Chapter XI: Part 11

The meaning of this is simply that the homoeopathist in order to cure
a disease, administers a medicine which would produce in a perfectly
healthy subject, symptoms _like_, but not _identical_ with or the
_same_ as, the symptoms to counteract which the medicine is given. The
homoeopathic practitioner, therefore, first makes himself thoroughly
acquainted with the symptoms that are exhibited by the sufferer;
having ascertained these, in order to neutralize them and restore the
state of the patient's health to a state of equilibrium, so to speak,
he administers preparations that would produce symptoms of a like
character in persons in good health.

It is not said, be it remembered, that the drug can produce in a
healthy person the disease from which the patient is suffering: it is
only advanced by homoeopathists that the drug given has the power of
producing in a person in health, symptoms similar to those of the
disease under which the patient is languishing, and that the correct
mode of treatment is to counteract the disease symptoms by the
artificial production of similar symptoms by medicinal means, or in
other words, to suit the medicine to the disorder, by a previously
acquired knowledge of the effects of the drug, by experiment on a
healthy person.

927. Allopathy

Allopathy is the name given to the older treatment of disorders, and
the name is obtained from the fact, that the drugs given, do not
produce symptoms corresponding to those of the disease for whose
relief they are administered as in homoeopathy. The introduction of
the term is contemporary with homoeopathy itself. It was merely given
to define briefly the distinction that exists between the rival modes
of treatment, and it has been accepted and adopted by all medical men
who have no faith in homoeopathy, and the treatment that its followers
prescribe.

[DEEP RIVERS FLOW WITH SILENT MAJESTY.]

928. Comparison.

Allopathic treatment is said to be experimental, while Homeopathic
treatment is based on certainty, resulting from experience. The
allopathist tries various drugs, and if one medicine or one
combination of drugs fails, tries another; but the homoeopathist
administers only such medicaments as may be indicated by the symptoms
of the patient. If two drugs are given, as is frequently, and perhaps
generally, the case, it is because the symptoms exhibited are of such
a character that they cannot be produced in a healthy person by the
action of one and the same drug, and, consequently cannot be
counteracted or neutralized by the action of a single drug.

929. Homoeopathic Medicines

Homoeopathic medicines are given in the form of globules or tinctures,
the latter being generally preferred by homeopathic practitioners.
When contrasted with the doses of drugs given by allopathists, the
small doses administered by homoeopathists must at first sight appear
wholly in adequate to the purpose for which they are given; but
homoeopathists, whose dilution and trituration diffuse the drug given
throughout the vehicle in which it is administered, argue that by this
_extension of its surface_ the active power of the drug is greatly
increased; and that there is reason in this argument is shown by the
fact that large doses of certain drugs administered for certain
purposes will pass through the system without in any way affecting
those organs, which will be acted on most powerfully by the very same
drugs when administered in much smaller doses. Thus a small dose of
sweet spirit of nitre will act on the skin and promote perspiration,
but a large dose will act as a diuretic only, and exert no influence
on the skin.

930. Treatment of Ailments by Homoeopathy.

Great stress is laid by homeopathists on attention to diet, but not
so much so in the present day as when the system was first introduced.
The reader will find a list of articles of food that may and may not
be taken in _par_. 961. For complete direction on this point, and on
diseases and their treatment and remedies, he must be referred to
works on this subject by Dr. Richard Epps and others. All that can be
done here is to give briefly a few of the more common ailments "that
flesh is heir to," with the symptoms by which they are indicated, and
the medicines by which they may be alleviated and eventually cured.

931. Asthma

Asthma, an ailment which should be referred in all cases to the
medical practitioner.

_Symptoms_. Difficulty of breathing, with cough, either spasmodic and
without expectoration, or accompanied with much expectoration.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, especially with congestion or slight
spitting of blood; Antimonium tartaricum for wheezing and rattling in
the chest; Arsenicum for chronic asthma; ipecacuanha; Nux vomica.

932. Bilious Attacks

Bilious attacks, if attended with diarrhoea and copious evacuations of
a bright yellow colour.

_Medicines_. Bryonia, if arising from sedentary occupations, or from
eating and drinking too freely; or Nux vomica and Mercurius in
alternation, the former correcting constipation and the latter nausea,
fulness at the pit of the stomach, and a foul tongue.

933. Bronchitis.

_Symptoms_. Catarrh accompanied with fever, expectoration dark, thick,
and sometimes streaked with blood; urine dark, thick, and scanty.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, especially in earlier stages; Bryonia
for pain in coughing and difficulty of breathing; Antimonium
tartaricum, loose cough with much expectoration and a feeling of, and
tendency to, suffocation; Ipecacuanha, accumulation of phlegm in
bronchial tubes and for children.

[SHALLOW BROOKS ARE NOISY.]

934. Bruises and Wounds.

For all bruises, black eyes, etc., apply Arnica lotion; for slight
wounds, after washing well with cold water, apply Arnica plaster; to
stop bleeding when ordinary means fail, and for larger wounds, apply
concentrated tincture of Calendula.

935. Cold in the Head or Catarrh.

_Symptoms_. Feverish feeling generally, and especially about the head,
eyes, and nose, running from, and obstruction of, nose; soreness and
irritation of the throat and bronchial tubes.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus for feverish symptoms; Belladonna for
sore throat and headache with inclination to cough; Mercurius for
running from nose and sneezing; Nux vomica for stoppage of nostrils;
Chamomilla for children and women, for whom Pulsatilla is also useful
in such cases.

936. Chilblains.

_Symptoms_. Irritation and itching of the skin, which assumes a bluish
red colour.

_Medicines_. Arnica montana, taken internally or used as outward
application, unless the chilblain be broken, when arsenicum should be
used. If the swelling and irritation do not yield to these remedies
use Belladona and Rhus toxicodendron.

937. Cholera.

i. Bilious or English cholera.

_Symptoms_. Nausea, proceeding to vomiting, griping of the bowels,
watery and offensive evacuations, in which much bile is present,
accompanied with weakness and depression.

_Medicines_. Bryonia, with ipecacuanha at commencement of attack.

ii. Malignant or Asiatic cholera.

_Symptoms_ as in English cholera, but in a more aggravated form,
followed by what is called the "cold stage," marked by great
severity of griping pain in the stomach, accompanied with frequent
and copious watery evacuations, and presently with cramps in all
parts of the body; after which the extremities become chilled, the
pulse scarcely discernible, the result of which is stupor and
ultimately death.

_Medicines_. Camphor, in the form of tincture, in frequent doses,
until the sufferer begins to feel warmth returning to the body, and
perspiration ensues. In the later stages, Cuprum and Veratrum.

