Chapter XVI: Part 16

3. Incorporation of noun and adjectives in verb, or of pronouns in
verb. From the Kootenay language of south-eastern British Columbia the
following examples may be given: Natl_tlam_kine = "He carries (the)
_head_ in (his) hand"; Howanko_tlam_kine = "I shake (the) head in (my)
hand"; Witl_wum_ine = "(His) _belly_ is large"; Tlit_kat_ine = "He has
no tail"; Matlna_ktletl_ine = "He opens his eyes." In these
expressions are incorporated, with certain abbreviations of form, the
words _aqktlam_, "head"; _aqkowum_, "belly"; _aqkat_, "tail";
_aqkaktletl_, "eyes." In some languages the form for the noun
incorporated in the verb is entirely different from that in
independent use. Of pronominal incorporation these examples are from
the Kootenay: Nupqan_ap_ine = "_He_ sees _me_"; _Ho_nupqan_is_ine =
"_I_ see _you_"; Tshatlipitl_is_ine = "_He_ will kill _you_";
Tshatlitqan_awas_ine = "_He_ will bite _us_"; Tshatltsukwat_is_ine =
"_He_ is going to seize _you_"; _Hin_tshatltlpatl_nap_ine = "_You_
will honour _me_." For incorporation of adjectives these examples will
serve: Honite_nus_tik = "I paint (my face)," literally, "1 make it
_red_" (_kanohos_, "red"; the radical is _nos_ or _nus_ for _nohos_);
Ho_witl_keine = "I shout," literally, "I talk _big_"; Ho_witlk_aine =
"I am _tall_ (_big_)." In some languages the pronouns denoting
subject, direct object and indirect object are all incorporated in the
verb.

4. The formation of nouns of very composite character by the use of
stems or radicals and prefixes, suffixes, &c., of various sorts, the
intricacy of such formations exceeding often anything known in the
Indo-European and Semitic languages. Often the component parts are
"clipped," or changed by decapitation, decaudation, syncopation, &c.,
before being used in the compound. The following examples from various
Indian languages will illustrate the process:--Kootenay:
_Aqkinkanuktlamnam_ = "crown of head," from _aq_ (prefix of uncertain
meaning), _kinkan_ = "top," _tlam_ = "head," _-nam_ (suffix =
"somebody's"). Tlingit: _Kanyiqkuwate_ = "aurora," literally, "fire
(_kan_)-like (_yiq_)-out-of-doors (_ku_)-colour (_wate_)."

5. The development of a great variety of forms for personal and
demonstrative pronouns. In the latter, sometimes, the language
distinguishes "visibility and invisibility, present and past, location
to the right, left, front and back of, and above and below the
speaker" (Boas). According to Morice (_Trans. Canad. Inst._,
1889-1890, p. 187), the Carrier language of the Athabaskan stock has
no fewer than seventeen possessive pronouns of the third person.

6. Indistinctness of demarcation between noun and verb; in some
languages the transitive and in others the intransitive only is really
verbal in form.

7. The use of the intransitive verb as a means of expressing ideas
which in European tongues, e.g., would be carried by adjectives. In
the Carrier language almost all adjectives are "genuine verbs"
(Morice).

8. The expression of abstract nouns in a verbalized form. Thus Cree
(Algonkian) generally says, in preference to using the abstract noun
_pimatisewin_, "life," the periphrastic verb _apimatisenanewuk_,
literally "that they (indefinite as to person) live." So far is this
carried sometimes that Horden (_Cree Grammar_, London, 1881, p. 5)
says: "I have known an Indian speak a long sentence, on the duties of
married persons to each other, without using a single noun."

As an interesting example of a long word in American-Indian languages
may be mentioned the Iroquois
_taontasakonatiatawitserakninonseronniontonhatieseke_. This "word,"
which, as Forbes (_Congr. intern. d. Amer._, Quebec, 1906, p. 103)
suggests, would serve well on the signboard of a dealer in novelties,
is translated by him, "Que plusieurs personnes viennent acheter des
habits pour d'autres personnes avec de quoi payer." Not so formidable
is _deyeknonhsedehrihadasterasterahetakwa_, a term for "stove polish,"
in use on the Mohawk Reservation near Brantford, Ontario.

The literature in the native languages of North America due to missionary efforts has now reached large proportions. Naturally Bible translations have been most important. According to Wilberforce Eames (_Handbook of Amer. Inds._, 1907, pt. i. pp. 143-145), "the Bible has been printed in part or in whole in 32 Indian languages north of Mexico. In 18 one or more portions have been printed; in 9 others the New Testament or more has appeared; and in 5 languages, namely, the Massachuset, Cree, Labrador Eskimo, Santee Dakota and Tukkuthkutchin, the whole Bible is in print." Of the 32 languages possessing Bible translations of some sort 3 are Eskimoan dialects, 4 Athabaskan, 13 Algonkian, 3 Iroquoian, 2 Muskogian, 2 Siouan, 1 Caddoan, 1 Sahaptian, 1 Wakashan, 1 Tsimshian, 1 Haidan. Translations of the Lord's Prayer, hymns, articles of faith and brief devotional compositions exist now in many more languages and dialects. A goodly number of other books have also been made accessible in Indian versions, e.g. Bunyan's _Pilgrim's Progress_ (Dakota, 1857), Baxter's _Call to the Unconverted_ (Massachuset, 1655), Goodrich's _Child's Book of the Creation_ (Choctaw, 1839), Thomas à Kempis's _Imitation of Christ_ (Greenland Eskimo, 1787), Newton's _The King's Highway_ (Dakota, 1879), &c. The "Five Civilized Tribes," who are now full-fledged citizens of the state of Oklahoma, possess a mass of literature (legal, religious, political, educational, &c.) published in the alphabet adapted from the "Cherokee Alphabet" invented by Sequoyah about 1821, "which at once raised them to the rank of a literary people."

Of periodicals in Indian languages there have been many published from time to time among the "Five Civilized Tribes." Of the _Cherokee Advocate_, Mooney said in 1897-1898, "It is still continued under the auspices of the Nation, printed in both languages (i.e. Cherokee and English), and distributed free at the expense of the Nation to those unable to read English--an example without parallel in any other government." More or less ephemeral periodicals (weekly, monthly, &c.) are on record in various Algonkian, Iroquoian, Siouan and other languages, and the Greenland Eskimo have one, published irregularly since 1861. Wilberforce Eames (_Handbook of Amer. Inds._, 1907, pt. i. p. 389) chronicles 122 dictionaries (of which more than half are still in MSS.) of 63 North American-Indian languages, belonging to 19 different stocks.

The following linguistic stocks are represented by printed
dictionaries (in one or more dialects): Algonkian, Athabaskan,
Chinookan, Eskimoan, Iroquoian, Lutuamian, Muskogian, Salishan,
Shoshonian, Siouan. There exists a considerable number of texts
(myths, legends, historical data, songs, grammatical material, &c.) in
quite a number of Indian languages that have been published by
scientific investigators. The Algonkian (e.g. Jones's _Fox Texts_,
1908), Athabaskan (e.g. Goddard's _Hupa Texts_, 1904, Matthews's
_Navaho Legends_, 1897, &c.), Caddoan (e.g. Miss A. C. Fletcher's
_Hako Ceremony_, 1900), Chinookan (Boas's _Chinook Texts_, 1904, and
_Kathlamet Texts_, 1901), Eskimoan (texts in Boas's _Eskimo of Baffin
Land_, &c., 1901, 1908: and Thalbitzer's _Eskimo Language_, 1904,
Barnum's _Innuit Grammar_, 1901), Haidan (Swanton's _Haida Texts_,
1905, &c.), Iroquoian (texts in Hale's _Iroquois Book of Rites_, 1883,
and Hewitt's _Iroquoian Cosmology_, 1899), Lutuamian (texts in
Gatschet's _Klamath Indians_, 1890), Muskogian (texts in Gatschet's
_Migration Legend of the Creeks_, 1884-1888), Salishan (texts in
various publications of Boas and Hill-Tout), Siouan (Riggs and Dorsey
in various publications), Tsimshian (Boas's _Tsimshian Texts_, 1902),
Wakashan (Boas's _Kwakiutl Texts_, 1902-1905), &c.

Migrations of Indian stocks.

