Chapter XV: Part 15

Peel and core one dozen and a half of good apples; cut them small; put
them into a stewpan with a little water, cinnamon, two cloves, and the
peel of a lemon; stew over a slow fire till soft; sweeten with moist
sugar, and pass it through a hair sieve; add the yolks of four eggs
and one white, a quarter of a pound of good butter, half a nutmeg, the
peel of a lemon grated, and the juice of one lemon; beat well
together; line the inside of a pie-dish with good puff paste; put in
the pudding, and bake half an hour.

1271. Bread Pudding.

Unfermented brown bread, two ounces; milk, half a pint; one egg;
sugar, quarter of an ounce. Cut the bread into slices, and pour the
milk over it boiling hot; let it stand till well soaked, and stir in
the egg and sugar, well beaten, with a little grated nutmeg; and bake
or steam for one hour.

1272. Plum Pudding.

Take of flour, one pound; three teaspoonfuls of baking powder; beef
suet, eight ounces; currants, eight ounces; nutmeg and orange peel,
grated fine, quarter of an ounce; three eggs. To be boiled or steamed
four hours.

1273. Cabinet Pudding.

Cut three or four muffins in two, pour over them boiling milk
sufficient to cover them, cover them up until they are tender. Make a
rich custard with the yolks of eight eggs and the whites of four, a
pint of cream, a quarter of a pound of loaf sugar, an ounce of
almonds, blanched and cut, lemon peel and nutmeg grated, and a glass
of ratafia or brandy, and add to the soaked muffins. Butter a tin
mould for boiling--for baking, a dish. Put a layer of dried cherries,
greengages, apricots, or French plums; cover with the mixture, adding
fruit and mixture alternately, until the mould or dish is quite full.
Boil an hour, and serve with wine sauce. In boiling this pudding it
should be placed in a stewpan with only water enough, to reach half
way up the mould. If for baking, it will not take so long. Lay a puff
paste round the edges of the dish.

1274. Elegant Bread Pudding.

Take light white bread, and cut it in thin slices. Put into a pudding
shape a layer of any sort of preserve, then a slice of bread, and
repeat until the mould is almost full. Pour over all a pint of warm
milk, in which four beaten eggs have been mixed; cover the mould with
a piece of linen, place it in a saucepan with a little boiling water,
let it boil twenty minutes, and serve with pudding sauce.

1275. Economical Family Pudding.

Bruise with a wooden spoon, through a cullender, six large or twelve
middle-sized boiled potatoes; beat four eggs, mix with a pint of good
milk, stir in the potatoes; sugar and seasoning to taste; butter the
dish; bake half an hour. A little Scotch marmalade makes a delicious
accompaniment.

1276. Batter Pudding.

Take of flour, four ounces; a teaspoonful of baking powder; a little
sugar, and one egg. Mix with milk to a thin batter, and bake in a
well-buttered tin, in a brisk oven, half an hour. A few currants may
be strewed in the bottom of the tin if preferred.

1277. Batter Pudding, Baked or Boiled.

Six ounces of fine flour, a little salt, and three eggs; beat well
with a little milk, added by degrees until it is the thickness of
cream; put into a buttered dish: bake three-quarters of an hour: or if
boiled put it into a buttered and floured basin, tied over with a
cloth; boil one hour and a half or more.

[FALSEHOOD, LIKE A NETTLE, STINGS THOSE WHO MEDDLE WITH IT.]

1278. Half-Pay Pudding.

Four ounces of each of the following ingredients, viz., suet, flour,
currants, raisins, and bread-crumbs; two tablespoonfuls of treacle,
half a pint of milk--all of which must be well mixed together, and
boiled in a mould, for four hours.

1279. Fig Pudding.

Three-quarters of a pound of grated bread, half a pound of best figs,
six ounces of suet, six ounces of moist sugar, a teacupful of milk,
and a little nutmeg. The figs and suet must be chopped very fine. Mix
the bread and suet first, then the figs, sugar, and nutmegs, one egg
beaten well, and lastly the milk. Boil in a mould four hours. To be
eaten with sweet sauce.

1280. Plain Suet Pudding.

Take of flour, one pound and a half; bicarbonate of soda, three
drachms; or two teaspoonfuls of baking powder; beef suet, four ounces;
powdered ginger, half a drachm; water or milk, one pint. Mix according
to the directions given for the tea cake (_par_. 2099) and boil or
steam for two hours.

1281. Barley Pudding.

Take a quarter of a pound of Scotch or pearl barley. Wash, and simmer
it in a small quantity of water; pour off the water, and add milk and
flavouring as for rice puddings. Beat up with sugar and nutmeg, and
mix the milk and barley in the same way. It may be more or less rich
of eggs, and with or without the addition of butter, cream, or marrow.
Put it into a buttered deep dish, leaving room for six or eight ounces
of currants, and an ounce of candied peel, cut up fine, with a few
apples cut in small pieces. An hour will bake it.

1282. Carrot Pudding.

Grate a raw red carrot; mix with double the weight of bread-crumbs or
biscuit, or with the same weight of each: to a pound and a half of
this mixture, put a Pint of new milk or cream, or half a pint of each,
four or six ounces of clarified butter, three or four eggs well
beaten, sugar to taste, a little nutmeg, and a glass of brandy; line
or edge a dish with puff paste; pour in the mixture; put slices of
candied lemon or orange peel on the top, and bake in a moderately hot
oven.

1283. Potato Pudding.

Boil mealy potatoes in their skins, according to the plan laid down
(_par_. 1104) skin and mash them with a little milk, pepper and salt:
this will make a good pudding to bake under roast meat. With the
addition of a bit of butter, an egg, milk, pepper, and salt, it makes
an excellent batter for a meat pudding baked.

Grease a baking dish; put a layer of potatoes, then a layer of meat
cut in bits, and seasoned with pepper, salt, a little allspice, either
with or withouf chopped onions; a little gravy of roast meat is a
great improvement: then put another layer of potatoes, then meat, and
cover with potatoes. Put a buttered paper over the top, to prevent it
from being burnt, and bake it from an hour to an hour and a half.

