Chapter M: SUBULATUS. M. ecaudatus, pyramidalis

Testa subulata instar turris, anfractuum undecim, reticulata striis elevatis decussantibus punctis contiguationem eminentibus. Costæ oppositæ et alternæ. Color albus, maculis flavescentibus. Apertura ovata, Labium exterius crassum, intus dentatum. Interius dentato-glabrum.

Both _Triton! maculosus_ and _Ranella candisata_ approach the ideal portrait, yet neither of them precisely agrees.

Under the name of _Trochus turritus_ our author appears to have first described his _Murex radula_.

_Trochus_ exumbilicatus, pyramidatus, anfractibus duplici serie muricatis.

Gualt, t. 58. f. F.

Testa elongata, flavescens s. testacea. Anfractus 16, connexi sutura crenulata, dorso duplici serie instructi punctis eminentibus pallidis. Apertura subtetragona, subtus in canalis rudimentum desineus.

The _Murex Neritoideus_ of the 'Systema' was thus described.

LYRA NERITOIDES. _L._ testa nodosa subrotunda.

Gualt.

Testa crassa, ponderosa, alba cum rubedine tincta, figura Neritæ, magnitudine juglandis, cincta anfractibus 5 e nodis obtusis crassiusculis. Labium interius depressum, longitudine pictum macula ferruginea.

TROCHUS.

Testa conica. Apertura quadrangularis, basi columella contorta, sinu descendens.

The last five words had been substituted for "absque sinu evidente."

T. MACULATUS. _T._ contorto-umbilicatus conicus, vertice subnodoso.

The printed description and the synonymy are so very dissimilar to the written one, that I entertain no doubt that an early definition of _T. Niloticus_ (with references to "Olear. Mus. t. 9. f. 5" and "Bonan. 3. f. 102") was transmuted into that of a granular species, by the addition of "quasi granis exasperata," &c.

T. SOLARIS was not mentioned in the manuscript.

T. PERSPECTIVUS. _T._ crenato-umbilicatus convexus obtusus: margine acuto.

"Bonan. 3. f. 27, 28" was quoted, as illustrative: "costa crenata" not "costa concava", was the earlier reading.

T. HYBRIDUS. _T._ crenato-umbilicatus, convexus, undique obtusus.

The proposed name was _T. spurius_. The "absque carina, rotundata" was "absque angulis, glabra": "albo, flavoque" preceded "variegata".

T. PHARAONIUS. _T._ umbilicatus subovatus striatus, punctis globulosis, labio dentato.

"Habitat in mari rubro, frequens. D. Hasselquist." was written: the final remark was absent.

T. MAGUS. _T._ umbilicatus convexo-conicus nodosus.

The "cinereo nebulosa" was a manuscript emendation by Linnæus.

T. MURICATUS. Except that "obverse" precedes "ovata", both the diagnosis and the details are precisely similar to the printed account.

T. SCABER. _T._ umbilicatus subovatus, sulcis alternis majoribus moniliformibus.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not cited in the original, nor, indeed, was any name attached to the description. The whorls were said to number from 6 to 8 (not 4 or 5); and the aperture was termed "ovata," not "subrotunda." "Pallida", the final remark, and the present construction and enlargement of the passage relative to the inner lip (which at first ran thus, "Labium posticum coadunatum, sinu postico excisum"), had been added by Linnæus himself.

T. LABIO. _T._ exumbilicatus ovatus striato-tuberculatus, labio dentato.

The erroneous figure of d'Argenville was not cited; "variegata" was the earlier reading of "marmorata"; "aliquot" of "et punctis"; "externo" of "margine". Linnæus himself had enlarged the account of the inner lip from the earlier "postice sinu excisum" to its present length.

T. ZIZYPHINUS. _T._ umbilicatus conicus, striis papillosis.

This is clearly not the imperforated _zizyphinus_ of the 'Systema.' Gualtieri was not referred to; "ambitu marginati", and "in aliis clausus", were not in the copy: "columella parum obliqua" was an addition in the Linnean handwriting.

T. TELESCOPIUM. _T._ exumbilicatus pyramidatus, striis exaratus; labio postice recurvato, spirali, integro.

"Bon. 92", and "Klein 26. Pseudotrochus striatus", were the additional synonyms of the MS.