938. Tincture of Camphor

Tincture of camphor is one of the most useful of the homoeopathic
remedies in all cases of colic, diarrhoea, etc. In ordinary cases
fifteen drops on sugar may be taken every quarter of an hour until the
pain is allayed. In more aggravated cases, and in cases of cholera, a
few drops may be taken at intervals of from two to five minutes. A
dose of fifteen drops of camphor on sugar tends to counteract a chill
if taken soon after premonitory symptoms show themselves, and act as a
prophylactic against cold.

939. Colic or Stomach-Ache.

This disorder is indicated by griping pains in the bowels, which
sometimes extends upwards into and over the region of the chest.
Sometimes the pain is attended with vomiting and cold perspiration. A
warm bath is useful, and hot flannels, or a jar or bottle filled with
hot water should be applied to the abdomen.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, especially when the abdomen is tender
to the touch, and the patient is feverish; Belladonna for severe
griping and spasmodic pains; Bryonia for bilious colic and diarrhoea;
Chamomilla for children.

940. Constipation.

Women are more subject than men to this confined state of the bowels,
which will, in many cases yield to exercise, plain nutritious diet,
with vegetables and cooked fruit, and but little bread, and an enema
of milk and water, or thin gruel if it is some time since there has
been any action of the bowels.

_Medicines_. Bryonia, especially for rheumatic patients, and disturbed
state of the stomach; Nux vomica, for persons of sedentary habits,
especially males; Pulsatilla, for women; Sulphur, for constipation
that is habitual or of long continuance.

941. Convulsions.

For convulsions arising from whatever cause, a warm bath is desirable,
and a milk and water enema, if the child's bowels are confined.

_Medicines_. Belladonna and Chamomilla, if the convulsions are caused
by teething, with Aconitum napellus if the little patient be feverish;
Aconitum napellus, Cina, and Belladonna, for convulsions caused by
worms; Aconite and Coffoea, when they arise from fright; Ipecacuanha
and Nux vomica, when they have been caused by repletion, or food that
is difficult of digestion.

942. Cough.

For this disorder, a light farinaceous diet is desirable, with plenty
of out-door exercise and constant use of the sponging-bath.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, for a hard, dry, hacking cough;
Antimonium, for cough with wheezing and difficulty of expectoration;
Belladonna, for spasmodic cough, with tickling in the throat, or sore
throat; Bryonia, for hard, dry cough, with expectorations streaked
with blood; ipecacuanha, for children.

943. Croup.

As this disorder frequently and quickly terminates fatally, recourse
should be had to a duly qualified practitioner as soon as possible.
The disease lies chiefly in the larynx and bronchial tubes, and is
easily recognisable by the sharp, barking sound of the cough. A warm
bath and mustard poultice will often tend to give relief.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, in the earlier stages of the disorder,
and spongia and Hepar sulphuris, in the more advanced stages, the
latter medicine being desirable when the cough is not so violent and
the breathing easier.

944. Diarrhoea.

The _medicines_ to be used in this disorder are those which are
mentioned under colic and bilious attacks.

945. Dysentery

Dysentery is somewhat similar to diarrhoea, but the symptoms are more
aggravated in character, and the evacuations are chiefly mucus
streaked with blood. As a local remedy hot flannels or a stone jar
filled with hot water and wrapped in flannel, should be applied to the
abdomen.

_Medicines_. Colocynthis and Mercurius in alternation.

946. Dyspepsia

Dyspepsia or Indigestion arises from weakness of the digestive organs.

Symptoms. Chief among these are habitual costiveness, heartburn and
nausea, disinclination to eat, listlessness and weakness, accompanied
with fatigue after walking, &c., restlessness and disturbed sleep at
night, bad taste in the mouth, with white tongue, especially in the
morning, accompanied at times with fulness in the region of the
stomach, and flatulence which causes disturbance of the heart.

The causes of indigestion are too numerous to be mentioned here, but
they may be inferred when it is said that scrupulous attention must be
paid to diet (see _par_. 961); that meals should be taken at regular
and not too long intervals; that warm drinks, stimulants, and tobacco
should be avoided; that early and regular hours should be kept, with a
cold or chilled sponge bath every morning; and that measures should be
taken to obtain a fair amount of exercise, and to provide suitable
occupation for both body and mind during the day.

_Medicines_. Arnica montana for persons who are nervous and irritable,
and suffer much from headache; Bryonia for persons who are bilious and
subject to rheumatism, and those who are listless, disinclined to eat,
and have an unpleasant bitter taste in the mouth; Hepar sulphuris for
chronic indigestion and costiveness, attended with tendency to vomit
in the morning; Mercurius in cases of flatulence, combined with
costiveness; Nux vomica for indigestion that makes itself felt from 2
a.m. to 4 a.m., or thereabouts, with loss of appetite and nausea in
the morning, and for persons with a tendency to piles, and those who
are engaged in sedentary occupations; Pulsatilla for women generally,
and Chamomilla for children.

947. Fevers.

For all fevers of a serious character, such as scarlet fever, typhus
fever, typhoid fever, gastric fever, intermittent fever, or ague, &c.,
it is better to send at once for a medical man. In cases of ordinary
fever, indicated by alternate flushes and shivering, a hot dry skin,
rapid pulse, and dry foul tongue, the patient should have a warm bath,
take but little nourishment, and drink cold water.

_Medicine_. Aconitum napellus.

[AND FAITH BE OUR STAFF.]

948. Flatulency.

This disorder, which arises from, and is a symptom of, indigestion,
frequently affects respiration, and causes disturbance and quickened
action of the heart. The patient should pay attention to diet, as for
dyspepsia.

_Medicines_. China and Nux vomica; Pulsatilla for women, and
Chamomilla for children. See DYSPEPSIA (946).

949. Headache.

This disorder proceeds from so many various causes, which require
different treatment, that it is wiser to apply at once to a regular
homoeopathic practitioner, and especially in headache of frequent
occurrence.

_Medicines_. Nux vomica when headache is caused by indigestion;
Pulsatilla being useful for women; Belladonna and Ignatia, for sick
headache; Aconitum napellus and Arsenicum for nervous headache.

950. Heartburn.

For this unpleasant sensation of heat, arising from the stomach,
accompanied by a bitter taste, and sometimes by nausea, Nux vomica is
a good medicine. Pulsatilla may be taken by women.

951. Indigestion.

See DYSPEPSIA (946).

