Chapter C: CORDIFORMIS. Buc. subrotundum læve, umbonibus recurvatis

The brief description in the 'Systema' had evidently been copied in the manuscript by our author himself, who cited Gualt. t. 71. f. E. as the sole synonym. The specimen had apparently been added to the collection, subsequently to the drawing up of the first catalogue.

ARCA.

Testa crassa, umbonibus distantibus intus fornicatis. Cardo planus, masticatus dentibus numerosis minimis æqualibus transversis.

A. TORTUOSA. _A._ oblonga obliqua, valvula altera oblique carinata.

"Nates, &c." and "Cardo, &c." were the printed additions to the earlier description. The 'Systema' synonyms of Klein (t. 8. f. 16) and Bonanni (2. f. 128) were present in the manuscript.

A. NOÆ. _A._ oblonga angulata hians.

This manuscript furnishes us with the additional synonyms of

"Aldrov. 3. p. 513." and "Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 257. Musculus Matthioli," besides the previously published references to Lister (368. n. 208) and Bonanni (2. t. 32). The formation of the hinge was not, however, indicated, and the passage commencing with "Nates" has been enlarged from "Umbones remotissimæ, area interjecta concava, ad angulum rectum striata. Margo exterior in medio hians, apertura barbata."

The intended specific epithet was _A. Noemi_.

A. ANTIQUATA. _A._ testa oblique cordata, transversim sulcata, antice angulo compresso, rima intra rhombum transversim striata.

The admixture of two species (at the least) in the published edition resulted from the amalgamation of two earlier descriptions. To the above diagnosis belonged the printed details with the following important changes. In place of "extus striata longitudinaliter sulcis crenatis," the reading was simply "intus striata longitudinaliter," and in lieu of "interjecto spatio rhombeo plano," merely "rima patens."

The proposed name for this shell, from a supposition of its identity with the _Pecten virgineus_ of Rumphius, was _A. virginea_. The other species which Linnæus referred to the same numerals of the 'Systema' was not named, but was thus characterized:--

A. (Sys. n. 144). _A._ cordata, sulcis nodosis, rima decussatim striata.

List. Hist. ... Pecten polyleptoginglymus, &c.

Gualt. t. 87. f. C.

Testa reliquis magis gibba, albido-flavescens, sulcis xxx obtusis, transversim nodosis: nodis transversis, obtusissimis, imbricatis. Intus albida. Margo dentibus xxx argutiusculis. Rima sulco rhombeo circumscripta, disco decussatim vix manifeste striato. Umbones distantes ad neutrum latus flexi.

A. SENILIS. _A._ oblique cordata, octosulcata, lævis, antice hians, rima obtusangule striata.

Lister (without numerals!) was referred to in illustration; the early unimproved account of the beaks and ligamental area ran as follows: "Umbones distantes, oblique incurvati. Rima hians striata transversim ad angulos acutos": "et profunde immersis" was an addition.

A. GRANOSA. _A._ subcordata, sulcis muricatis, rima obtusangule striata, utrinque angulum formante.

The name was evidently borrowed from Rumphius, whose _Pecten granosus_ ("143. t. 44. f. K.") was referred to in the manuscript, though neither quoted in the printed copy nor in the 'Systema' (ed. x.). "Bonan. 2. n. 73," and Lister (without numerals) were also cited.

A. DECUSSATA. _A._ lenticularis, decussatim substriata, apicibus reflexis.

For a detailed account of this shell, to which no specific name was attached in the MS., the 'Museum Ulricæ' was referred to, previous to its publication.

A. PALLENS. _A._ lenticulari-subobliqua, decussatim striata, rima brevi.

This was the type referred to in the 'Systema.'

A. PECTUNCULUS. _A._ lenticularis sulcata, decussatim rugosa.

"Arg. t. 27. f. B," and Lister without numerals appended, were the unpublished synonyms. The expressions "leviter," "exteriore tenui; sulcata," "in arcum," were not parts of the original copy, which contained, however, the unprinted paragraph "latere interiore margine prominente notato." There was no specific name attached to either this or the next species.

A. GLYCIMERIS. _A._ lentiformis, transversim substriata, rima lævi.

The '_Chama glycimeris Bellonii_' of Lister (t. 247) was an unprinted synonym.

* * * * *

The following suppressed description of an unnamed Ark that was allied to, if it were not, _fusca_ or _barbata_, was found in the manuscript. The 'Museum' had been referred to in the synonymy of the latter in the 'Systema,' but the species was not mentioned in the published version.

_Arca_ ovalis, compressiuscula, apicibus subcontiguis.