T. DOLABRATUS. _T._ umbilicatus, labio postico recurvato sulcato, ovato-pyramidalis, glaber.

The whorls were at first called imbricated. The "basis rotundata", and "in superioribus vero unica", had been added by Linnæus.

TURBO.

Testa conica. Apertura orbicularis, integra.

T. PERSONATUS. _T._ exumbilicatus inermis convexus, labio postice diducto.

The I of the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1. A drawing of Gualtieri (t. 64. f. O), which accords not with the description of this species, was an additional synonym. The name had been added subsequently. _Turbo cidaris_ agrees in most respects.

T. PETHOLATUS. _T._ exumbilicatus ovatus lævis, anfractibus sursum obsolete angulatis.

The written version furnishes us with the additional synonyms of "Gualt. t. 64. f. F.", and "Klein 40. t. 2. f. 51."; the latter (also cited in the 'Systema') was added by our author when he admitted the at first excluded 5. 6 of the synonym of Rumphius. The admission of the rounded-whorled variety? was evidently an afterthought.

T. CHRYSOSTOMUS. _T._ exumbilicatus subovatus rugosus striatus, spinis fornicatis.

"Klein 41. t. 7. f. 126" (cited in the 'Systema'), and the printed "in superiore serie majoribus", had been added by Linnæus in the original account.

T. TECTUM-PERSICUM. _T._ exumbilicatus subovatus, spinis obtusis reflexis, subtus papillosus.

"Forte sola varietas sequentis a loco" has been remarked by our author, who did not admit in his MS. the deceptive figure of d'Argenville.

T. PAGODUS. _T._ exumbilicatus conicus spinis obtusis concatenatis, subtus papillose striatus.

Neither "acuminata", nor the inappropriate "rotundata", were in the original account of this well-known species.

T. CALCAR. _T._ exumbilicatus depressus, anfractibus supra spinis fornicato-compressis scabris.

To his printed synonyms Linnæus has added "Gualt. t. 65. f. N. P.", "List. Hist. t. 608. f. 46", and "Klein t. 1. f. 27". The "fornicatis" was an emendation.

T. MARMORATUS. _T._ exumbilicatus subovatus nodosus lævis.

T. PICA. _T._ umbilicatus lævis conicus denticulo umbilicali.

"Habitat in Barbados, Jamaica", which corrects the stated locality of the 'Systema,' and "Bonan. 29, 30", "Pet. Gaz. t. 70 f. 9", were the additional particulars of the manuscript copy.

T. ARGYROSTOMUS. _T._ umbilicatus subovatus, striatus lineis dorsalibus.

The erroneous references to Gualtieri and d'Argenville, were not present: "os argenteum variegatum" was written after the reference to Rumphius, which name belongs to figure 3, not to 4, whose colouring, moreover, excludes it from being illustrative. The intended specific name was "os variegatum."

T. MARGARITACEUS. _T._ exumbilicatus subovatus, (? angulo) dorsali elevato, ore postice diducto.

Rumphius was not referred to in the original, where "subtilissimis" was in the place of "variis": the printed "margine albo" was a subsequent emendation.

T. DELPHINUS. _T._ umbilicatus depressus hispidus, spinis ramosis.

"Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 1", and "Grew Mus. t. 11. f. 5, 6", were also cited.

T. DISTORTUS. _T._ umbilicatus muricatus undique spinulis brevibus.

The final remark was not in the original.

T. SCALARIS. _T._ cancellatus conicus, anfractibus distantibus.

"Pretium immensum, sæpe 100 ducatorum", was the final remark instead of the printed one. "Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 9", was an additional synonym in the written version.

T. CLATHRUS. _T._ cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis lævibus.

All the synonyms of the tenth edition of the 'Systema,' together with "Johnst. t. 11. f. 9", were present in the MS., but most of them, together with the final remark, had been subsequently added to the copy by our author.

T. CRENATUS. _T._ cancellatus pyramidatus, anfractibus contiguis supra crenatis.

The details of the 'Museum' were referred to before their publication. "Pyramidalis" was the earlier reading for "turrita"; "sæpe" was absent: "transversim" preceded "crenati."