952. Measles.

This complaint, which seldom attacks adults, is indicated in its early
stage by the usual accompaniments and signs of a severe cold in the
head--namely, sneezing, running from the nose and eyelids, which are
swollen. The sufferer also coughs, does not care to eat, and feels
sick and restless. About four days after the first appearance of these
premonitory symptoms, a red rash comes out over the face, neck, and
body, which dies away, and finally disappears in about five days. The
patient should be kept warm, and remain in one room during the
continuance of the disorder, and especially while the rash is out,
lest, through exposure to cold in any way, the rash may be checked and
driven inwards.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, and Pulsatilla, which are sufficient
for all ordinary cases. If there be much fever, Belladonna; and if the
rash be driven in by a chill, Bryonia.

953. Mumps.

This disorder is sometimes consequent on measles. It is indicated by
the swelling of the glands under the ears and lower jaw. It is far
more painful than dangerous. Fomenting with warm water is useful.

_Medicines_. Mercurius generally; Belladonna may be used when mumps
follow an attack of measles.

954. Nettlerash.

This rash, so called because in appearance it resembles the swelling
and redness caused by the sting of a nettle, is generally produced by
a disordered state of the stomach.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, Nux vomica, or Pulsatilla, in
ordinary cases; Arsenicum is useful if there be much fever; Belladonna
if the rash is accompanied with headache.

955. Piles.

The ordinary homoeopathic remedies for this painful complaint are Nux
vomica and Sulphur.

956. Sprains.

Apply to the part affected a lotion formed of one part of tincture of
Arnica to two of water. For persons who cannot use Arnica, in
consequence of the irritation produced by it, a lotion of tincture of
Calendula may be used in the proportion of one part of the tincture to
four of water.

957. Teething.

Infants and very young children frequently experience much pain in the
mouth during dentition, and especially when the tooth is making its
way through the gum. The child is often feverish, the mouth and gums
hot and tender, and the face flushed. There is also much running from
the mouth, and the bowels are disturbed, being in some cases confined,
and in others relaxed, approaching to diarrhoea.

_Medicines_. These are Aconitum napellus, in ordinary cases; Nux
vomica, when the bowels are confined; Chamomilla, when the bowels are
relaxed; Mercurius, if the relaxed state of the bowels has deepened
into diarrhoea; Belladonna, if there be symptoms of disturbance of the
brain.

958. Whooping-Cough.

This disease is sometimes of long duration, for if it shows itself in
the autumn or winter months, the little patient will frequently retain
the cough until May or even June, when it disappears with the return
of warmer weather. Change of air when practicable is desirable,
especially when the cough has been of long continuance.

In this cough there are three stages. In the first the symptoms are
those of an ordinary cold in the head and cough. In the second the
cough becomes hard, dry and rapid, and the inhalation of the air,
after or during the paroxysm of coughing produces the peculiar sound
from which the disease is named. In the final stage the cough occurs
at longer intervals, and the paroxysms are less violent and ultimately
disappear. In this stage the disease is subject to fluctuation, the
cough again increasing in frequency of occurrence and intensity if the
patient has been unduly exposed to cold or damp, or if the weather is
very changeable.

Children suffering from whooping-cough should have a light nourishing
diet and only go out when the weather is mild and warm.

_Medicines_. Aconitum napellus in the very commencement of the
disorder, followed by Ipecacuanha and Nux vomica when the second stage
is just approaching and during its continuance. These medicines may be
continued if necessary during the third stage.

959. Worms.

The presence of worms is indicated by irritation of the membrane of
the nose, causing the child to thrust its finger into the nostrils; by
irritation of the lower part of the body; by thinness, excessive
appetite and restlessness in sleep. Children suffering from worms
should eat meat freely and not take so much bread, vegetables, and
farinaceous food as children generally do. They should have as much
exercise as possible in the open air, and be sponged with cold water
every morning. The worms that mostly trouble children are the thread
worms, which are present chiefly in the lower portion of the
intestines, and the round worm.

_Medicines, &c_. Administer an injection of weak salt-and-water, and
give Aconitum napellus, to be followed by Ignatia and Sulphur in the
order in which they are here given. These are the usual remedies for
thread worms. For round worms, whose presence in the stomach is
indicated by great thinness, sickness and discomfort, and pain in the
stomach, Aconitum napellus, Cina, Ignatia and Sulphur are given.

960. Extent of Doses in Homoeopathy.

Homoeopathic medicines are given in the form of globules, pilules, or
tincture, the last-named being generally preferred. The average doses
for adults are from half a drop to one drop of the tincture given in a
tablespoonful of water, from two to four pilules, or from three to six
globules. In using the tincture it is usual to measure out a few
tablespoonfuls of water and to add to it a certain number of drops
regulated by the quantity of water that is used. For children medicine
is mixed at the same strength, but a less quantity is given. The
proper quantity for a dose is always given in books and manuals for
the homoeopathic treatment of disease. Small cases of the principal
medicines used in homoeopathy can be procured from most chemists, and
with each case a little book showing the symptoms and treatment of all
ordinary complaints is usually given.

961. Diet in Homoeopathy.

The articles of food that are chiefly recommended when attention to
diet is necessary are stale bread, beef, mutton, poultry, fresh game,
fish, chiefly cod and flat fish, avoiding mackerel, &c., eggs and
oysters. Rice, sago, tapioca, and arrowroot are permitted, as are also
potatoes, carrots, turnips, broccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, French
beans, and broad beans. Water, milk, cocoa, and chocolate may be
drunk. It is desirable to avoid all things that are not specified in
the foregoing list. Ripe fruit may be eaten, but unripe fruit, unless
cooked should be scrupulously avoided.

962. Signs of the Weather.

963. Dew.

If the dew lies plentifully on the grass after a fair day, it is a
sign of another fair day. If not, and there is no wind, rain must
follow. A red evening portends fine weather; but if the redness spread
too far upwards from the horizon in the evening, and especially in the
morning, it foretells wind or rain, or both.

964. Colour of Sky.

When the sky, in rainy weather, is tinged with sea green, the rain
will increase; if with deep blue, it will be showery.

965. Clouds.

Previous to much rain falling, the clouds grow bigger, and increase
very fast, especially before thunder. When the clouds are formed like
fleeces, but dense in the middle and bright towards the edges, with
the sky bright, they are signs of a frost, with hail, snow, or rain.
If clouds form high in air, in thin white trains like locks of wool,
they portend wind, and probably rain. When a general cloudiness covers
the sky, and small black fragments of clouds fly underneath, they are
a sure sign of rain, and probably will be lasting. Two currents of
clouds always portend rain, and, in summer, thunder.

966. Heavenly Bodies

A haziness in the air, which dims the sun's light, and makes the orb
appear whitish, or ill-defined--or at night, if the moon and stars
grow dim, and a ring encircles the former, rain will follow. If the
sun's rays appear like Moses' horns--if white at setting, or shorn of
his rays, or if he goes down into a bank of clouds in the horizon, bad
weather is to be expected. If the moon looks pale and dim, we expect
rain; if red, wind; and if of her natural colour, with a clear sky,
fair weather. If the moon is rainy throughout, it will clear at the
change, and, perhaps, the rain return a few days after. If fair
throughout, and rain at the change, the fair weather will probably
return on the fourth or fifth day.

