Chapter C: A. Turrell, Introduction to Contemporary Spanish Dramatists, (4)

LEÓN. (_Acercándose a Cesáreo._) Sí lo eres. Valiente serías para matarme. Te falta valor para reconocer que eres injusto. (_Acércase María lentamente._)

ESCENA V

LEÓN, CESÁREO, MARÍA, DON RAFAEL, después el ALCALDE.

CESÁREO. (_Fija la vista en el suelo, fatigado._) Soy justiciero. 355

MARÍA. No puede ser justiciero el que antes no sabe ser justo.

CESÁREO. (_Aterrado por la voz y la presencia de María._) ¡María!

MARÍA. (_Serena y grave._) Hermano querido: ni las 360 acciones violentas ni las voces airadas valen conmigo. Con pocas palabras pondré yo fin a esta lucha, y haré que prevalezca sobre tu justicia egoísta y menguada, la verdadera justicia. ¿Decides matarle? Pues también a mí. 365

CESÁREO. (_Vacilante, turbado._) Matar... matar no.

MARÍA. ¿Decides el tormento curial, legal, o como quieras llamarlo? Pues aquí estoy para compartirlo. (_Aparece el Cura por la puerta del foro._)

ALCALDE. (_Entrando presuroso por el fondo._) Señor 370 don Cesáreo, el maldito Cura pretende ganarnos la partida.

CESÁREO. (_Alarmado._) ¿Qué hay?

LEÓN. (_Que ha hablado con don Rafael._) Nada, que cuando la razón quiere vencer, emplea los medios más 375 sencillos. Como es inquebrantable resolución de María compartir mi suerte...

DON RAFAEL. (_Vivamente, adelantándose._) Y como no es decoroso que, al partir hoy los señores Marqueses, permanezca en Agramante su hija... soltera... 380

CESÁREO. Yo he determinado que parta con nosotros.

DON RAFAEL. Espérese un poco... yo he determinado casarla.

CESÁREO. ¡Oh burla villana, desprecio de mi nombre, 385 de mi familia!

ALCALDE. (_Furioso._) Esto no puede ser. Yo mando que...

DON RAFAEL. Y yo desobedezco... No te canses en mandar cosa alguna. Aquí, señor Duque, aquí mismo 390 les caso.

CESÁREO. ¡Pero se atreve...!

DON RAFAEL. ¡Que si me atrevo! Van a verlo. (_Dirígese a la habitación del fondo; abre la puerta. Se ve que están improvisando una capilla. En la mesa del 395 fondo han puesto ya un paño de altar y el Santo Cristo. Continúan preparando y adornando el altar._)

ALCALDE. ¿Qué hacen ahí?

DON RAFAEL. Todo está bien dispuesto, y no faltará ningún requisito. 400

CESÁREO. (_Airado._) ¿Pero no sabe usted que incurre en responsabilidad?

DON RAFAEL. Firme en mi conciencia, yo afronto esa responsabilidad.

ALCALDE. Se le formará proceso... 405

CESÁREO. Le sentaremos la mano.

DON RAFAEL. Yo siento el pie sobre la cabeza del feudalismo... Cierto que no podré aplastarla; pero, por de pronto, hago rabiar al poderoso y le trastorno sus planes inicuos. 410

ALCALDE. Se incoará el expediente.

DON RAFAEL. Ello será inútil... y tonto, porque yo caso a estos jóvenes, y a ver, caballeros, quién es el guapo que los descasa.

MARÍA. Hermano mío, si la crueldad y el odio prevalecen 415 en ti, aquí nos tienes: somos dos almas para el sufrimiento.

CESÁREO. El odio no existe. Otro sentimiento me mueve ya. (_Volviéndose hacia el Alcalde._) Mi hermana ha muerto... Muerta la lloraremos... Vámonos. 420

DON RAFAEL. En nombre de Cristo, yo le incito a usted a la concordia, a la mansedumbre, al amor. (_Pausa._)

CESÁREO. (_Vacilando, se pasa la mano por los ojos._) Quisiera... (_Después de breve lucha interior._) No... 425 imposible... imposible. (_Para sí, consternado._) ¡Muerta Mariucha!... No puedo... no quiero verla... (_Sale precipitadamente; tras él el Alcalde._)

ESCENA ÚLTIMA

MARÍA, LEÓN, DON RAFAEL.

DON RAFAEL. (_Suspirando._) ¡Cómo ha de ser! (_Dirígese a la habitación del fondo; se quita la esclavina._) 430 ¿Está todo pronto? (_Se ve que han puesto los candeleros. Encienden las velas. Cirila pone sobre el altar búcaros con flores. Don Rafael les da prisa; sacan las ropas, capa, estola, y las colocan sobre un sillón._)

MARÍA. (_Afligida._) ¡Me lloran muerta! 435

LEÓN. (_Estrechándole las manos._) Los muertos son ellos, vida mía.

MARÍA. (_Con efusión._) Yo vivo, sí; yo estoy viva. Vivo en mi conciencia, vivo en mis deberes, en las obligaciones de mi casa, de nuestra casa. Yo estoy viva. En 440 mí rebosa la salud, estalla la alegría, y enciende el alma todas sus luces: la fe, la esperanza, el amor. Yo estoy viva. (_Fijándose en el ventanal, ve que pasan sus padres por el exterior._) ¡Ah, León... míralos... mis padres...! 445

LEÓN. Sí... Van hacia la estación.

MARÍA. (_Acercándose._) Véalos yo un instante. ¡Pobres padres míos! Van tristes, agobiados...

LEÓN. Como si asistieran a su propio entierro.

MARÍA. (_Con viva compasión._) Ya se alejan... 450 Cesáreo se une a ellos... les habla... les dice que he muerto. Mira, mira... lloran... ¡Pobrecitos de mi alma!

LEÓN. Lloran; pero siguen... Se van... Por vanas pompas abandonan los afectos más puros... 455

MARÍA. Aceleran el paso... Ya no les veo...

LEÓN. (_Enlazándola por la cintura, la retira del ventanal._) Son la generación que fue, que ya vivió y pasa.

MARÍA. ¡Qué tristeza despedir a los que se van para 460 siempre!

LEÓN. Consolémonos pensando en la eficacia de nuestro destino. Si una generación nos vuelve la espalda y desaparece, abramos nuestros brazos esperando a la que ha de venir. 465

MARÍA. Delante de nosotros hay mucha vida, afanes, alegrías...

LEÓN. El cuidado inmenso de las vidas presentes... de las vidas futuras... (_Aparece don Rafael en la puerta_ _del foro, dispuesto a revestirse; tras él, el sacristán le ofrece 470 la capa pluvial; el monaguillo le alarga la estola._)

DON RAFAEL. (_Les llama con cariñosa jovialidad._) ¡Juventud... aquí! (_María y León, lanzando una exclamación de júbilo, corren hacia él._)

NOTES

ACTO PRIMERO

4. =Displicente=; the adjective is used, as often, where in English an adverb is better employed.

33. =no lo son=; _lo_ acts as substitute for _poderosos_. It is invariable when the word referred to is an adjective or a noun in which the adjective sense predominates.

41. =se ven y se desean para=, _they would give their eye-teeth to_.

50. =Por Cirila=, _referring to Cirila_.

63-64. =no es uno saco de paja... De menos nos hizo Dios=, _I'm not so bad. Men were created out of clay._

66. =cualquiera me quitaba a mí esa niña=; there are two idiomatic uses in this phrase: 1. _cualquiera_ in an ironic sense = _nadie_ (a frequent use); 2. _quitaba_ = _quitaría_, a substitution of tense often found in the main clause of a contrary to fact, or less vivid future condition.