T. UVA. _T._ cancellatus ovatus, anfractibus contiguis imbricatis.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 27. f. 2. Olivaris" was the unpublished additional synonym, and the intended name was borrowed from that work. "Longitudinalibus" was "transversis" in the copy, where "ut latus planum non conspiciatur exterius distincta linea" terminated the account of the volutions: the colouring ("alba") was not indicated.

T. CORNEUS. _T._ umbilicatus, anfractibus teretibus decussatim striatis, oris margine reflexo.

The "s. cornea", the name, and the "vix manifeste" had been added to the original account, which latter was referred to previous to its publication.

T. IMBRICATUS. _T._ pyramidalis, anfractibus deorsum subimbricatis.

The "præcedentibus tribus", here mentioned, were not those which the species now follows, but nos. 358, 359, 360, after which it was placed in the MS. "Grisea" had been added by Linnæus.

T. REPLICATUS. The entire account of this shell was interpolated in the MS. by Linnæus.

T. ACUTANGULUS. _T._ pyramidalis, sulco unico acuto majore.

The last four words of the details were written subsequently to the earlier description, to which no name was then appended.

T. DUPLICATUS. _T._ pyramidalis, sulcis 2 acutis.

"Bonan. 3. f. 114", and "List. 160. t. 3. f. 7", were additional synonyms; both, however, were quoted in the 'Systema.' The "color albus", and the term "obtusiores", were in the Linnean handwriting.

T. TEREBRA. _T._ pyramidatus, sulcis 6 acutis.

"Bonan. 3. f. 115" was in the place of the doubtful figure of Rumphius; the indicated colouring was simply "pallida": the "obsoletum" was an afterthought.

HELIX.

Testa cochleata, lævis. Apertura subrotunda segmento circuli exempto.

Except _scarabæus_ and _amarula_, the members of this genus were located in the same group as in the published edition.

H. SCARABÆUS. _Morion_ ovatus subanceps, labio utroque tridentato.

The "ovata, adeo" has replaced the earlier "ita", and "angulata" the original "articulata". The account of the aperture was not inserted in the manuscript, wherein "List. Hist. 577. f. 31" and "Klein 11. t. 1. f. 23", had been inserted in the Linnean handwriting.

H. LAPICIDA. _H._ marginata perforata convexa carinata.

"Cincta" was a press emendation. The only written synonym was "Faun. Suec. 1298".

H. OCULUS-CAPRI. _H._ marginata perforata subcarinata.

"Pet Gaz. t. 76. f. 6." was indicated as a synonym. The name was Latinized from the "_l'oeil de bouc_" of d'Argenville who has, however, represented an utterly different shell.

H. CAROCOLLA. _H._ submarginata imperforata carinata, labio interiore recto.

D'Argenville's figure was, evidently, not at first considered sufficiently illustrative to be referred to: it was not cited in the written copy. "Conicoplaniuscula" was the reading for "convexa", "segmento circuli" (the 1/4 without any sequence was absurd) for "semiovata": the size, as usual, was not given.

H. CORNU-MILITARE. _H._ marginata imperforata subcarinata, labio interiore explanato.

The deceptive figure of Gualtieri was not at first cited.

H. CORNEA. _H._ marginata convexa umbilicata, spira plana.

"Faun. Suec. 1304" was in place of the reference to 'Lister's English Conchology,' a work apparently unknown to our author when he first drew up the Museum Catalogue. I doubt the identity of this shell (the intended name for which was _tabellaris_) with the cornea of the 'Systema.'

H. CORNU-ARIETIS. _H._ utrinque depressa.

"List. Hist. t. 136. f. 40" was written by our author in the manuscript copy.

H. AMPULLACEA. _H._ subrotunda, sursum ventricosior glabra.

The original reading of "anfractus superne ventricosi" was "abdomen superne ventricosius". The erroneous reference to Gaultieri was not at first attached to the description. The species of the Museum was evidently distinct from that of the 'Systema.'

H. GLAUCA. _H._ subrotunda acuminata, labro postice marginato.

H. CITRINA. _H._ umbilicata convexa obtusa.

The final remark was an afterthought.