The question of the direction of migration of the principal aboriginal stocks north of Mexico has been reopened of late years. Not long ago there seemed to be practical agreement as to the following views. The Eskimo stock had reached its present habitats from a primitive home somewhere in the interior of north-western Canada or Alaska; the general trend of the Athabaskan migrations, and those of the Shoshonian tribes had been south and south-east, the first from somewhere in the interior of north-western Canada, the second from about the latitude of southern British Columbia; the Algonkian tribes had moved south, east and west from a point somewhere between the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay; the Iroquoian stock had passed southward and westward from some spot to the north-east of the Great Lakes; the Siouan tribes, from their primitive home in the Carolinas, had migrated westward beyond the Mississippi; some stocks, like the Kitunahan, now found west of the Rocky Mountains, had dwelt formerly in the plains region to the east. Professor Cyrus Thomas, however, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, discussing primary Indian migrations in North America (_Congr. intern. d. Amér._, Quebec, 1906, i. 189-204), rejects the theory that the Siouan stock originated in the Carolinas, and adopts for them an origin in the region north of Lake Superior, whence he also derives the Iroquoian stock, whose primitive home Dr David Boyle (_Ann. Archaeol. Rep. Ontario_, 1905, p. 154), the Canadian ethnologist, would place in Kentucky and southern Ohio. Another interesting contribution to this subject is made by Mr P. E. Goddard (_Congr. intern. des. Amér._, Quebec, 1906, i. 337-358). Contemplating the distribution of the tribes belonging to the Athabaskan stock in three divisions, viz. a northern (continuous and very extensive), a Pacific coast division (scattered through Washington, Oregon, California), and a southern division which occupies a large area in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Texas and Mexico, Mr Goddard suggests that the intrusion of non-Athabaskan peoples into a region once completely in the possession of the Athabaskan stock is the best explanation for the facts as now existing not explicable from assimilation to environment, which has here played a great rôle. It is possible also that a like explanation may hold for the conditions apparent in some other linguistic stocks. Many Indian tribes have been forcibly removed from their own habitats to reservations, or induced to move by missionary efforts, &c. Thus, in the state of Oklahoma are to be found representatives of the following tribes: Apache, Arapaho, Caddo, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Comanche, Creek, Iowa, Kansa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Miami, Missouri, Modoc, Osage, Oto, Ottawa, Pawnee, Peoria, Ponca, Potawatomi, Quapaw, Sac and Fox, Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee, Tonkawa, Wichita, Wyandot, &c.; these belong to 10 different linguistic stocks, whose original habitats were widely distant from one another in many cases.

Some of the American-Indian linguistic stocks (those of California especially) hardly know real tribal divisions, but local groups or settlements only; others have many large and important tribes.

The tabular alphabetical list given in the following pages contains the names of the more important and more interesting tribes of American aborigines north of Mexico, and of the stocks to which they belong, their situation and population in 1909, the degree of intermixture with whites or negroes, their social, moral and religious condition, state of progress, &c., and also references to the best or the most recent literature concerning them.

Up to the date of their publication references to the literature
concerning the tribes of the stocks treated will be found in Pilling's
bibliographies: Algonquian (1891), Athabascan (1892), Chinookan
(1893), Eskimoan (1887), Iroquoian (1888), Muskhogean (1889), Salishan
(1893), Siouan (1887) and Wakashan (1894). See also the _Handbook of
American Indians North of Mexico_ (Washington, 1907-1910); and the
sumptuous monograph of E. S. Curtis, _The North American Indian_
(N.Y., vols. i.-xx., 1908), with its remarkable reproduction of Indian
types.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Tribe.
Stock.
(1) Situation, Population, &c.
(2) Degree of Intermixture.
(3) Condition, Progress, &c.
(4) Authorities.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

ABNAKI.
Algonkian.
(1) At Becancour, Quebec, 27; at St François du Lac and Pierreville,
330. Decreasing.
(2) Probably no pure blood left.
(3) As civilized as the neighbouring whites. All Catholics.
(4) Maurault, _Hist. des Abénaquis_ (Quebec, 1866); Jack, _Trans.
Canad. Inst._, 1892-1893.

ACNOMAWI (Pit river Indians).
Shastan.
(1) N.E. California. About 1100 in the Pit river region; also 50 or
60 on the Klamath Reservation, Oregon.
(2) Little.
(3) Progress very slow; influence of schools felt. Klamath Achomawi
under Methodist influence.
(4) Powers, _Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol._, vol. iii., 1877; various
writings of Dr R. B. Dixon, _American Anthropologist_, 1905-1908,
&c.

ALEUTS.
Eskimoan.
(1) Aleutian Islands and part of Alaska. About 1600. Decreasing.
(2) About 50% are mixed bloods.
(3) "Decaying." Once converted to Greek Orthodox church. Methodist
mission at Unalaska.
(4) Works (in Russian) of Veniaminov, 1840-1848; Golder, _Journ.
Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1905-1907; Chamberlain, _Dict. Relig. and
Ethics_ (Hastings, vol. i., 1908).

AMALECITES (Maliseets).
Algonkian.
(1) 106 at Viger (Cacouna, Quebec); 702 in various parts of W. New
Brunswick. Apparently increasing.
(2) Probably few pure bloods.
(3) Fairly good. At Viger industrially unsettled. Catholics.
(4) Writings of S. T. Rand; Chamberlain (M.), _Maliseet Vocabulary_
(Cambridge, 1899).

APACHE.
Athabaskan.
(1) In Arizona, 4879; New Mexico, 1244; Oklahoma, 453. Not rapidly
decreasing as formerly thought.
(2) Considerable Spanish blood due to captives, &c.
(3) Marked improvement here and there. Catholic and Lutheran
missions.
(4) Cremony, _Life among the Apaches_ (1868); Bourke, _9th Ann. Rep.
Bur. Ethnol._, 1887-1888, and _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890;
Hrdlicka, _American Anthropologist_, 1905.

ARAPAHO.
Algonkian.
(1) 358 at Ft. Belknap Reservation, Montana; 873 at Wind river
Reservation, Wyoming; 885 in Oklahoma. Holding their own.
(2) Some Spanish (Mexican) blood in places.
(3) Oklahoma Arapaho American citizens; progress elsewhere.
Mennonite missions chiefly; also Dutch Reformed.
(4) Writings of Kroeber and Dorsey, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._,
1900-1907, and _Publ. Field Columb. Mus._, 1903; Scott, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1907.

ASSINIBOIN.
Siouan.
(1) In Montana, 1248; Alberta, 971; Saskatchewan, 420.
(2) Some little.
(3) In Canada "steady advance," elsewhere good. Alberta Assiniboins
are Methodists; in Montana Catholic and Presbyterian missions on
reservations.
(4) Maclean, Canadian _Savage Folk_ (Toronto, 1890); McGee, _15th
Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1893-1894.

BABINES.
Athabaskan.
(1) 530 on Babine Lake, Bulkley river, &c., in central British
Columbia.
(2) Little, if any.
(3) Conservative. Little progress. Reached by Catholic mission of
Stuart Lake, B.C.
(4) Morice, _Anthropos_, 1906-1907, and _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_,
1905, and other writings.

BANNOCK.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 500 at Ft. Hall, and 78 at Lemhi Agency, Idaho.
(2) Little.
(3) Considerable improvement morally and industrially.
(4) Hoffman, _Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc._, 1886; Mooney, _14th Ann.
Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893; Lowie, _Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist._, 1909.

BEAVER.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 700 on Peace river, a western affluent of Lake Athabaska.
(2) Very little.
(3) Rather stationary.
(4) See Babines.

BILQULA (Bellacoola).
Salishan.
(1) 287 on Dean Inlet, Bentinck Arm, Bellacoola river, &c., coast of
central British Columbia. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Not very encouraging. Mission influence not yet strongly felt.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._ 1891, and _Mem. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist._, 1898.

BLACKFEET (Siksika).
Algonkian.
(1) About 824 in Alberta, Canada. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Steadily improving morally and financially. Anglicans, 237;
Catholics, 260; pagans, 327.
(4) Maclean, _Canadian Savage Folk_ (Toronto, 1890), and other
writings; Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge - Tales_ (N.Y., 1903), and
other writings; Wissler, _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905;
Schultz, _My Life as an Indian_ (N.Y., 1907); Wissler, _Anthrop.
Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1908.

BLOODS.
Algonkian.
(1) 1168 near Ft. Macleod, Alberta. Probably decreasing somewhat.
(2) Little.
(3) All able-bodied Indians will soon be self-supporting.
Presbyterians, 150; Catholics, 150; the rest pagan.
(4) See Blackfeet.

