Chapter D: PLANORBE. D. spira plana, adhærens (4)

_Male._ Tawny, long, shining, minutely pubescent; head depressed above, with a silvery streak on each side of the face; antennæ reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, slightly and obliquely truncated at the tip, full four times the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; thorax with an irregular black stripe along each side, and with a black band adjoining the scutellum; metathorax and disc of the pectus black; abdomen linear, much longer and narrower than the thorax, with a black stripe beneath; legs long, minutely pubescent; wings long, vitreous, somewhat dilated, tawny and partly shaded with blackish along the costa; this costal stripe dilated towards the base, and emitting a fork towards the tip; two oblique brown and yellow stripes, which part from the hind border, are united on the præbrachial transverse vein, and there join the costal stripe, the exterior one very short; veins black; radial vein excessively contorted towards its tip; cubital vein straight till near its tip, where it is inclined hindward, and is slightly undulating; præbrachial vein very undulating exteriorly; subanal vein straight; discal transverse vein very oblique, nearly straight, parted by full one-fourth of its length from the border, and by full half its length from the præbrachial transverse, which is straight, upright, and unusually long. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

_Enicoptera flava_, Macq. (Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 3, 63), the type of this genus, inhabits Java, and is closely allied to _E. tortuosa_, and may be a local variety of the latter species, but differs from the character and figure. Macquart states that his description was taken from an apparently immature specimen.

191. _Enicoptera arcuosa_, n. s. _Mas._ Fulva, longa, nitens, pubescens, capite pallide luteo vitta lata biramosa fasciaque antica nigris, thoracis lineolis duabus maculisque duabus anterioribus pectorisque lituris duabus nigris, abdomine fusiformi, alis longis lutescentibus sat angustis apices versus fuscis postice cinereis, vitta discali albida, fascia exteriore alba antice furcata et arcuata.

_Male._ Tawny, long, shining, minutely pubescent; head pale luteous, with a broad black stripe which emits an oblique branch on each side to the eye, and with a black band by the epistoma; antennæ nearly reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, thrice the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; thorax with two short black lines, each with a black spot in front; pectus with a black mark on each side; abdomen fusiform, longer but hardly narrower than the thorax; legs long, hardly pubescent; wings long, rather narrow, somewhat luteous, brown towards the tips, grey along the hind border, with a short whitish discal stripe which terminates in a white band, the latter abbreviated hindward and forked in front, the exterior fork much curved and terminating behind the tip of the wing; veins tawny, black towards the tips; radial vein slightly undulating opposite the præbrachial transverse vein; the other veins straight; discal transverse vein slightly oblique, slightly curved outward, parted by full one-third of its length from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

192. ENICOPTERA? PLAGIFERA, n. s. _Foem._ Testacea, longiuscula, frontis puncto nigro, facie nigricante-cinerea, palpis nigro guttatis, antennis luteis, thoracis lineis tribus strigisque duabus exterioribus, metathorace pectorisque lituris nigris, abdomine fusiformi fasciis duabus basalibus nigris; alis vitreis longiusculis, strigis duabus basalibus fasciis duabus plagaque subapicali fuscis.

_Female._ Testaceous, rather long, not shining, with a few black bristles; head a little narrower than the thorax, with a black point on the front; face blackish grey; palpi with a black dot on each outer side; antennæ pale luteous, not reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd; arista bare; thorax with three black lines and with two short and more exterior black streaks; metathorax black, shining; pectus with some black marks on each side; abdomen fusiform, hardly longer than the thorax, with two black bands near the base; legs moderately long; wings vitreous, rather long, with two narrow brown bands, the interior band emitting two brown streaks to the base of the wing, the exterior band curved, continued along the costa to the tip of the radial vein, the space beyond it mostly occupied by an elliptical brown patch; veins black, straight; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more than half its length from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the oblique præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 4-1/2 lines; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. ORTALIS, _Fallen_.

The two following species belong to a new group of _Ortalis_, and will probably form a distinct genus.

193. ORTALIS DECATOMOIDES, n. s. _Mas._ Obscure rufa, thorace brevi, abdomine nigro, fusiformi, basi rufo, pedibus fulvis, femoribus posterioribus basi albidis, tibiis posticis nigris, alis subcinereis, macula apicali fasciisque duabus nigricantibus.

_Male._ Dull red; head rather large, a little broader than the thorax, blackish on each side of the face; antennæ wanting; thorax short; abdomen black, shining, fusiform, red at the base, a little narrower but hardly longer than the thorax; legs tawny; posterior femora whitish at the base; hind tibiæ black; wings slightly greyish, rather convex along the hind border, blackish at the tips, and with two blackish bands; first band rather oblique; veins black; præbrachial vein and cubital vein slightly curved and approximating towards the tip of the wing; discal transverse vein straight, upright, short, parted by much more than its length from the border, and by full twice its length from the præbrachial transverse, which is extremely short; Length of the body 1-1/4 line; of the wings 2-1/2 lines.

194. ORTALIS VACILLANS, n. s. _Foem._ Fulva, arista pubescente, abdomine nigro postice lanceolato, alis limpidis, costa striga basali fasciisque tribus nigricantibus.

Closely allied to _D. decatomoides_. _Female._ Tawny, shining; head full as broad as the thorax; epistoma slightly prominent; antennæ nearly reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, conical towards the tip, about four times the length of the 2nd; arista pubescent; abdomen black, a little longer than the thorax, lanceolate hindward; wings limpid, blackish along the costa, with a blackish streak, and with three slender blackish bands; 1st band short, oblique, abbreviated hindward by the end of the basal streak; 2nd curved, slightly abbreviated hindward; 3rd nearly straight, entire; discal transverse vein upright, nearly straight, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by much more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. TRYPETA, _Meigen_.

195. TRYPETA BASIFASCIA. _Foem._ Ferruginea, longiuscula, capite antennisque luteis, arista plumosa, metathorace nigro, pectoris disco nigricante, abdomine nigro basi fulvo, pedibus halteribusque fulvis, femoribus posterioribus nigricantibus, alis nigris albo notatis basi vitreis.