82. =Hase=; an enclitic object pronoun may be appended to the verb when it stands at the head of a sentence or phrase, and, less often, in other positions.

83. =no se me escapa=; compare the note above on _quitaba_. Here the desire for vivid expression has gone a step farther, and we have the present indicative replacing the perfect conditional.

137. =las de González=, _the González ladies_.

157. =a eso voy=, _I'm coming to that_.

241. =¡Qué paso lleva...!= _How fast he goes...!_

248. =no se dejará ahorcar por...=: _i.e._, he would not stick at putting up a million pesetas if they were needed to save him from the gallows.

250. =Hará=; future of probability: _I suppose he makes._

254. =a retro=; a legal term for a particular kind of conveyance, often used in Spain as a usurer's device, and best explained by an example. A house-owner wishes to raise money by giving a mortgage on his house. But if he is in straits, the lender may refuse to accept the mortgage as security, and demand a bill of sale of it, which contains a clause providing that the original owner may buy it back within a certain time (not over four years, unless more are stipulated in the deed, and never more than ten). This is called _venta con pacto de retro_, 'sale subject to redemption.' It saves the usurer the trouble of going to law to eject the borrower, and enables the former to charge enormous rates of interest under the guise of a sale. See Adolfo Posada, _El derecho usual_, p. 251.

259. =Será=; see note to _Hará_, line 250.

334-335. =¡Si está aquí, en el patio!= _Why, here she is, in the court!_ Observe the use of _si_, which has no connection with the word meaning 'yes'; this is the conjunction 'if,' and the main clause of the condition is not expressed. In the present case, it might be ¿_por qué buscarla_?

343. =En el segundo patio=; in Spain, large houses in the country are likely to have two _patios_, the first of which serves as the center of life for the owner's family, while the second, in the rear, and surrounded by the kitchen and servants' quarters, is the living room for the menials. In this case, the mansion has been converted into an apartment house, but the same distinction is preserved.

357. =¡Por cierto que pasé un susto...!= _I was surely startled!_ The _que_ after _cierto_ or _por cierto_ is often not to be translated.

358. =me da por verlo todo=; see Vocabulary under _dar_. When _todo_ is the object of a verb, it is usually, but not always, accompanied by the object pronoun _lo_.

366. =Si=; see note to lines 334-335.

404-405. =no sé si reírme=; supply _debo_ after _si_.

492. =el año de la Revolución de Septiembre=; _i.e._, 1868. The Revolution began on September 19, under the leadership of Generals Prim and Serrano, and Vice-Admiral Topete. It drove Queen Isabel II from the throne, and initiated a six-year period of violent change and innovation, which ended only with the accession of Isabel's son Alfonso XII, in December, 1874.

520. =La verdad... no quisiéramos...=, _The truth is--we would rather not!_

647. =se piense=; subjunctive in a time clause when the main verb is future.

662. =te encuentro bien=, _you are looking well_.

672. =Indicando=... It is worth observing that the stage directions are always to be taken as referring to the following speech, not the preceding.

680-681. =Con piedra blanca marco esta coincidencia felicísima=, _such a fortunate coincidence makes this a red-letter day for me_.

683-684. =cómo no se pueden=, _how impossible it is_.

717. =dependerá=; see note to _Hará_, line 250.

718. =salve=; although few grammars mention it, one of the uses of the present and imperfect subjunctive in an independent verb is when the verb is accompanied by some word meaning 'perhaps,' usually _quizás_ or _tal vez_. One can supply an expression of possibility and _que_, but the fact remains that this is just as good a case of a subjunctive in a main clause as is _Vaya usted con Dios_. The subjunctive is not _required_ with a 'perhaps' word, however; cf. _quizás desea_, line 773.

724. =Antes que nosotros está la cortesía=; _courtesy is to be considered before ourselves_.

773 =Quizás desea=; compare the note above on line 718. The use of the indicative implies less doubt in the mind of the speaker than the subjunctive.

851. =acabe de hundirse=, _be completely ruined. Acabar_ here has its original meaning, not its common idiomatic one.

908. =la verdad=, _to tell the truth_.

959. =Dice que no soy=, _he says I am not the one he knew_.

997. =Dios nos tenga de su mano=, _God sustain us_.

998. =vuelven de despedir=, _return from accompanying_.

ACTO SEGUNDO

STAGE DIRECTION. =al izquierdo=; supply _extremo_.

52. =tú te sientas=; the present indicative is here practically equivalent to an imperative.

70. =Me parece que voy bien=, _I think I am taking the right course_.

86. =la he hecho buena=; see Vocabulary under _hacer_. The feminine _la_ is used in a number of idioms in a true neuter sense; at least, no obvious noun can be supplied. Such idioms are: _habérselas con_ 'to deal with'; _me la pagarás_ 'you shall pay for it'; _pegársela_ 'to deceive'; _correrla_ 'to go on a spree,' etc.

194. =pasaría=; the conditional of probability, used for past time as the future is for present time. Translate, _you must have suffered_.

204. =Somonte=; an imaginary place-name, like _Socartes_, which in the novel _Marianela_ is applied to a similar mining region.

257. =Aquí de la expresión de usted=, etc., _Here comes in your phrase, which touches me very much._

288. =cosa alguna=; _alguno_ often replaces _ninguno_ as a negative indefinite adjective, especially when following a singular noun. Here the negative is contained in the privative prefix _in-_ of _incapaz_.

314. =alguna=; here used with a singular noun in a plural sense.

390. =considero muy bien las razones que usted me da=; can be interpreted in either of two ways: 1. as equal to _considero con mucha atención las razones_; 2. as equal to _considero muy buenas las razones_. The second way seems better to the editor.

400-403. =Aprovéchala;... vencerás=; León uses the familiar form of the verb, the _tú_ form, as he would not do if his words were intended to be heard by María.

432. =Después de vestida= = _después de estar vestida_, or _después de haberme vestido_.

449. =hago lo= [_mismo_] =que usted=.

465. =Vicenta=; there are numberless proofs in Galdós' writings that he does not stick to observed or possible happenings as a genuine realist should. Here, every woman will perceive the extreme unlikelihood that a tailor-made gown can be worn at once with success and without alteration by another woman than the one it was designed for.

480. =algún=; see note to line 314.

522-523. =porque María se quite=; when is _porque_ followed by the subjunctive?

607. =que no sea de los demás=, _let it not belong to others_.

617-620. =Es Dios que me dice=, etc.; this passage and many others show how mistaken are those who see in Galdós a bitter opponent of all revealed religion. In reality his blows have been directed only against intolerance.

655. =por malo=, _because you are bad_.

657. =todo el mundo= usually means _everybody_, but sometimes _the whole world_.

ACTO TERCERO

26. =Por cierto que=; see note to I, 357.

38. =¿Ha lugar, muesama?= Menga uses in her speech country dialect forms, many of them very old in the language.

48. =benditos riales=; in the European countries where the metric system has been adopted, the illiterate classes still cling by preference to the old measures for currency, weight, and volume.

58. =más sesenta=; the original reads _menos_ =sesenta=, but the sense requires _más_.

76. =del quinto infierno=; the hell of Dante and the medieval theologians contained nine separate circles. On Menga's lips, however, _from the fifth hell_ means no more than 'from a very remote region,' 'from the North Pole.' Cf. _la quinta esencia_, 'quintessence.'

116. =que=; appears to have no more force than _y_ in this type of phrase. Probably this use arose from the causal sense of _que = porque_.

140. =todo el señorío=, the subject of _nos abonaremos_, 'all we gentlefolk.'

189. =Con ellas me va muy bien=, _I get along very well with them._

215. =mantones de Manila=; the gala ornament of the popular classes in Madrid and Andalusia. It is a large silk shawl, usually white or cream color, with florid embroidery in colors.