967. Weather Precautions.

If the weather appears doubtful, always take the precaution of having
an umbrella when you go out, as you thereby avoid the chance of
getting wet--or encroaching under a friend's umbrella.--or being under
the necessity of borrowing one, which involves the trouble of
returning it, and possibly puts the lender to inconvenience.

968. Leech Barometer.

Take an eight ounce phial and three-parts fill it with water, and
place in it a healthy leech, changing the water in summer once a week,
and in winter once in a fortnight, and it will most accurately
prognosticate the weather. If the weather is to be fine, the leech
lies motionless at the bottom of the glass, and coiled together in a
spiral form; if rain may be expected, it will creep up to the top of
its lodgings, and remain there till the weather is settled; if we are
to have wind, it will move through its habitation with amazing
swiftness, and seldom goes to rest till it begins to blow hard; if a
remarkable storm of thunder and rain is to succeed, it will lodge for
some days before almost continually out of the water, and discover
great uneasiness in violent throes and convulsive-like motions; in
frost as in clear summer-like weather it lies constantly at the
bottom; and in snow as in rainy weather it pitches its dwelling in the
very mouth of the phial. The top should be covered over with a piece
of muslin.

969. The Chemical Barometer.

Take a long narrow bottle, such as an old-fashioned Eau-de-Cologne
bottle, and put into it two and a half drachms of camphor, and eleven
drachms of spirit of wine; when the camphor is dissolved, which it
will readily do by slight agitation, add the following mixture:--Take
water, nine drachms; nitrate of potash (saltpetre), thirty-eight
grains; and muriate of ammonia (sal ammoniæ), thirty-eight grains.
Dissolve these salts in the water prior to mixing with the camphorated
spirit; then shake the whole well together. Cork the bottle well, and
wax the top, but afterwards make a very small aperture in the cork
with a red-hot needle. The bottle may then be hung up, or placed in
any stationary position. By observing the different appearances which
the materials assume, as the weather changes, it becomes an excellent
prognosticator of a coming storm or of fine weather.