_Female._ Ferruginous, shining, rather long; head luteous, white about the eyes, narrower than the thorax; face rather long; sides of the peristoma slightly dilated; antennæ luteous, very short, not extending to half the length of the face; 3rd joint conical, much longer than the 2nd; arista plumose; metathorax black; disk of the pectus blackish; abdomen black, fusiform, tawny towards the base, a little longer than the thorax; legs and halteres tawny; posterior femora blackish; wings black, mostly vitreous towards the base, with two white spots on the costa, with two on the hind border, and with four or five transverse white dots on the disk; veins black, tawny at the base; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less than its length from the border, and by much more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

196. TRYPETA NIGRIFASCIA, n. s. _Mas._ Fulva, capite antennisque pallide luteis, arista plumosa, thoracis lineis duabus et fascia metathoraceque nigris, abdomine elliptico, alis vitreis latiusculis, vitta costali fulva vittaque postica fusca.

_Male._ Tawny, shining; head pale luteous, whitish on the face and about the eyes; antennæ pale luteous, not near reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint elongate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; thorax with an irregular black line on each side, and with a black band in front of the scutellum; metathorax black; abdomen elliptical, much shorter and a little narrower than the thorax; wings vitreous, rather broad, with a broad tawny stripe, which occupies the whole base and extends beyond the tip along the costa, where it contains some grey marks; a brown stripe near the hind border, abruptly angular exteriorly; veins tawny; discal transverse nearly straight and upright, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

197. TRYPETA LATIVENTRIS, n. s. _Mas._ Fusca, lata, depressa, capite, antennis, scutello abdomineque rufescentibus, arista subpubescente, abdomine vitta interrupta nigra, pedibus testaceis, femoribus nigricantibus postice cinereis, lituris costalibus et marginalibus vitreis.

_Male._ Brown, rather broad and flat; head reddish, a little narrower than the thorax, testaceous on the face and about the eyes; face quite flat; antennæ reddish, not near reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, more than twice the length of the 2nd; arista minutely pubescent; thorax with black bristles on each side; scutellum and abdomen dark reddish, the latter broader and not longer than the thorax, with a black stripe which is interrupted on the hind border of each segment; legs testaceous; femora blackish, testaceous towards the tips; wings blackish, rather broad, cinereous along the basal part of the hind border, with two small vitreous marks towards the tip of the costa, and with three vitreous marks hindward, the middle one much larger than the other two; veins black; discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by a little less than half its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the præbrachial transverse; alulæ and halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3-1/2 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

198. TRYPETA STELLIPENNIS, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Ferruginea, capite antennisque pallide luteis, arista plumosa, metathorace nigricante, abdomine fusiformi, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis nigricantibus latiusculis, guttis marginalibus punctisque discalibus albis.

_Male and Female._ Ferruginous, paler beneath; head pale luteous, not so broad as the thorax; epistoma not prominent; antennæ pale luteous, not near reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, full twice the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; metathorax blackish; abdomen fusiform, narrower and a little longer than the thorax; oviduct of the female cylindric-lanceolate; legs and halteres testaceous; wings blackish, rather broad, white at the tips, with white marginal dots and with white discal points; veins black; discal transverse vein upright, nearly straight, parted by a little more than one-fourth of its length from the border, and by about its length from the præbrachial transverse, which is rather long. Length of the body 2-1/2-3-1/2 lines; of the wings 5-6 lines.

199. TRYPETA AMPLIPENNIS, n. s. _Foem._ Cinerea, capite antennis pedibus halteribusque fulvis, arista nuda, abdomine nigro fusiformi basi fulvo apicem versus lanceolato, alis nigris latissimis albo guttatis.

_Female._ Cinereous, dull; head tawny, whitish about the eyes; face flat; antennæ tawny, very short, not extending beyond half the length of the face; 3rd joint conical, a little longer than the 2nd; arista bare; abdomen fusiform, black, shining, tawny towards the base, lanceolate towards the tip, a little narrower and much longer than the thorax; legs and halteres tawny; wings black, very broad, with a white apical spot, with some white marginal and discal dots, and with two larger white transverse costal marks; veins black, tawny at the base; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about half its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

200. TRYPETA APPROXIMANS, n. s. _Foem._ Nigra, nitens, capite rufescente, facie cinerea, abdomine elliptico apicem versus lanceolato, pedibus fulvis, femoribus nigris, alis nigricantibus albo maculatis.

_Female._ Black, shining; head reddish; face cinereous; abdomen elliptical, lanceolate towards the tip, much longer than the thorax; legs tawny; femora black; wings blackish, with two white triangular spots on the costa, with three white dots on the disk, with three white streaks on the hind border, and with two white subapical streaks; veins black; discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by much less than its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 1-1/4 line; of the wings 2-1/2 lines.

Gen. SOPHIRA, _Walk._

201. SOPHIRA BISTRIGA, n. s. _Foem._ Fulva, capite luteo, arista plumosa, thorace pectoreque nigro maculatis, metathorace vittis duabus nigris, abdomine fusiformi maculis lateralibus nigris oviductu lanceolato, alis nigricantibus albo bifasciatis basi fulvis.

_Female._ Tawny, shining; head luteous, hardly as broad as the thorax, white about the eyes; antennæ tawny, not near reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint elongate-conical, more than twice the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; thorax with four large black spots; metathorax with two black stripes; pectus with two elongated black spots on each side; abdomen fusiform, with a long lanceolate flat oviduct, much longer than the thorax; each segment with two large lateral black spots; wings blackish, tawny towards the base, with two white bands, the exterior band curved outward in front, and not extending to the costa; veins black, tawny towards the base; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by full one-fourth of its length from the border, and by very much more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 4-1/2 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. PALLOPTERA, _Fallen_.

202. PALLOPTERA DETRACTA, n. s. _Mas._ Testacea, capite apud oculos cinereo, arista subpubescente, abdomine guttis duabus lateralibus subapicalibus nigris, alis cinereis.

_Male._ Testaceous; head pale cinereous behind and about the eyes; antennæ short, tawny; arista very minutely pubescent; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax, with a black dot on each side of the subapical segment; wings grey; veins black, testaceous at the base; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by hardly half its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 2-1/2 lines; of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. DIOPSIDES, _Walk._

Gen. DIOPSIS, _Linn._

203. DIOPSIS SUBNOTATA, _Westw. Orient. Ent._ pl. 18. f. 2. Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

204. DIOPSIS DETRAHENS, n. s. _Foem._ Nigra, capite ex parte ferrugineo, oculorum petiolis breviusculis, abdomine subtus lurido, coxis femoribusque fulvis, his apice nigris, alis nigricantibus macula subcostali alba.