224-225. =Saludo a María,... sabiduría=; the words with which León jocularly greets Mariucha are taken from the Litany of the Blessed Virgin, commonly called the Litany of Loreto. The Latin phrases are--_Stella matutina, Turris eburnea, Sedes sapientiae. Ora pro nobis_ is the response given by the congregation after each epithet.

226. =¡Cómo viene hoy!= _What good spirits to-day!_

256. =¡Que si sabe!= _I should say she does!_

295. =loquinario=; this word, like some others in this play (_perchero_, _encajería_), is not to be found in the very deficient dictionaries of the Castilian language. Its meaning is clear, however, and it occurs elsewhere in Galdós (_Casandra_, _novela_, pp. 78, 340).

308. =con reflejos metálicos=; having a thin iridescent metallic film technically called 'luster.' This particular kind of art pottery and tiles is a characteristic product of the Iberian peninsula. It has been traced back to the 12th century there, and is thought to have come originally from Persia. The best-known factory is at Manises, near Valencia, but others are in operation. On the Hispano-Moresque lustred ware one may consult Juan F. Riaño, _Spanish Industrial Art_, London, 1890, pp. 147-162; and Leonard Williams, _The Arts and Crafts of Older Spain_, London, 1907, II, 161-185.

317-318. =partiditas... liquidacioncitas=; doña Vicenta is fond of diminutives, which she uses with sarcastic intent in many cases.

371. =Ya dije yo=, _that's what I thought!_

585. =¡Ahora es ella!= See note to II, 86. The neuter feminine is less common with the subject form of the pronoun; but examples are found. See Hanssen, _Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana_, § 502.

649. =la tarántula=; the tarantula is a kind of spider, taking its name from the city of Taranto in southern Italy. Tradition, which modern science cannot corroborate, has it that the bite of the tarantula produces a sort of sleeping sickness known as _Tarantism_. To rouse the sufferers a wild music (_tarantella_) was played, which caused them to dance till a profuse perspiration broke out, when the effects of the poison were thrown off.

659. =por prometido= = _téngalo usted_ =por prometido=.

720. =al don Cesáreo=; the article is used here depreciatively: _that fellow...!_

777-778. =como si lo viera, me le hacen a usted=; the subject of _viera_ is _yo_, _me_ is the untranslated "ethical dative," and _hacen_ is the indefinite third plural.

817. =las= [_bromas_] =que yo gasto=, _what my jokes are like_.

ACTO CUARTO

108-109. =si fuera un coco de fea=, _if she were as homely as a hedge fence_.

116. =ella es grande=; one cannot be quite sure whether this phrase means _she is of high station_, or _she is a grandee_. It has not been previously stated that the family of Alto-Rey enjoys the privileges of grandeeship. A grandee of Spain is allowed to keep his hat on in the king's presence, if a man; if a woman, to be seated before the queen (_tomar la almohada_).

141. =Ya, para lo que falta...=, _To be sure, there's no need of saying more._

157-158. =que no pueda yo...!= _to think I can't!_

253-254. =por agregarse notas= = _porque se agregan notas_. In Spanish, a noun may be the subject of an infinitive introduced by a preposition.

478-479. =que sacrifique su inclinación=; the change to third person is probably to be explained by Filomena's turning to speak to Don Rafael.

533-534. =Cesáreo, que vela por la familia=; the son is jointly responsible with the father for the maintenance of the family and for the conduct and honor of the individual members. When the father is incapacitated, the son naturally assumes the entire burden.

548. =a vivir por mí misma=, _to live my own life_. The phrase sounds like Ibsen. For example, Nora's words, "I have just as sacred duties toward myself." (_A Doll's House_, last scene.)

ACTO QUINTO

21-23. =querían... valiéranse=; this combination of tenses is unusual. We do not have here a contrary to fact condition, as might at first appear. If that were the case, the imperfect indicative could not be employed in the if-clause. This is a simple condition in past time, the irregularity being in the use of =valiéranse=, an archaic way of expressing a sort of imperative,--_debieron valerse_, or _válganse_. Translate, _since they wished... they should have employed_.

23. =valiéranse de otros de mi oficio=; earlier in his life Galdós was inclined to deal harshly with members of the priesthood of the type to which he alludes here, but the agreeable figure of Don Rafael reveals the writer's growing sympathy for the clergy.

88-89. =la que se le viene encima=, _what he's in for_; _la_ is the neuter feminine; see note to II, 86.

265. =que=, _and_. See Ramsey, _Text-book of Modern Spanish_, § 1421.

314. =Yo soy estoico, y no temo ningún castigo.= The philosophy of stoicism is especially attractive to Galdós, and he plays with it in several of his works. Thus, Orozco, of _Realidad_, strives to attain stoic perfection; and the chief characters of other plays sometimes act like stoics (Paternoy, _Los condenados_, II, 14; Pantoja, _Electra_, IV, 10; Berenguer, _La fiera_, III, 5). That the stoicism of Seneca (a Spaniard) is the fundamental trait of Spanish character, is the contention brilliantly set forth by Ángel Ganivet in the first dozen pages of his _Idearium español_.

325. =un arma=; the feminine indefinite article is by some writers changed to _un_ under the same conditions in which _la_ becomes _el_. Cf. =un hacha= in line 333.

338. =la razón que me asiste=, _the right which is on my side_.

VOCABULARY

The vocabulary is intended to include the infinitives of all verbs
found in the text, the masculine singular of adjectives, and the
singular of nouns. Adverbs regularly formed from adjectives of
corresponding meaning are omitted when those adjectives are
present. Articles, personal pronouns, numerals up to twelve, and
words identical in meaning and spelling with the English are also
omitted.

The following abbreviations are used:

_adj._ adjective _adv._ adverb _cf._ compare _dim._ diminutive _f._ feminine _intrans._ intransitive _m._ masculine _n._ noun _pl._ plural _p.p._ past participle _prep._ preposition _pron._ pronoun _refl._ reflexive _rel._ relative _trans._ transitive

A

=a= to, at, in, on; by, of, from; with, for; before; =---- que= what will you bet that...; =¿A qué?= Wherefore? =---- los diez minutos= within ten minutes

=abajo= down, below, downstairs

=abandonar= abandon, yield

=abatimiento= _m._ dejection

=aberración= _f._ error, mistake

=abismo= _m._ abyss

=ablandar= soften

=abnegación= _f._ self-denial, spirit of sacrifice

=abogado= _m._ lawyer

=abolir= abolish

=abonar= credit with; =--se= subscribe, take a season ticket

=abovedado, -a= arched, vaulted

=abrasar= burn, consume

=abrazar= embrace

=abrazo= _m._ embrace

=abrigar= cover, wrap

=abrigo= _m._ cover, shelter; overcoat, coat, wrap

=abrir= open

=abrumador, -a= oppressive

=abrumar= oppress, weigh down, crush

=absoluto, -a= absolute, utter

=absolver= absolve, acquit

=absorto, -a= absorbed

=abstraído, -a= distracted, absent-minded

=absurdo, -a= absurd, unreasonable

=abuela= _f._ grandmother; =---- de padre= father's mother

=abuelo= _m._ grandfather; =---- de madre= mother's father

=abur= good-bye

=abyección= _f._ abjectness, abject poverty

=acá= here

=acabar= finish, end; run out; =acabo de hacerlo= I have just done it (_this idiom is used only with the present and imperfect of_ =acabar=); =acaba por rendirse= in the end yields

=acariciar= caress

=acaso= perhaps, perchance;
=por ----= by chance;
=por si ----= in case of emergency, as a precaution