Testa rudis, ferrugineo-fusca, longitudinaliter striata, striis quasi ex punctis callosis concatenatis, alternis striis majoribus ovatis, parum obliqua, minus lateribus gibba, rotunda absque angulis. Margo æqualis, edentulus. Apices recurvi fere tangunt se invicem. Rima dentibus minutissimis, antice longius extensa, nec recta.

OSTREA.

The very natural genus _Pecten_ was separated from the unsymmetrical oysters, with the following definition:--

PECTEN. Testa subrotunda, altera planior, basis transversa, anguli transversi (auriculæ) ad basin. Cardo cavitas conica, striis utrinque 3 longitudinalibus obliquis.

The genus OSTREUM, enlarged by the addition of the true oysters confounded with the _Mytili_, the _Meleagrinæ_, _Aviculæ_, and the _Anomia placenta_, was thus characterized:--

O. MAXIMA. _Pec._ radiis 14 rotundatis longitudinaliter striatis.

In place of Gualtieri, "List. Ang. 184. t. 5. f. 29. Pecten maximus," and "Faun. Suec. 1343" were referred to: these synonyms had been added subsequently to the description.

O. JACOBÆA. _Pec._ radiis 14 angulatis, fornicis longitudinaliter striatis.

The cited drawing of Gualtieri was not mentioned.

O. ZICZAC. _Pec._ radiis 18 explanatis.

No specific name was attached to this, the preceding, and the next two species.

O. STRIATULA. _Pec._ radiis 16 obliteratis, transverse membranaceostriatis, margine integerrimo.

O. MINUTA. _Pec._ radiis 20 convexis.

O. PLEURONECTES. _Pec._ radiis 12 duplicatis, extus lævis.

O. OBLITERATA. _Pec._ radiis 24 duplicatis, extus lævis.

O. RADULA. _Pec._ radiis 6 convexis decussate striatis, margine crenato, auriculis æqualibus.

O. PLICA. _Pec._ radiis 16 convexis læviusculis, decussato-striatus.

No specific name was appended to either this, the next, or the two preceding species.

O. PALLIUM. _Pec._ radiis 12 convexis, striatus, scaber, squamis imbricatus.

This with the remainder of the _Pectens_ (as far as _flavicans_) formed a group characterized by "Auricula altera intus ciliato-spinosa."

O. NODOSA. _Pec._ radiis 9 nodoso-vesicularibus.

O. PES-FELIS. _Pec._ radiis 9, lævis, fornice squamis fornicatis.

The printed diagnosis, or heading, was evidently drawn up from a different shell.

O. PELLUCENS. _Pec._ radiis 9, lævis, fornice squamis cochleari-hemisphæricis.

No name was attached to this or the next shell.

O. SANGUINEA. _Pec._ radiis 22 scabris, semiauritus.

The reference was not to plate 74 (as printed) of Gualtieri, but to plate 73. "Purpureus nigro undatus" was written after the indicated colouring.

O. VARIA. _Pec._ radiis 30 scabris explanatis.

"Et omnia cadem" followed "sanguineæ"; "striis compressis echinatis" was not present; "color pallidior" was in the place of "concolor."

O. PUSIO. _Pec._ radiis 40 filiformibus.

O. GLABRA. _Pec._ radiis 10 lævibus planiusculis, internis striis elevatis duplicatis.

Gualtieri's rude drawing was not quoted.

O. OPERCULARIS. _Pec._ radiis 20 subrotundis, decussate striato-scaber, operculo convexiore.

O. GIBBA. _Pec._ radiis 20 glabris, gibbus.

Brown's drawing was not quoted.

O. FLAVICANS. _Pec._ radiis 8 striatis, margine altero rotundato.

As in the 'Systema,' the next two shells, along with this, formed a group distinguished as having the "Valvulis altero latere magis gibbis." No names had been appended to this, the three preceding, and the two following species.

O. FASCIATA. _Pec._ radiis 20, auriculis æqualibus exoletis.

The "gibba" of the borrowed diagnosis was not, it may be observed, in the original.

O. LIMA. _Pec._ radiis 22, imbricatis squamis, altero margine rotundato, auriculis obliteratis.

The "gibba" of the borrowed heading was not in the original diagnosis. The final remark was likewise absent.

O. ISOGNOMON. The entire account of this species was added to the copy in the Linnean handwriting. "Klein, 128. t. 8. f. 15. Isognomon" and "Cardo ut ephippo" had been omitted in printing.

O. MALLEUS. _O._ trilobum.

"Transverso ad marginem" was a subsequent addition.