CADDO.
Caddoan.
(1) 550 in Oklahoma. Increasing slightly.
(2) Considerable French blood.
(3) Citizens of United States. Catholic, Methodist and Presbyterian
missions.
(4) Mooney, _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893; writings of
Fletcher, Dorsey, &c.

CARIBOO-EATERS.
Athabaskan.
(1) 1700 in the region E. of Lake Athabaska, N.W. Canada.
(2) Little, if any.
(3) Little progress.
(4) See Babines.

CARRIERS.
Athabaskan.
(1) 970 between Tatla Lake and Ft. Alexandria, central British
Columbia.
(2) Little.
(3) Semi-sedentary and naturally progressive as Indians;
improvements beginning to be marked. Under influence of Catholic
mission at Stuart Lake, B.C.
(4) Morice, _Proc. Canad. Inst._, 1889, _Trans. Canad. Inst._, 1894,
_Hist. of Northern Inter. of British Columbia_ (Toronto, 1904),
and other writings. See Babines.

CATAWBA.
Siouan.
(1) About 100 on the Catawba river, York county, South Carolina.
Decreasing.
(2) Much mixed with white blood.
(3) Slowly adopting white man's ways. Chiefly farmers.
(4) Mooney, _Siouan Tribes of the East_ (Washington, 1894);
Gatschet, _American Anthropologist_, 1900; Harrington, _ibid._,
1908.

CAYUGA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 179 on the Iroquois Reservations in New York State; 1044 with
the Six Nations in Ontario; also some with the Seneca in
Oklahoma and with Oneida in Wisconsin.
(2) Some English admixture.
(3) Canadian Cayuga steadily improving; they are "pagan."
(4) See Six Nations.

CAYUSE.
Wailatpuan.
(1) 405 on Umatilla Reservation, Oregon.
(2) About ¼ are of mixed blood, chiefly French.
(3) Conditions improving, Good work of Catholic and Presbyterian
missions.
(4) Mowry, _Marcus Whitman_ (1991): Lewis, _Mem. Amer. Anthrop.
Assoc._ 1906.

CHEHALIS.
Salishan.
(1) 182 on Puyallup Reservation, Washington. Perhaps increasing
slightly
(2) No data.
(3) Gradually improving and generally prosperous. Congregational
mission.
(4) Gibbs, _Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol._, vol. iii., 1877; Eells,
_Hist. of Ind. Missions on the Pacific Coast_ (N.Y., 1882), and
other writings.

CHEMEHUEVI.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 300 on the Colorado Reservation; a few elsewhere in
Arizona and California.
(2) No data.
(3) Some improvement. Missions of the Presbyterians and of the
Church of the Nazarene.
(4) See Ute.

CHEROKEE.
Iroquoian.
(1) About 28,000, of which 1489 are in North Carolina and the rest
in Oklahoma.
(2) Not more than ¼ are of approximately pure blood.
(3) Oklahoma Cherokee citizens of the United States, and making
excellent progress. Various religious faiths.
(4) Royce, _5th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1883-1884; Mooney, 7th
Rep., 1885-1886, and especially _19th Rep._, 1897-1898.

CHEYENNE.
Algonkian.
(1) 1440 northern Cheyenne in Montana, 1894 southern Cheyenne in
Oklahoma. Former increasing, latter decreasing.
(2) Some white blood, from captives, &c.
(3) Southern Cheyenne citizens of United States; Mennonite mission
doing good work. Northern Cheyenne making progress as labourers,
&c.; Mennonite and Catholic missions.
(4) Mooney, _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893; Dorsey, _Publ.
Field Columb. Mus._, 1905; Grinnell, _Intern. Congr.
Americanists_, 1902-1906; _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1907-1908;
_Amer. Anthrop._, 1902-1906; Mooney and Petter, _Mem. Amer.
Anthrop. Assoc._, 1907.

CHICKAHOMINY.
Algonkian.
(1) Some 220 on Chickahominy river, Virginia.
(2) No pure bloods left. Considerable negro admixture.
(3) Fishers and Farmers.
(4) Tooker, _Algonquian Series_ (N.Y., 1900); Mooney, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1907.

CHICKASAW.
Muskogian.
(1) 5558 in Oklahoma.
(2) Large admixture of white blood.
(3) American citizens and progressing well. Various religious
faiths.
(4) Speck, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1907, and _Amer. Anthrop._,
1907.

CHILCOTIN.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 450 on Chilcotin river, in S. central British Columbia.
(2) Little.
(3) Fairly laborious, but clinging to native customs, though making
progress. Catholic mission influence.
(4) Writings of Morice (see Carriers); Farrand, _Mem. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist._, 1900.

CHILKAT.
Koluschan.
(1) About 700 at head of Lynn Canal, Alaska. Decreasing.
(2) No data.
(3) Little progress.
(4) Emmons and Boas, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1908.

CHINOOK.
Chinookan.
(1) About 300 in Oregon. Decreasing.
(2) Some little.
(3) Stationary or "worse."
(4) Boas, _Chinook Texts_ (Washington, 1894), and other writings;
Sapir, _Amer. Anthrop._, 1907.

CHIPEWYAN.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 3000 in the region S. of Lake Athabaska, N.W. Canada.
(2) Some Canadian-French admixture.
(3) Coming to be more influenced by the whites. Reached by Catholic
missions.
(4) Writings of Petitot, Legoff, Morice (see Babines), &c.; Morice,
_Anthropos_, 1900-1907, and _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905.

CHIPPEWA (Ojibwa)
Algonkian.
(1) About 18,000 in Ontario, Manitoba, &c.; nearly the same number
in the United States (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, N.
Dakota).
(2) Much French and English admixture in various regions.
(3) Good progress. Many Indians quite equal to average whites of
neighbourhood. Among the Canadian Chippewa the Methodists,
Catholics and Anglicans are well represented; among those in the
United States the Catholics and Episcopalians chiefly, also
Methodists, Lutherans, &c. A number of native ministers.
(4) Warren, _Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1885; Blackbird, _Ottawa and
Chippewa Indians_ (1887); W. Jones, _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_,
1905; Hugolin, _Congr. int. d. Amér._ (Quebec, 1906); P. Jones,
_Hist. Ojebway Inds._ (1861).

CHOCTAW.
Muskogian.
(1) 17,529 in Oklahoma; 1356 in Mississippi and Louisiana.
(2) Large element of white and some negro blood.
(3) Citizens of United States, making good progress. Various
religious faiths.
(4) Gatschet, _Migration Legend of Creeks_ (1884-1888); Speck,
_Amer. Anthrop._, 1907.

CLAYOQUOT.
Wakashan.
(1) 224 in the region of Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island.
Decreasing.
(2) No data.
(3) Rather stationary, but beginning to improve. Influence of
Catholic mission and industrial school.
(4) See Nootka.

CLALLAM.
Salishan.
(1) 354 on Puyallup Reservation, Washington.
(2) Little.
(3) Improving, but suffering from white contact. Congregationalist
mission.
(4) Eells in _Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst._, 1887, and other writings.

COLVILLE.
Salishan.
(1) 316 at Colville Agency, Washington. Decreasing slightly.
(2) Some Canadian-French, &c.
(3) Improving.
(4) See Chehalis.

COMANCHE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 1408 in Oklahoma. Now holding their own.
(2) Some due to Spanish (Mexican) captives, &c.
(3) Good progress, in spite of white impositions.
(4) Mooney, _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893.

COWICHAN.
Salishan.
(1) About 1000 on E. coast of Vancouver Island, and on islands in
Gulf of Georgia.
(2) Little.
(3) Industrious; steady progress. Catholic and Methodist missions,
chiefly former.
(4) Hill-Tout, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1902, and _Trans. R.
Anthrop. Inst._, 1907; Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._,
1889.

CREE.
Algonkian.
(1) About 12,000 in Manitoba, and some 5000 in Saskatchewan,
Alberta, Keewatin, &c.
(2) Large element of French, Scottish and English blood.
(3) Slow but steady progress (except with a few bands). Catholics,
Methodists and Anglicans strongly represented by missions and
church members; many Presbyterians also.
(4) Writings of Petitot, Lacombe, Horden, Bell, Watkins, Evans,
Young, &c.; Lacombe. _Dict. de la langue des Cris_ (1876);
Russell. _Explor. in the Far North_ (1898); Stewart, _Ann. Arch.
Rep. Ontario_, 1905; Maclean, _Canad. Sav. Folk_ (1890).