=accesorio= _m._ accessory

=acción= _f._ act, action;
=en ---- de= as an act of

=acechar= peep, spy, watch

=acelerar= hasten

=acento= _m._ accent

=aceptación= _f._ acceptance, sale

=aceptar= accept

=acerca de= about, concerning

=acercarse a= approach, come near

=acero= _m._ steel

=acertar= succeed; guess right, speak truly; happen

=aciago, -a= gloomy, ill-fated

=aclarar= clear up

=acobardarse= lose courage, quail

=acoger= receive

=acólito= _m._ acolyte, assistant in church service

=acometer= attack

=acomodar= arrange, place;
=--se= settle; adapt oneself; _p.p._ well off, well to do

=acompañamiento= _m._ accompaniment

=acompañar= accompany

=aconsejar= advise

=acontecer= happen

=acontecimiento= _m._ event

=acopiar= gather, heap together

=acordar= agree upon, arrange;
=--se de= remember

=acostarse= go to bed

=acostumbrar= accustom, have the custom, be wont;
=--se= accustom oneself, get used to; _p.p._ accustomed

=actitud= _f._ attitude;
=en ---- de= starting to

=acto= _m._ act

=actual= present, of present-day interest

=acudir= have recourse, respond; arrive, come up

=adefesio= _m._ ridiculous get-up, togs

=adelantarse= come forward

=adelante= forward, ahead, on;
=¡----!= come in! go on!
=en ----= thenceforward

=adelanto= _m._ progress, state of advancement

=ademán= _m._ gesture

=además= besides;
=---- de= beside, in addition to

=adiós= good-bye, farewell

=adivinar= guess

=adjetivo= _m._ adjective

=admiración= _f._ admiration

=admirador= _m._ admirer

=admirar= admire

=admitir= admit

=adoptar= adopt

=adoración= _f._ adoration

=adorar= adore

=adornar= adorn

=adorno= _m._ ornament

=adquirir= acquire

=adulación= _f._ flattery

=adular= flatter

=adusto, -a= gloomy, sullen

=adversidad= _f._ adversity

=advertencia= _f._ warning

=advertir= warn, inform; observe, notice

=afán= _m._ anxiety, eagerness; trial

=afectación= _f._ affectation, ostentation

=afectar= affect; feign

=afecto= _m._ affection

=afectuoso, -a= affectionate

=afirmar= assert

=afirmativo, -a= affirmative

=aflicción= _f._ distress, sorrow

=afligir= afflict; cause sorrow;
=--se= worry

=afrenta= _f._ shame, disgrace

=afrentoso, -a= ignominious, disgraceful

=afrontar= face

=agitar= agitate; wave

=agobiar= oppress, crush, overwork

=agonía= _f._ suffering

=agradar= please

=agradecer= be grateful for, thank; _p.p._ grateful

=agradecimiento= _m._ gratitude

=Agramante= _fictitious town in Spain_

=agramantino, -a= of Agramante

=agregar= add;
=--se= join

=agrícola= farming

=agricultura= _f._ agriculture

=agua= _f._ water; _pl._ waterworks

=aguardar(se)= wait, wait for, await

=agudeza= _f._ shrewdness

=agudo, -a= keen, sharp; (_of sound)_ high

=ahí= there;
=por ----= around here, around there, something like that

=ahogar= stifle

=ahogo= _m._ oppression, anguish

=ahora= now;
=---- bien= well, then;
=---- mismo= this very minute

=ahorcar= hang

=ahorrillos= _m. pl._ small savings

=ahorros= _m. pl._ savings

=airado, -a= angry, wrathful

=aire= _m._ air, breeze, draft; _pl._ climate

=ajeno, -a= of others, another's

=ajustar= adjust, settle

=Aladino= _m._ Aladdin

=alargar= extend, hand over

=alarmante= alarming

=alarmar= alarm

=alberca= _f._ pond, reservoir

=alborada= _f._ singing in the open air at dawn, carol

=alcalde= _m._ mayor

=alcaldesa= _f._ mayor's wife

=alcanzar= attain to, obtain, comprehend;
=no se me alcanza= I don't understand

=aldeana= _f._ village girl, country woman

=aleccionar= teach, give a lesson to

=alegar= allege, declare the existence of

=alegrar= gladden;
=--se= rejoice, be glad

=alegre= gay, light-hearted, bright

=alegría= _f._ joy, happiness

=alejar= drive away;
=--se= go away

=alelado, -a= stupid, stupefied

=aleluya= _m. and f._ Mother Goose rimes

=Alemania= _f._ Germany

=Alemañas= =
=Alemania= (_a confusion with_
=alimaña= animal)

=alentar= draw breath, come to life; encourage

=alfarería= _f._ pottery

=algo= something; somewhat

=alguien= some one

=alguno, -a= some, a few, any (_after a singular noun in a negative
sentence_ = =ninguno=)

=alimentación= _f._ food, nourishment

=alimentar= feed;
=--se= feed, live on

=alma= _f._ soul;
=con ----= with all my heart and soul;
=de mi ----= my dear

=almacén= _m._ storeroom, warehouse, yard

=alojarse= lodge

=alquilador= _m._ renter

=alquilar= rent, hire

=alquiler= _m._ (_also pl._) rent

=altanero, -a=, proud

=alternativamente= alternately

=alto, -a= tall, high; important; upper;
=--o=,
=en voz --a= aloud

=¡alto!= halt! stop!

=Alto-Rey= Alto-Rey

=altura= _f._ height;
=en las --s= on high

=alucinarse= delude oneself

=alumno, -a= _m. and f._ pupil

=alza= _f._ advance, rise in price;
=en ----= rising, going up

=alzar= raise;
=--se= rise

=allá= there;
=---- usted= that's your own business;
=más ----= beyond, further

=allegadora= _f._ collector, gatherer of odds and ends

=allí= there

=amabilidad= _f._ amiability

=amable= amiable, kind, delightful

=amago= _m._ symptom

=amansar= tame

=amar= love

=amargo, -a= bitter

=amargura= _f._ bitterness

=amasar= knead

=amasijo= _m._ kneaded dough; mass, quantity

=ambos, -as= both

=amenaza= _f._ threat

=americano, -a= American

=amigo, -a= _m. and f._ friend; _adj._ friendly, fond of

=amiguita= _f._ dear friend

=amistad= _f._ friendship

=amo= _m._ master; _pl._ master and mistress

=amor= _m._ love; sweetheart; _pl._ love affair

=amoroso, -a= loving

=amparo= _m._ protection

=anciano, -a= old

=ancho, -a= wide; ample;
=a sus -as= with complete freedom

=andar= go, go on, walk; be; _n.m._ going, progress

=anemia= _f._ anemia

=anfitrionisa= _f._ hostess

=ángel= _m._ angel, darling

=angelico= _m._ little angel, cherub

=ángulo= _m._ angle, corner

=angustia= _f._ anguish, affliction

=angustiado, -a= distressed

=angustioso, -a= full of anguish, painful

=anhelar= desire

=anhelo= _m._ desire, longing

=anillo= _m._ ring

=animación= _f._ animation

=animar= encourage;
=--se= take heart, grow excited

=ánimo= _m._ courage, spirit, intention

=animoso, -a= spirited

=aniquilar= annihilate

=anonadar= annihilate, stun

=ansiedad= _f._ anxiety

=ansioso, -a= anxious

=antaño= long ago

=ante= before, in the face of

=antecedentes= _m. pl._ past history

=antes= first, before, previously, formerly;
=-- de=,
=-- que= before;
=-- bien= rather, on the other hand;
=-- de (las veinticuatro horas)= within