970. Signification of Names.

971. Christian Names of Men.

Aaron, _Hebrew_, a mountain, or lofty.
Abel, _Hebrew_, vanity.
Abraham, _Hebrew_, the father of many.
Absalom, _Hebrew_, the father of peace.
Adam, _Hebrew_, red earth.
Adolphus, _Saxon_, happiness and help.
Adrian, _Latin_, one who helps.
Alan, _Celtic_, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound.
Albert, _Saxon_, all bright.
Alexander, _Greek_, a helper of men.
Alfred, _Saxon_, all peace.
Alonzo, form of Alphonso, _q.v._
Alphonso, _German_, ready or willing.
Ambrose, _Greek_, immortal.
Amos, _Hebrew_, a burden.
Andrew, _Greek_, courageous.
Anthony, _Latin_, flourishing.
Archibald, _German_, a bold observer.
Arnold, _German_, a maintainer of honour.
Arthur, _British_, a strong man.
Augustus,)
Augustin,) _Latin_ venerable, grand.
Baldwin, _German_, a bold winner.
Bardulph, _German_, a famous helper.
Barnaby, _Hebrew_, a prophet's son.
Bartholomew, _Hebrew_, the son of him who made the
waters to rise.
Beaumont, _French_, a pretty mount.
Bede, _Saxon_, prayer.
Benjamin, _Hebrew_, the son of a right hand.
Bennet, _Latin_, blessed.
Bernard, _German_, bear's heart.
Bertram, _German_, fair, illustrious.
Bertrand, _German_, bright raven.
Boniface, _Latin_, a well-doer.
Brian, _French_, having a thundering voice.
Cadwallader, _British_, valiant in war.
Cæsar, _Latin_, adorned with hair.
Caleb, _Hebrew_, a dog.
Cecil, _Latin_, dim-sighted.
Charles, _German_, noble-spirited.
Christopher, _Greek_, bearing Christ.
Clement, _Latin_, mild-tempered.
Conrad, _German_, able counsel.
Constantine, _Latin_, resolute.
Cornelius, _Latin_, meaning uncertain.
Crispin, _Latin_, having curled locks.
Cuthbert, _Saxon_, known famously.
Dan, _Hebrew_, judgment.
Daniel, _Hebrew_, God is judge.
David, _Hebrew_, well-beloved.
Denis, _Greek_, belonging to the god of wine.
Douglas, _Gaelic_, dark grey.
Duncan, _Saxon_, brown chief.
Dunstan, _Saxon_, most high.
Edgar, _Saxon_, happy honour.
Edmund, _Saxon_, happy peace.
Edward, _Saxon_, happy keeper.
Edwin, _Saxon_, happy conqueror.
Egbert, _Saxon_, ever bright.
Elijah, _Hebrew_, God the Lord.
Elisha, _Hebrew_, the salvation of God.
Emmanuel, _Hebrew_, God with us.
Enoch, _Hebrew_, dedicated.
Ephraim, _Hebrew_, fruitful.
Erasmus, _Greek_, lovely, worthy to be loved.
Ernest, _Greek_, earnest, serious.
Esau, _Hebrew_, hairy.
Eugene, _Greek_, nobly descended.
Eustace, _Greek_, standing firm.
Evan, or Ivan, _British_, the same as John.
Everard, _German_, well reported.
Ezekiel, _Hebrew_, the strength of God.
Felix, _Latin_, happy.
Ferdinand, _German_, pure peace.
Fergus, _Saxon_, manly strength.
Francis, _German_, free.
Frederic, _German_, rich peace.
Gabriel, _Hebrew_, the strength of God.
Geoffrey, _German_, joyful.
George, _Greek_, a husbandman.
Gerard, _Saxon_, all towardliness.
Gideon, _Hebrew_, a breaker.
Gilbert, _Saxon_, bright as gold.
Giles, _Greek_, a little goat.
Godard, _German_, a godly disposition.
Godfrey, _German_, God's peace.
Godwin, _German_, victorious in God.
Griffith, _British_, having great faith.
Guy, _French_, a leader.
Hannibal, _Punic_, a gracious lord.
Harold, _Saxon_, a champion.
Hector, _Greek_, a stout defender.
Henry, _German_, a rich lord.
Herbert, _German_, a bright lord.
Hercules, _Greek_, the glory of Hera, or Juno.
Hezekiah, _Hebrew_, cleaving to the Lord.
Horace, _Latin_. }
Horatio, _Italian_, } worthy to be beheld.
Howel, _British_, sound or whole.
Hubert, _German_, a bright colour.
Hugh, _Dutch_, high, lofty.
Humphrey, _German_, domestic peace.
Ignatius, _Latin_, fiery.
Ingram, _German_, of angelic purity.
Isaac, _Hebrew_, laughter.
Jabez, _Hebrew_, one who causes pain.
Jacob, _Hebrew_, a supplanter.
James or Jacques, beguiling.
Joab, _Hebrew_, fatherhood.
Job, _Hebrew_, sorrowing.
Joel, _Hebrew_, acquiescing.
John, _Hebrew_, the grace of the Lord.
Jonah, _Hebrew_, a dove.
Jonathan, _Hebrew_, the gift of the Lord.
Joscelin, _German_, just.
Joseph, _Hebrew_, addition.
Joshua, _Hebrew_, a Saviour.
Josiah/Josais, _Hebrew_, the fire of the Lord.
Julius, _Latin_, soft-haired.
Lambert, _Saxon_, a fair lamb.
Lancelot, _Spanish_, a little lance.
Laurence, _Latin_, crowned with laurels.
Lazarus, _Hebrew_, destitute of help.
Leonard, _German_, like a lion.
Leopold, _German_, defending the people.
Lewis / Louis, _French_, the defender of the people.
Lionel, _Latin_, a little lion.
Llewellin, _British_, like a lion.
Llewellyn, _Celtic_, lightning.
Lucius, _Latin_, shining.
Luke, _Greek_, a wood or grove.
Manfred, _German_, great peace.
Mark, _Latin_, a hammer.
Martin, _Latin_, martial.
Matthew, _Hebrew_, a gift or present.
Maurice, _Latin_, sprung of a Moor.
Meredith, _British_, the roaring of the sea.
Michael, _Hebrew_, who is like God?
Morgan, _British_, a mariner.
Moses, _Hebrew_, drawn out.
Nathaniel, _Hebrew_, the gift of God.
Neal, _French_, somewhat black.
Nicholas, _Greek_, victorious over the people.
Noel, _French_, belonging to one's nativity.
Norman, _French_, one born in Normandy.
Obadiah, _Hebrew_, the servant of the Lord.
Oliver, _Latin_, an olive.
Orlando, _Italian_, counsel for the land.
Orson, _Latin_, a bear.
Osmund, _Saxon_, house peace.
Oswald, _Saxon_, ruler of a house.
Owen, _British_, well-descended.
Patrick, _Latin_, a nobleman.
Paul, _Latin_, small, little.
Paulinus, _Latin_, little Paul.
Percival, _French_, a place in France.
Percy, _English_, adaptation of "pierce eye".
Peregrine, _Latin_, outlandish.
Peter, _Greek_, a rock or stone.
Philip, _Greek_, a lover of horses.
Phineas, _Hebrew_, of bold countenance.
Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Ranulph,
_Saxon_, pure help.
Raymond, _German_, quiet peace.
Reuben, _Hebrew_, the son of vision.
Reynold, _German_, a lover of purity.
Richard, _Saxon_, powerful.
Robert, _German_, famous in counsel.
Roderick, _German_, rich in fame.
Roger, _German_, strong counsel.
Roland/Rowland _German_, counsel for the land.
Rollo, form of Roland, _q.v._
Rufus, _Latin_, reddish.
Samson, _Hebrew_, a little son.
Samuel, _Hebrew_, heard by God.
Saul, _Hebrew_, desired.
Sebastian, _Greek_, to be reverenced.
Seth, _Hebrew_, appointed.
Silas, _Latin_, sylvan or living in the woods.
Simeon, _Hebrew_, hearing.
Simon, _Hebrew_, obedient.
Solomon, _Hebrew_, peaceable.
Stephen, _Greek_, a crown or garland.
Swithin, _Saxon_, very high.
Theobald, _Saxon_, bold over the people.
Theodore, _Greek_, the gift of God.
Theodosius, _Greek_, given of God.
Theophilus, _Greek_, a lover of God.
Thomas, _Hebrew_, a twin.
Timothy, _Greek_, a fearer of God.
Titus, _Greek_, meaning uncertain.
Toby / Tobias, _Hebrew_, the goodness of the Lord.
Valentine, _Latin_, powerful.
Victor, _Latin_, conqueror.
Vincent, _Latin_, conquering.
Vivian, _Latin_, living.
Walter, _German_, a conqueror.
Walwin, _German_, a conqueror.
Wilfred, _Saxon_, bold and peaceful.
William, _German_, defending many.
Zaccheus, _Syriac_, innocent.
Zachary, _Hebrew_, remembering the Lord.
Zebedee, _Syriac_, having an inheritance.
Zechariah, _Hebrew_, remembered of the Lord.
Zedekiah, _Hebrew_, the justice of the Lord.

