Midland, Victoria Harbour, Collingwood, Owen Sound, Southampton, Kincardine, Goderich and Sarnia, at the outlet of the lake. The construction of a ship canal to connect Georgian bay with Montreal by way of French river, Lake Nipissing and Ottawa river began in 1910. A river and lake route with connecting canals, in all about 440 m. long, will be opened for vessels of 20 ft. draught at a cost estimated at L20,000,000 saving some 340 miles in the distance from Lake Superior or Lake Michigan to the sea.

There is a large fishing industry in Lake Huron, the Canadian catch being valued at over a quarter million dollars per annum. Salmon trout (_Salvelinus namaycush_, Walb.) and whitefish (_Coregonus clupeiformis_, Mitchill) are the most numerous and valuable. Amongst the islands on the east shore of Georgian bay, which are greatly frequented as a summer resort, black bass (_micropterus_) and maskinonge (_Esox nobilior_, Le Sueur) are a great attraction to anglers.

See _Georgian Bay and North Channel Pilot_, Department of Marine and
Fisheries (Ottawa, 1903); _Sailing Directions for Lake Huron, Canadian
Shore_, Department of Marine and Fisheries (Ottawa, 1905); _Bulletin
No. 17, Survey of Northern and North-Western Lakes_, United States,
War Department (Washington, 1907); _U.S. Hydrographic Office
Publication, No. 108 C. Sailing Directions for Lake Huron_, &c. U.S.
Navy Department (Washington, 1901).

HURRICANE, a wind-storm of great force and violence, originally as experienced in the West Indies; it is now used to describe similar storms in other regions, except in the East Indies and the Chinese seas, where they are generally known as "typhoons." Hurricane is the strongest force of wind in the Beaufort scale. The Caribbean word _huracan_ was introduced by the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch explorers of the 15th and 16th centuries into many European languages, as in Span. _huracan_, Portu. _furacao_, Ital. _uracane_, Fr. _ouragan_, and in Swed., Ger. and Dutch as _orkan_, or _orkaan_. A "hurricane-deck" is an upper deck on a steamer which protects the lower one, and incidentally serves as a promenade.

HURRY (or URRY), SIR JOHN (d. 1650), British soldier, was born in Aberdeenshire, and saw much service as a young man in Germany. In 1641 he returned home and became Lieut.-Colonel in a Scottish regiment. At the end of the same year he was involved in the plot known as the "Incident." At the outbreak of the Civil War Hurry joined the army of the earl of Essex, and was distinguished at Edgehill and Brentford. Early in 1643 he deserted to the Royalists, bringing with him information on which Rupert acted at once. Thus was brought about the action of Chalgrove Field, where Hurry again showed conspicuous valour; he was knighted on the same evening. In 1644 he was with Rupert at Marston Moor, where with Lucas he led the victorious left wing of horse. But a little later, thinking the King's cause lost, he again deserted, and eventually was sent with Baillie against Montrose in the Highlands. His detached operations were conducted with great skill, but his attempt to surprise Montrose's camp at Auldearn ended in a complete disaster, partly on account of the accident of the men discharging their pieces before starting on the march. Soon afterwards he once more joined Charles's party, and he was taken prisoner in the disastrous campaign of Preston (1648). Sir John Hurry was Montrose's Major-General in the last desperate attempt of the Scottish Royalists. Taken at Carbisdale, he was beheaded at Edinburgh, May 29th, 1650. A soldier of fortune of great bravery, experience and skill, his frequent changes of front were due rather to laxity of political principles than to any calculated idea of treason.

HURST, JOHN FLETCHER (1834-1903), American Methodist Episcopal bishop, was born in Salem, Dorchester county, Maryland, on the 17th of August 1834. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1854, and in 1856 went to Germany and studied at Halle and Heidelberg. From 1858 to 1867 he was engaged in pastoral work in America, and from 1867 to 1871 he taught in Methodist mission institutes in Germany. In 1871-1873 he was professor of historical theology at Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, New Jersey, of which he was president from 1873 till 1880, when he was made a bishop. He died at Bethesda, Maryland, on the 4th of May 1903. Bishop Hurst, by his splendid devotion in 1876-1879, recovered the endowment of Drew Theological Seminary, lost by the failure in 1876 of Daniel Drew, its founder; and with McClintock and Crooks he improved the quality of Methodist scholarship. The American University (Methodist Episcopal) at Washington, D.C., for postgraduate work was the outcome of his projects, and he was its chancellor from 1891 to his death.

He published _A History of Rationalism_ (1866); Hagenbach's _Church
History of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries_ (2 vols., 1869);
von Oosterzee's _John's Gospel: Apologetical Lectures_ (1869); Lange's
_Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans_ (1869); _Martyrs to the
Tract Cause: A Contribution to the History of the Reformation_ (1872),
a translation and revision of Thelemann's _Martyrer der Traktatsache_
(1864); _Outlines of Bible History_ (1873); _Outlines of Church
History_ (1874); _Life and Literature in the Fatherland_ (1875),
brilliant sketches of Germany; a brief pamphlet, _Our Theological
Century_ (1877); _Bibliotheca Theologica_ (1883), a compilation by his
students, revised by G. W. Gillmore in 1895 under the title
_Literature of Theology; Indika: the Country and People of India and
Ceylon_ (1891), the outgrowth of his travels in 1884-1885 when he held
the conferences of India; and several church histories (Chautauqua
text-books) published together as _A Short History of the Christian
Church_ (1893).

HURSTMONCEAUX (also HERSTMONCEAUX), a village in the Eastbourne parliamentary division of Sussex, England, 9 m. N.E. of Eastbourne. Pop. (1901) 1429. The village takes its name from Waleran de Monceux, lord of the manor after the Conquest, but the castle, for the picturesque ruins of which the village is famous, was built in the reign of Henry VI. by Sir Roger de Fiennes. It is moated, and is a fine specimen of 15th-century brickwork, the buildings covering an almost square quadrangle measuring about 70 yds. in the side. Towers flank the corners, and there is a beautiful turreted entrance gate, but only the foundations of most of the buildings ranged round the inner courts are to be traced. The church of All Saints is in the main Early English, and contains interesting monuments to members of the Fiennes family and others. In the churchyard is the tomb of Archdeacon Julius Charles Hare, the theologian (1855). Much material from the castle was used in the erection of Hurstmonceaux Place, a mansion of the 18th century.