CREEK.
Muskogian.
(1) 11,000 in Oklahoma.
(2) Large element of white blood; some negro.
(3) American citizens, making good progress. Various religious
faiths.
(4) Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_ (1884-1888); Speck,
_Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc._, 1907.

CROWS (Absaroka).
Siouan.
(1) 1804 at Crow Agency, Montana.
(2) Little.
(3) Improving industrially and financially. Morals still bad.
(4) Simms, Publ. Field Columb. Mus., 1903; Schultz, _My Life as an
Indian_ (N.Y., 1907).

DAKOTA (Santee, Yankton, Teton--Sioux).
Siouan.
(1) About 18,000 in South and 4400 in North Dakota; 3200 in
Montana; 900 in Minnesota. Seemingly decreasing.
(2) Considerable white blood, varying with different sections.
(3) Capable of and making good progress. Episcopal, Catholic,
Congregational missions with good results.
(4) Writings of Dorsey, Riggs, Eastman, &c. Riggs, Contrib. _N.
Amer. Ethnol._, vol. vii., 1890, and vol. ix., 1893; Wissler,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1907; Eastman, _Indian Boyhood_
(1902).

DELAWARE.
Algonkian.
(1) In Oklahoma, 800 with Cherokee and 90 with Wichita; 164 with
Six Nations in Ontario.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Oklahoma, Delaware, U.S. citizens, and progressing; Canadians
making also good progress.
(4) Brinton, _Lenápé and their Legends_ (Phila., 1885), and _Essays
of an Americanist_ (1890); Nelson, _Indians of New Jersey_
(1894).

DOG-RIBS.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1000 in the region E. of the Hares, to Back river, N. W.
Canada.
(2) Little.
(3) "Wild and indolent," not yet much under white influence.
(4) See Chipewyans, Carriers.

ESKIMO (Greenland).
Eskimoan.
(1) West coast, 10,500; East coast, 500. Slowly increasing.
(2) Large element of white blood, estimated already in 1855 at 30%.
(3) More or less "civilized" and "Christian" as result of Moravian
missions.
(4) Writings of Rink, Holm, Nansen, Peary. Rink, _Tales and Trad.
of the Eskimo_ (Lond., 1875) and _Eskimo Tribes_ (1887);
Nansen, _Eskimo Life_ (1893); Thalbitzer, _Eskimo Language_
(1904).

ESKIMO (Labrador).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 1300.
(2) Considerable on S.E. coast.
(3) Much improvement due to Moravian and (later)
other Protestant missions.
(4) Packard, Amer. Naturalist, 1885; Turner, 11th _Ann. Rep. Bur.
Ethnol._, 1889-1890.

ESKIMO (central regions).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 2500.
(2) Little.
(3) Not much improvement except here and there. Some reached by
Episcopalian mission.
(4) Boas, _6th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnct_., 1884-1885, and _Bull. Amer.
Nat. Hist._, 1901 and 1908.

ESKIMO (Mackenzie, &c.).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 1500.
(2) Little.
(3) Not much improvement. Reached by Catholic missions.
(4) Petitot, _Les Grands Esquimaux_ (1887), _Monographie des
Esquimaux Tchiglit_ (Paris, 1876) and other writings;
Stefánsson, _Harper's Magazine_, 1908-1909.

ESKIMO (Alaska).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 12,000, exclusive of Aleuts.
(2) Considerable on certain parts of coast.
(3) Much improvement in parts since introduction of reindeer in
1892. Presbyterian, Methodist, Catholic, Moravian, Baptist,
Swedish Evangelical, Quaker, Congregational, Lutheran missions
now at work.
(4) Dall, _Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol._, vol. i., 1877; Murdoch, _9th
Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1887-1888; and Nelson, _18th Rep._,
1896-1897; Barnum, _Innuit Gramm, and Dict._ (1901).

ESKIMO (N.E. Asia).
Eskimoan.
(1) About 1200.
(2) Little.
(3) Little improvement.
(4) Hooper, _Tents of the Tuski_ (1853); Dali, _Amer. Naturalist_
(1881). See Eskimo (Alaska).

FLATHEADS.
Salishan.
(1) 615 at Flathead Agency, Montana.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Continued Improvement. Catholic missions.
(4) McDermott, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901; Ronan, _Flathead
Indians_ (1890).

GOSIUTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 200 in Utah.
(2) Little.
(3) Some improvement in last few years.
(4) Chamberlin, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila._, 1908. See Paiute,
Ute.

GROSVENTRES (Atsina).
Algonkian.
(1) 558 at Ft. Belknap Agency, Montana.
(2) Little.
(3) Law-abiding, industrious and fast becoming more moral.
Catholic, chief mission influence, also Presbyterian.
(4) Kroeber, _Anthrop. Pap. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1907-1908.

HAIDA.
Haidan.
(1) About 600 on Queen Charlotte Is., and 300 in Alaska. Decreasing.
(2) Some little.
(3) Now "gradually advancing along the lines of civilization."
Mission influences Methodists and Anglican, with much success,
especially former.
(4) Swanton, _Contrib. to Ethnol. of the Haida_ (1905) and other
writings; Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889; Newcombe,
_Congr. intern. des Amér._ (Quebec, 1906).

HANKUT'QIN.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 400 on the Yukon, above the Kotlo, in Alaska.
(2) Little, if any.
(3) Not yet much under white or missionary influence.
(4) See Babines.

HARES.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 600 W. of Gt. Bear Lake to Eskimo country, in N.W. Canada.
(2) Little.
(3) "Wild and indolent," with little improvement. Reached by
Catholic missions.
(4) See Babines, Carriers, Chipewyan.

HAVASUPAI.
Yuman.
(1) 166 N. of Prescott in N.W. Arizona. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) "Good workers"; not yet distinctly under mission influence.
(4) James, _Indians of the Painted Desert Region_ (Boston, 1903);
Dorsey, _Indians of the South-west_ (1903).

HIDATSA.
Siouan.
(1) 467 near Ft. Berthold, N. Dakota.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress. Congregational and Catholic missions.
(4) Matthews, _Ethnogr. and Philol. of the Hidatsa_ (1877); McGee,
_15th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1893-1894; Pepper and Wilson,
_Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc._, 1908.

HUPA.
Athabaskan.
(1) 420 in Hoopa Valley, N.E. California.
(2) Little.
(3) Self-supporting by agriculture and stock-raising, Presbyterian
and Episcopal missions with good results.
(4) Goddard, _Life and Culture of the Hupa_ (1903), _Hupa Texts_
(1904), and other writings.

HURONS OF LORETTE.
Iroquoian.
(1) 466 at Lorette, near the city of Quebec. Increasing, but losing
somewhat by emigration.
(2) No pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized. All Catholics, except one Anglican and
six Presbyterians.
(4) Gérin, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1900.

IOWA.
Siouan.
(1) 246 in Kansas; 88 in Oklahoma. Holding their own.
(2) Considerable.
(3) In 1906 "accomplished more on their allotments than at any time
heretofore." One regular missionary.
(4) Dorsey, _Trans. Anthrop. Soc. Wash._, 1883, and _15th Ann. Rep.
Bur. Ethnol._, 1893-1894; also _11th Rep._

IROQUOIS (of Caughnawaga).
Iroquoian.
(1) 2075 at Caughnawaga, in S.W. Quebec (largely Mohawk).
Increasing.
(2) Few, if any, pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized and making fair progress. Chiefly
Catholics, but there is a Methodist school.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.

IROQUOIS (of Lake of Two Mountains).
Iroquoian.
(1) 395 at Lake of Two Mountains, Quebec.
(2) Few, if any, pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized and making fair progress. Catholics and
Methodists represented.
(4) Cuoq, _Lexique de la langue iroquoise_ (1882), and other
writings.

IROQUOIS (of St Régis).
Iroquoian.
(1) 1449 at St Régis, Quebec; 1208 at St Regis, New York.
(2) Few pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically all civilized and making fair progress.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.

IROQUOIS (of Watha).
Iroquoian.
(1) About 65 at Watha (formerly Gibson), near the southern end of
Lake Muskoka, Ontario.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Industrious and progressive. Influence of Methodist mission.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.

IROQUOIS (of St Albert).
Iroquoian.
(1) 94 near St Albert, Alberta ("Michel's band").
(2) "Indians only in name," no pure-bloods left.
(3) Practically civilized; outlook promising. Catholics.
(4) Chamberlain, _Amer. Anthrop._, 1904.