1284. Almond Pudding.

A large cupful of finely-minced beef suet, a teacupful of milk, four
ounces of bread-crumbs, four ounces of well-cleaned currants, two
ounces of almonds, half a pound of stoned raisins, three well-beaten
eggs, and the whites of another two; sugar, nutmeg, and cinnamon, and
a small glass of rum. Butter a shape, and place part of the raisins
neatly in rows. Blanch the almonds; reserve the half of them to be
placed in rows between the raisins just before serving. Mix all the
remaining ingredients well together, put into the shape, and boil
three hours.

1285. Sauce for Almond Pudding.

One teaspoonful of milk, and two yolks of eggs well beaten, and some
sugar; place on the fire and stir till it _just comes to the boil_:
then let it cool. When lukewarm, stir into it a glass of sherry or
currant wine, and serve in a sauce tureen. This sauce is a great
improvement to raisin pudding.

1286. Peas Pudding.

Dry a pint or quart of split peas thoroughly before the fire; then tie
them up loosely in a cloth, put them into warm water, boil them a
couple of hours, or more, until quite tender; take them up, beat them
well in a dish with a little salt, the yolk of an egg, and a bit of
butter. Make it quite smooth, tie it up again in a cloth, and boil it
an hour longer. This is highly nourishing.

[LET TRUTH BE OUR GUIDE.]

1287. Apple Dumplings.

Paste the same as for apple pudding, divide into as many pieces as
dumplings are required; peel and core the apples; roll out your paste
large enough; put in the apples; close the dumplings, tie each in a
cloth very tightly. Boil them one hour; when you take them up, dip
them quickly in cold water, and put them in a cup while you untie
them; they will turn out without breaking.

1288. Rice Dumplings.

Pick and wash a pound of rice, and boil it gently in two quarts of
water till it becomes dry--keeping the pot well covered, and not
stirring it. Then take it off the fire, and spread it out to cool on
the bottom of an inverted sieve, loosening the grains lightly with a
fork, that all the moisture may evaporate. Pare a dozen pippins, or
some large juicy apples, and scoop out the core; then fill up the
cavity with marmalade, or with lemon and sugar. Cover every apple all
over with a thick coating of the boiled rice. Tie up each in a
separate cloth, and put them into a pot of cold water. They will
require about an hour and a quarter after they begin to boil, perhaps
longer.

1289. Boiled Custard.

Boil half a pint of new milk, with a piece of lemon peel, two peach
leaves, half a stick of cassia, a few whole allspice, from four to six
ounces of white sugar. Cream may be used instead of milk; beat the
yolks and white of four eggs, strain the milk through coarse muslin,
or a hair sieve; then mix the eggs and milk very gradually together,
and stir it well from the bottom, on the fire, till it thickens.

1290. Baked Custard.

Boil in a pint of milk a few coriander seeds, a little cinnamon and
lemon peel; sweeten with four ounces of loaf sugar, mix with it a pint
of cold milk; beat eight eggs for ten minutes; add the other
ingredients; pour it from one pan into another six or eight times,
strain through a sieve; let it stand; skim the froth from the top,
pour it into earthen cups, and bake immediately in a hot oven till
they are of a good colour; ten minutes will be sufficient.

1291. French Batter.

Two ounces of butter cut into bits, pour on it less than a quarter of
a pint of water boiling; when dissolved, add three-quarters of a pint
of water cold, so that it shall not be quite milk warm; mix by degrees
smoothly with twelve ounces of fine dry flour and a small pinch of
salt, if the batter be for fruit fritters, but with more if for meat
or vegetables. Before used, stir into it the whites of two eggs beaten
to solid froth; previously to this, add a little water if too thick.
This is excellent for frying vegetables, and for fruit fritters.

1292. A Black Man's Recipe to Dress Rice.

Wash him well, much wash in cold water, the rice flour make him stick.
Water boil all ready very fast. Throw him in, rice can't burn, water
shake him too much. Boil quarter of an hour or little more; rub one
rice in thumb and finger, if all rub away him quite done. Put rice in
cullender, hot water run away; pour cup of cold water on him, put back
rice in saucepan, keep him covered near the fire, then rice all ready.
Eat him up!

1293. Yellow Rice.

Take one pound of rice, wash it clean, and put it into a saucepan
which will hold three quarts; add to it half a pound of currants
picked and washed, one quarter of an ounce of the best turmeric
powder, previously dissolved in a cupful of water, and a stick of
cinnamon; pour over them two quarts of cold water, place the saucepan
uncovered on a moderate fire, and allow it to boil till the rice is
dry, then stir in a quarter of a pound of sugar, and two ounces of
butter: cover up, and place the pan near the fire for a few minutes,
then mix it well and dish up. This is a favourite dish with the
Japanese, and will be found excellent as a vegetable with roast meat,
poultry, &c. It also forms a capital pudding, which may be improved by
the addition of raisins, and a few blanched almonds.

[THE FALL OF THE LEAF IS A WHISPER TO THE LIVING.]

1294. Boiled Rice for Curry.

Put the rice on in _cold_ water, and let it come to a boil for a
minute or so: strain it quite dry, and lay it on the hob in a stewpan
without a cover to let the steam evaporate, then shake it into the
dish while very hot. A squeeze of lemon juice after it boils will make
it separate better.

1295. Lemon Rice.

Boil sufficient rice in milk, with white sugar to taste, till it is
soft; put it into a pint basin or an earthenware blanc-mange mould,
and leave it till cold. Peel a lemon very thick, cut the peel into
shreds about half or three-quarters of an inch in length, put them
into a little water, boil them up, and throw the water away, lest it
should be bitter, then pour about a teacupful of fresh water upon
them; squeeze and strain the juice of the lemon, add it with white
sugar to the water and shreds, and let it stew gently at the fire for
two hours. (When cold it will be a syrup.) Having turned out the
jellied rice into a cutglass dish, or one of common delf, pour the
syrup gradually over the rice, taking care the little shreds of the
peel are equally distributed over the whole.