_Female._ Black; head partly ferruginous; petioles of the eyes each equal in length to the space between them; abdomen lurid beneath; coxæ and femora tawny, the latter with black tips; wings blackish, with a white subcostal spot towards the tip; veins black; halteres piceous. Length of the body 2-1/2 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Subfam. SEPSIDES, _Walk._

Gen. CALOBATA, _Fabr._

205. CALOBATA RESOLUTA, n. s. _Mas._ Nigra, abdomine lineari longo, segmentis albido marginatis, pedibus longissimis, femoribus posterioribus testaceo trifasciatis, femoribus anticis basi coxisque anticis testaceis, tarsis anticis albis, alis cinereis apices versus obscurioribus fascia subapicali albida.

_Male._ Black, slightly shining; pectus with an oblique cinereous band on each side; abdomen linear, pale beneath, much narrower than the thorax, and nearly twice its length, hind borders of the segments whitish; legs black, very long; posterior femora with three testaceous bands; fore femora at the base, and fore coxæ, testaceous; fore tarsi white; wings dark grey, blackish grey on each side of a whitish subapical band; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about half its length from the border, and by more than four times its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres piceous. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

206. CALOBATA IMPINGENS, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Obscure cyanea, antennis rufis abdomine subtus ferrugineo segmentis albo marginatis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus tibiisque anticis nigris, illis basi fulvis, femoribus posterioribus nigro trifasciatis, tibiis tarsisque posterioribus obscure fulvis, tarsis anticis albis basi nigris, alis cinereis fusco bifasciatis.

_Male and Female._ Dark blue; head white about the eyes; antennæ red; abdomen lanceolate, ferruginous beneath, narrower and very much longer than the thorax, hind borders of the segments white; legs tawny, very long; posterior coxæ and fore tibiæ black; posterior femora with three black bands; fore femora black, tawny towards the base; posterior tibiæ and posterior tarsi dark tawny; fore tarsi white, black at the base; wings grey, with two brown bands, the second apical; veins black; cubital vein and præbrachial vein converging to the tip of the wing; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by much less than its length from the border, and by more than thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse. _Var. β:_ Bands of the wings broader and more complete. Length of the body 4-5 lines; of the wings 7-8 lines.

This species is erroneously recorded as _C. indica_ in Vol. III. p. 124.

207. CALOBATA BIFASCIATA, n. s. _Foem._ Nigra, longissima, gracillima, capite litura transversa albida, arista breviuscula basi robusta, abdominis dimidio antico subclavato fasciis duabus cinereis, dimidio postico lanceolato, femoribus posticis basi albidis apice rufescentibus, tarsis anticis albis apice nigris, alis cinereis nigricante bifasciatis.

_Female._ Black, very long and slender; head with a whitish transverse mark in front of the face, which is very short; 3rd joint of the antennæ elongate-conical, more than twice the length of the 2nd; arista rather short, stout towards the base; thorax attenuated in front; abdomen more than twice the length of the thorax, broadest in the middle, subclavate to half its length, lanceolate from thence to the tip, two cinereous bands on the basal half; legs long; hind femora whitish at the base, reddish at the tips; fore tarsi white, with black tips; wings grey, slightly blackish at the tips, and with two blackish bands, the second broader and more complete than the first; veins black; cubital vein and præbrachial vein slightly converging towards the tip of the wing; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by less than its length from the border, and by more than thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. CARDIACEPHALA, _Macq._

208. CARDIACEPHALA VARIPES, n. s. _Mas._ Testacea, gracillima, capite subelongato, antennis pallide rufis basi nigris, thorace antico attenuato, abdomine lineari apicem versus tumido, femoribus intermediis subincrassatis, tibiis intermediis nigris, tarsis intermediis albis apice nigris, alis pallide fuscescentibus, basi fasciaque cinerascentibus.

MALE. Testaceous, very slender; head somewhat elongated; antennæ pale red, black at the base; thorax long, attenuated in front; abdomen linear, tumid towards the tip, narrower and much longer than the thorax; legs very long; fore legs much shorter and more slender than the others; middle femora slightly incrassated, except towards the tips; middle tibiæ black; middle tarsi white, with black tips; wings pale brownish, greyish towards the base and with a greyish band beyond the discal transverse vein; veins black, testaceous towards the base; cubital vein and præbrachial vein slightly converging towards the tip of the wing; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and by about thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 3-1/2 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. SEPSIS, _Fallen_.

209. SEPSIS TESTACEA, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Testacea aut fulva, antennis pallide rufis, abdomine subpubescente, alis cinerascentibus, costa basali nigra. _Var. β._ Abdomine piceo basi fulvo.

_Male and Female._ Testaceous or tawny, slightly setose; antennæ pale red, 3rd joint conical, about twice the length of the 2nd; abdomen slightly pubescent; wings greyish, black along the costa towards the base; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by a little more than its length from the border, and by more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. _Var. β:_ Abdomen piceous, tawny towards the base. Length of the body 2-3 lines; of the wings 3-4 lines.

210. SEPSIS FRONTALIS, n. s. _Mas._ Nigra, capite antico, antennis, pedibus anticis femoribusque posterioribus basi testaceis, alis vitreis. _Foem._ Fulva, abdomine nigro.

_Male._ Black, shining; head in front and antennæ testaceous; fore legs testaceous; posterior femora testaceous towards the base; wings vitreous; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by twice its length from the border, and from the præbrachial transverse. _Female._ Tawny; abdomen black. Length of the body 1 line; of the wings 2 lines.

211. SEPSIS FASCIPES, n. s. _Foem._ Nigra, subnitens, antennis pallide rufis, abdomine fusiformi postice attenuato, pedibus albis, tibiis intermediis femoribusque nigris, tibiis posticis basi apiceque nigris, alis cinereis macula apicali nigra.