JICARILLA (Apache).
Athabaskan.
(1) 784 in New Mexico. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Improvement during past few years.
(4) Mooney, _Amer. Anthrop._ 1898. See Apache.

KAIBAB.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 100 in S.W. Utah. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) "Destitute," but gaining somewhat.
(4) See Paiute, Ute.

KAIGANI.
Haidan.
(1) About 300 in S. Alaska.
(2) See Haida.
(3) See Haida.
(4) See Haida.

KAIYUHKHO'TENNE
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1500 on the Yukon (between the Anvik and Koyukuk) in W.
Alaska.
(2) Little.
(3) Up to the present influenced more by the Eskimo than by the
whites.
(4) See Babines, Carriers. Also Chapman, _Congr. inter, d. Amér._
(Quebec, 1906).

KALAPOOIA.
Kalapuyan.
(1) About 125 at Grande Ronde, Oregon, and a few also on the Siletz
Reservation.
(2) Not much.
(3) Continued improvement.
(4) Powell, _7th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1885-1886; Gatschet,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1899; Lewis, _Mem. Amer. Anthrop.
Assoc._, 1906.

KALISPEL (Pend d'Oreille).
Salishan
(1) 826 on the Flathead Reservation, Montana; 98 at Colville Agency,
Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Continued improvement. Catholic missions.
(4) Giorda, _Kalispel Dictionary_ (1877-1879). See Chehalis.

KANSA (Kaw).
Siouan.
(1) 207 in Oklahoma.
(2) About half are mixed blood.
(3) American citizens, making fair progress.
(4) Dorsey, _11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890, and 15th Rep.,
1893-1894; Hay, _Trans. Kans. State Hist. Soc._, 1906.

KICKAPOO.
Algonkian.
(1) 188 in Kansas; 204 in Oklahoma; about 400 in Mexico.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress hampered by liquor, &c.
(4) Mooney, _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893; Lutz, _Trans.
Kansas Hist. Soc._ 1906.

KAWIA (Cahuilla).
Shoshonian.
(1) About 150 in southern California.
(2) Little.
(3) Progress good. Nominally Catholics, result of Californian
missions.
(4) Barrows, _Ethnobotany of the Coahuilla Indians_ (1900); Kroeber,
_Ethnography of the Cahuilla_ (1908).

KIOWA.
Kiowan.
(1) 1219 in Oklahoma.
(2) Some white blood from captives, &c.
(3) Citizens of the U.S., making fair progress. Catholic, Methodist,
Presbyterian. &c. mission influences.
(4) Mooney. _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893, and _17th
Rep._, 1895-1896.

KITKSAN.
Tsimshian.
(1) About 1100 on upper Skeena river in central British Columbia.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) See Tsimshian.

KLAMATH.
Lutuamian.
(1) 761 at Klamath Agency, Oregon.
(2) Little.
(3) Mostly self-supporting. Methodist mission, but poor work done.
(4) Gatschet, _The Klamath Indians_ (Washington, 1890); Dorsey,
_Amer. Anthrop._, 1901.

KLEKATAT.
Sahaptian.
(1) About 300 merged with Yakima and other tribes on Yakima
Reservation, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Late reports indicate much bad influence of whites.
(4) Lyman, _Proc Amer. Antiq. Soc._, 1904; Lewis, _Mem. Amer.
Anthrop. Soc._, 1906.

KONKAU (Concow).
Pujunan.
(1) 171 at Round Valley, California.
(2) Little.
(3) Gradually improving.
(4) See Maidu.

KOOTENAY.
Kitunahan.
(1) In S.E. British Columbia; 220 at St Mary's; 59 al Tobacco
Plains; 82 at Columbia Lakes; 170, lower Kootenay. At Flathead
Agency, Montana, 565. Holding their own, or increasing.
(2) A little French and English.
(3) Good, especially upper Kootenay; continued progress. Kootenay in
U.S. not so progressive. Catholic missions with good results.
(4) Boas. _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889; Chamberlain, _ibid._,
1892 (and other writings), _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905;
Schultz, _My Life as an Indian_ (N.Y., 1907).

KOYUKUKHO'TENNE.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 500 on the Koyukuk and Yukon, above the 'Kaiyuhkho'tenne
in Alaska.
(2) Little, if any.
(3) Little progress noted.
(4) See Babines, Carriers, Chipewyan.

KWAKIUTE.
Wakashan.
(1) About 2000 in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. Decreasing.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Improvement recently. Anglican and Methodist missions--former
counting 469; latter, 19 members; rest, "pagans."
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889, 1890, 1896. Rep.
_U.S. Nat. Mus._, 1895, and other writings; Boas and Hunt, _Mem.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1902.

LILLOOET (Statliumh).
Salishan.
(1) About 900 in S.W. British Columbia, on Fraser river, Douglas and
Lillooet Lakes, &c.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Getting along well generally. Catholic and Anglican missions.
(4) Boas, _Ethnogr. Album_ (N.Y., 1890); Hill-Tout, _Journ. Anthr.
Inst._, 1905; Teit, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1906.

LUMMI.
Salishan.
(1) 418 at Tulalip Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from white contact.
(4) See Chehalis.

MAIDU.
Pujunan.
(1) In N.E. California. About 250 full-bloods.
(2) Not much.
(3) Few and scattered.
(4) Dixon, _Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1902-1905; _Journ. Amer.
Folk-Lore_, 1900-1907.

MAKAH.
Wakashan.
(1) 400 on Makah, 25 on Ozette Reservation, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good.
(4) Swan. _The Indians of Cape Flattery_ (Washington, 1870); Dorsey,
_Amer. Antiquarian_, 1901.

MANDAN.
Siouan.
(1) 264 at Ft. Berthold. N. Dakota. Beginning to increase again.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making some progress. Catholic and Protestant mission
influences.
(4) Will and Spindle. _The Mandans_ (1906); Dorsey in _11th_ and
_15th Reps. Bur. Ethnol._

MARICOPA.
Yuman.
(1) 344 at Pima Agency Arizona. Decreasing slightly.
(2) No data.
(3) Progress in 1906 excellent. Catholic mission school.
(4) See Yuma.

MASKEGON (Swampy Cree).
Algonkian.
(1) About 2500 in Manitoba, Keewatin, Saskatchewan.
(2) Considerable in certain regions.
(3) Generally law-abiding, but improvident; some making good
progress.
(4) Simms in _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1906; Stewart in _Ann. Arch.
Rep. Ontario_, 1905.

MASSET.
Haidan.
(1) 360 at Masset, Q. Charlotte Is.
(2) See Haida.
(3) See Haida.
(4) See Haida.

MENOMINEE.
Algonkian.
(1) About 1600, of which 1364 under superintendency of Green Bay,
Wisconsin.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making gradual progress, with noticeable improvement in many
respects. Catholic church has many members.
(4) Hoffman in _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893.

MIAMI.
Algonkian.
(1) 129 in Oklahoma. 240 in Indiana, a few elsewhere; total about
400.
(2) Considerable French blood, about 50%.
(3) American citizens; intelligent, thrifty and progressive.
(4) Pilling, _Bibl. of Algon. Lang._ (1891).

MICMAC.
Algonkian.
(1) 2114 in Nova Scotia, 288 in Prince Edward Island, 1000 in New
Brunswick, 591 in Quebec.
(2) Large element of French; some Scottish and English blood.
(3) Progress good; not degenerating nor decreasing. All Catholics.
(4) Writings of Dr S. T. Rand, especially _Micmac Legends_ (1894);
Pacifique and Prince, _Congr. intern. des Amér. Quebec_, 1906;
Leland _Algonquin Legends_ (1885); Leland and Prince, _Kuloskap_
(1902).

MISSION INDIANS.
Yuman; Shoshonian.
(1) About 3000 in S. California.
(2) Considerable in some sections.
(3) Self-supporting; some individuals remarkably able and
industrious. Catholics nominally.
(4) Writings of Miss C. G. du Bois, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_ and
_Amer. Anthrop._, 1900-1908, &c. See Kawia.

MISSISSAGUA.
Algonkian.
(1) At Alnwick, 249; at the river Credit, 267; Rice Lake, 90; Mud
Lake, 190; Scugog, 35. Increasing slightly.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Fairly good generally; some at the Credit very successful
farmers, competing with whites. Methodists chiefly.
(4) Chamberlain, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1888, and _Language of
the Mississagas of Skugog_ (Phila., 1892); Burnham, _Ont. Hist.
Soc. Pap. and Rec._, 1905.