H. ARBUSTORUM. _H._ marginata perforata convexo-acuminata, ore suborbiculari, margine duplici, antice elongato.

"Faun. Suec. 1295" was the only synonym; the work of Lister on English Conchology not having been at first known to Linnæus.

H. UNGULINA. _H._ marginata perforata spiralis convexa, ore suborbiculato.

The "Gualt." was a misprint for the written "Rumph."

H. LUTARIA. _H._ ovata-oblonga umbilicata, interne coloratiore.

"Habitat frequens in lutosis fluviis, lacubus." May not the _Valvata piscinalis_ be the shell intended?

H. PERVERSA. _H._ ovato-oblonga subperforata glabra.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 44. f. 7", and "Grew. Mus. t. 10. f. 9" cited in the 'Systema', were also referred to in the MS. "Alba", and "in quibusdam", were interpolations in the Linnean handwriting: _H. sulphurata_ was the intended designation.

H. IANTHINA. _H._ subrotunda obtusa patula diaphana.

The entire account of this beautiful shell was written by Linnæus subsequently to the labours of his amanuensis: the twelve last printed words were not present. The cited figure of Gualtieri was not admitted, as a representation, but only alluded to in the final remark of "Confer Gualt. t. 64. f. O." "List. Hist. t. 572. f. 23", and "Sloan. Jam. 2. p. 239. t. 1. f. 4" were indicated as delineations.

H. NEMORALIS. _H._

"Habitat ubique in Europæ nemoribus", and "Argen. t. 32. f. 8", were the unprinted additions. Lister's English Conchology was not, of course, mentioned. "Flavescens" and "nigro-purpurascens", were not in the original.

H. HÆMASTOMA. _H._ imperforata subrotunda fusca fascia longitudinali subrecta alba, ore purpureo.

H. DECOLLATA. _H._ elongata lævis truncato-mutilata.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 66. f. 1", and "Habitat in Arabia. Hasselquist. Santa Cruz. Petiv." were the unprinted additions. The entire account was in the handwriting of our author.

H. AMARULA. _Nerita_ edentula oblonga, anfractibus multifariam denticulatis.

Our author was evidently puzzled as to the generic position of this peculiar-looking shell, for he has written "Habitu accedit ad Volutas vespertiliones, ore Helicibus, sed labium interius planum, et affinitas cum antecedenti fiat, ut hic relinquatur." The preceding shell alluded to was _N. corona_.

H. NERITOIDEA. _H._ convexa longitudinaliter striata.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

H. PERSPICUA. _H._ convexo-ovata, labio interiore nullo, apertura ad apicem usque pervia.

The then unpublished details of both this and the preceding were referred to in the tenth edition of the 'Systema.' Patens was the proposed specific appellation.

H. HALIOTOIDEA. _H._ depresso-planiuscula obtusissima, ore ovali dilatato.

None of the cited figures were at first accepted by our author, who only added that of Rumphius to the earlier description, and wholly omitted the rest. "Transverse" preceded "striata".

NERITA.

Testa subrotunda, obtusa. Labium interius planum, transversim truncatum, depressum.

The generic arrangement was similar to that of the printed version.

N. CANRENA. _N._ edentula umbilicata, spira mucronata, labio reflexo bifido.

When Linnæus first described this shell, under the appellation of _N. musica_, he did not admit a single one of the cited figures as illustrative.

N. GLAUCINA. _N._ edentula convexa, umbilico simplici semiclauso gibboso dicolore.

None of the deceptive figures were at first referred to, but had been added at subsequent period; and that of Rumphius again erased. _N. luteola_ was the intended name.