_Female._ Black, slightly shining; antennæ pale red, very short, 3rd joint conical; abdomen fusiform, lanceolate and much attenuated towards the tip, much longer than the thorax; legs white; femora and middle tibiæ black; hind tibiæ black at the base and at the tips; wings grey, with a black spot at the tip of the costa; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by its length from the border, and by full twice its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 3/4 line; of the wings 3 lines.

212. SEPSIS REVOCANS, n. s. _Foem._ Cupreo-nigra, antennis nigris, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis subcinerascentibus basi nigricantibus.

_Female._ Cupreous-black, shining; antennæ black, very short; legs testaceous; wings slightly greyish, blackish at the base of the costa; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more than twice its length from the border, and by less than twice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 1-1/2 line; of the wings 2 lines.

Subfam. PSILIDES, _Walk._

Gen. MICROPEZA, _Macq._

213. Micropeza fragilis, _Walk._ See Vol. I. p. 37.

Gen. COENURGIA, n. g.

_Mas._ Corpus gracile. _Caput_ elongatum, antice conicum. _Antennæ_ porrectæ; articulus 3^{us} lanceolatus; arista apicalis, sat robusta. _Thorax_ linearis. _Abdomen_ fusiforme, thorace vix angustius, non longius. _Pedes_ longi; femora lata, compressa; tarsi antici articulo 1° dilatato fusiformi. _Alæ_ breviusculæ, sat angustæ.

Allied to _Nerius_. _Male._ Body slender. Head elongate, conical in front, as broad as the thorax. Antennæ porrect; 1st and 2nd joints short; 3rd lanceolate; arista rather stout, apical, larger than all the preceding joints. Thorax linear. Abdomen fusiform, hardly narrower and not longer than the thorax. Legs long, femora broad, compressed; fore tarsi with the first joint dilated, fusiform. Wings rather short and narrow.

214. COENURGIA REMIPES, n. s. _Mas._ Fulva, capite guttis tribus nigris, antennis basi nigris, arista alba, thorace maculis duabus nigris, pedibus nigris, coxis femoribusque luteis apice nigris, alis flavo-cinereis, halteribus apice nigris.

_Male._ Tawny; head with a black spot on the vertex, and with two black dots on each side, one in front, the other behind; antennæ black towards the base; arista white; thorax with a black spot on each side in front; legs black; coxæ and femora luteous, with black tips; wings grey, tinged with yellow; veins black; cubital vein and præbrachial vein converging towards the tip of the wing; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by less than its length from the border, and by more than twice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres with black knobs. Length of the body 3-1/2 lines; of the wings 5-1/2 lines.

Gen. NERIUS, _Wied._

215. Nerius fuscipennis, _Macq._ See Vol. I. p. 38.

Gen. SERACA, n. g.

_Foem. Corpus_ longiusculum. _Caput_ transversum, thorace vix angustius. Antennæ breves, articulo 3° conico, arista plumosa. _Thorax_ ellipticus. _Abdomen_ ellipticum. _Pedes_ mediocres. _Alæ_ longiusculæ, latiusculæ.

_Female._ Body rather long. Head transverse, nearly as broad as the thorax; epistoma not prominent. Antennæ short, not near reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint conical, much longer than the 2nd; arista plumose. Thorax and abdomen elliptical, about equal in length. Legs moderately long and slender. Wings rather long and broad.

216. SERACA SIGNIFERA, n. s. _Foem._ Fulva, thorace vittis quatuor metathorace vittis duabus abdomine maculis lateralibus nigris, alis obscure fuscis albo quinquesignatis apud costam nigricantibus basi flavis.

_Female._ Tawny, shining; head testaceous about the eyes; thorax with four black stripes, the outer pair incomplete; metathorax with two black stripes; abdomen with a row of black spots along each side; wings dark brown, blackish along the costa, yellow at the base, with five lanceolate white marks, two of these resting on the costa, the third between them near the hind border, the fourth exterior, discal, slender, oblique, the fifth on the hind border near the tip; veins black, tawny at the base; discal transverse vein curved outward, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border, and by much more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 4 lines; of the wings 8 lines.

217. SERACA SIGNATA, n. s. _Foem._ Testacea, longiuscula, epistomate guttis duabus nigris, arista plumosa, abdomine postice attenuato maculis duabus lateralibus subapicalibus, alis cincrascentibus, costa exteriore nigricante.

_Female._ Testaceous, shining, rather long; head nearly as broad as the thorax, with a black dot on each side of the epistoma; antennæ short, 3rd joint elongate-conical, arista plumose; thorax elliptical; abdomen attenuated hindward, longer than the thorax, with a black spot on each side of the 5th segment; wings greyish, blackish along the apical half of the costa; veins testaceous, black towards the tips; discal transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border, and by hardly more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 3-1/2 lines; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. PSILA, _Meigen_.

218. PSILA BIPUNCTIFERA, n. s. _Foem._ Testacea, facie nigro bipunctata, antennarum articulo 3° longiconico, arista pubescente, abdomine guttis duabus apicalibus nigris, alis pallide cinereis flavo suffusis.

_Female._ Testaceous; head somewhat pilose beneath, with a black point on each side of the face; 3rd joint of the antennæ elongate-conical, about twice the length of the 2nd; arista pubescent; thorax elongate, somewhat flat above; abdomen fusiform, a little longer than the thorax; 5th segment with a black dot on each side; wings pale cinereous, tinged with yellow; veins yellow; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by hardly more than one-fourth of its length from the border, and by more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

219. PSILA MUNDA, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Nigra, nitens, facie testacea nigro notata, antennis testaceis basi nigris, arista plumosa, thorace subcinerascente, scutello obscure testaceo, pedibus testaceis, alis cinereis apud costam nigricantibus, halteribus albidis.

_Male and Female._ Black, shining; head testaceous, blackish above; disk of the face black, shining; antennæ short, testaceous, black at the base; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, about twice the length of the 2nd; arista plumose; thorax linear, with slight cinereous tomentum; scutellum dull testaceous; abdomen fusiform, a little longer than the thorax; legs testaceous; wings grey, blackish along the costa towards the tips; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about half its length from the border, and by nearly thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres whitish. Length of the body 2-1/2-3 lines; of the wings 4-5 lines.