MODOC.
Lutuamian.
(1) 52 in Oklahoma, 229 on Klamath Reservation, Oregon. Apparently
decreasing slowly, or holding their own.
(2) Little.
(3) Generally industrious and moral. Methodist mission.
(4) Miller, _My Life Among the Modocs_ (1873); Gatschet, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1894. See Klamath.

MOHAVE.
Yuman.
(1) About 1600 in Arizona.
(2) Little.
(3) Good; industrious but restless. Presbyterian and Church of the
Nazarene missions.
(4) Bourke, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_. 1889; Kroeber, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1902. See Yuman.

MOHAWK.
Iroquoian.
(1) 1762 with Six Nations, Grand river, Ont., 1320, Bay of Quinte,
Ont., slight increase. The "Iroquois" at Caughnawaga, &c., are
largely Mohawks.
(2) Considerable English and French.
(3) See Six Nations.
(4) Forbes, _Congr. intern. d. Amér._, Quebec, 1906; Brant-Sero,
_Man_ (London, 1901). See Six Nations.

MONTAGNAIS.
Algonkian.
(1) About 2000 in N.E. Quebec, N. shore of St Lawrence and St John,
&c.
(2) Large element of French blood.
(3) At St John, "energetic, hard working and provident"; others
suffering from liquor, &c. Catholic missions.
(4) Chambers, _The Ouananiche_ (1896); Chamberlain, _Ann. Arch. Rep.
Ontario_, 1905; David, _Congr. int. d. Amér._, Quebec, 1906.

MOQUI (Hopi).
Shoshonian.
(1) About 2000 in N.E. Arizona.
(2) Little.
(3) Still "pagan," but "dry-farming" experts. At Oraibi two
factions, progressives and conservatives. Mennonite mission.
(4) Bourke, _Snake Dance Among the Moquis_ (1884); Hough, _Amer.
Anthrop._, 1898; Dersey and Voth, _Field Columb. Mus. Publ._,
1901-1902. Also the numerous monographs of Dr. J. W. Fewkes in
_Rep. Bur. Ethnol. Amer. Anthrop., Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_,
1894-1908.

"MORAVIANS."
Algonkian.
(1) 329 on river Thames, Ontario, Canada.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Generally industrious and very law-abiding. All Methodists.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.

MUNSEE.
Algonkian.
(1) 118 on river Thames, Ontario, Canada; also a few with the
Stockbridges in Wisconsin and the Chippewa in Kansas.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Fairly industrious; progress slow.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.

NAHANÉ.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1000 in N.W. British Columbia, N. and S. of Stikeen river,
and E. to beyond the Rockies.
(2) Not much.
(3) Have suffered much from white contact. Reached by Catholic
missions from Stuart Lake.
(4) Writings of Petitot, Morice, &c., especially the latter in
_Trans. Canad. Inst._, 1894, _Proc. Canad. Inst._, 1889. See
Carriers.

NASCAPEE.
Algonkian.
(1) Some 2500 in N.E. Quebec, Labrador, &c.
(2) Not very much.
(3) Improvement not marked. Catholic mission influence.
(4) Turner, _11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890; Chamberlain,
_Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905.

NAVAHO.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 29,000 in Arizona and New Mexico, about 8000 in the latter
state. Increasing in number.
(2) Much Spanish (Mexican) blood.
(3) Have made remarkable progress racially and individually.
Catholic, Presbyterian, &c., missions.
(4) Writings of Dr. W. Matthews, especially _Navaho Legends_
(Boston, 1897), _The Night Chant_ (N.Y., 1902).

NESPELIM.
Salishan.
(1) 191 at Colville Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from liquor and white contact.
(4) See Chehalis.

NEZ PERCÉS.
Sahaptian.
(1) 83 at Colville Agency, Washington, 1534 under Ft. Lapwai
superintendency, Idaho. Decreasing.
(2) Amount uncertain.
(3) Of a high intellectual type (seen in children); suffering much
from disease and white contact. About 60% Catholics and 15%
Presbyterians.
(4) Packard, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1891; McBeth, _The Nez Percés
since Lewis and Clark_ (New York, 1908); Spinden, _Mem. Amer.
Anthrop. Assoc._, 1908.

NIPISSING.
Algonkian.
(1) 239 on Lake Nipissing, Ontario. Increasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Improving.
(4) _Ann. Rep. Dept. Ind. Aff. Canada_, 1907.

NISKA (Nasqa).
Tsimshian.
(1) About 800 in Nass river region in W. British Columbia.
Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1895, 1896, and
_Indianische Sagen_ (Berlin, 1895). See Tsimshian.

NISQUALLI.
Salishan.
(1) 146 in W. Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from white contact, liquor, &c.
(4) Gibbs, _Contrib. N. Amer. Ethnol._, vol. i., 1877, and
_Niskwalli Dictionary_, ibid.

NOOTKA.
Wakashan.
(1) 2133 (including Clayoquot) on Vancouver Island, B.C. Decreasing
slowly.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Industrious and law-abiding; evil from white contact increasing.
Catholic and Presbyterian missions.
(4) Sproat, _Scenes and Studies of Savage Life_ (1868); Boas, _Rep.
Brit. Assoc._, 1890, and _Indianische Sagen_ (1895).

OKANAGAN.
Salishan.
(1) 824 in the Kamloops-Okanagan Agency, British Columbia; 527 on
Colville Reservation, Washington.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Industrious and law-abiding. Catholic, and in Canada Catholic
and Anglican churches largely represented.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc._, 1889; Teit, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist._, 1900.

OMAHA.
Siouan.
(1) 1128 in Nebraska.
(2) Much white blood.
(3) Good progress in many respects; improvidence, &c., still causing
trouble. Presbyterian mission.
(4) Dorsey, _3rd Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1881-1882, and _13th
Rep._, 1891-1892, and other writings. Also writings of Miss A.
C. Fletcher. See Ponca.

ONEIDA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 777 on river Thames, Ontario, and 350 with Six Nations in
Ontario; 2151 in Wisconsin; 286 in New York. Increasing.
(2) Large element of white blood.
(3) Canadian Oneidas at Delaware full citizens. All progressing
excellently and self-supporting. U.S. Oneidas citizens.
(4) Bloomfield, _The Oneidas_ (N.Y., 1907). See Six Nations.

ONONDAGA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 350 with the Six Nations, Ontario; 553 in New York.
(2) Large element of white blood.
(3) Not so advanced in U.S. as Tuscarora.
(4) Clark, _Onondaga_ (Syracuse, 1849); writings of Beauchamp, de
Cost Smith, M. R. Harrington, &c. See Six Nations.

OSAGE.
Siouan.
(1) 1994 in Oklahoma.
(2) Very much white blood; half are mixed-bloods.
(3) U.S. citizens and making good progress. Baptists and Catholics
represented.
(4) Dorsey (J. O.), _6th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1884-1885;
Brewster, _Trans. Kans. State Hist. Soc._, 1906; Dorsey (G. A.),
_Publ. Field Columb. Mus._, 1904; Speck, _Trans. Arch. Dept.
Univ. of Penn._ (Phila., 1907).

OTO.
Siouan.
(1) About 390 with the Missouri in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) See Osage.

OTTAWA.
Algonkian.
(1) About 750 on Manitoulin and Coburn Islands, Ontario; 2750 in
Michigan; 197 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable French and English blood.
(3) Canadian Ottawa industrious and law-abiding, and many in the
U.S. as civilized as average whites about them. Catholic and
Protestant missions.
(4) Blackbird, _Ottawa and Chippewa Indians_ (1887). See Pilling's
_Bibliography of the Algonkian Languages_, 1891.

PAIUTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 6500 to 7000 chiefly in Nevada (about 600 in Utah; 350 in
Arizona).
(2) No data.
(3) Peaceable, moral and industrious; "have steadily resisted the
vices of civilization." Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Mooney in _14th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1892-1893. See Ute.

PAMUNKEY.
Algonkian.
(1) About 140 in King William county, Virginia.
(2) All mixed-bloods; some negro mixture.
(3) Fishermen and small farmers.
(4) Pollard, _The Pamunkey Indians of Virginia_ (Washington, 1894).

PANAMINT.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 100 in the Panamint Valley, S.E. California.
(2) No data.
(3) Stationary.
(4) Coville, _Amer. Anthrop._, 1892.

PAPAGO.
Piman.
(1) 4991 in Arizona; about 1000 in Mexico.
(2) Little.
(3) Making very good progress recently. Catholic mission.
(4) McGee in Coville and Macdougal, _Des. bot. lab._, 1903;
Bandelier, _Arch. Inst. Papers_, 1890. See Pima.