=anticipar= tell first;
=--se= take the lead, be the first, get ahead of

=anticuado, -a= out of date, old-fashioned

=antiguo, -a= ancient, former;
=de -o,= of old

=antipatía= _f._ dislike

=antipático, -a= displeasing, disagreeable

=antojarse (a uno)= desire, feel a whim for

=Antonio= _m._ Anthony

=anunciar= announce, relate

=añadir= add

=año= _m._ year

=apacible= pleasant

=apañadico, -a= _dim. of_
=apañado=

=apañar= dress

=aparecer= appear

=aparentar= put on airs of, make a false show of

=apartar= push aside;
=--se= go to one side; leave

=aparte= aside; separate;
=-- de= distinct from

=apelar= appeal

=apenas= scarcely, barely; no sooner

=apetito= _m._ appetite

=apilar= pile up

=aplastar= crush

=aplicado, -a= studious, industrious

=aplicar= apply;
=-- el oído= listen intently

=aplomado, -a= self-possessed

=apodado, -a= nicknamed, alias

=apoyar= support, rest;
=--se= lean

=apoyo= _m._ support

=apreciar= judge; esteem

=aprender= learn

=aprestarse= make ready

=apretar= squeeze, press tight, clench

=aprobar= approve

=aprovechamiento= _m._ using up, employing

=aprovechar= make use of, profit by, do good to

=aproximarse= approach

=aptitud= _f._ capability

=apuesta= _f._ bet, wager

=apuntación= _f._ taking notes; memorandum

=apunte= _m._ memorandum

=aquel, -lla= that, the former;
=aquél, aquélla, aquello= that one that; the former; I, 13
=el aquél= that matter

=aquí= here

=arbitrio= _m._ scheme

=árbol= _m._ tree

=arbusto= _m._ shrub

=arca= _f._ chest

=arder= burn

=ardid= _m._ stratagem

=aristocracia= _f._ aristocracy

=arma= _f._ weapon

=armario= _m._ wardrobe

=armónico, -a= harmonious

=armonizar= harmonize

=arranque= _m._ start, first steps; outburst, impulsiveness

=arrasar= raze, level to the ground

=arrastrar= drag

=¡arre!= get up! (_said to horses, etc._)

=arrebatar= snatch

=arrebato= _m._ attack, rush, impulse

=arreglar= arrange, set in order; I, 539 make over;
=--se= get along, find a way

=arreglo= _m._ making over, remodeling; setting in order

=arrendar= rent

=arriba= above, up;
=monte --= uphill

=arriesgarse= run the risk

=arrimar= put close; join, fasten oneself to;
=--se= lean against, get close

=arrimo= _m._ support, protector

=arrogante= arrogant

=arrojar= cast, cast out, drive out; throw, throw away

=arruinar= ruin

=arte= _m. and f._ art

=artesonado= _m._ ceiling of carved wooden rafters

=artículo= _m._ article

=artificio= _m._ trick, device

=asaltar= assail

=ascendente= rising, sloping up

=ascua= _f._ hot coal

=asedio= _m._ siege; attentions

=asegurar= assure; declare

=asentir= acquiesce, agree

=asesinar= murder

=asesinato= _m._ murder

=así= thus, in that way, so, just so; II, 442 of this kind;
=--, --= a little that way

=asiento= _m._ seat

=asistir= be present at; assist

=asociarse= form a partnership

=asolación= _f._ devastation

=asomar= appear; put forth; present;
=--se= look out, peep in

=asombrado, -a= amazed

=asombrarse= be amazed

=asombro= _m._ amazement

=aspaviento= _m._ exaggerated wonder, display

=aspecto= _m._ aspect, appearance

=áspero, -a= rough

=aspiración= _f._ aspiration

=asunto= _m._ business, affair

=asustadizo, -a= timid

=asustar= frighten, terrify;
=--se= be afraid, frightened, shocked

=atacar= attack, rush at

=ataque= _m._ attack

=atar= tie, bind

=atavío= _m._ attire

=atención= _f._ attention

=atender= attend, heed

=atento, -a= attentive, intent, thoughtful

=atenuar= attenuate, condone

=aterrado, -a= filled with terror

=átomo= _m._ atom

=atónito, -a= amazed

=atormentarse= torment oneself, worry

=atrás= backward

=atravesar= cross, stick (cross-wise)

=atreverse a= dare

=atrevido, -a= bold

=atrevimiento= _m._ boldness, audacity

=atribulado, -a= in trouble

=atropelladamente= confusedly, all at the same time

=atropello= _m._ crushing, outraging

=aturdimiento= _m._ bewilderment

=aumentar(se)= increase

=aun= even

=aún= yet, still

=aunque= although

=ausencia= _f._ absence

=autoridad= _f._ authority

=autoritario, -a= authoritative

=autorizar= authorize, make lawful

=auxiliar= _m._ assistant

=auxilio= _m._ aid

=avanzar= advance

=ave= _f._ bird, fowl

=avenirse (a)= agree (to), be willing;
=---- (con)= correspond (to)

=aventurar= risk;
=--se= venture, make bold; _p.p._ venturesome

=avergonzarse= be ashamed

=avisar= send word, warn, notify

=aviso= _m._ notification, warning;
=mandar --= send word

=ay= ah! alas!
=¡-- de!= alas for..., woe to...

=ayer= yesterday

=ayuda= _f._ aid

=ayudar= aid, help

=ayuntamiento= _m._ city hall, city government

=azaroso, -a= checkered; unfortunate

=azulejo= _m._ glazed tile

B

=bailar= dance

=baile= _m._ dance

=bajá= _m._ pasha

=bajar= descend, go down, come down, sink, drop; lower

=bajo, -a= short, low, lower, lowest; of low station;
=piso --o= first floor;
=--o=,
=en voz --a=,
=por lo --o= in an undertone;
=--o comercio= petty trade

=bajo= under, beneath

=balcón= _m._ balcony

=banco= _m._ bank; bench

=bandurria= _f._ a sort of small guitar

=banqueta= _f._ stool

=bañar= bathe

=baño= _m._ bath

=barato, -a= cheap

=Bárbara= _f._ Barbara

=bárbaro, -a= barbarous; stupid

=Barcelona= _f._ _the capital city of Catalonia,
and the chief manufacturing city of Spain; on
the Mediterranean; more than 1,000,000 inhabitants_

=barnizar= varnish

=barredera= _f._ dragnet

=barrer= sweep

=barriga= _f._ belly

=base= _f._ basis

=bastante= enough, plenty, much, no little, a good deal

=bastar= be enough, suffice

=bastón= _m._ cane

=basura= _f._ garbage, rubbish

=batalla= _f._ battle, struggle

=batirse= fight (a duel)

=bautismal= baptismal

=beatífico, -a= beatific

=beber= drink, drink up

=belleza= _f._ beauty

=bello, -a= beautiful, fair

=bendecir= bless

=bendición= _f._ blessing

=bendito, -a= blessed

=benevolencia= _f._ kindness

=benigno, -a= mild

=berza= _f._ cabbage

=besar= kiss

=beso= _m._ kiss

=bíblico, -a= Biblical

=bien= well, very well, all right; indeed; very;
=o --= or else;
=no --= no sooner

=bien= _m._ good; blessing, dear;
=--es=,
=--es de fortuna= property, estate;
=--es raíces= real estate

=billete= _m._ ticket; bill, bank-note

=blanco, -a= white

=blanquear= whiten, cleanse

=blasfemia= _f._ blasphemy

=bobita= _f._ silly girl

=boda= _f._ wedding

=Bohemia= _f._ _the crystal glass manufactured in the neighborhood of
Haida and Steinschönau, Bohemia, is world-famous_

=bola= _f._ ball

=bolsillo= _m._ pocket

=bolsón= _m._ big purse

=bondad= _f._ goodness, kindness

=bonito, -a= pretty

=bordar= embroider

=borrar= erase, wipe out

=borrico= _m._ donkey

=bosque= _m._ wood

=Brasil, el= _m._ Brazil

=bravísimo= splendid! fine!