Gen. TEXARA, _Walk._

220. TEXARA DIOCTRIOIDES, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Nigra, longa, gracilis, capite nigro-cyaneo, thorace vittis quatuor cinereis, segmentorum abdominalium lateribus albo marginatis, pedibus fulvo fasciatis, alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

_Male and Female._ Black, long, slender; head bluish-black, white about the eyes in front; antennæ of the male piceous, of the female tawny, 3rd joint round, arista minutely pubescent; thorax with four cinereous stripes; abdomen about twice the length of the thorax, cylindrical towards the base, subclavate in the male and elongate-fusiform in the female hindward; hind borders of the segments white on each side; fore femora, hind tibiæ and hind tarsi tawny at the base; middle legs and hind femora tawny, the latter with a broad black band; fore tibiæ white, black at the base; wings grey; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and by almost four times its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4-4-1/2 lines; of the wings 6-7 lines.

Gen. GOBRYA, n. g.

_Mas. Corpus_ gracillimum. _Caput_ thorace multo latius; frons sat angusta; facies plana. _Oculi_ magni. _Antennæ_ brevissimæ; articulus 3^{us} conicus; arista pubescens. _Thorax_ sat parvus. _Abdomen_ cylindricum, gracillimum, apice clavatum, thorace duplo longius. _Pedes_ graciles; anteriores breves; postici longiusculi. _Alæ_ perangustæ.

_Male._ Body very slender. Head much broader than the thorax; front rather narrow; face vertical, flat; eyes large, prominent. Antennæ very short; 3rd joint conical, longer than the 2nd; arista pubescent. Thorax rather small. Abdomen clavate, about twice the length of the thorax, cylindrical and very slender till near its tip. Legs slender; anterior legs short; hind legs rather long. Wings very narrow; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more than its length from the border, and by more than four times its length from the præbrachial transverse.

221. GOBRYA BACCHOIDES, n. s. _Mas._ Cyanea, nitens, antennis pedibusque pallide flavis, abdomine nigro fasciis duabus flavis, femoribus posterioribus tibiisque posticis nigris, tarsis posticis basi nigris, alis vix cinerascentibus, halteribus flavis apice nigris.

_Male._ Blue, shining; proboscis, antennæ, and legs pale yellow; abdomen black, with two pale yellow bands, the hind one very slender; posterior femora and hind tibiæ black, the former pale yellow at both ends; middle tibiæ and tarsi wanting; hind tarsi black towards the base; wings hardly greyish, apical third part brown; veins black; halteres pale yellow, with black knobs. Length of the body 2-3/4 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Subfam. OSCINIDES, _Haliday_.

Gen. OSCINIS, _Fabr._

222. OSCINIS FEMORATA, n. s. _Mas._ Atra, nitens, capite nigro-cyaneo, femoribus anterioribus basi, tibiis anterioribus apice, tarsis halteribusque flavis, femoribus posticis incrassatis, alis cinerascentibus.

_Male._ Deep black, shining; head bluish-black; abdomen conical, shorter than the thorax; legs black; anterior femora at the base, anterior tibiæ at the tips, and tarsi yellow; hind femora incrassated; wings greyish; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more than its length from the border, and by much more than its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres yellow. Length of the body 1-1/4 line; of the wings 2 lines.

Gen. PIOPHILA, _Fallen_.

223. PIOPHILA CONTECTA, n. s. _Foem._ Nigra, nitens, oviductu lanceolato, pedibus halteribusque fulvis, pedibus anticis nigris, femoribus basi fulvis, alis cinereis.

_Female._ Black, shining; oviduct prominent, lanceolate; legs and halteres tawny; fore legs black; coxæ, femora at the base and knees tawny; wings grey; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and by more than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. OPOMYZA, _Fallen_.

224. OPOMYZA NIGRIFINIS, n. s. _Foem._ Cinerea, capite antennisque pallide rufis, arista plumosa, thorace bilineato, pectore halteribusque albis, abdomine fulvo lanceolato apicem versus nigro, pedibus fulvis, alis nigris albo guttatis.

_Female._ Cinereous; head pale red, white beneath; antennæ pale red, very short, 3rd joint nearly round, arista plumose; thorax with two indistinct darker lines; pectus and halteres white; abdomen lanceolate, tawny, shining, black towards the tip; legs tawny; wings black, rather narrow, with about ten white dots, of which two are larger than the others, and form a broken and almost interrupted band near the base; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about half its length from the border; no præbrachial transverse vein. Length of the body 1-1/4-1-1/2 lines; of the wings 2-1/2-3 lines. ε

Gen. DROSOPHILA, _Fallen_.

225. DROSOPHILA SOLENNIS, n. s. _Mas._ Testacea, facie carinata, thorace vittis quatuor fulvis, abdomine fasciis abbreviatis nigricantibus, alis cinereis.

_Male._ Testaceous; face keeled; antennæ wanting; thorax with four tawny stripes; abdomen elliptical, a little longer than the thorax, with blackish abbreviated bands; wings grey; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by hardly less than its length from the border, and by about thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 1-1/2 line; of the wings 3 lines.

226. DROSOPHILA RUDIS, n. s. _Mas._ Fulva, facie albida, abdomine nigro nitente basi fulvo, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis cinereis apud costam obscurioribus maculis quatuor nigricantibus.

_Male._ Tawny, testaceous beneath; face whitish; antennæ wanting; abdomen elongate-oval, black, shining, tawny at the base, not longer than the thorax; legs and halteres testaceous; wings grey, darker along the costa, with four blackish spots, first spot subcostal, larger than the second which is discal, third apical, band between the second and third spots irregular, attenuated hindward; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by nearly its length from the border, and by nearly twice its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 3-1/2 lines.

227. DROSOPHILA ILLATA, n. s. _Foem._ Fulva, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus pedibusque testaceis, alis cinereis.

_Female._ Tawny; antennæ very short, 3rd joint conical, arista thinly plumose; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the segments and legs testaceous; wings grey; veins black, tawny at the base; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about its length from the border, and by nearly four times its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 1-1/4 line; of the wings 2-1/2 lines.

228. DROSOPHILA LURIDA, n. s. _Mas._ Atra, capite piceo, arista plumosa, abdomine lurido subpubescente, pedibus obscure fulvis, alis lurido-cinereis, punctis marginalibus nigris, vena transversa præbrachiali nigro nebulosa.