972. Christian Names of Women.

Ada, _German_, same as Edith, _q.v._
Adela, _German_, same as Adeline, _q.v._
Adelaide, _German_, same as Adeline, _q.v._
Adeline, _German_, a princess.
Agatha, _Greek_, good.
Agnes, _German_, chaste.
Alethea, _Greek_, the truth.
Althea, _Greek_, hunting.
Alice / Alicia, German_, noble.
Alma, _Latin_, benignant.
Amabel, _Latin_, loveable.
Amy / Amelia, _French_, a beloved.
Angelina, _Greek_, lovely, angelic.
Anna / Anne, _Hebrew_, gracious.
Arabella, _Latin_, a fair altar.
Aureola, _Latin_, like gold.
Aurora, _Latin_, morning brightness.
Barbara, _Latin_, foreign or strange.
Beatrice, _Latin_, making happy.
Bella, _Italian_, beautiful.
Benedicta, _Latin_, blessed.
Bernice, _Greek_, bringing victory.
Bertha, _Greek_, bright or famous.
Bessie, short form of Elizabeth, _q.v._
Blanche, _French_, fair.
Bona, _Latin_, good.
Bridget, _Irish_, shining bright.
Camilla, _Latin_, attendant at a sacrifice.
Carlotta, _Italian_, same as Charlotte, _q.v._
Caroline, _feminine of_ Carolus, _the Latin of_ Charles,
noble-spirited.
Cassandra, _Greek_, a reformer of men.
Catherine, _Greek_, pure or clean.
Cecilia, _Latin_, from Cecil.
Charity, _Greek_, love, bounty.
Charlotte, _French_, all noble.
Chloe, _Greek_, a green herb.
Christiana, _Greek_, belonging to Christ.
Cicely, a corruption of Cecilia, _q.v._
Clara, _Latin_, clear or bright.
Clarissa, _Latin_, clear or bright.
Constance, _Latin_, constant.
Dagmar, _German_, joy of the Danes.
Deborah, _Hebrew_, a bee.
Diana, _Greek_, Jupiter's daughter.
Dorcas, _Greek_, a wild roe.
Dorothea/Dorothy, _Greek_, the gift of God.
Edith, _Saxon_, happiness.
Eleanor, _Saxon_, all fruitful.
Eliza/Elizabeth, _Hebrew_, the oath of God.
Ellen, another form of Helen, _q.v._
Emily, corrupted from Amelia.
Emma, _German_, a nurse.
Esther/Hesther, _Hebrew_, secret.
Eudoia, _Greek_, prospering in the way.
Eudora, _Greek_, good gift.
Eudosia, _Greek_, good gift or well-given.
Eugenia, _French_, well-born.
Eunice, _Greek_, fair victory.
Eva / Eve, _Hebrew_, causing life.
Fanny, _diminutive of_ Frances, _q.v._
Fenella, _Greek_, bright to look on.
Flora, _Latin_, flowers.
Florence, _Latin_, blooming, flourishing.
Frances, _German_, free.
Gertrude, _German_, all truth.
Grace, _Latin_, favour.
Hagar, _Hebrew_, a stranger.
Hadassah, _Hebrew_, form of Esther, _q.v._
Hannah, _Hebrew_, gracious.
Harriet, _German_, head of the house.
Helen / Helena, _Greek_, alluring.
Henrietta, _fem. and dim_. of Henry, _q.v._
Hephzibah, _Hebrew_, my delight is in her.
Hilda, _German_, warrior maiden.
Honora, _Latin_, honourable,
Huldah, _Hebrew_, a weazel.
Isabella, _Spanish_, fair Eliza.
Jane / Jeanne, _feminine of_ John, _q.v._
Janet / Jeannette, little Jane.
Jemima, _Hebrew_, a dove.
Joan, _Hebrew, fem. of_ John, _q.v._
Joanna or Johanna, _form of_ Joan, _q.v._
Joyce, _French_, pleasant.
Judith, _Hebrew_, praising.
Julia / Juliana, _feminine of_ Julian, _q.v._
Katharine, _form of_ Catherine, _q.v._
Keturah, _Hebrew_, incense.
Keziah, _Hebrew_, cassia.
Laura, _Latin_, a laurel.
Lavinia, _Latin_, of Latium.
Letitia, _Latin_, joy of gladness.
Lilian / Lily, _Latin_, a lily.
Lois, _Greek_, better.
Louisa, _German, fem. of_ Louis, _q.v._
Lucretia, _Latin_, a chaste Roman lady.
Lucy, _Latin, feminine of_ Lucius.
Lydia, _Greek_, descended from Lud,
Mabel, _Latin_, lovely or loveable.
Madeline, _form of_ Magdalen, q.v.
Magdalen, _Syriac_, magnificent.
Margaret, _Greek_, a pearl.
Maria / Marie, _forms of_ Mary, q.v.
Martha, _Hebrew_, bitterness.
Mary, _Hebrew_, bitter.
Matilda, _German_, a lady of honour.
Maud, _German, form of_ Matilda, q.v.
May, _Latin_, month of May, or _dim. of_ Mary,
q.v.
Mercy, _English_, compassion.
Mildred, _Saxon_, speaking mild,
Minnie, _dim. of_ Margaret, q.v.
Naomi, _Hebrew_, alluring.
Nest, _British, the same as_ Agnes,
Nicola, _Greek, feminine of_ Nicholas.
Olive / Olivia, _Latin_, an olive.
Olympic, _Greek_, heavenly.
Ophelia, _Greek_, a serpent.
Parnell / Petronilla, little Peter.
Patience, _Latin_, bearing patiently.
Paulina, _Latin, feminine of_ Paulinus.
Penelope, _Greek_, a weaver.
Persis, _Greek_, destroying.
Philadelphia, _Greek_, brotherly love.
Philippa, _Greek, feminine of_ Philip.
Phoebe, _Greek_, the light of life.
Phyllis, _Greek_, a green bough.
Polly, _variation of_ Molly, _dim. of_ Mary, q.v.
Priscilla, _Latin_, somewhat old.
Prudence, _Latin_, discretion.
Pysche, _Greek_, the soul.
Rachel, _Hebrew_, a lamb.
Rebecca, _Hebrew_, fat or plump.
Rhoda, _Greek_, a rose.
Rosa / Rose, _Latin_, a rose.
Rosalie / Rosaline, _Latin_, little rose.
Rosalind, _Latin_, beautiful as a rose.
Rosabella, _Italian_, a fair rose.
Rosamond, _Saxon_, rose of peace.
Roxana, _Persian_, dawn of day.
Ruth, _Hebrew_, trembling, or beauty.
Sabina, _Latin_, sprung from the Sabines
Salome, _Hebrew_, perfect.
Sapphira, _Greek_, like a sapphire stone.
Sarah, _Hebrew_, a princess.
Selina, _Greek_, the moon.
Sibylla, _Greek_, the counsel of God.
Sophia, _Greek_, wisdom.
Sophronia, _Greek_, of a sound mind.
Susan / Susanna _Hebrew_, a lily.
Tabitha, _Syriac_, a roe.
Temperance, _Latin_, moderation.
Theodosia, _Greek_, given by God.
Tryphena, _Greek_, delicate.
Tryphosa, _Greek_, delicious.
Victoria, _Latin_, victory.
Vida, _Erse, feminine of_ David.
Ursula, _Latin_, a she bear.
Walburga, _Saxon_, gracious.
Winifred, _Saxon_, winning peace.
Zenobia, _Greek_, the life of Jupiter.

[NOR BREAK THE TIES OF FRIENDSHIP NEEDLESSLY.]

973. Hints on the Barometer.

974. _Why does a Barometer indicate the Pressure of the Atmosphere?_

Because it consists of a tube containing quicksilver, closed at one
end and open at the other, so that the pressure of air upon the open
end balances the weight of the column of mercury (quicksilver); and
when the pressure of the air upon the open surface of the mercury
increases or decreases, the mercury rises or falls in response thereto.

975. _Why is a Barometer called also a "Weather Glass"?_

Because changes in the weather are generally preceded by alterations
in the atmospheric pressure. But we cannot perceive those changes as
they gradually occur; the alteration in the height of the column of
mercury, therefore, enables us to know that atmospheric changes are
taking place, and by observation we are enabled to determine certain
rules by which the state of the weather may be foretold with
considerable probability.