1296. Remains of Cold Sweet Dishes.

1297. Ripe Pudding.

Over the cold rice pudding pour a custard, and add a few lumps of
jelly or preserved fruit. Remember to remove the baked coating of the
pudding before the custard is poured over it.

1298. Apple Tart.

Cut into triangular pieces the remains of a cold apple tart: arrange
the pieces around the sides of a glass or china bowl, and leave space
in the centre for a custard to be poured in.

1299. Plum Pudding.

Cut into thin round slices cold plum pudding, and fry them in butter.
Fry also Spanish fritters, and place them high in the centre of the
dish, and the fried pudding all round the heaped-up frittera. Powder
all with lump sugar, and serve them with wine sauce in a tureen.

1300. Fritters.

Make them of any of the batters directed for pancakes, by dropping a
small quantity into the pan; or make the plainer sort, and dip pared
apples, sliced and cored, into the batter, and fry them in plenty of
hot lard. Currants, or sliced lemon as thin as paper, make an
agreeable change. Fritters for company should be served on a folded
napkin in the dish. Any sort of sweetmeat, or ripe fruit, may be made
into fritters.

1301. Oyster Fritters.

Make a batter of flour, milk, and eggs; season with a very little
nutmeg. Beard the oysters, and put as many as you think proper in
each fritter.

1302. Potato Fritters.

Boil two large potatoes, bruise them fine, beat four yolks and three
whites of eggs, and add to the above one large spoonful of cream,
another of sweet wine, a squeeze of lemon, and a little nutmeg. Beat
this batter well half an hour. It will be extremely light. Put a good
quantity of fine lard into a stewpan, and drop a spoonful at a time of
the batter into it. Fry the fritters; and serve as a sauce, a glass of
white wine, the juice of a lemon, one dessert-spoonful of peach-leaf
or almond water, and some white sugar, warmed together; not to be
served in a dish.

1303. Apple Fritters.

Peel and core some fine pippins, and cut into slices. Soak them in
wine, sugar, and nutmeg, for a few hours. Make a batter of four eggs
to a tablespoonful of rose water, a tablespoonful of wine, and a
tablespoonful of milk, thickened with enough flour, stirred in by
degrees; mix two or three hours before wanted. Heat some butter in a
frying-pan; dip each slice of apple separately in the batter, and fry
brown; sift pounded sugar, and grate a nutmeg over them.

[THE HOPE IS SURE WHICH HAS ITS FOUNDATION IN VIRTUE.]

1304. Pancakes.

Make a light batter of eggs, flour, and milk; a little salt, nutmeg,
and ginger may be added; fry in a small pan, in hot dripping or lard.
Sugar and lemon should be served to eat with them. Or, when eggs are
scarce, make the batter with small beer, ginger, and so forth; or
water, with flour, and a very little milk, will serve, but not so well
as eggs and all milk.

1305. Cream Pancakes.

Mix two eggs, well beaten, with a pint of cream, two ounces of sifted
sugar, six of flour, a little nutmeg, cinnamon, and mace. Fry the
pancakes thin, with a bit of butter.

1306. Rice Pancakes.

Boil half a pound of ground rice to a jelly in a pint of water or
milk, and keep it well stirred from the bottom to prevent its being
burnt; if too thick add a little more milk; take it off the fire; stir
in six or eight ounces of butter, a pint of cream, six or eight eggs
well beaten, a pinch of salt, sugar, and nutmeg, with as much flour as
will make the batter thick enough. Fry with lard or dripping.

1307. Scones.

Flour, two pounds; bicarbonate of soda, quarter of an ounce; salt,
quarter of an ounce; sour buttermilk, one pint, more or less. Mix to
the consistence of light dough, roll out about half an inch thick, and
cut them out to any shape you please, and bake on a _griddle_ over a
clear fire about ten or fifteen minutes; turning them to brown on both
sides--or they may be done on a hot plate, or ironing stove. A griddle
is a thin plate of cast iron about twelve or fourteen inches in
diameter, with a handle attached, to hang it up by.--These scones are
excellent for tea, and may be eaten either cold or hot, buttered, or
with cheese.

1308. Friar's Omelette.

Boil a dozen apples, as for sauce; stir in a quarter of a pound of
butter, and the same of white sugar; when cold, add four eggs, well
beaten; put it into a baking dish thickly strewed over with crumbs of
bread, so as to stick to the bottom and sides; then put in the apple
mixture; strew crumbs of bread over the top; when baked, turn it out
and grate loaf sugar over it.

1309. Ordinary Omelette.

Take four eggs, beat the yolks and whites together with a
tablespoonful of milk, and a little salt and pepper; put two ounces of
butter into a frying-pan to boil, and let it remain until it begins to
brown; pour the batter into it, and let it remain quiet for a minute;
turn up the edges of the omelette gently from the bottom of the pan
with a fork; shake it, to keep it from burning at the bottom, and fry
it till of a bright brown. It will not take more than five minutes
frying.

1310. Miss Acton's Observations on Omelettes, Pancakes, Fritters, &c.

"There is no difficulty in making good omelettes, pancakes, or
fritters; and, as they may be expeditiously prepared and served,
they are often a very convenient resource when, on short notice, an
addition is required to a dinner. The eggs for all of them should be
well and lightly whisked; the lard for frying batter should be
extremely pure in flavour, and quite hot when the fritters are
dropped in; the batter itself should be smooth as cream, and it
should be briskly beaten the instant before it is used. All fried
pastes should be perfectly drained from the fat before they are
served, and sent to table promptly when they are ready.