_Male._ Deep black; head piceous; antennæ short, 3rd joint elongate-conical, arista thinly plumose; pectus piceous; abdomen oval, lurid red, minutely pubescent, not longer than the thorax; legs dull tawny; wings lurid grey, blackish at the base, with black points at the tips of the longitudinal veins; veins yellowish; discal transverse vein straight, upright, with a black point at each end, parted by less than its length from the border, and by about twice its length from the præbrachial transverse, which is clouded with black. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

229. DROSOPHILA LATERALIS, n. s. _Mas._ Fulva, subtus testacea, abdomine maculis lateralibus nigris, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis cinereis.

_Male._ Tawny, testaceous beneath; antennæ short, 3rd joint conical, arista plumose; abdomen not longer than the thorax, with black spots along each side; legs and halteres testaceous; wings grey; veins black. Length of the body 1-1/2 line; of the wings 3 lines.

Gen. DISCOMYZA, _Meigen_.

230. DISCOMYZA OBSCURATA, n. s. _Foem._ Cinereo-nigra, capite abdomineque nigris nitentibus, antennis obscure rufis, arista plumosa, pectoris lateribus albido conspersis, alis cinereis fascia informi maculaque apicali nigricantibus, halteribus albis.

_Female._ Cinereous black; head black, shining; antennæ short, dark red, 3rd joint conical, longer than the 2nd, arista thinly plumose; sides of the pectus with minute whitish speckles; abdomen elliptical, flat, black, shining, longer than the thorax; legs black; wings grey, with an irregular blackish band which does not extend to the hind border, and with a blackish apical spot; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by much less than its length from the border, and by very much more than its length from the præbrachial transverse, which is clouded with black; halteres white. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 3 lines.

Gen. NOMBA, n. g.

_Mas et Foem. Corpus_ latum, crassum. _Frons_ lata. _Antennæ_ brevissimæ; articulus 3^{us} subrotundus; arista subpubescens. _Thorax_ subpubescens, quasi coriaceus; scutellum parvum; metathorax maximus, abdomen alasque incumbentes obtegens. _Pedes_ breves, robusti; femora subincrassata; tibiæ arcuatæ. _Alæ_ parvæ.

_Male and Female._ Body broad, thick, compact. Head almost as broad as the thorax; front broad, narrower than the epistoma; face vertical. Antennæ very short; third joint nearly round; arista very minutely pubescent. Thorax solid, apparently horny, very minutely pubescent; scutellum small; metathorax elliptical, enormously developed, covering the whole abdomen, sheltering the wings when in repose. Legs short, stout; femora slightly incrassated; tibiæ curved. Wings concealed beneath the metathorax.

231. _Nomba tecta_, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Nigra, obscura, antennis piceis, tarsis flavis apice nigris, alis cinereis.

_Male and Female._ Black, dull; antennæ piceous; tarsi yellow, with black tips; wings grey; veins black. Length of the body 1-1/2-1-3/4 line; of the wings 2-1/2-3 lines.

Subfam. HYDROMYZIDES, _Haliday_.

Gen. NOTIPHILA, _Fallen_.

232. NOTIPHILA LINEOSA, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Fusca, obscura, capite apud oculos linea frontali et epistomate albidis, arista plumosa, thorace lineis sex albidis abdomine nigro segmentorum marginibus fulvis, pedibus nigris, tibiis anticis genubus tarsis halteribusque fulvis, alis cinereis.

_Male and Female._ Brown, dull; head whitish about the eyes, and with a whitish line on the front; epistoma whitish; antennæ not near reaching the epistoma, 3rd joint elongate, arista thinly plumose; thorax with six whitish lines, the lateral pair incomplete; abdomen black, not longer than the thorax, hind borders of the segments tawny; legs black, tarsi, knees, posterior tibiæ at the tips, and fore tibiæ tawny; wings grey; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by more than its length from the border, and by full thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres tawny. Length of the body 1-3/4-2 lines; of the wings 3-1/2-4 lines.

The two following species belong to the group of which _N. Cinerea_ is the type.

233. NOTIPHILA QUADRIFASCIA, n. s. _Foem._ Fusca, subtus cinerea, capite antico amplo, facie convexa, antennis nigris, arista plumosa, metathorace abdominisque maculis duabus basalibus fasciisque quatuor albidis, genubus tarsisque rufescentibus, alis cinereis puncto costali nigro, halteribus testaceis.

_Female._ Brown, cinereous beneath; head large and somewhat tumid in front and beneath; face cinereous, convex; antennæ black, very small, 3rd joint conical, arista plumose; metathorax whitish; abdomen with a whitish spot on each side at the base, and with four whitish bands, of which the 3rd and 4th are interrupted; legs cinereous black, knees and tarsi reddish; wings grey, with a black costal point at the tip of the subcostal vein; veins black; discal transverse vein oblique, nearly straight, parted by less than half its length _from_ the border, and by nearly thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2-1/2 lines; of the wings _4_ lines.

234. NOTIPHILA flavilinea, n. s. _Mas et Foem._ Piceo-nigra, capite apud oculos testaceo, antennis rufescentibus, arista plumosa, abdominis segmentis flavo marginatis, alis cinereis apud costam subluridis, halteribus testaceis.

_Male and Female._ Piceous brown; head rather paler, testaceous about the eyes; antennæ reddish, very short, 3rd joint conical, arista plumose; abdomen oval, not longer than the thorax; hind borders of the segments yellow; wings grey, with a slight lurid tinge along the costa; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the border, and by a little more than twice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2-1/2 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. EPHYDRA. _Fallen_.

235. EPHYDRA BORBOROIDES, n. s. _Foem._ Nigra, lata, crassa, pubescens, subsetosa, antennis piceis, arista pubescente, tibiis tarsisque flavo fasciatis, alis nigricantibus latiusculis cinerascente sexguttatis.

_Female._ Black, broad, thick, somewhat pubescent and with a few bristles; antennæ piceous, short, 3rd joint round, arista pubescent; abdomen broader than the thorax; legs rather setose, tibiæ and tarsi with yellow bands; wings blackish, rather broad, with about six greyish dots on each; veins black; posterior longitudinal veins abbreviated; discal transverse vein parted by more than twice its length from the border, and by less than its length from the præbrachial transverse. Length of the body 1-1/2 line; of the wings 3 lines.