N. ALBUMEN. _N._ edentula subrotunda, umbilico teretinsculo.

The present heading agrees with the subsequent details, which could not be affirmed of the printed one borrowed from the 'Systema.' The MS., in some degree, clears up the extraordinary confusion in which the Linnean species was enveloped. There were two _N. albumens_ in the written copy. The shell here described (assuredly not the lobed _albumen_ of the 'Systema') was originally termed _hepatica_ or _luteola_ (for both had been erased). The true _albumen_ was described as "edentula subrotunda, umbilico subcordato labri interioris lobo explanato" and the only figure referred to was "Rumph. t. 22. f. B." "Klein 13. Platystoma vitellum compressum" was also mentioned. This description was suppressed, and the other species retained, with the erroneous designation, and the faulty synonymy, attached. Nor was this the only change. In order to include the _Natica vitellus_ of authors ("Rumph. t. 22. f. A. Valvata lævis prima s. vitellus" had been quoted by our author) the "aut lutea", "aut maculis albis", had been added to the earlier description: so, likewise, had been "Apertura rotundata, semicordata", and "glabrum, planiusculum, nitidum." I suspect, then, that whilst the ideal of the _albumen_ of the 'Systema' was any hemispherical or flattened _Natica_ with a labial lobe (such as _Nat. albumen_, _didyma_, _olla_, _&c._), the _albumen_ of the 'Museum', as printed, was composed of _Natica rufa_ ("Rumph. 22. f. D." was quoted in the MS.) and _vitellus_ (for A, not B, of Rumphius was the letter indicated in the MS.).

N. MAMMILLA. The entire account of this common shell was added in the Linnean handwriting. The inappropriate "aut lutea" was not at first present.

N. CORONA. _N._ edentula, simplici spira spinosa.

"Pet. Amb. t. 3. f. 4.", a mere copy of the Rumphian figure, was also quoted. The 19 in the reference to d'Argenville was a misprint for the written 10. _N. spinosa_ was the intended designation.

N. RADULA. _N._ edentula sulcata, tuberculis æqualibus.

The valvata granulata of Rumphius (t. 22. f. M.) was referred to at illustrative.

N. CORNEA. _N._ edentula, obsolete striata.

N. BIDENS. _N._

"Obsoletis" followed "duobus": the name had been written subsequent to the description.

N. VIRGINEA. _N._ subedentula ovata lævis.

"Dentibus pluribus minutissimis" preceded "oris"; "Pet. Gaz. t. 11. f. 3" was in the place of the delusive figure of d'Argenville: the variety d was a subsequent addition.

N. POLITA. _N._ lævis, labiis dentatis.

The 1 in the synonym of Rumphius was a misprint for the written I.

N. PELERONTA. _N._ striata, labiis dentatis, interiore planiusculo rugoso.

The erroneous synonym was added, along with the name peleronta, to the written details: _N. rufa_ was the original appellation.

N. ALBICILLA. _N._ striata, labiis subdentatis, interiore tuberculato.

N. HISTRIO. _N._ sulcata, transversim striata, labio interiore dentato.

The name, and the synonym, were added by Linnæus to the written details.

N. PLICATA. _N._ sulcata, labiis profunde dentatis, interiore rotundato, exteriore utrinque dentibus acutis conicis.

The variety alluded to was a subsequent addition. The details of the 'Museum' had been quoted, in anticipation, for this species.

N. GROSSA. _N._ sulcata labiis dentatis, interiore convexo rugoso.

N. CHAMÆLEON. _N._ sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore rugoso tuberculato.

"Habitat in Banda", and "compositis" after "subtilissimis", are the unprinted additions.

N. UNDATA. _N._ sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore rugoso, tuberculato.

The erroneous figure of Gualtieri was not cited when the description was drawn up, but added to the details, along with "confluentibus. Spira acuta prominens", when the present name was substituted for the earlier _nebulata_.

N. EXUVIA. _N._ sulcata, labiis dentatis, interiore denticulato.

HALIOTIS.

Testa univalvis, patens, convexa. Spira obsoleta, lateralis. Foramina lateralia pervia.

H. MIDÆ. _H._ subrotunda, utrinque nitida.

_Humana_ was the intended specific appellation.

H. TUBERCULATA. _H._ subovata, rugis transversis tuberculatis.

The reference to Lister was an emendation.

H. STRIATA. _H._ ovata, transversim rugosa, longitudinaliter striata.

No name was attached to either this or any member of the genus, except the first.