"Eggs may be dressed in a multiplicity of ways, but are seldom more
relished in any form than in a well-made and expeditiously served
omelette. This may be plain, or seasoned with minced herbs and a
very little shalot, when the last is liked, and is then called
_Omelettes aux fines herbes_; or it may be mixed with minced ham or
grated cheese: in any case it should be light, thick, full-tasted,
and _fried only on one side_; if turned in the pan, as it frequently
is in England, it will at once be flattened and rendered tough.
Should the slight rawness, which is sometimes found in the middle of
the inside when the omelette is made in the French way, be objected
to, a heated shovel, or a salamander, may be held over it for an
instant, before it is folded on the dish.

"The pan for frying it should be quite small; for if it be composed
of four or five eggs only, and then put into a large one, it will
necessarily spread over it and be thin, which would render it more
like a pancake than an omelette; the only partial remedy for this,
when a pan of proper size cannot be had, is to raise the handle of
it high, and to keep the opposite side close down to the fire, which
will confine the eggs into a smaller space. No gravy should be
poured into the dish with it, and, indeed, if properly made, it will
require none. Lard is preferable to butter for frying batter, as it
renders it lighter; but it must not be used for omelettes. Filled
with preserves of any kind, it is called a sweet omelette."

1311. Baked Pears.

Take twelve large baking pears; pare and cut them into halves, leaving
on about half an inch of the stem. Take out the core with the point of
a knife, and place the pears thus prepared close together in a block
tin saucepan, the inside of which is quite bright, and whose cover
fits quite close. Put to them the rind of a lemon cut thin, with half
its juice, a small stick of cinnamon, and twenty grains of allspice;
cover them with spring water, and allow one pound of loaf sugar to a
pint and a half of water: cover up close, and bake for six hours in a
very slow oven;--they will be quite tender, and of a good colour.
Prepared cochineal is generally used for colouring the pears; but if
the above is strictly attended to, it will be found to answer best.

1312. Apples served with Custard.

Pare and core apples; cut them in pieces; bake or stew them with as
little water as possible; when they have become pulpy, sweeten and put
them in a pie-dish, and, when cold, pour over them an unboiled
custard, and put back into the oven till the custard is fixed. A Dutch
oven will do. Equally good hot or cold.

1313. Apples in Syrup.

Pare and core some hard apples, and throw them into a basin of water.
When all are done, clarify as much loaf sugar as will cover them; put
the apples in along with the juice and rind of a lemon, and let them
simmer till they are quite clear; care must be taken not to break
them; place them on the dish they are to appear upon at table, and
pour the syrup over. These are for immediate use.

1314. Apricots Stewed in Syrup.

Wipe the down from young apricots, and stew them as gently as possible
in a syrup made of four ounces of sugar to half a pint of water,
boiled the usual time.

1315. Mother Eve's Pudding.

If you want a good pudding, to teach you I'm willing:
Take two pennyworth of eggs, when twelve for a shilling;
And of the same fruit that Eve had once chosen,
Well pared and well chopped, at least half a dozen;
Six ounces of bread (let your maid eat the crust),
The crumbs must be grated as small as the dust;
Six ounces of currants from the stones you must sort,
Lest they break out your teeth, and spoil all your sport;
Six ounces of sugar won't make it too sweet;
Some salt and some nutmeg will make it complete;
Three hours let it boil, without hurry or flutter,
And then serve it up, without sugar or butter.

1316. Accidents.

_Always send for a surgeon immediately an accident occurs, but treat
as directed until he arrives_.

[AN EVIL CONSCIENCE IS THE GREATEST PLAGUE.]

1317. In both Scalds and Burns.

In both scalds and burns, the following facts cannot be too firmly
impressed on the mind of the reader, that in either of these accidents
the _first, best_, and _often the only remedies required_, are sheets
of wadding, fine wool, or carded cotton, and in default of these,
violet powder, flour, magnesia, or chalk. The object for which these
several articles are employed is the same in each instance; namely, to
exclude the air from the injured part; for if the air can be
effectually shut out from the raw surface, and care is taken not to
expose the tender part till the new cuticle is formed, the cure may be
safely left to nature.

The moment a person is called to a case of scald or burn, he should
cover the part with a sheet, or a portion of a sheet, of wadding,
taking care not to break any blister that may have formed, or stay to
remove any burnt clothes that may adhere to the surface, but as
quickly as possible envelope every part of the injury from all access
of the air, laying one or two more pieces of wadding on the first, so
as effectually to guard the burn or scald from the irritation of the
atmosphere; and if the article used is wool or cotton, the same
precaution, of adding more material where the surface is thinly
covered, must be adopted; a light bandage finally securing all in
their places.

Any of the popular remedies recommended below may be employed when
neither wool, cotton, nor wadding are to be procured, it being always
remembered that that article which will best exclude the air from a
burn or scald is the best, quickest, and least painful mode of
treatment. And in this respect nothing has surpassed cotton loose or
attached to paper as in wadding.

1318. If the Skin is much Injured.

If the skin is much injured in burns, spread some linen pretty thickly
with chalk ointment, and lay over the part, and give the patient some
brandy and water if much exhausted; then send for a medical man. If
not much injured, and very painful, use the same ointment, or apply
carded cotton dipped in lime water and linseed oil. If you please, you
may lay cloths dipped in ether over the parts, or cold lotions. Treat
scalds in the same manner, or cover with scraped raw potato; but the
chalk ointment is the best. In the absence of all these, cover the
injured part with treacle, and dust over it plenty of flour.

1319. Body in Flames.

Lay the person down on the floor of the room, and throw the
tablecloth, rug, or other large cloth over him, and roll him on the
floor.

1320. Dirt in the Eye.

Place your forefinger upon the cheek-bone, having the patient before
you; then slightly bend the finger, this will draw down the lower lid
of the eye, and you will probably be able to remove the dirt; but if
this will not enable you to get at it, repeat this operation while you
have a netting-needle or bodkin placed over the eyelid; this will turn
it inside out, and enable you to remove the sand, or eyelash, &c.,
with the corner of a fine silk handkerchief. As soon as the substance
is removed, bathe the eye with cold water, and exclude the light for a
day. If the inflammation is severe, let the patient take a purgative,
and use a refrigerant lotion.