236. EPHYDRA MACULICORNIS, n. s. _Mas._ Cinereo-nigra, capite antennisque rufis, his puncto nigro, arista nuda, abdomine nigro nitente, tarsis testaceis, alis cinereis apud costam pubescentibus.

_Male._ Cinereous black; head red in front and about the eyes; antennæ red, 3rd joint round with a black point above; arista short, simple; abdomen oval, black, shining, not longer than the thorax; tarsi testaceous; wings grey, minutely pubescent along the border; veins black; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by more than twice its length from the border and from the præbrachial transverse; halteres piceous. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. OCHTHERA, _Latr._

237. OCHTHERA INNOTATA, n. s. _Foem._ Cinereo-nigra, capite antico flavescenti-albo, pectore pedibusque cinereis, abdomine cyanescenti-nigro, alis cinereis, halteribus albidis.

_Female._ Cinereous black; head yellowish white in front, silvery white hindward; pectus and legs cinereous; abdomen bluish black; wings grey; veins black; pobrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at its junction with the discal transverse vein, the latter very oblique, parted by little more than half its length from the border, and by nearly thrice its length from the præbrachial transverse; halteres whitish. Length of the body 2-1/2 lines; of the wings 4-1/2 lines.

Fam. PHORIDÆ, _Haliday_.

Gen. PHORA, _Latr._

238. PHORA BIFASCIATA, n. s. _Foem._ Atra, subtus flavescenti-alba, antennis fulvis, abdomine lanceolato, fasciis duabus apice pedibus halteribusque flavescenti-albis, pedibus posticis nigris basi flavescenti-albis, tarsis intermediis nigricantibus, alis cinereis.

_Female._ Deep black, yellowish white beneath; antennæ tawny; abdomen lanceolate, much longer than the thorax; sides elevated, a broad basal yellowish white band, and a narrower one beyond the middle, tip also yellowish white; anterior legs and halteres yellowish white, middle tarsi blackish, hind femora with the basal half yellowish white; wings cinereous, veins black, pale at the base; costal vein ending at a little beyond half the length of the wing; radial cubital, præbrachial, and pobrachial veins parallel and equally distinct. Length of the body 2-2-1/2 lines; of the wings 5-6 lines.

* * * * *

On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago. By ALFRED R. WALLACE, Esq. Communicated by CHARLES DARWIN, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S.

[Read Nov. 3rd, 1859.]

In Mr. Sclater's paper on the Geographical Distribution of Birds, read before the Linnean Society, and published in the 'Proceedings' for February 1858, he has pointed out that the western islands of the Archipelago belong to the Indian, and the eastern to the Australian region of Ornithology. My researches in these countries lead me to believe that the same division will hold good in every branch of Zoology; and the object of my present communication is to mark out the precise limits of each region, and to call attention to some inferences of great general importance as regards the study of the laws of organic distribution.

The Australian and Indian regions of Zoology are very strongly contrasted. In one the Marsupial order constitutes the great mass of the mammalia,--in the other not a solitary marsupial animal exists. Marsupials of at least two genera (_Cuscus_ and _Belideus_) are found all over the Moluccas and in Celebes; but none have been detected in the adjacent islands of Java and Borneo. Of all the varied forms of _Quadrumana_, _Carnivora_, _Insectivora_ and _Ruminantia_ which abound in the western half of the Archipelago, the only genera found in the Moluccas are _Paradoxurus_ and _Cervus_. The _Sciuridæ_, so numerous in the western islands, are represented in Celebes by only two or three species, while not one is found further east. Birds furnish equally remarkable illustrations. The Australian region is the richest in the world in Parrots; the Asiatic is (of tropical regions) the poorest. Three entire families of the Psittacine order are peculiar to the former region, and two of them, the Cockatoos and the Lories, extend up to its extreme limits, without a solitary species passing into the Indian islands of the Archipelago. The genus _Paloeornis_ is, on the other hand, confined with equal strictness to the Indian region. In the Rasorial order, the _Phasianidæ_ are Indian, the _Megapodiidæ_ Australian; but in this case one species of each family just passes the limits into the adjacent region. The genus _Tropidorhynchus_, highly characteristic of the Australian region, and everywhere abundant as well in the Moluccas and New Guinea as in Australia, is quite unknown in Java and Borneo. On the other hand, the entire families of _Bucconidæ_, _Trogonidæ_ and _Phyllornithidæ_, and the genera _Pericrocotus_, _Picnonotus_, _Trichophorus_, _Ixos_, in fact, almost all the vast family of Thrushes and a host of other genera, cease abruptly at the eastern side of Borneo, Java, and Bali. All these groups are _common birds_ in the great Indian islands; they abound everywhere; they are the characteristic features of the ornithology; and it is most striking to a naturalist, on passing the narrow straits of Macassar and Lombock, suddenly to miss them entirely, together with the _Quadrumana_ and _Felidæ_, the _Insectivora_ and _Rodentia_, whose varied species people the forests of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

To define exactly the limits of the two regions where they are (geographically) most intimately connected, I may mention that during a few days' stay in the island of Bali I found birds of the genera _Copsychus_, _Megalaima_, _Tiga_, _Ploceus_, and _Sturnopastor_, all characteristic of the Indian region and abundant in Malacca, Java, and Borneo; while on crossing over to Lombock, during three months collecting there, not one of them was ever seen; neither have they occurred in Celebes nor in any of the more eastern islands I have visited. Taking this in connexion with the fact of _Cacatua_, _Tropidorhynchus_, and _Megapodius_ having their western limit in Lombock, we may consider it established that the Strait of Lombock (only 15 miles wide) marks the limits and abruptly separates two of the great Zoological regions of the globe. The Philippine Islands are in some respects of doubtful location, resembling and differing from both regions. They are deficient in the varied Mammals of Borneo, but they contain no Marsupials. The Psittaci are scarce, as in the Indian region; the Lories are altogether absent, but there is one representative of the Cockatoos. Woodpeckers, Trogons, and the genera _Ixos_, _Copsychus_, and _Ploceus_ are highly characteristic of India. _Tanysiptera_ and _Megapodius_, again, are Australian forms, but these seem represented by only solitary species. The islands possess also a few peculiar genera. We must on the whole place the Philippine Islands in the Indian region, but with the remark that they are deficient in some of its most striking features. They possess several isolated forms of the Australian region, but by no means sufficient to constitute a real transition thereto.