PASSAMAQUODDY.
Algonkian.
(1) About 350 in Maine.
(2) Considerable French and English.
(3) With Penobscots have representative in Maine legislature.
(4) Leland, Algonq. _Leg. of New England_ (Boston, 1885); Brown,
_Trans. R. Soc. Canada_, 1889; Prince, _Proc. Amer. Philos.
Soc._, 1897; Leland and Prince, _Kuloskap_ (Boston, 1902).

PAWNEE.
Caddoan.
(1) 649 in Oklahoma. Decreasing.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Citizens of U.S. Special progress recently in agriculture.
Methodist mission.
(4) Writings of Dunbar, Grinnell, Dorsey, Fletcher, &c.; Grinnell,
_Pawnee Hero-Stories_ (1889); Dorsey, _Traditions of the Skidi
Pawnee_ (Boston, 1904), and _Pawnee Mythology_ (1906); Fletcher,
_22nd Ann. Rep. Bur. Etnnol._, 1900-1901.

PENOBSCOT.
Algonkian.
(1) About 410 in Maine.
(2) Considerable.
(3) See Passamaquoddy.
(4) See Passamaquoddy.

PEORIA.
Algonkian.
(1) 192 with Kaskaskia, Wea and Piankaskaw in Oklahoma.
(2) No pure-bloods left.
(3) American citizens and progressing well.
(4) See Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_ (1891).

PIEGAN.
Algonkian.
(1) 482 near Macleod, Alberta; 2072 at Blackfoot Agency, Montana.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Improvement slow in Montana; in Alberta, "noticeable advance
along all lines." Methodist and Anglican missions in Alberta.
(4) See Blackfeet.

PIMA.
Shoshonian.
(1) 3936 in Arizona; more in Mexico. Increasing slightly.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making good progress recently. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Russel, _Amer. Anthrop._, 1903, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901,
and _26th Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol._, 1904-1905; Dorsey,
_Indians of the South-west_ (1903); _Hrdlicka, Amer. Anthrop._,
1904; Kroeber, _Univ. Calif. Publ._, 1907.

POMO.
Kulanapan.
(1) About 1000 in N.E. California.
(2) Little.
(3) Progress good.
(4) Barrett, _Ethnography of the Pomo_ (1908).

PONCA.
Siouan.
(1) 570 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) U.S. citizens, making good progress.
(4) Dorsey (J. O.), _Cegiha Language_ (1890), O_maha and Ponka
Letters_ (1891), &c.; Dorsey (G. A.), _Field Columb. Mus.
Publ._, 1905; Boas, _Congr. int. d. Amér._, Quebec, 1906.

POTAWATOMI.
Algonkian.
(1) 179 on Walpole Island, Ontario; 1740 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Canadian Potawatomi are law-abiding and industrious. American
Potawatomi citizens making progress.
(4) See Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_ (1891).

PUEBLOS.
Keresan.
(1) 3990 in 6 pueblos in N. central New Mexico.
(2) Larger element of white blood than other Pueblos Indians, but
not great.
(3) Majority nominally Catholics.
(4) Writings of Bandelier, Hodge, Lummis, Stevenson, &c. Stevenson,
_11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890; Dorsey, _Indians of
the South-west_ (1903); Bandelier, _Archaeol. Inst. Papers_,
1881, 1883, 1892.

PUEBLOS.
Shoshonian.
(1) See Moqui.
(2) See Moqui.
(3) See Moqui.
(4) See Moqui.

PUEBLOS.
Tanoan.
(1) About 4200 in 12 pueblos in New Mexico.
(2) Have not favoured intermixture. Amount little.
(3) Nominally Catholics for most part. At San Juan notable evidences
of thrift, less elsewhere.
(4) Writings of Bandelier, Lummis, Fewkes, &c. See Pueblos (Keresan)
and Moqui.

PUEBLOS.
Zuñian.
(1) 1500 in Western New Mexico.
(2) Have not favoured white intermixture.
(3) Practically all are "pagans." Substantial progress lately in
several ways.
(4) Bandelier, _Journ. Amer. Ethnol. and Archaeol._, 1892; Fewkes,
_ibid._, 1891; Stevenson, _5th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._,
1883-1884, and _23rd Rep._, 1901-1902; Cushing, _2nd Rep._,
1880-1881, _4th Rep._, 1882-1883, _13th Rep._, 1891-1892, and
_Zuñi Folk-Tales_ (N.Y., 1901), and other writings.

PUYALLUP.
Salishan.
(1) 486 at the Puyallup Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Suffering from white contact; future not bright.
(4) See Chehalis.

QUAPAW.
Siouan.
(1) 292 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Majority are intelligent, thrifty and progressive. Catholic
missions.
(4) Dorsey (J. O.), _11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1889-1890, _13th
Rep._ 1891-1892, and other writings.

QUILEUTE.
Chemakuan.
(1) 232 at Neah Bay Agency, N.W. Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good.
(4) See Clallam.

QUINAIELT.
Salishan.
(1) 142 at Puyallup Agency in N.W. Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) See Nisqualli.
(4) Farrand, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1902; Conard, _Open
Court_, 1905.

SACS AND FOXES (Sauk, &c.).
Algonkian.
(1) 343 in Iowa; 630 in Oklahoma; 90 in Kansas.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Continued improvement; conservative opposition less. Catholic
missions.
(4) Lasley, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1902; Jones, ibid., 1901, and
_Fox Texts_ (1907); Owen, _Folk-Lore of the Musquaki_ (1904).

SANSPOIL.
Salishan.
(1) 126 at Colville Agency, Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Improving.
(4) See Chehalis.

SARCEE.
Athabaskan.
(1) 205 S.W. of Calgary, Alberta.
(2) More than many other tribes of this stock.
(3) Making good material progress lately. Anglican mission.
(4) Maclean, _Canad. Savage Folk_ (1890); Goddard, _Congr. int. d.
Amér._, 1906; Morice, _ibid._ and _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_,
1905; Simms, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1904.

SEKANÉ (Sikani).
Athabaskan.
(1) About 450 on Finlay and Parsnip rivers and W. to forks of Tatla
Lake in N. central British Columbia.
(2) Little.
(3) Not so progressive as Carriers &c. Reached by Catholic mission
from Stuart Lake.
(4) Morice, Anthropos, 1906, 1907, and Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario,
1905, and other writings. See Babines, Carriers.

SEMINOLE.
Muskogian.
(1) 2132 in Oklahoma; 350 in Florida.
(2) Much white and some negro blood.
(3) Oklahoma Seminoles American citizens.
(4) MacCauley, _5th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1887; Coe, _Red
Patriots_ (1898). See Creek.

SENECA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 383 in Oklahoma; 2742 in New York; 215 with Six Nations, on
Grand river, Ontario.
(2) Considerable.
(3) See Six Nations.
(4) Sanborn, _Seneca Indians_ (1862); Hubbard, _An Account of
Sa-go-ye-wat-ha_, or _Red Jacket and his People_ (Albany, 1886).
See Six Nations.

SHAWNEE.
Algonkian.
(1) 574 in Oklahoma.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) See Pilling, _Bibl. of Algon. Lang._ (1891). Also Harvey,
_Shawnee Indians_ (1855).

SHOSHONEE.
Shoshonian.
(1) About 1000 in Idaho; 242 in Nevada; 793 in Wyoming.
(2) Amount of admixture not large.
(3) Progress good in the last few years. Catholic and Protestant
Episcopal missions.
(4) Culin, _Bull. Free Mus. Sci. and Art_ (Phila., 1901); Dorsey,
_Indians of the South-west_ (1903). See Ute.

SHUSWAP (Sequapamuq).
Salishan.
(1) About 1000 in the S. interior of British Columbia; also 52
within the Kootenay area at the Columbia Lakes.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Industrious and law-abiding. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1890, and _Ethnogr. Album_
(N.Y., 1900); Dawson, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada_, 1891; Boas,
_Indianische Sagen_ (1895).

SILETZ.
Indians of several stocks.
(1) 483 on Siletz Reservation, Oregon.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Progress good.
(4) Dorsey, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890, and _Amer. Anthrop._,
1889.