1321. Lime in the Eye.

Syringe it well with warm vinegar and water in the proportion of one
ounce of vinegar to eight ounces of water; take a purgative, and
exclude light.

1322. Iron or Steel Spiculæ in the Eye.

These occur while turning iron or steel in a lathe, and are best
remedied by doubling back the upper or lower eyelid, according to the
situation of the substance, and with the flat edge of a silver probe,
taking up the metallic particle, using a lotion made by dissolving six
grains of sugar of lead, and the same of white vitriol, in six ounces
of water, and bathing the eye three times a day till the inflammation
subsides. Another plan is--Drop a solution of sulphate of copper (from
one to three grains of the salt to one ounce of water) into the eye,
or keep the eye open in a wineglassful of the solution. Take a
purgative, bathe with cold lotion, and exclude light to keep down
inflammation.

[SLEEP FALLS SWEETLY UPON THE VIRTUOUS.]

1323. Dislocated Thumb.

This is frequently produced by a fall. Make a clove hitch, by passing
two loops of cord over the thumb, placing a piece of rag under the
cord to prevent it cutting the thumb; then pull in the same line as
the thumb. Afterwards apply a cold lotion.

1324. Cuts and Wounds.

Clean cut wounds, whether deep or superficial, and likely to heal by
the first intention, should never be washed or cleaned, but at once
evenly and smoothly closed by bringing both edges close together, and
securing them in that position by adhesive plaster. Cut thin strips of
sticking-plaster, and bring the parts together; or if large and deep,
cut two broad pieces, so as to look like the teeth of a comb, and
place one on each side of the wound, which must be cleaned previously.
These pieces must be arranged so that they shall interlace one
another; then, by laying hold of the pieces on the right side with one
hand, and those on the other side with the other hand, and pulling
them from one another, the edges of the wound are brought together
without any difficulty.

1325. Ordinary Cuts.

Ordinary cuts are dressed by thin strips, applied by pressing down the
plaster on one side of the wound, and keeping it there and pulling in
the opposite direction; then suddenly depressing the hand when the
edges of the wound are brought together.

1326. Contusions.

Contusions are best healed by laying a piece of folded lint, well
wetted with the extract of lead, on the part, and, if there is much
pain, placing a hot bran poultice over the dressing, repeating both,
if necessary, every two hours. When the injuries are very severe, lay
a cloth over the part, and suspend a basin over it filled with cold
lotion. Put a piece of cotton into the basin, so that it shall allow
the lotion to drop on the cloth, and thus keep it always wet.

1327. Hæmorrhage.

Hæmorrhage, when caused by an artery being divided or torn, may be
known by the blood issuing out of the wound in leaps or jerks, and
being of a bright scarlet colour. If a vein is injured, the blood is
darker and flows continuously. To arrest the latter, apply pressure by
means of a compress and bandage. To arrest arterial bleeding, get a
piece of wood (part of a mop handle will do), and tie a piece of tape
to one end of it; then tie a piece of tape loosely over the arm, and
pass the other end of the wood under it; twist the stick round and
round until the tape compresses the arm sufficiently to arrest the
bleeding, and then confine the other end by tying the string round the
arm. A compress made by enfolding a penny piece in several folds of
lint or linen, should, however, be first placed under the tape and
over the artery.

If the bleeding is very obstinate, and it occurs in the _arm_, place a
cork underneath the string, on the inside of the fleshy part, where
the artery may be felt beating by any one; if in the _leg_, place a
cork in the direction of a line drawn from the inner part of the knee
towards the outer part of the groin. It is an excellent thing to
accustom yourself to find out the position of these arteries, or,
indeed, any that are superficial, and to explain to every person in
your house where they are, and how to stop bleeding.

If a stick cannot be got, take a handkerchief, make a cord bandage of
it, and tie a knot in the middle; the knot acts as a compress, and
should be placed over the artery, while the two ends are to be tied
around the thumb. Observe _always to place the ligature between the
wound and the heart_. Putting your finger into a bleeding wound, and
making pressure until a surgeon arrives, will generally stop violent
bleeding.

1328. Bleeding from the Nose.

Bleeding from the nose, from whatever cause, may generally be stopped
by putting a plug of lint into the nostrils, if this does not do,
apply a cold lotion to the forehead; raise the head, and place over it
both arms, so that it will rest on the hands; dip the lint plug,
_slightly moistened_, into some powdered gum arabic, and plug the
nostrils again; or dip the plug into equal parts of powdered gum
arabic and alum, and plug the nose. Or the plug may be dipped in
Friar's balsam, or tincture of kino. Heat should be applied to the
feet; and, in obstinate cases, the sudden shock of a cold key, or cold
water poured down the spine, will often instantly stop the bleeding.
If the bowels are confined, take a purgative.

[MORNING IS WELCOME TO THE INDUSTRIOUS.]

1329. Violent Shocks.

Violent shocks will sometimes stun a person, and he will remain
unconscious. Untie strings, collars, &c.; loosen anything that is
tight, and interferes with the breathing; raise the head; see if there
is bleeding from any part; apply smelling-salts to the nose, and hot
bottles to the feet.

1330. Concussion.

In concussion, the surface of the body is cold and pale, and the pulse
weak and small, the breathing slow and _gentle_, and the pupil of the
eye generally contracted or small. You can get an answer by speaking
loud, so as to arouse the patient. Give a little brandy and water,
keep the place quiet, apply warmth, and do not raise the head too
high. If you tickle the feet, the patient feels it.

1331. Compression of the Brain.

In compression of the brain from any cause, such as apoplexy, or a
piece of fractured bone pressing on it, there is loss of sensation. If
you tickle the feet of the injured person he does not feel it. You
cannot arouse him so as to get an answer. The pulse is slow and
laboured; the breathing deep, laboured, and _snorting_; the pupil
enlarged. Raise the head, loosen strings or tight things, and send
for a surgeon. If one cannot be got at once, apply mustard poultices
to the feet and thighs, leeches to the temples and hot water to the
feet.