Leaving the Philippines out of the question for the present, the western and eastern islands of the Archipelago, as here divided, belong to regions more distinct and contrasted than any other of the great zoological divisions of the globe. South America and Africa, separated by the Atlantic, do not differ so widely as Asia and Australia; Asia with its abundance and variety of large Mammals and no Marsupials, and Australia with scarcely anything but Marsupials; Asia with its gorgeous _Phasianidæ_, Australia with its dull-coloured _Megapodiidæ_; Asia the poorest tropical region in Parrots, Australia the richest; and all these striking characteristics are almost unimpaired at the very limits of their respective districts; so that in a few hours we may experience an amount of zoological difference which only weeks or even months of travel will give us in any other part of the world!

Moreover there is nothing in the aspect or physical character of the islands to lead us to expect such a difference; their physical and geological differences do not coincide with the zoological differences. There is a striking homogeneity in the TWO _halves_ of the Archipelago. The great volcanic chain runs through both parts; Borneo is the counterpart of New Guinea; the Philippines closely resemble the equally fertile and equally volcanic Moluccas; while in eastern Java begins to be felt the more arid climate of Timor and Australia. But these resemblances are accompanied by an extreme zoological diversity, the Asiatic and Australian regions finding in Borneo and New Guinea respectively their highest development.

But it may be said: "The separation between these two regions is not so absolute. There _is_ some transition. There _are_ species and genera common to the eastern and western islands." This is true, yet (in my opinion) proves no transition in the proper sense of the word; and the nature and amount of the resemblance only shows more strongly the absolute and original distinctness of the two divisions. The exception here clearly proves the rule.

Let us investigate these cases of supposed transition. In the western islands almost the only instance of a group peculiar to Australia and the eastern islands is the _Megapodius_ in North-west Borneo. Not one of the Australian forms of Mammalia passes the limits of the region. On the other hand, Quadrumana occur in Celebes, Batchian, Lombock, and perhaps Timor; Deer have reached Celebes, Timor, Buru, Ceram, and Gilolo, but not New Guinea; Pigs have extended to New Guinea, probably the true eastern limit of the genus _Sus_; Squirrels are found in Celebes, Lombock, and Sumbawa: among birds, _Gallus_ occurs in Celebes and Sumbawa, Woodpeckers reach Celebes, and Hornbills extend to the North-west of New Guinea. These cases of identity or resemblance in the animals of the two regions we may group into three classes; 1st, identical species; 2nd, closely allied or representative species; and 3rd, species of peculiar and isolated genera. The common Grey Monkey (_Macacus cynomolgus_) has reached Lombock, and perhaps Timor, but not Celebes. The Deer of the Moluccas seems to be a variety of the _Cervus rufus_ of Java and Borneo. The Jungle Cock of Celebes and Lombock is a Javanese species. _Hirundo javanica_, _Zosterops flavus_, _Halcyon collaris_, _Eurystomus gularis_, _Macropygia phasianella_, _Merops javanicus_, _Anthreptes lepida_, _Ptilonopus melanocephala_, and some other birds appear the same in the adjacent islands of the eastern and western divisions, and some of them range over the whole Archipelago. But after reading Lyell on the various modes of dispersion of animals, and looking at the proximity of the islands, we shall feel astonished, not at such an amount of interchange of species (most of which are birds of great powers of flight), but rather that in the course of ages a much greater and almost complete fusion has not taken place. Were the Atlantic gradually to narrow till only a strait of twenty miles separated Africa from South America, can we help believing that many birds and insects and some few mammals would soon be interchanged? But such interchange would be a fortuitous mixture of faunas essentially and absolutely dissimilar, not a natural and regular transition from one to the other. In like manner the cases of identical species in the eastern and western islands of the Archipelago are due to the gradual and accidental commingling of originally absolutely distinct faunas.

In our second class (representative species) we must place the Wild Pigs, which seem to be of distinct but closely allied species in each island; the Squirrels also of Celebes are of peculiar species, as are the Woodpeckers and Hornbills, and two Celebes birds of the Asiatic genera _Phænicophæus_ and _Acridotheres_. Now these and a few more of like character are closely allied to other species inhabiting Java, Borneo, or the Philippines. We have only therefore to suppose that the species of the western passed over to the eastern islands at so remote a period as on one side or the other to have become extinct, and to have been replaced by an allied form, and we shall have produced exactly the state of things now existing. Such extinction and such replacement we know has been continually going on. Such has been the regular course of nature for countless ages in every part of the earth of which we have geological records; and unless we _are_ prepared to show that the Indo-Australian Archipelago was an altogether exceptional region, such must have been the course of nature here also. If these islands have existed in their present form only during one of the later divisions of the Tertiary period, and if interchange of species at very rare and distant intervals has occurred, then the fact of some identical and other closely allied species is a necessary result, even if the two regions in question had been originally peopled by absolutely distinct creations of organic beings, and there had never been any closer connexion between them than _now_ exists. The occurrence of a limited number of representative species in the two divisions of the Archipelago does not therefore prove any true transition from one to the other.

The examples of our third class--of peculiar genera having little or no affinity with those of the adjacent islands--are almost entirely confined to Celebes, and render that island a district _per se_, in the highest degree interesting. _Cynopithecus_, a genus of Baboons, the extraordinary Babirusa and the singular ruminant _Ansa depressicornis_ have nothing in common with Asiatic mammals, but seem more allied to those of Africa. A quadrumanous animal of the same genus (perhaps identical) occurs in the little island of Batchian, which forms the extreme eastern limit of the highest order of mammalia. An allied species is also said to exist in the Philippines. Now this occurrence of quadrumana in the Australian region proves nothing whatever as regards a transition to the western islands, which, among their numerous monkeys and apes, have nothing at all resembling them. The species of Celebes and Batchian have the high superorbital ridge, the long nasal bone, the dog-like figure, the minute erect tail, the predaceous habits and the fearless disposition of the true Baboons, and find their allies nowhere nearer than in tropical Africa. The _Anoa_ seems also to point towards the same region, so rich in varied forms of Antelopes.