976. _Why docs the Hand of the Weather Dial change its Position when the
Column of Mercury rises or falls?_

Because a weight which floats upon the open surface of the mercury is
attached to a string, having a nearly equal weight at the other
extremity; the string is laid over a revolving pivot, to which the
hand is fixed, and the friction of the string turns the hand as the
mercury rises or falls.

977. _Why does Tapping the Face of the Barometer sometimes cause the
Hand to Move?_

Because the weight on the surface of the mercury frequently leans
against the side of the tube, and does not move freely. And, also, the
mercury clings to the sides of the tube by capillary attraction;
therefore, tapping on the face of the barometer sets the weight free,
and overcomes the attraction which impedes the rise or fall of the
mercury.

978. _Why does the Fall of the Barometer denote the Approach of Rain?_

Because it shows that as the air cannot support the full weight of the
column of mercury, the atmosphere must be thin with watery vapours.

979. _Why does the Rise of the Barometer denote the Approach of Fine
Weather?_

Because the external air, becoming dense, and free from highly elastic
vapours, presses with increased force upon the mercury upon which the
weight floats; that weight, therefore, sinks in the short tube as the
mercury rises in the long one, and in sinking, turns the hand to
Change, Fair, &e.

980. _When does the Barometer stand highest?_

When there is a duration of frost, or when north-easterly winds
prevail.

981. _Why does the Barometer stand highest at these Times?_

Because the atmosphere is exceedingly dry and dense, and fully
balances the weight of the column of mercury.

982. _When does the Barometer stand lowest?_

When a thaw follows a long frost, or when south-west winds prevail.

983. _Why does the Barometer stand lowest at these Times?_

Because much moisture exists in the air, by which it is rendered less
dense and heavy. [1]

[Footnote 1: From "The Reason Why--General Science, containing 1,400
Reasons for things generally believed but imperfectly understood."
London: Houlston and Sons.]

984. Cheap Fuel

One bushel of small coal or sawdust, or both mixed together, two
bushels of sand, one bushel and a half of clay. Let these be mixed
together with common water, like ordinary mortar; the more they are
stirred and mixed together the better; then make them into balls, or,
with a small mould, in the shape of bricks, pile them in a dry place,
and use when hard and sufficiently dry. A fire cannot be lighted with
them, but when the fire is lighted, put two or three on behind with
some coals in front, and the fire will be found to last longer than if
made up in the ordinary way.

985. Economy of Fuel.

There is no part of domestic economy which everybody professes to
understand better than the management of a fire, and yet there is no
branch in the household arrangement where there is a greater
proportional and unnecessary waste than arises from ignorance and
mismanagement in this article.

986. The Use of the Poker.

The use of the poker should be confined to two particular points--the
opening of a dying fire, so as to admit the free passage of the air
into it, and sometimes, but not always, through it; or else, drawing
together the remains of a half-burned fire, so as to concentrate the
heat, whilst the parts still ignited are opened to the atmosphere.

987. The Use of Bellows (1).

When using a pair of bellows to a fire only partially ignited, or
partially extinguished, blow, at first, not into the part that is
still alight, but into the dead coals close to it, so that the air may
partly extend to the burning coal.

988. The Use of Bellows (2).

After a few blasts blow into the burning fuel, directing the stream
partly towards the dead coal, when it will be found that the ignition
will extend much more rapidly than under the common method of blowing
furiously into the flame at random.

989. Ordering Coals.

If the consumer, instead of ordering a large supply of coals at once,
will at first content himself with a sample, he may with very little
trouble ascertain who will deal fairly with him; and, if he wisely
pays ready money, he will be independent of his coal merchant; a
situation which few families, even in genteel life, can boast of.

990. The Truest Economy (1).

To deal for ready money only in all the departments of domestic
arrangement, is the truest economy. This truth cannot be repeated too
often.

991. The Truest Economy (2).

Ready money will always command the best and cheapest of every article
of consumption, if expended with judgment; and the dealer, who intends
to act fairly, will always prefer it.

992. Cash vs. Credit (1).

Trust not him who seems more anxious to give credit than to receive
cash.

993. Cash vs. Credit (2).

The former hopes to secure custom by having a hold upon you in his
books, and continues always to make up for his advance, either by an
advanced price, or an inferior article, whilst the latter knows that
your custom can only be secured by fair dealing.

994. Buy at Proper Seasons.

There is, likewise, another consideration, as far as economy is
concerned, which is not only to buy with ready money, but to buy at
proper seasons; for there is with every article a cheap season and a
dear one; and with none more than coals, insomuch that the master of a
family who fills his coal cellar in the middle of the summer, rather
than the beginning of the winter, will find it filled at far less
expense than it would otherwise cost him.

995. Waste.

It is now necessary to remind our readers that chimneys often smoke,
and that coals are often wasted by throwing too much fuel at once upon
a fire.

996. Preventing Waste.

To prove this it is only necessary to remove the superfluous coal from
the top of the grate, when the smoking instantly ceases; as to the
waste, that evidently proceeds from the injudicious use of the poker,
which not only throws a great portion of the small coals among the
cinders, but often extinguishes the fire it was intended to foster.

997. The "Parson's" or Front Fire Grate.

The construction of most of the grates of the present day tends very
much to a great consumption of fuel without a proportionate increase
in the heat of the room. The "Parson's" grate was suggested by the
late Mr. Mechi, of Tiptree Hall, Kelvedon, Essex, in order to obtain
increased heat from less fuel. Speaking of this grate, Mr. Mechi
says:

"The tested gain by the use of this grate is an increase of 15
degrees of temperature, with a saving of one-third in fuel. I
believe that there are several millions of grates on the wrong
principle, hurrying the heat up the chimney instead of into the
room, and thus causing an in-draught of cold air. This is especially
the case with strong drawing registers. No part of a grate should be
of iron, except the thin front bars; for iron is a conductor away of
heat, but fire-bricks are not so."

The principle of the grate is thus explained by a writer in 'The
Field', who says:

"If any of your readers are troubled with smoky fires and cold
rooms, allow me to recommend them to follow Mr. Mechi's plan, as I
have done. Remove the front and bottom bars from any ordinary grate;
then lay on the hearth, under where the bars were, a large fire
tile, three inches thick, cut to fit properly, and projecting about
an inch further out than the old upright bars. Then get made by the
blacksmith a straight hurdle, twelve inches deep, having ten bars,
to fit into the slots which held the old bars, and allow it to take
its bearing upon the projecting fire-brick. The bars should be
round, of five-eighth inch rod, excepting the top and bottom, which
are better flat, about 1-1/4 in. broad. My dining-room grate was
thus altered at a total cost of eighteen shillings two years ago,
the result being that a smoky chimney is cured, and that the room is
always at a really comfortable temperature, with a smaller
consumption of coal than before. The whole of the radiation is into
the room, with perfect slow combustion."

