Chapter M: VULSELLA. Sol. oblongus, linguæformis, cardine terminali dilatato

semiorbiculato.

"Pinna linguaformis subfalcata" was written after the reference to the 'Museum Tessinianum;' hence it seems that Linnæus did not himself consider that he had used the binomial method in that work, or he would have quoted it as _P. lingulata_.

"Rumph. 148. t. 46. f. A," and "Gualt. t. 90. f. H," were the unpublished synonyms.

SOLEN.

Testa valvulis utrinque hiantibus. Cardo dente unico inflexo recurvo.

The _Mya lutraria_, _M. vulsella_, and _Pholas crispatus_ were originally included in this genus.

S. VAGINA. _S._ linearis rectus, cardinibus unidentatis.

"Habitat in Indiæ littoribus arenosis: in mari Rubro (_Hasselquist_)" was the recorded locality in the MS., where the European shell delineated by Gualtieri was not then included: "Klein, 163. t. 11. f. 65" (a copy from the cited figure of Rumphius) was its substitute.

S. SILIQUA. _S._ linearis rectus, cardine altero bidentato.

The wretched drawings of Argenville were not quoted; but "Bonan. 2. f. 56" (error for 57), "Plane. t. 3. f. 6," and "List. Ang. 192. t. 5. f. 37," were cited instead.

S. ENSIS. _S._ linearis subarcuatus, cardine altero bidentato.

The final remark was not in the MS.

S. CULTELLUS. _S._ ovali-oblongus curvatus.

"Habitat in Amboinæ littoribus arenosis" is an addition of the MS. The intended name (derived from Rumphius) was _cultriformis_.

S. RADIATUS. _S._ ovalis, cardinis costa tereti.

"Habitat in littoribus arenosis Xulii(?) Amboinæ" is an addition to the published account. The intended specific name was _violaceus_, an appellation bestowed upon it by Rumphius: "_solida_" was an emendation.

S. STRIGILATUS. _S._ ovalis, oblique striatus.

"Bonan. 2. f. 76" (error for 77) was an unpublished synonym.

S. ANATINUS. _S._ ovatus membranaceus, costa falcata.

_Rostrum anatis_ was the intended name.

TELLINA.

Testa altero latere inflexa. Cardo dentibus aliquot, raro lateralibus.

T. GARGADIA. _T._ antice rugosa, rima dentata.

The absurd "marginis posticum latus remotum" was a misprint for (dens) "marginis posticus, latus, remotus."

T. LINGUA-FELIS. _T._ subovata scabra.

"Klein, t. 11. f. 62" (cited in the 'Systema'), and "d'Arg. t. 25. f.G" (the description of which suits better than the drawing) are the additions of the MS.: "sesquilatiore" was the printed emendation of "latiore."

T. VIRGATA. _T._ ovata, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus lateralibus.

The erroneous reference to d'Argenville was not present: "Klein, 158. Tellina virgata Rumphii" had been added by Linnæus. A very large portion of the printed account is wanting in the MS., to wit--"æquales. Intus radiis obsolete incarnatis picta." "Labris rugosis et scabris," "hymene tectis. Anus est rima concava," "primores," "transversi cum cavitate pro oppositis dentibus," "longitudinalem." The "retrorsum" was originally "sursum"; "dextrum" was "sinistram"; "Tertius dens" was "Altera testa."

T. GARI. _T._ ovalis, striis transversis retrorsum imbricatis, dentibus lateralibus nullis.

The G in the reference to Rumphius, and the F in the reference to d'Argenville were misprints for D and I, and were so published in the 'Systema:' the "primoribus" was an emendation.

T. ALBIDA. _T._ ovalis, lævis, nymphis prominulis. "Primores" was an emendation. The species was unnamed.

T. FOLIACEA. _T._ antice scabra, rima serrata.

The Rumphian name "folium" was the intended appellation: "Klein, 162. t. 11. f. 64" was cited, as in the 'Systema': "aciatum" was the reading for the printed "acutum."

T. PLANATA. _T._ ovata plana, transversim striata, marginibus acutis.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri (whose figure C looks more like the species than his G) is not to be found in the manuscript. The species was not named.

T. LÆVIGATA. _T._ ovata lævis, nymphis intractis.

The figure of _T. chloroleuca_ in Rumphius was not quoted, neither was the hence-derived appellation attached: the "radiato" and "primoribus" were also subsequent additions.

T. RADIATA. _T._ ovali-oblonga, longitudinaliter substriata, sutura postica canaliculata. "Obsoletis" and "primores" were subsequent emendations.