H. VARIA. _H._ ovata, striis longitudinalibus, majoribus tuberculatis.

H. MARMORATA. _H._ ovata, striis longitudinalibus, transversis obsoletis.

H. ASININA. _H._ oblonga, extra foramina angulata, striis elevatis.

H. PARVA. _H._ ovata, angulo inter foramina et spiram.

All the headings in this genus are similar to those in the 'Systema'.

PATELLA.

Testa conica, convexa. Spira regularis nulla vera.

The limits of this genus were precisely those of the printed edition.

P. EQUESTRIS. _P._ ungue fornicali nutante.

P. NERITOIDEA. _P._ integra ovata, apice subspirali, labio laterali.

"Supra" preceded "convexa", and the "fere" was before "apice".

P. CHINENSIS. _P._ conica latior lævis, labio interno laterali.

This was an addition to the original catalogue.

P. PORCELLANA. _P._ basi interne labiata, pone mucronato-subspiralis.

P. CREPIDULA was not mentioned in the manuscript.

P. SACCHARINA. _P._ margine sinuato, carinata, costis 7.

"Pet, Amb. t. 3. f. 3", and "Klein 117. t. 8. f. 4", were additional synonyms: both are in the 'Systema.'

P. BARBARA. _P._ dentata, costis 19 elevatis.

P. GRANULARIS. _P._ margine dentato, striis elevatis mucronibus imbricatis.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not in the original.

P. GRANATINA. _P._ margine angulato, striis 11 lævibus.

"Interius" was the earlier reading of "subtus".

P. TUBERCULATA. _P._ dentata conica tuberculata, postice sima.

_Sima_ was the earlier name in the MS., but was erased by Linnæus.

P. LUTEA. _P._ integerrima striata, vertice mucronato inflexo.

P. UNGUIS. _P._ ovali-oblonga, apice emarginata, mucrone dorsali carinato.

_Unguiformis_ was the intended appellation.

P. TESTUDINARIA. _P._ ovata glaberrima integerrima.

P. RUSTICA. _P._ integra, striis 50 obtusiusculis.

P. FUSCA. _P._ ovata integerrima, striis elevatis, vertice obtuso.

The intended name was _cinereo-nigricans_.

P. CRUCIATA. _P._ ovalis convexa integerrima, cruce picta.

P. RETICULATA. _P._ conica compressa, superficie reticulata.

The suggestion I have elsewhere made that this uncertain shell might prove the European _Pedicularia_, induces me to remark that, although _P. Sicula_ has been supposed to be a comparatively modern discovery, Favanne had long ago delineated it in the fourth plate (f. H. 1.) of his enlarged edition of d'Argenville.

P. NIMBOSA. _P._ conica ovalis, costis confertis, vertice perforato.

The discrepancy between the heading borrowed from the 'Systema', and the after details, is removed by the substitution of the original one. The shell was termed _perforata_ (not _nimbosa_), and was wrongly identified by Linnæus with the striated brown _Fissurella_ of the 'Systema'.

* * * * *

In addition to the printed species, the two following were present in the manuscript copy.

P. SOLARIS. _P._ ovata integerrima, striis subnodosis, vertice acutiusculo.

Testa ovata, diaphana, magnitudine extimi articuli digiti, margine integerrimo, lævis, striis subtilissimis inæqualibus numerosissimis, fasciis longitudinalibus rubris albo passim maculatis. Mucro acutiusculus obliquus albidus.

This was placed in the section having a simple margin.

P. PERFOLIATA. _P._ conica, reclinata, perfoliata.

Testa magnitudine coryli nucis, conica, sed cono retro inclinato, acutissima, alba, imbricata lamellis horizontaliter testam cingentibus. Margo integer, ovalis, antrorsum gibbus s. dilatatus. Cavitas profunde glabra.

This description very fairly suits the _Patella antiquata_ of the twelfth edition of the 'Systema'.

DENTALIUM.

Testa univalvis, subcylindrica, utrinque aperta. Spira regularis nulla.

Although the _Serpulæ_ were intermingled, it is clear that they did not accord with the above definition.

D. ELEPHANTINUM. _D._ subulatum subarcuatum, angulatum.

The synonymy of the tenth edition was appended, Lister excepted; the erroneous 13 of the reference to the Gazophylaceum was erased. _Dens elephantis_ was the proposed trivial name.