SIX NATIONS (Canada).
Iroquoian.
(1) On Grand River Reservation, Ontario; Cayuga, 1044; Mohawk, 1762;
Oneida, 350; Onondaga, 350; Seneca, 215; Tuscarora, 397. Total,
4118.
(2) Large admixture of white blood.
(3) Generally capable and industrious, and steadily improving; many,
both in U.S. and Canada, equal to whites. The Canadian Cayuga
and Onondaga are "pagans." Many Christian faiths represented.
(4) Boyle, _Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1898 and 1905, and _Journ.
Anthr. Inst._, 1900; Hale, _Iroquois Book of Rites_ (Phila.,
1883); Wilson, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Can._, 1885. See also under
tribal names.

SIX NATIONS (New York).
Iroquoian.
(1) In New York State; Cayuga, 179; Oneida, 286; Onondaga, 553;
Seneca, 2742; Tuscarora, 356. Total, 4116.
(2) Large admixture of white blood.
(3) Improvement varying with tribes; Tuscarora said to be best.
Various religious faiths.
(4) Beauchamp, _Bull. N.Y. State Mus._, 1897-1907, _The Iroquois
Trail_ (1892), and other writings; Smith, _2nd Ann. Rep. Bur.
Ethnol._, 1880-1881; Hewitt, _21st Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._,
1899-1900, and other writings. See also under tribal names.

SKIQOMIC.
Salishan.
(1) About 150 in the Howe Sd. and Burrard Inlet region of British
Columbia.
(2) Some Canadian-French admixture.
(3) "Probably the most industrious and orderly band of Indians in
the province." Catholic mission.
(4) Hill-Tout, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1900; Boas, _ibid._,
1894.

SLAVÉ.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1100 in the region W. of Gt. Bear Lake, from Ft. Simpson
to Ft. Norman in N.W. Canada.
(2) No certain data; but some admixture now going on.
(3) No marked progress, but white influence being felt. Catholics
and Episcopal missions.
(4) Various writings of Petitot and Morice; the latter in
_Anthropos_, 1906-1907; Bompas, _Mackenzie River_ (London,
1888); Bell, _Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901.

SNAIMUQ (Nanaimo).
Salishan.
(1) About 160 on reserve near Nanaimo Harbour, B.C.
(2) No data.
(3) Making good progress recently. Catholic mission.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889, and _Amer. Anthrop._,
1889.

SONGISH (Lkungen).
Salishan.
(1) About 200 in S.E. Vancouver Island, B.C.
(2) No data.
(3) Industrious and mostly well-off. Catholic mission.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc._, 1890; Hill-Tout, _Journ. Roy.
Anthrop. Inst._, 1907.

SPOKAN.
Salishan.
(1) 91 in Idaho; 133 in Montana; 434 in Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Improving.
(4) Writings of Rev. M. Eells. See Chehalis.

TAHLTAN.
Athabaskan.
(1) 220 in the N. Interior of British Columbia, at mouth of Tahltan
river.
(2) Little.
(3) Making good progress.
(4) Teit, _Boas Anniv. Vol._ (N.Y., 1906).

TEN'A.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 2000 on the Yukon, between Tanara and Koserefsky in
Alaska.
(2) Little.
(3) Not yet much influenced by whites. Catholic mission.
(4) Jetté, _Congr. int. des Amér._ 1906; _Man_, 1907; _Journ.
Anthr. Inst._, 1907.

THOMPSON INDIAN (Ntlakapamuk).
Salishan.
(1) About 1770 in the Thompson river region, S. central British
Columbia.
(2) Not very much.
(3) Making good progress. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Teit and Boas, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1900; Teit, _Trad.
of Thompson Inds._ (Boston, 1898); Hill-Tout, _Salish and Déné_
(London, 1907).

TLINGIT.
Koluschan.
(1) About 2000 in S. Alaska.
(2) Considerable in places.
(3) Not marked generally. Greek Orthodox and other missions.
(4) Krause, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_ (Berlin, 1885); Boas,
_Indianische Sagen_ (Berlin, 1905); Bogoras, _Amer. Anthrop._,
1902; Swanton, _26th Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol._, 1904-1905;
Emmons, _Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist._, 1903.

TONKAWA.
Tonkawan.
(1) 47 in Oklahoma.
(2) No data.
(3) "Contented and enjoying life."
(4) Mooney, _Globus_, 1902.

TSIMSHIAN (Proper).
Tsimshian.
(1) About 2000 in northern British Columbia.
(2) Not large.
(3) Making good progress. Anglican and other missions.
(4) Boas, _Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, 1889, and _Indianische
Sagen_ (Berlin, 1895); von der Schulenburg, _Die Sprache der
Zimshian-Indianer_ (1894); Wellcome, Metlakatla (1887).

TUSCARORA.
Iroquoian.
(1) 397 on Six Nation Reservation, Ontario; 356 with Six Nations,
New York.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Making good progress in both Canada and New York.
(4) See Six Nations.

TUTCHONEKUT'QIN.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 1000 on the Yukon from Deer river to Ft. Selkirk, in
Alaska.
(2) Little.
(3) Little progress.
(4) See Babines, Carriers, Chipewyan.

UINTA UTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 435 in Utah.
(2) Little.
(3) See Ute.
(4) See Ute.

UMATILLA.
Sahaptian.
(1) 207 in Oregon.
(2) Some.
(3) Making progress. Catholic and Presbyterian missions.
(4) See Nez Percés.

UNCOMPAGHRE UTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 493 in Utah.
(2) Little.
(3) See Ute.
(4) See Ute.

UTE.
Shoshonian.
(1) 845 in Colorado; 1245 in Utah.
(2) Not much.
(3) Some progress recently. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Culin, _Bull. Free Mus. Sci. and Art_ (Phila., 1901); Kroeber,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1901, and _Amer. Anthrop._, 1906.

WALAPAI.
Yuman.
(1) 513 in Arizona. Decreasing.
(2) Little.
(3) Self-supporting, but poor morally.
(4) James, _Indians of the Painted Desert Region_ (Boston, 1903).

WALLAWALLA.
Sahaptian.
(1) 579 in Oregon.
(2) Some.
(3) Not so satisfactory recently, but progressing.
(4) See Nez Percés.

WICHITA.
Caddoan.
(1) 441 in Oklahoma.
(2) Probably considerable.
(3) Citizens of U.S., making good progress. Catholic and Protestant
missions.
(4) Dorsey, _Mythology of the Wichita_ (Washington, 1904) and other
writings.

WINNEBAGO.
Siouan.
(1) 1070 in Nebraska; 1285 in Wisconsin.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Many good citizens of U.S. and progressing. Suffering from
liquor and the mescal bean to some extent.
(4) Thwaites, _Coll. State Hist. Soc. Wisconsin_, 1892; Fletcher,
_Journ. Amer. Folk-Lore_, 1890; McGee. _15th Ann. Rep. Bur.
Ethnol._, 1893-1894.

WYANDOT.
Iroquoian.
(1) 385 in Oklahoma; 1 at Anderdon, Ontario, Canada.
(2) No pure-bloods left, hardly a half-blood.
(3) More white than Indian.
(4) Powell, _1st Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._, 1879-1880; Connelley,
_Ann. Arch. Rep. Ontario_, 1905, and _Wyandott Folk-Lore_
(Topeka, 1899); Merwin, _Trans. Kansas State Hist. Soc._, 1906.

YAKIMA.
Sahaptian.
(1) About 1500 in Washington.
(2) Considerable.
(3) Late reports indicate bad influence of whites.
(4) Pandosy, _Gramm. and Dict. of Yakima_ (1862); Lewis, _Mem. Amer.
Anthrop. Assoc._, 1906.

YELLOWKNIVES.
Athabaskan.
(1) About 500 N.E. of Great Slave Lake in N.W. Canada.
(2) Not much.
(3) No practical advance as yet.
(4) Writings of Petitot, Morice, &c. Petitot, _Autour du Grand Lac
des Esclaves_ (1891), and _Monographie des Déné-Dindjié_ (1876).
See Carriers, Chipewyan.

YUMA.
Yuman.
(1) 807 at Fort Yuma Agency, California, and a few at San Carlos,
Arizona.
(2) Some Spanish (Mexican) blood.
(3) Progress good. Catholic and Protestant missions.
(4) Gatschet, _Ztschr. v. Ethnologie_ (1893); Trippell, _Overland
Monthly_, 1889; Dorsey, _Indians of the South-west_ (1903). See
Mission Indians.

ZUÑI.
Zuñian.
(1) See Pueblos.
(2) Zuñian.
(3) See Pueblos.
(4) See Pueblos (Zuñian).

Population, &c.