T. ROSTRATA. _T._ oblonga, antice angulato-rostrata.

The _T. rostrata_ of the final edition of the 'Systema' was assuredly the _T. Spengleri_, and with that shell solely will the printed account in the 'Museum Ulricæ' accord. But the five earlier lines of the description (save "et albus"), and the detailed dentition (except "fossula distinctus"), with the varieties _a_, _b_, _g_, and the same synonyms as in the tenth edition of the 'Systema,' appear in the MS. with the name _T. petasunculus_ attached. Whether designedly or not, there was a pictorial definition of _T. vulsella_ in the earlier 'Systema;' and if an author be not allowed to amend his description, _T. vulsella_ is better entitled than _T. Spengleri_ to the name _rostrata_. "Margo exterior parum repandum est" was written in the MS.

T. REMIES. _T._ rugosa, suborbiculata.

The expressions "hians," "primores," "remoti," and the last five words of the details were absent; "utrinque" followed "duo": "non" in place of "vix" was the earlier reading.

T. SCOBINATA. _T._ scabra orbiculata.

"Primores," and "in altera testa profunda fossula distinctus," were not in the copy.

CARDIUM.

Cardo dentibus baseos binis, marginis solitariis remotis acutis. Valvulæ gibbæ, hinc figura cordis.

BUCARDIUM was the epithet applied in the written copy to the members of this genus, to which the _Solen bullatus_ of the 'Systema' was correctly referred. _Mactra_ had not then been separated.

C. COSTATUM. _Buc._ sulcis costis elevatis membranaceis.

The original description has been somewhat enlarged in the press, by the addition of "brevissimis," "et extrorsum flexis," "fossula distinctus; at vero ille sub anno quasi duplex"; "minus vero ad latera sulcata," moreover, was simply "ad alterum latus": the only expression omitted in printing was "reflexus," which followed "Anus margine."

C. CARDISSA. _Buc._ compressum, valvis carinatis, natibus contiguis.

"Colum. Aqu. 19. t. 16" (cited also in the 'Systema') was quoted in the MS. from which the "vix," "subcontigui," "remotus, validus, fossula distinctus," were absent. The "Rima" was termed "subrotunda" instead of "cordata."

C. HEMICARDIUM. _Buc._ subquadrilaterum: valvulis carinatis, umbonibus distantibus.

"Fasciis" was a misprint for the original "facies": "sulcis convexis" was written "sulcis excavato-rugosis." There was no specific appellation.

C. MEDIUM. _Buc._ subcordatum subangulatum; valvulis angulatis sulcatis lævibus.

The prefatory remarks were the only portion of the printed description to be found in the MS. The species was not named, but was quoted in the 'Systema' before the publication of its details.

C. ACULEATUM (misprinted "muricatum"). _Buc._ subcordatum, sulcis convexis, linea cava exaratis, versus apicem dentatis.

The intended name was _verum_.

C. ECHINATUM. _Buc._ subcordatum, sulcis acutis exaratis linea elevata ciliata aculeis inflexis plurimis.

"List. Ang. 188. t. 5. f. 33, Pectunculus echinatus," "Bonan. 2. t. 90," "Gesu. Aq. 131, 132," "Faun. Suec. 1339," "Rondel. Aq. 22," were the original synonyms, to which our author had subsequently added "Klein, 139. t. 10. f. 40." "Alba" followed "gibba"; "parum antrorsum inflexis" was the reading for the printed "erectis subulatis"; "extrorsum" for the "uti extus": "brevioribus. Anus lævis, sutura simplici prominula," "recurvi," "fossula distinctus," were emendations.

C. TUBERCULATUM. _Buc._ subcordatum, sulcis obtusis nodosis transversim striatis.

"Gualt. t. 71. f. M." was a correct additional synonym.

C. ISOCARDIA. _Buc._ cordatum, sulcis imbricatis squamis fornicatis.

"Klein, 138. isocardia fragum" had been interpolated by Linnæus; hence the name, which was not in the original. The "fossula distincti" has replaced the earlier "validi."

C. FRAGUM. _Buc._ subcordatum subangulatum, sulcis notatis semicirculis elevatis.

By the addition of "mala" to the erroneously cited figure of Gualtieri, our author has virtually repudiated it. "Spinosæ" followed "Pruni;" the fallacious "s. rubris" was not present, nor "sæpe" either; "anteriore" stood in the place of "postico," and "postico" in that of "antico." The descriptions of the "rima" and "anus" have been added: "recurvati" and "fossula distincti" were amplifications.

C. UNEDO. _Buc._ subcordatum, sulcis lunulis coloratis.

C. MURICATUM. _Buc._ subrotundum sulcatum, lateribus muricatis.

C. MAGNUM. _Buc._ oblongum, sulcis angulatis latere serratis.

I had hoped to have found the 19 a misprint, but the MS. and the printed copy agree precisely in every particular.