=bravo, -a= wild; courageous

=brazo= _m._ arm

=breve= short, brief

=bribón= _m._,
=-ona= _f._ rascal, scoundrel, wretch

=brillante= brilliant, bright; _n.m._ diamond

=brillar= shine

=brillo= _m._ show, appearance, brilliancy

=brío= _m._ spirit, energy

=broma, bromita= _f._ jest, joke

=bronce= _m._ bronze

=brotar= bud, burst forth

=brusco, -a= sudden

=brutalidad= _f._ brutality

=bruto, -a= stupid, ill-mannered; _n.m._ brute, beast, stupid

=búcaro= _m._ earthen jar

=bueno, -a= good, kind, good-hearted; fine, nice;
=estar --= be well;
=--o= very well, all right;
=--o está= this is fine

=buffet= _m._ (_French_) refreshments

=bulla= _f._ racket, shouting

=burla= _f._ joke, trick; mockery, sneer

=burlarse (de)= make fun (of), jeer (at)

=burlón, -ona= mocking

=buscar= seek, hunt, look for

=butaca= _f._ armchair; orchestra seat (_in a theater_)

C

=cabal= complete, perfect

=caballero= _m._ gentleman; sir

=caballo= _m._ horse;
=a --= on horseback

=cabello= _m._ (_a single_) hair; _pl._ hair (_of the head_)

=caber= be contained in; be room for; be possible

=cabeza= _f._ head; mind;
=un mala --= a scapegrace, wild fellow

=cabizbajo, -a= dejected

=cacicón= _m._ super-boss

=cacique= _m._ (political) boss

=cada= each, every;
=-- cual= each one

=cadáver= _m._ corpse

=cadena= _f._ chain

=cadete= _m._ cadet, schoolboy

=Cádiz= Cadiz (_the southernmost large city of Spain; an important
Atlantic seaport with 70,000 inhabitants_)

=caer= fall; suit;
=-- en= notice, think of; II, 485
=no había caído ...= I hadn't thought of that

=cafetín= _m._ small café

=caja= _f._ box; wrapping

=cajón= _m._ drawer; box

=calavera= _m._ rake, scapegrace

=calcular= calculate

=calificación= _f._ description, judgment

=calma= _f._ calm

=calmar= calm

=calmoso, -a= calm, slow

=calor= _m._ heat, warmth;
=hace --= it is hot

=calvario= _m._ Calvary, place of torment

=calzada= _f._ highway, avenue

=calzado= _m._ footwear

=callar= be silent, keep still; omit to mention, conceal

=calle= _f._ street

=cambiar= change, exchange

=cambio= _m._ change, exchange;
=en --= on the other hand

=caminata= _f._ trip, journey

=camino= _m._ way, road

=camisolín= _m._ ruffle (_on the neck or bosom_)

=campana= _f._ bell

=campaneo= _m._ sound of bells

=campesino, -a= _m. and f._ countryman, countrywoman

=campo= _m._ field; country

=canalla= _f._ mob, rabble; _m._ scoundrel

=cancelar= cancel

=candelero= _m._ candlestick

=candoroso, -a= naïve

=cangrejo= _m._ crab, crayfish

=cansar= weary, tire;
=--se= grow tired; trouble oneself

=cantar= sing; crow; _n.m._ song

=cántaro= _m._ jug, jar

=cantidad= _f._ quantity, sum

=canto= _m._ song

=capa= _f._ cape, cloak

=capilla= _f._ chapel

=capital= _m._ capital, wealth; _f._ capital (city)

=capitalito= _m._ neat little capital

=capricho= _m._ caprice, whim

=cara= _f._ face

=carantoñas= _f.pl._ wheedling, caressing

=carbón= _m._ coal

=carbonero= _m._ coal

=carbonífero, -a= carboniferous, coal-bearing

=cárcel= _f._ jail, prison

=carecer de= lack, be without

=carga= _f._ burden, load

=cargamento= _m._ load

=cargar= load

=cargazón= _f._ cargo, loading on

=cargo= _m._ burden, duty; care, charge;
=hacerse -- de= consider, regard

=carguita= _f._ small load

=caridad= _f._ charity

=carilla= _f._ page

=cariño= _m._ affection, caress

=cariñoso, -a= affectionate

=Carlsbad= _a city in Bohemia with famous hot springs_

=carne= _f._ meat, flesh

=caro, -a= dear

=carretero= _m._ carter, cart driver, truckman

=carro= _m._ cart, coach

=carta= _f._ letter

=cartera= _f._ wallet, pocketbook

=casa= _f._ house; family; firm;
=a --= home;
=en --= at home

=casamiento= _m._ marriage

=casar= marry (_trans. and intrans._);
=--se con= marry

=casco= _m._ frame, crown (_of a hat_)

=caserón= _m._ great old house

=casi= almost

=caso= _m._ case; fact;
=al --= to the point;
=hacer -- de= _or_
=a= pay attention to; I, 445
=estar en el -- de= be the sort of person to

=casorio= _m._ (hasty) marriage

=casta= _f._ race, family

=castañeteo= _m._ clack

=castaño= _m._ chestnut tree

=castigar= punish

=castigo= _m._ punishment

=castillo= _m._ castle

=casual= casual, result of chance; I, 678
=de lo más --= pure chance

=casualidad= _f._ chance

=catedral= _f._ cathedral

=catequizar= catechize

=caterva= _f._ crowd, mob

=catorce= fourteen

=caudal= _m._ sum, estate, fortune, property

=causa= _f._ cause; (_law_) case;
=formar --= bring suit

=causar= cause

=cauteloso, -a= cautious

=caverna= _f._ cavern

=caviloso, -a= distrustful

=cebolla= _f._ onion

=ceder= yield, make over, grant the use of

=cegar= blind;
=--se= lose control of oneself

=celestial= heavenly

=centella= _f._ lightning; spark;
=al modo de --= very suddenly

=céntimo= _m._ centime (1/100 _of a peseta, or_ 1/5 _of a cent_)

=centinela= _m. and f._ sentinel

=centro= _m._ center

=cerámica= _f._ ceramics (_the art of pottery_)

=cerca= near, close;
=-- de= near, nearby

=cercano, -a= nearby, close at hand

=cerradura= _f._ lock

=cerrajería= _f._ locksmith's work _or_ trade

=cerrar= close, shut, seal

=cesta= _f._ (large) basket, hamper

=cestilla= _f._ small basket

=ciego, -a= blind

=cielo= _m._ heaven; sky;
=-- mío= my darling;
=el dinero del --= charity money

=ciencia= _f._ science; knowledge

=ciento, cien= one hundred;
=por --= per cent

=ciertamente= certainly

=cierto, -a= true, certain; a certain;
=de --o= for certain;
=estar en lo --o= be right;
=por --o= to be sure;
=ser --o= be true

=cincuenta= fifty

=cínico= _m._ cynic

=cinismo= _m._ cynicism

=cintura= _f._ waist

=circunstancia= _f._ circumstance

=ciudad= _f._ city

=civil= civil;
=guardia --= rural police

=civilmente= according to the common law

=claridad= _f._ light; clearness

=clarito= perfectly plain

=claro, -a= clear, evident; plain-spoken; bright;
=--o= of course

=clase= _f._ kind, class, rank

=claustrado, -a= cloistered, (_of a patio_) having
an arcaded walk about the sides