O. FOLIUM. _O._ ovatum, lateribus obtuse plicatum.

Klein's copy (t. 8. f. 22.) of the indicated figure in Rumphius was cited, in the handwriting of Linnæus: the "cavitate conica" was an emendation.

O. EDULE. _O._ subrotundum semiorbiculatum, valvula altera plana integerrima.

There was no semicolon after "opaca," but a comma after "latiore." The original sole synonym was the omitted one of "Gualt t. 102. f. B."

O. SEMIAURITUM. _O._ semiauritum ovatum læve, basi obliqua.

Linnæus himself had added this species to the earlier catalogue.

O. EPHIPPIUM. _O._ submembranaceum curvum, cardine octosulcato.

In addition to the published _Ostreæ_, the following description of the shell subsequently termed _O. perna_ (Syst. ed. 12.) was found in the manuscript:--

_O._ rugosum, inæquale, tumidiusculum, cardine octocrenato.

Testa perniformis, obovata, substantia ligni antiqui, tumidiuscula, superficie obsolete rugosa, inæquali interne livida. Cardo transversus, margine inflexo, notatus crenis obtusis circiter 8.

ANOMIA.

The single species here mentioned was comprehended in _Ostreum_.

A. PLACENTA. _O._ orbiculatum planum pellucidum.

Reference was made, by a long periphrasis, to plates 225, 226 of Lister's 'Historiæ'; Seba was not quoted: "intra discum testæ adnatis" was absent.

MYTILUS.

Testa opaca, læviuscula. Cardo nullis dentibus instructus, sed fossula obliqua intra marginem.

This definition very properly excluded the oysters which had been erroneously inserted in this genus. Only the _Mytili_ and _Modiolæ_ of Lamarck were left as members; for _margaritiferus_ and _hirundo_ were transferred to _Ostreum_!!

M. FRONS. _Ost._ acutum plicatum, labio altero scabro.

M. CRISTA-GALLI. _Ost._ acutum, plicatum, labio utroque scabro.

The reading of the MS. was not "secundum marginem insculptus," but "secundum marginem Mytilus."

M. HYOTIS. _Ost._ subacuto-plicatum imbricatum squamis compressis, labio utrinque glabro.

M. MARGARITIFERUS. _Ost._ semiauritum, imbricatum tunicis, basi transversum.

"Bonan. 2. f. 1." was the omitted synonym. The description of the hinge was not at first inserted.

M. UNGUIS. _M._ subrotundus, longitudinaliter striatus, pellucidus.

This ambiguous species was not named, but placed next to _Ostrea edulis_. I entertain but little doubt of its being a young _Perna_.

M. LITHOPHAGUS. _M._ cylindricus.

Neither Gualtieri nor d'Argenville was referred to, which confirms my idea that the species of the 'Museum' (termed _coriaceus_ in the manuscript) was not the Mediterranean _Lithodomus_.

M. BILOCULARIS. _M._ striatus, cardine fornicato.

M. EXUSTUS. _M._ striatus, dorso angulato.

M. EDULIS. _M._ lævis, subcurvatus, cardine terminali mutico.

The printed synonyms are additions. From the "crassa," and the "absque denticulo," it is by no means improbable that some large exotic species was intended. The proposed name was _niger_; and that word originally formed part of the heading, but had been erased by Linnæus.

M. UNGULATUS. _M._ læviusculus, valvis obliquis postice dilatatis, antice apice.

"Lineis" was "tunicis" in the original. I do not consider that the details of this species (the _M. rusticus_ of the MS.) pertain, even generically, to the _ungulatus_ of the 'Systema.'

The large _Mytilus_ represented by Gualtieri was not quoted: the reference, on the contrary, was to the two _Modiolæ_ depicted by Rumphius ("Rump. 151. t. 46. f. B. C.") and to their Kleinian names ("Klein, 127. Musculus acutus vulgaris, a. b."); and to that genus, rather than to _Mytilus_, does the account of the suture, and the final remark, apply.

M. MODIOLUS. _M._ lævis, cardine sublaterali, margine dorsali dilatato.

The erroneous, yet approximate, synonyms of Rumphius and Gualtieri (the 4 H's of whose engraving represent 4 different shells) were not quoted in the original. The species (for want of a good figure) was not clearly defined until the twelfth edition of the 'Systema.'

M. VIRIDIS. _M._ lævis membranaceus, cardine terminali.

M. RUBER. _M._ rugosus, valvulis obliquis, postice dilatatis, margine antico apicem æquante.

The preceding mussel spoken of was not _viridis_, but _ungulatus_. The reading was not "brevissimo, compresso," but "brevissime compresso."