C. FLAVUM. _Buc._ subovatum sulcatum, latere altero scabrum, altero dentatum.

The redundant "subovata" was not in the copy, where the remark was made that the species resembled the shell subsequently termed _Chama cor_, the figure of which (Gualt. t. 71. f. E.) had been cited, but erased in the MS. The ideal hence derived is a very different shell from the one supposed identical. No mention is made of lateral teeth: was it then a veritable _Cardium_?

C. LÆVIGATUM. _Buc._ ovatum, striis læviusculis longitudinalibus.

I do not consider this (the _B. striatum_ of the MS.) to be identical with the _C. lævigatum_ of the 'Systema.'

C. SERRATUM. _Buc._ ovale læve, antice serratum.

"Ovata" stood in the place of the printed "obovata": "curvatus" and "parvi" were subsequent to the MS.

C. TRISTE. _Buc._ ovatum læve, rima anoque obsolete striatis.

The 'Museum' was referred to for this shell previously to the publication of the details. Curious to relate, the species was wholly omitted in the twelfth edition of the 'Systema.' It was, in all probability, a _Mactra_, which genus had not been constituted at the period when the description of _C. triste_ was issued.

C. PECTINATUM. _Buc._ subcordatum, striis hinc longitudinalibus, illine transversalibus.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the written copy.

* * * * *

Mention was made in the 'Systema' of a _Solen bullatus_, for a more detailed account of which the reader was referred to the 'Museum Ulricæ.' No such species appeared in the published edition; but the omitted shell (a veritable _Cardium_) was thus described in the unprinted version:--

BUC. BULLATUM. _B._ subrotundum, antice crenato-hians.

Rump. 143. t. 44. f. N. Pecten bullatus.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, gibba, fragilis, pellucida, substriata, rufo nebulosa, antice hians, margine serrato. Umbones tumidi, obtusi, reflexi. Rima minima brevissima. Ani regio obsoleta. Dens cardinis fere unicus, minimus. Marginales solitarii, remoti, compressi, majores.

DONAX.

TRUNCULUS was the proposed name of this genus, which was thus characterized:--

Testa compressa, antice obtusissima, retusa. Cardinis dentibus 2, marginis unicus.

D. SCORTUM was wisely omitted.

D. PUBESCENS. _Trun._ antice spinis ciliatus.

D. RUGOSA. _Trun._ antice rugosus, marginibus crenatis.

The printed "cuneiformis" has replaced the earlier "majuscula"; and "crenulatis" was originally "undulatis." "Intus subviolacea est" was not in the written copy.

D. TRUNCULUS. _Trun._ antice lævis, marginibus crenatis.

The reference to Klein was not in the original, but "d'Arg. t. 25. f. L." was quoted (as in the twelfth edition of the 'Systema'). The last seven words printed were not in the copy. The intended name was _gibbus_.

D. CUNEATA. _Trun._ cuneiformis, marginibus integerrimis.

The final remark was not in the copy, where "parva, ovata," preceded "cuneiformis." The then unpublished details were quoted in the 'Systema.'

D. SCRIPTA. _Trun._ ovatus lævis scriptus.

The erroneous citation of Gualtieri (a misprint for 88. f. Q.) was not in the copy, and, as the figure represents the _D. trunculus_ in the page opposite, I suspect was carelessly placed here by the printer, when our author had inserted it in his revised proof. I suspect this error often occurred, as for instance in _Tellina planata_ and _radiata_, where Gualtieri's figure (added during revision) was attached to the former instead of to the latter. "Margo interne crenulatus," and nearly the entire account of the teeth, were emendations.

D. MURICATA. _Trun._ ovatus, striis muricatis, margine denticulato.

"Postice solitarii" followed the final "utrinque": "primores" was an emendation.

VENUS.

This genus (as a whole) was not to be found in the manuscript System. Its components were distributed into three groups, two of which bore names that were subsequently allotted to forms very remote from those therein so designated.

CUNNUS. Testa subrotunda. Rima nymphis instructa. Dentes cardinis 4, lateralibus divaricatis versus latera. This contained the bulk of the _Veneres_, all except Nos. 63, 66, and those referred to _Pholas_ and _Chama_.

PHOLAS. Testa lenticularis. Rima fissa, destituta nymphis. Dentes cardinis 1 s. 2, marginalis tantum intra anum. _V. Pennsylvanica_, _incrustata_, _punctata_, _edentula_, _exoleta_, _scripta_, _pectinata_, _ziczac_ were its constituents.

CHAMA. Testa ovalis cum angulo. Cardo dentibus 4 confertis, quorum unus in singula valvula bifidus. In this were located _V. literata, rotundata, decussata_.

V. DIONE. _Cun._ cordatus, antice pubescenti-spinosus.

The same references to Petiver, Olearius, and Lister were present as in the 'Systema.' The final remark was an addition. The proposed name was _C. Veneris_.