=claustro= _m._ cloister

=clave= _f._ key

=clavel= _m._ pink, carnation

=clero= _m._ clergy

=cobarde= cowardly

=cobardía= _f._ cowardice

=cobrar= collect

=cocina= _f._ kitchen; cooking, cuisine

=cocinero, -a= _m. and f._ cook

=coco= _m._ bugaboo, bogy man

=coche= _m._ coach, carriage; stage

=cochinito= _m._ little pig

=coger= catch, seize, take; pick

=coincidencia= _f._ coincidence

=cola= _f._ train (_of a gown_)

=colegio= _m._ college (_corresponding in grade to our boarding school_)

=cólera= _f._ anger

=coliseo= _m._ theater, playhouse

=colocación= _f._ investment

=colocar= place, find a position for, invest

=colosal= tremendous

=comanditario: negocio --= silent partnership (_in which one party
furnishes capital but has no share in the management_)

=combate= _m._ combat

=combatir= oppose

=combinación= _f._ combination

=comedia= _f._ comedy, play

=comedimiento= _m._ decency

=comer= eat; devour; gnaw; dine

=comercial= commercial

=comercianta= _f._ business woman

=comerciante= _m._ merchant, dealer

=comercio= _m._ commerce, business

=cometer= commit

=comida= _f._ food; dinner

=comisión= _f._ commission

=como= as, like; as if, if; about;
=-- que= since; why! to such an extent that

=cómo= how, how much, what, why; like what;
=¿A -- dais?= For what do you sell...?

=comodidad= _f._ comfort

=cómodo, -a= comfortable, convenient

=compadecer=,
=--se de= pity, feel sorry for; _p.p._ pitying

=compañero, -a= _m. and f._ companion

=compañía= _f._ company

=compartir= share

=compasión= _f._ pity;
=tener --= pity

=compasivo, -a= pitying, of pity

=complacer= please, satisfy

=completo, -a= complete;
=por --o= completely

=complicidad= _f._ complicity

=comprar= buy

=compra-y-vende= III, 167 going into business

=comprender= understand

=compromiso= _m._ obligation

=compungido, -a= sorrowful

=común= common;
=por lo --= usually

=comunicación= _f._ communication

=comunicar= communicate

=con= with, by;
=-- que= and so

=conceder= grant; yield

=concepto= _m._ conception, idea, opinion

=conciencia= _f._ conscience, consciousness;
=a toda --= very conscientiously

=concierto= _m._ concert

=concluir= finish, conclude;
=casa concluida= a ruined house

=concordia= _f._ harmony

=condenado= _m._ wretch

=condenar=, condemn; _p.p._ confounded

=condición= _f._ condition; disposition;
=en --es ventajosas= at a high rate of interest

=conducir= conduct, escort, convey

=conducta= _f._ conduct

=conducto= _m._ channel;
=por -- mío= through my hands

=conferenciar= hold a conference

=confesar= confess, confess to

=confesonario= _m._ confession

=confesor= _m._ confessor

=confianza= _f._ confidence

=confiar (en)= trust, hope; _p.p._ trustful, confident

=confirmación= _f._ confirmation

=confirmar= confirm, make good

=conflicto= _m._ conflict, conflicting emotions, plight

=conformarse con= agree to

=conforme (a)= corresponding to, agreeing with; _adv._ agreed

=conformidá = conformidad= _f._ agreement

=confundir= confuse, confound, mingle

=confuso, -a= confused

=conjunto= _m._ union

=conmigo= with me

=conmover= affect, stir the feelings of

=conocer= know, be acquainted with;
=se conoce= it is evident

=conocimiento= _m._ acquaintance, knowledge

=conquistador= _m._ conqueror (_applied chiefly to the Spanish
explorers of America_)

=consagrar= devote

=conseguir= obtain, accomplish; succeed

=consentir= consent, consent to

=conservar= keep, still have, preserve;
=--se= be preserved

=considerable= important, large

=consideración= _f._ consideration, considerateness; importance;
=de --= important

=considerar= consider; _p.p._ considerate

=consistir= consist

=consolar= console

=constante= constant, unchanging

=consternación= _f._ consternation

=consternado, -a= in consternation

=consuelo= _m._ consolation

=consumar= consummate, put into effect, bring about

=contar= tell, relate; consider; count;
=-- con= count upon, rely upon, expect; possess, call one's own

=contemplar= watch, observe

=contener= restrain; hold back; contain

=contenido= _m._ contents

=contentarse= be satisfied with

=contento, -a= satisfied, pleased, happy; _n.m._ contentedness, happiness

=contestación= _f._ answer

=contestar= answer, reply

=continuar= continue

=continuo, -a= continuous, constant

=contra= against;
=en -- mía= against me

=contraer= contract

=contrariar= vex, oppose

=contrario, -a= opposite, contrary;
=al --o= on the contrary

=contratiempo= _m._ setback, disappointment

=contratista= _m._ contractor

=convencer= convince

=conveniencia= _f._ convenience

=conveniente= expedient, desirable

=convenio= _m._ agreement

=convenir (en)= agree (to); be fitting, proper, necessary; suit

=convento= _m._ convent

=convertir= convert

=convicción= _f._ conviction

=convidar= invite

=coquetear= coquette

=corazón= _m._ heart, affection, courage

=cordial= cordial

=Corinto= _m._ Corinth (_an ancient Grecian city_); =pasa de --= currant
(_the name_ currant _is derived from_ Corinth _whence the fruit is said
to have come first_)

=corona= _f._ crown

=coronel= _m._ colonel

=corpulento, -a= thick, of great girth

=corral= _m._ yard, corral

=corregir= correct, make a correction

=correo= _m._ mail

=correr= run; spread

=corresponder= correspond; respond, belong

=correspondiente= corresponding

=corretaje= _m._ commission

=corriente= current, ordinary;
=-- de zurcidos y arreglos= all darned and in order

=corro= _m._ group, circle

=corromper= spoil, corrupt; _p.p._ corrupt

=corrupción= _f._ corruption

=corruptela= _f._ abuse

=cortadura= _f._ cut, notch

=cortar= cut, cut short, interrupt;
=-- el paso= block the path

=corte= _m._ cut;
=dar un -- a= put a stop to

=corte= _f._ court, capital;
=hacer la -- a= court, woo

=cortés= courteous

=cortesía= _f._ courtesy

=corteza= _f._ bark

=cortito, -a= very short

=corto, -a= short, small;
=--a edad= early age;
=-- de entendimiento= ignorant, stupid

=cosa= _f._ thing, something;
=poca --= not much; _pl._ whims, ideas; affairs;
=-- de= about;
=era -- de arrastrarla= she deserves to be dragged by the hair

=cosecha= _f._ crop, harvest

=coser= sew

=cosilla= _f._ trifle

=costar= cost

=coste= _m._ cost

=costumbre= _f._ habit, custom;
=de --= usual

=cotizable= quotable, quoted (_on the stock exchange_)

=creador= _m._ creator

=crear= create

=crecer= grow, increase; _p.p._ large, great

=crédito= _m._ credit;
=documento de --= commercial paper

=creer= believe, think

=crescendo= _m._ growing louder

=criada= _f._ (maid) servant

=criado= _m._ servant

=criar= nurse, bring up

=criatura= _f._ creature; child

=crimen= _m._ crime

=criminal= _m._ criminal

=crisis= _f._ crisis, attack

=cristal= _m._ glass, window;
=de --es= glassed in

=cristalería= _f._ glasswork, glass, glassware

=cristiano, -a= Christian

=Cristo= _m._ Christ; I, 59
=¡-- con ella!= bless her heart!
=¡-- con todos!= bless my soul! _etc._ (_but in Spanish
these are more drastic oaths_)