1332. Choking.

When a person has a fish bone in the throat, insert the forefinger,
press upon the root of the tongue, so as to induce vomiting; if this
does not do, let him swallow a _large piece_ of potato or soft bread;
and if these fail, give a mustard emetic.

1333. Fainting, Hysterics, &c.

Loosen the garments, bathe the temples with water or eau-de-Cologne;
open the window, admit plenty of fresh air, dash cold water on the
face, apply hot bricks to the feet, and avoid bustle and excessive
sympathy.

1334. Drowning.

Attend to the following _essential rules_:

i. Lose no time.

ii. Handle the body gently.

iii. Carry the body face downwards, with the head gently raised, and
never hold it up by the feet.

iv. Send for medical assistance immediately, and in the meantime act
as follows:

v. Strip the body, rub it dry: then wrap it in hot blankets, and
place it in a warm bed in a warm room.

vi. Cleanse away the froth and mucus from the nose and mouth.

vii. Apply warm bricks, bottles, bags of sand, &c., to the armpits,
between the thighs, and to the soles of the feet.

viii. Rub the surface of the body with the hands enclosed in warm
dry worsted socks.

ix. If possible, put the body into a warm bath.

x. To restore breathing, put the pipe of a common bellows into one
nostril, carefully closing the other, and the mouth; at the same
time drawing downwards, and pushing gently backwards, the upper part
of the windpipe, to allow a more free admission of air; blow the
bellows gently, in order to inflate the lungs, till the breast be
raised a little; then set the mouth and nostrils free, and press
gently on the chest: repeat this until signs of life appear. The
body should be covered the moment it is placed on the table, except
the face, and all the rubbing carried on under the sheet or blanket.
When they can be obtained, a number of tiles or bricks should be
made tolerably hot in the fire, laid in a row on the table, covered
with a blanket, and the body placed in such a manner on them, that
their heat may enter the spine. When the patient revives, apply
smelling-salts to the nose, give warm wine or brandy and water.

_Cautions_.

i. Never rub the body with salt or spirits.

ii. Never roll the body on casks,

iii. Continue the remedies for twelve hours without ceasing.

[PURE WATER IS BETTER THAN FOUL WINE.]

1335. Hanging.

Loosen the cord, or whatever it may be by which the person has been
suspended. Open the temporal artery or jugular vein, or bleed from the
arm; employ electricity, if at hand, and proceed as for drowning,
taking the additional precaution to apply eight or ten leeches to the
temples.

1336. Apparent Death from Drunkenness.

Raise the head, loosen the clothes, maintain warmth of surface, and
give a mustard emetic as soon as the person can swallow.

1337. Apoplexy and Fits Generally.

Raise the head; loosen all tight clothes, strings, &c.; apply cold
lotions to the head, which should be shaved; apply leeches to the
temples, bleed, and send for a surgeon.

1338. Suffocation from Noxious Gases, &c.

Remove to the fresh air; dash cold vinegar and water in the face,
neck, and breast; keep up the warmth of the body; if necessary, apply
mustard poultices to the soles of the feet and spine, and try
artificial respirations as in drowning, with electricity.

1339. Lightning and Sun Stroke.

Treat the same as apoplexy.

1340. Poisons, General Observations.

The abbreviations used are as follows:--

E., effects or symptoms.
T., treatment.
A., antidotes or counter poisons.
D.A., dangerous antidotes.

1341. Poison.

A poison is a _substance_ which is capable of altering or destroying
some or all of the functions necessary to life. When a person is in
good health, and is suddenly attacked, after having taken some food or
drink, with violent pain, cramp in the stomach, feeling of sickness or
nausea, vomiting, convulsive twitchings, and a sense of suffocation;
or if he be seized, under the same circumstances, with giddiness,
delirium, or unusual sleepiness, then it may be supposed that he has
been poisoned.

1342. Classes of Poisons.

Poisons have been divided into four classes:

i. Those causing local symptoms.
ii. Those producing spasmodic symptoms.
iii. Narcotic or sleepy symptoms; and
iv. Paralytic symptoms.

Poisons may be mineral, animal, or vegetable.

1343. Procedure.

i. Always send immediately for a Medical Man.

ii. Save all fluids vomited, and articles of food, cups, glasses,
&c., used by the patient before being taken ill, and lock them up.

iii. Examine the cups to guide you in your treatment; that is, smell
them, and look at them.

1344. Give and Apply.

As a rule give emetics after poisons that cause sleepiness and
raving;--chalk, milk, eggs, butter, and warm water, or oil, after
poisons that cause vomiting and pain in the stomach and bowels, with
purging; and when there is no inflammation about the throat, tickle it
with a feather to excite vomiting.

1345. Arsenic.

(_White arsenic; orpiment, or yellow arsenic; realgar, red arsenic;
Scheele's green, or arsenite of copper; King's yellow; ague drops_;
and _arsenical paste_.)

E. Little or no taste. Within an hour, heat and pain in the stomach,
followed by vomiting of green, yellow, and bloody matter, burning,
and violent thirst; purging, and twisting about the navel; pulse
small, quick, and irregular, breathing laboured, voice hoarse,
speaking painful; skin cold and clammy. Sometimes there are cramps
and convulsions, followed by death.

T. Give plenty of warm water, _new milk_ in large quantities, lime
water, white of egg, mixed with gruel or honey, gruel, linseed tea;
apply leeches to the bowels, foment, and give starch or gruel
enemas. Scrape the iron rust off anything you can get at, mix it
with plenty of water, and give in large draughts frequently, and
give an emetic of mustard or ipecacuanha. The chief dependence,
however, must be placed on the use of the stomach-pump.

_Caution_.--Never give large draughts of fluid until those given
before have been vomited, because the stomach will not contract
properly if filled with fluid, and the object is to get rid of the
poison as speedily as possible.