V. MARICA. _Cun._ subcordatus, decussatim striatus, pube lamellosa.

V. DYSERA. _Cun._ testa subcordata, sulcis transversis reflexis, labiis concavis incumbentibus.

Neither "Huic rugæ, &c.," "lævis," nor the synonym of Lister were in the original.

V. CHIONE. _Cun._ subovatus, lævis.

The erroneous reference to d'Argenville was not inserted in the MS., from which "lanceolatis," likewise, was absent.

V. MACULATA. _Cun._ testa ovato-cordata lævis.

"Lanceolata" and "ovato-oblongus" have been additions. The observation that it was difficult to distinguish this shell (which was not named in the MS.) from the following, would mislead one, since the remark referred to two unpublished species, which it originally preceded.

V. MERETRIX. _Cun._ subcordatus glaber, labris gibbis, nymphis apice hiantibus.

_C. vulgatus_ was the name originally designed.

V. CASTRENSIS. Cun. suborbiculatus glaber, characteribus scriptus.

V. MEROE. _Cun._ sutura postica hians.

V. FIMBRIATA. _Cun._ subrotundus decussatus rugosus, longitudinaliter striatus.

D'Argenville was not referred to.

V. RETICULATA. _Cun._ subcordatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano cordato.

V. tigerina. Cun. suborbiculatus, striis crenatis decussatis, ano ovato.

The name was an error, having been derived from the "Lingua tigerina" of Rumphius (his figure G., not H.): _fuliginosus_ was the one originally intended.

V. PROSTRATA. _Pho._ orbiculata, transverse striata, labiis scabro-membranaceis.

The unpublished details had been previously referred to in the 'Systema.'

V. PENNSYLVANICA. _Pho._ glabra, rugosa, antice sulco longitudinali.

"Habitat in Pennsylvania," and "subdiaphana," were the unprinted additions. The "margo interne crenatus," "nates sub-recurvatæ," and "color intus versus marginem violaceus," were not in the copy. The last character (so utterly inappropriate to the features of _Lucina P._) was, I suspect, intended for _punctata_ on the page opposite.

V. INCRUSTATA. _Pho._ glaberrima lævissima, punctis excavata.

The details were referred to in the 'Systema' before their publication.

V. PUNCTATA. _Pho._ longitudinaliter sulcata.

The G in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written D, from which figure ("Chama pectinata") our author had proposed to borrow the specific name, but subsequently had preferred the published designation. "Klein, 147. Actinobolos æquilatera" has been added to the MS. by Linnæus.

V. EXOLETA. _Pho._ decussatim striata.

The original synonymy and details have been so transmuted in the press, that it is manifest that the amended (!) species was perfectly distinct from the shell originally designed. The name of the latter was _clathrata_, and the declared sculpture was not merely "transversim," but "et longitudinaliter" likewise (in place of "striis retrorsis"). The reference (added by Linnæus) was not to Gualtieri, but to Lister, 335, f. 172, and its copy in Klein (t. 10. f. 52), both which would have more appropriately been assigned to _V. reticulata_. The _V. exoleta_ having been previously defined in the 'Systema,' this confusion becomes of little importance.

V. ZICZAC. _Pho._ striis transversis membranaceis erectis.

The number which indicates the position of this species in the 'Museum' has been subsequently ('Syst.' ed. 12) referred to _V. cancellata_, yet, judging from the generic appellation (and consequent dentition), it could scarcely have been that well-known species. The "lentiformi" of the 'Systema' (ed. 10), where the name _ziczac_ first appeared, forbids the annexation; but, although the details of the 'Museum' were there referred to, the obnoxious word was not mentioned in that publication. The following are the printed emendations (?): "lævis, et quasi excisa," "compressa," "variat colore albissimo."

V. PECTINATA. _Pho._ sulcis longitudinalibus nodosis, antice antrorsum ramosa.

The additional synonym of "Gualt, D. 75, f. A." appears in the MS., where "quam reliquæ" follows "orbiculata," and in place of "In area antica" may be read "et a primo sulco." The details there terminate with the word "lanceolatum," "_Ramosa_" was the intended name.

V. SCRIPTA. _Pho._ striata, postice angulo recto circumscripta.

The incorrect figure of d'Argenville was not indicated.

V. EDENTULA. _Pho._ subgloboso-lenticulata rugosa edentula.

V. LITERATA. _Cha._ transversim striato-ovata.

The earlier reading of confertim was "profunde"; "striis crenulatis antice et postice," "lanceolata," and "tres s." were absent.

V. ROTUNDATA. _Cha._ transversim striata ovata absque angulo.

The printed additions are "varius in variis," "aut albis," "lanceolata," and the final remark. There was no name attached in the MS.