998. Oil Lighting.

Whenever oil, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, is used for the
purpose of artificial light, it should be kept free from all exposure
to atmospheric air; as it is apt to absorb considerable quantities of
oxygen. If animal oil is very coarse or tenacious, a very small
quantity of oil of turpentine may be added.

999. Improving Candles.

Candles improve by keeping a few months. If wax candles become
discoloured or soiled, they may be restored by rubbing them over with
a clean flannel slightly dipped in spirits of wine.

1000. Lighting Candles.

In lighting candles always hold the match to the side of the wick, and
not over the top of it, as is generally done.

1001. Night Lights.

Field's and Child's night lights are generally known and are easily
obtainable. But under circumstances where they cannot be procured, the
waste of candles may be thus applied. Make a _fine_ cotton, and wax it
with white wax. Then cut into the requisite lengths. Melt the grease
and pour into pill boxes, previously either fixing the cotton in the
centre, or dropping it in just before the grease sets. If a little
white wax be melted with the grease, all the better. In this manner,
the ends and drippings of candles may be used up. When set to burn,
place in a saucer, with sufficient water to rise to the extent of the
16th of an inch around the base of the night light.

1002. Revolving Ovens.

These ovens may be easily made by any tin-man. They are not now
manufactured for sale, which is to be regretted, on account of their
obvious utility. When suspended in front of any ordinary fire by means
of a bottle-jack or a common worsted string, the Revolving Oven will
bake bread, cakes, pies, &c., in a much more equal and perfect manner
than either a side oven or an American oven, without depriving the
room of the heat and comfort of the fire. Before an ordinary fire, in
any room in the house, it will bake a four-pound loaf in an hour and
twenty minutes. It also bakes pastry remarkably well, and all the care
it requires is merely to give it a look now and then to see that it
keeps turning.

The bottom of the oven,[1] is made in the form of two saucers, the
lower one of which is inverted, while the other stands on it in the
ordinary position. A rim, from 1 in. to 2 in. in height, is fixed
round the eage of the upper saucer, but a little within it, and over
this rim fits a cylinder with a top, slightly domed, which also
resembles a saucer turned upside-down. In the centre of the top is a
circular ventilator, through which steam, generated in baking, can
escape, and the ventilator is covered by a domed plate, as large as
the top of the oven. This acts as a radiator to reflect heat on the
top of the oven, and is furnished with a knob, by which the cylinder
that covers the article to be baked may be removed, in order to view
the progress of the baking. Two strong wires project from the bottom
on either side, terminating in loops or eyes for the reception of the
hooks of a handle, by which the entire apparatus may be suspended in
front of the fire.

[Footnote 1: An illustration of this oven is given in the "Dictionary
of Daily Wants," under the word "Oven." This work is published by
Messrs. Houlston and Sons, Paternoster-square, E.C.]

1003. Yeast (1).

Boil, say on Monday morning, two ounces of the best hops in four
quarts of water for half an hour; strain it, and let the liquor cool
to new-milk warmth; then put in a small handful of salt, and half a
pound of sugar; beat up one pound of the best flour with some of the
liquor, and then mix well all together. On Wednesday add three pounds
of potatoes, boiled, and then mashed, to stand till Thursday; then
strain it and put it into bottles, and it is ready for use. _It must
be stirred frequently while it is making, and kept near the fire_.
Before using, shake the bottle up well. It will keep in a cool place
for two months, and is best at the latter part of the time. This yeast
ferments spontaneously, not requiring the aid of other yeast; and if
care be taken to let it ferment well in the earthen bowl in which it
is made, you may cork it up tight when bottled. The quantity above
given will fill four seltzer-water bottles.

[NEVER SPEND YOUR MONEY BEFORE YOU HAVE IT.]

1004. Yeast (2).

The following is an excellent recipe for making yeast:--For 14 lbs. of
flour (but a greater quantity does not require so much in
proportion),--into two quarts of water put a quarter of an ounce of
hops, two potatoes sliced, and a tablespoonful of malt or sugar; boil
for twenty minutes, strain through a sieve, let the liquor stand till
new-milk warm, then add the quickening; let it stand in a large jar or
jug till sufficiently risen; first put into an earthen bottle from a
pint to two quarts of the yeast, according to the size of the baking,
for a future quickening. Let it stand uncorked an hour or two, and put
into a cool place till wanted for a fresh baking. Put the remainder of
it, and two quarts of warm water, to half or more of the flour; stir
well, let it stand to rise, knead up with the rest of the flour, put
it into or upon tins, and let it stand to rise. Then bake in a
moderately quick oven. For a first quickening a little German yeast
will do.

1005. Economical Yeast.

Boil one pound of good flour, a quarter of a pound of brown sugar, and
a little salt, in two gallons of water, for one hour. When milk-warm,
bottle it, and cork it close. It will be fit for use in twenty-four
hours. One pint of this yeast will make eighteen pounds of bread.

1006. Pure and Cheap Bread.

Whole meal bread may be made by any one who possesses a small hand
mill that will grind about twenty pounds of wheat at a time. This
bread is far more nutritious than ordinary bread made from flour from
which the bran has been entirely separated. The meal thus obtained may
be used for puddings, &c. There are mills which grind and dress the
wheat at one operation. Such mills may be obtained at any
ironmonger's. The saving in the cost of bread amounts to nearly
one-third, which would soon cover the cost of the mill, and effect a
most important saving, besides promoting health, by avoiding the evil
effects of adulterated flour.

1007. Home-made Bread.

To one quartern of flour (three pounds and a half), add a
dessertspoonful of salt, and mix them well; mix about two
tablespoonfuls of good fresh yeast with half a pint of water a little
warm, but not hot; make a hole with your hand in the middle of the
flour, but not quite touching the bottom of the pan; pour the water
and yeast into this hole, and stir it with a spoon till you have made
a thin batter; sprinkle this over with flour, cover the pan over with
a dry cloth, and let it stand in a warm room for an hour; not near the
fire, except in cold weather, and then not too close; then add a pint
of water a little warm, and knead the whole well together, till the
dough comes clean through the hand (some flour will require a little
more water; but in this, experience must be your guide); let it stand
again for about a quarter of an hour, and then bake at pleasure.

1008. Indian Corn Flour and Wheaten Bread.

The peculiarity of this bread consists in its being composed in part
of Indian corn flour, which will be seen by the following analysis by
the late Professor Johnston, to be much richer in gluten and fatty
matter than the flour of wheat, to which circumstance it owes its
highly nutritive character:

English Fine Indian Corn
Wheaten Flour. Flour.
Water 16 14
Gluten 10 12
Fat 2 8
Starch, &c. 72 66
--- ---
Total 100 100