1346. Copper.

(_Blue vitriol_, or _bluestone; verdigris; verditer; verdigris
crystals_.)

E. An acid, rough, disagreeable taste in the mouth; a dry, parched
tongue, with sense of strangling in the throat; coppery eructations;
frequent spitting; nausea; frequent desire and effort to vomit, or
copious vomiting; severe darting pains in the stomach; griping;
frequent purging; belly swollen and painful; skin hot, and violent
burning thirst; breathing difficult; intense headache and giddiness,
followed by cold sweats, cramps in the legs, convulsions, and death.

A. White of eggs mixed with water (twelve to one pint), to be given
in wineglassfuls every two minutes; iron filings mixed with water,
or very strong coffee, accompanied by small and repeated doses of
castor oil.

D.A. Vinegar, bark, alkalies, gall nuts.

T. If there is much pain in the belly or stomach, apply leeches.
Give large draughts of milk and water, to encourage vomiting.

1347. Mercury.

(_Corrosive sublimate; calomel; red precipitate; vermilion; turbeth
mineral; prussiate of mercury_.)

E. Acid metallic taste; tightness and burning in the throat; pain in
the back part of the mouth, stomach, and bowels; anxiety of
countenance; nausea; and vomiting of bloody and bilious fluids;
profuse purging, and difficulty of making water; pulse small, hard,
and quick; skin clammy, icy coldness of the hands and feet; and
death in 24 or 36 hours.

A. White of eggs mixed with water, given as above; milk; flour and
water, mixed pretty thick; linseed tea; and barley water.

T. Give large draughts of warm water, if you cannot get anything
else; strong emetic of ipecacuanha, the stomach-pump, a dose of
castor oil and laudanum. Apply poppy-head fomentations to bowels,
and leeches if the belly is very tender.

1348. Antimony.

(_Tartar emetic; butter of; Kermes' mineral_.)

E. A rough metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, copious vomitings,
sudden hiccough, purging, pains resembling those caused by colic,
frequent and violent cramps, sense of choking, severe heartburn,
pain at the pit of the stomach, difficult breathing, wildness of
speech, cramp in the legs, and death.

A. Decoction or tincture of galls; strong tea; decoction or powder
of Peruvian bark.

D.A. White vitriol, ipecacuanha, as emetics.

T. Give large draughts of water, or sugar and water, to promote
vomiting; apply leeches to the throat and stomach if painful; and
give one grain of extract of opium dissolved in a wineglassful of
sugar and water, as soon as the vomiting ceases, and repeat three
times at intervals of a quarter of an hour; and finally, one grain,
in a little castor oil emulsion, every six hours.

1349. Tin.

(_Butter of tin; putty powder_.)

E. Colic and purging.

A. Milk.

T. Give warm or cold water to promote vomiting, or tickle the throat
with a feather.

1350. Zinc.

(_White vitriol; flowers of; chloride of_.)

E. An astringent taste, sensation of choking, nausea, vomiting,
purging, pain and burning in the throat and stomach, difficult
breathing, pallor and coldness of the surface, pinched face, cramps
of the extremities, but, with the exception of the chloride, seldom
death.

A. For the two first give copious draughts of milk, and white of
eggs and water, mucilage, and olive oil; for the third, carbonate of
soda, and warm water in frequent draughts, with the same as for the
other compounds.

T. Relieve urgent symptoms by leeching and fomentations, and after
the vomiting give castor oil. For the chloride, use friction and
warmth.

[BREATH MAY BLOW OUT A CANDLE, AN EXTINGUISHER PREVENT FIRE.]

1351. Silver, Gold and Bismuth.

Silver: (_Lunar caustic; flowers of silver_);

Gold (_Chloride of_);

and Bismuth (_Nitrate; flowers of; pearl white_),

are not frequently met with as poisons.

E. Burning pain in the throat, mouth, accompanied with the usual
symptoms of corrosive poisons.

A. For silver, common salt and water; for gold and bismuth, no
antidotes are known.

T. Give milk and mucilaginous fluids, and castor oil.

1352. Acids.

(_Hydrochloric_, or _spirit of salt; nitric_, or _aquafortis;
sulphuric_, or _oil of vitriol_.)

E. Acid burning taste, acute pain in the gullet and throat, vomiting
of bloody fluid, which effervesces when chalk is added to it;
hiccough, tenderness of the belly, cold sweats, pinched face,
convulsions, and death.

A. Give _calcined_ magnesia, chalk, soap and water. Administer
frequent draughts of water to weaken the acid with carbonate of
soda, potass, or magnesia, to neutralize it; thick soap-suds made
with common soap; chalk, or in default of the alkalies and chalk,
break down the plaster of the wall or ceiling, mix in water, and
give the sufferer. Excite vomiting, and repeat the remedies till all
the acid is neutralized.

1353. Chlorine (_gas_).

E. Violent coughing, tightness of the chest, debility, inability to
stand.

A. The vapour of caustic ammonia to be inhaled, or ten drops of
liquid ammonia to one ounce of water to be taken.

T. Dash cold water over the face, and relieve urgent symptoms.

1354. Lead.

(_Sugar of; red lead; wine sweetened by; and water impregnated with_).

E. Sugary astringent metallic taste, tightness of the throat, pains
as if caused by colic, violent vomiting, hiccough, convulsions, and
death.

A. Epsom or Glauber's salt; plaster of Paris; or phosphate of soda.

T. An emetic of sulphate of zinc (twenty-four grains to half a pint
of water); leeches to belly; fomentations if necessary; and a dose
of castor oil mixed with laudanum.

1355. Phosphorus.

E. Intense burning and pain in the throat and stomach.

A. Magnesia and carbonate of soda.

T. Large draughts of cold water, and tickle the throat with a
feather.

_Caution_. Do not give oil or milk.

1356. Lime.

E. Burning in the throat and stomach, cramps in the belly, hiccough,
vomiting, and paralysis of limbs.

A. Vinegar or lemon juice.

T. Thin starch water to be drunk frequently.

1357. Alkalies.

(_Caustic potash; soda; ammonia_.)

E. Acrid, hot, disagreeable taste; burning in the throat, nausea,
and vomiting bloody matter; profuse purging, pain in the stomach,
colic, convulsions, and death.

A. Vinegar and vegetable acids

T. Give linseed tea, milk, almond or olive oil, and excite vomiting.

1358. Baryta

(_Carbonate, pure_, and _muriate_ of, _See_ LIME para. 1356.)

1359. Nitre.

E. Heartburn, nausea, violent vomiting, purging, convulsions,
difficult breathing, violent pain in the bowels, kidneys, and
bladder, with bloody urine.

T. Emetics, frequent draughts of barley water, with castor oil and
laudanum.

1360. Narcotic Poisons.

(_Bane berries; fool's parsley; deadly nightshade; water hemlock;
thorn apple; opium, or laudanum; camphor, &c._)

E. Giddiness, faintness, nausea, vomiting, stupor, delirium, and
death.

T. Give emetics, large draughts of fluids, tickle the throat, apply
smelling salts to the nose, dash cold water over the face and chest,
apply mustard poultices, and, above all, endeavour to rouse the
patient by walking between two persons; and, if possible, by
electricity; and give forty drops of sal-volatile in strong coffee
every half-hour.

1361. Vegetable Irritating Poisons.

(_Mezsreon; monk's-hood; bitter apple; gamboge; white hellebore, &c._)

E. Acrid, biting, bitter taste, choking sensation, dryness of the
throat, retching, vomiting, purging, pains in the stomach and
bowels, breathing difficult, and death.

T. Give emetics of camomile, mustard, or sulphate of zinc; large
draughts of warm milk, or other bland fluids; foment and leech the
belly if necessary, and give strong _infusion_ of coffee.

[TAKE CARE OF PENCE, POUNDS WILL TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES.]

1362. Oxalic Acid.

E. Vomiting and acute pain in the stomach, general debility, cramps,
and death.

A. Chalk.

T. Give large draughts of lime water or magnesia.

1363. Spanish Flies.

E. Acrid taste, burning heat in the throat, stomach, and belly,
bloody vomitings, colic, purging, retention of urine, convulsions,
death.

T. Large draughts of olive oil; thin gruel, milk, starch enemas,
linseed tea, laudanum, and camphorated water.

1364. Poisonous Fish.

(_Old-wife; sea-lobster; mussel; tunny; blower; rock-fish, &c._)

E. Intense pain in the stomach after swallowing the fish, vomiting,
purging, and sometimes cramps.

T. Give an emetic; excite vomiting by tickling the throat, and
plenty of warm water. Follow emetics by active purgatives,
particularly of castor oil and laudanum, or opium and calomel, and
abate inflammation by the usual remedies.

1365. Bites of Reptiles.

(_Viper; black viper; Indian serpents; rattle-snake._)

E. Violent and quick inflammation of the part, extending towards the
body, soon becoming livid; nausea, vomiting, convulsions, difficult
breathing, mortification, cold sweats, and death.

T. Suppose that the wrist has been bitten: immediately tie a tape
between the wound and the heart, scarify the parts with a penknife,
razor, or lancet, and apply a cupping-glass over the bite,
frequently removing it and bathing the wound with volatile alkali,
or heat a poker and burn the wound well, or drop some of Sir Wm.
Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid into the wound, or cauterize the bite
freely with lunar caustic, but not till the part has been well
sucked with the mouth, or frequently washed and cupped. The strength
is to be supported by brandy, ammonia, ether, and opium. Give plenty
of warm drinks, and cover up in bed.

1366. Mad Animals, Bite of.

E. Hydrophobia, or a fear of fluids.

T. Tie a string tightly over the part, cut out the bite, and
cauterize the wound with a red-hot poker, lunar caustic, or Sir Wm.
Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid. Then apply a piece of
"spongio-piline," give a purgative, and plenty of warm drink.
Whenever chloroform can be procured, sprinkle a few drops upon a
handkerchief, and apply to the nose and mouth of the patient before
cauterizing the wound. When the breathing appears difficult, cease
the application of the chloroform. A physician, writing in the
_Times_, strongly urged this course, and stated, many years ago,
that there is no danger, with ordinary care, in the application of
the chloroform, while the cauterization may be more effectively
performed.

1367. Insect Stings.

(_Wasp, bee, gnat, hornet, gadfly, scorpion._)

E. Swelling, nausea, and fever.

T. Press the barrel of a watch-key over the part, so as to expose
the sting, which must be removed. Give fifteen drops of hartshorn
or sal-volatile in half a wine-glassful of camomile tea, and cover
the part stung with a piece of lint soaked in extract of lead.

1368. Cautions for the Prevention of Accidents.

The following regulations should be engraved on the memory of all:

i. As many sudden deaths come by water, particular caution is
therefore necessary in its vicinity.

ii. Do not stand near a tree, or any leaden spout, iron gate, or
palisade, in times of lightning.

iii. Lay loaded guns in safe places, and never imitate firing a gun
in jest.

iv. Never sleep near charcoal; if drowsy at any work where charcoal
fires are used, take the fresh air.

v. Carefully rope trees before they are cut down, that when they
fall they may do no injury.

vi. When benumbed with cold beware of sleeping out of doors; rub
yourself, if you have it in your power, with snow, and do not
hastily approach the fire.

vii. Beware of damp.

viii. Air vaults, by letting them remain open some time before you
enter, or scattering powdered lime in them. Where a lighted candle
will not burn, animal life cannot exist; it will be an excellent
caution, therefore, before entering damp and confined places, to try
this simple experiment.

ix. Never leave saddle or draught horses, while in use, by
themselves; nor go immediately behind a led horse, as he is apt to
kick. When crossing a roadway always go behind a cart or carriage,
never in front of it.