=crítica= _f._ criticism

=crucifijo= _m._ crucifix

=crudeza= _f._ plainness, crudeness

=cruel= cruel

=crueldad= _f._ cruelty

=crujía= _f._ row _or_ suite of adjoining rooms

=cruz= _f._ cross

=cruzar= cross, fold

=cual= which;
=el, la, lo --=, _etc., rel. pron._ which;
=cada --= each one;
=-- si= as if;
=tal o --= such and such a

=cuál= what, which, of what sort

=cualidad= _f._ quality

=cualquiera=,
=cualquier= any, of an ordinary kind; whatever; _pron._ whoever, any one;
_often used ironically as_ V, 18
=-- la=
=rinde= no one can subdue her; _n.m._ commonplace fellow, anybody

=cuán= how

=cuando= when;
=de vez en --= from time to time

=cuanto, -a= as much, as much as, all, all that, whatever;
=tanto o --o= a certain sum; _pl._ all who;
=unos --os= a few;
=en --o= as soon as;
=en --o a= as for

=cuánto, -a= how much, how many

=cuarenta= forty

=cuarto, -a= fourth;
=a la ----a va la vencida= the fourth time cannot fail

=cuarto= _m._ quarter; room; copper coin worth four _maravedís_ (_i.e.,
2/17 of a real or about 2/3 of a cent_)

=cuatro= four;
=las --= four o'clock

=cuatrocientos, -as= four hundred

=cubrir= cover

=cuchillo= _m._ knife

=cuello= _m._ neck

=cuenta= _f._ account; bill;
=sacar --= reckon;
=hacerse -- de= consider;
=tener en --= consider, take into account

=cuentecita= _f._ little account

=cuento= _m._ story, tale

=cuerda= _f._ rope, string; I, 608
=se le acabó la --= she's at the end of her string; V, 25
=de esa --= of that sort

=cuerpo= _m._ body; mass; waist

=cuesta= _f._ slope;
=a --s= on one's back

=cuestión= _f._ problem, question, dispute

=cueva= _f._ cave, den

=cuidado= _m._ care, attention; fear;
=estar al --= watch

=cuidadosamente= carefully

=cuidar (de)= take care (of), keep; I, 993 do my best;
=--se= pay attention (to)

=culpa= _f._ fault, blame, guilt

=culpable= guilty

=cultivar= cultivate, foster

=cultivo= _m._ cultivation, farming methods

=culto, -a= cultured; _n.m._ worship; cult, religion

=cumplimiento= _m._ compliment; accomplishment, fulfilment

=cumplir= fulfil, keep, perform, carry out; complete

=cura= _m._ priest

=curia= _f._ bar, legal profession

=curial= legal

=curiosear= pry around, eavesdrop

=curiosidad= _f._ curiosity

=curioso, -a= curious, strange; inquisitive

=curiosón, -ona= inquisitive

=curita= _dim. of_
=cura=

=cursi= _m. and f._ snob, aspirant to high society, newly rich
person; one of bad taste

=cuyo, -a= whose, of which, of whom

Ch

=Chablès= _a French city about 100 miles southeast of Paris.
In the district near it a famous white wine is produced_

=charlar= gossip, chat

=Charlottenbrunn= _a village in Prussia near Breslau, with alkaline waters_

=chico, -a= little, small; _n.m._ boy, little fellow; youth,
young fellow; _pl._ children

=chiquilla= _f._ child, girl

=chiquillo= _m._ child, boy

=chopo= _m._ poplar

=choque= _m._ shock

D

=dama= _f._ lady

=damasco= _m._ damask

=dar= give;
=-- a= open on;
=me da por= I have a liking to;
=-- de sí= afford;
=-- la mano a= help;
=--se por= consider oneself;
=le ha dado la ventolera= she has taken it into her head;
=lo mismo da= it's the same thing

=de= of, from; in; with; by; than; as

=deber= owe; ought, should;
=debe de= he must _or_ is to

=deber= _m._ duty;
=en -- a= owing

=débil= weak

=debilidad= _f._ weakness

=decadencia= _f._ decadence, decay

=decidir= decide, resolve; (_also refl._)

=decir= say, speak, tell; call; mean;
=diz= it is said; _p.p._
=dicho= aforesaid

=declaración= _f._ declaration

=declarar= declare, make a statement

=decoración= _f._ decoration

=decoro= _m._ honor, reputation

=decoroso, -a= decent, proper

=dedo= _m._ finger

=defecto= _m._ defect, failing

=defender= defend, protect

=degradar= degrade

=dehesa= _f._ pasture

=dejar= leave; let, allow; let alone; give up;
=---- de= fail to; cease to; I, 727
=-- mal= disoblige

=delantal= _m._ apron

=delante= in front (of one);
=por ----= to the fore

=delatar= report, make known

=delicado, -a= delicate

=delirar= be delirious, get foolish

=delirio= _m._ madness

=delito= _m._ crime

=demás= remaining;
=lo --=,
=los --= the rest, other;
=por lo --= otherwise

=demonio= _m._ devil, demon, deuce;
=tener los --s en el cuerpo= be very sharp

=dentro= within;
=-- de=,
=por -- de= within; V, 145
=me sale de --= it comes natural

=deparar= grant

=depender= depend

=depravado, -a= depraved

=derecha= _f._ right hand, right side

=derecho, -a= right; straight; _n.m._ right; law

=derramar= shed

=desabrochar= unhook, unbutton

=desagradable= unpleasant

=desairar= rebuff, repulse

=desalentado, -a= discouraged; breathless

=desaliento= _m._ discouragement

=desalojar= dispossess, turn out

=desaparecer= disappear

=desarmado, -a= unarmed

=desarrollarse= develop, grow

=desarrollo= _m._ development

=desastre= _m._ disaster

=desatinado, -a= foolish, crazy

=desazón= _f._ displeasure, worry

=descalzo, -a= barefoot

=descanso= _m._ rest

=descarado, -a= impudent, impertinent

=descarnado, -a= undisguised

=descasar= unmarry

=descender= descend, alight

=desconcertar= disconcert, confound;
=--se= become confused

=desconfianza= _f._ lack of confidence, distrust

=desconfiar= distrust, fear that ... not; _p.p._ distrustful

=desconocer= be ignorant of; not to recognize; _p.p._ unknown

=desconsolado, -a= disconsolate

=desconsuelo= _m._ affliction

=descontar= discount, deduct

=descrédito= _m._ discredit

=describir= describe

=descripción= _f._ description

=descriptivo, -a= descriptive

=descubierto, -a=uncovered, bare

=descubrimiento= _m._ discovery

=descubrir= discover, find out; reveal, disclose; give away, tell on; uncover;
=--se= take off one's hat

=descuidar= be easy, not to worry;
=--se= neglect, be careless _or_ slothful

=desde= from; since;
=-- los diez años= since I was ten years old;
=-- luego= at once; of course;
=-- que= since

=desdén= _m._ disdain

=desdicha= _f._ misfortune

=desdichado, -a= unfortunate, poor

=desdoblar= unfold

=desear= wish, desire

=desechar= put aside

=desencantar= disenchant, destroy the illusions of

=desengaño= _m._ disappointment, disillusionment

=desenmascarar= unmask

=desentenderse de= pretend not to notice, avoid responsibility for

=desenterrar= disinter, unearth

=deseo= _m._ desire

=deseoso, -a= desirous

=desesperación= _f._ despair

=desfachatado, -a= impudent, shameless

=desfogar= vent, free, relieve

=desgracia= _f._ misfortune;
=por --= unfortunately

=desgraciado, -a= unfortunate

=deshonra= _f._ dishonor

=deshonrar= dishonor

=designar= indicate, specify

=desistir= desist

=deslumbrar= dazzle

=desmandado, -a= disobedient

=desmayo= _m._ fainting

=desmedido, -a= unusual, excessive

=desmentir= give the lie to

=desmerecer= lose merit, decline

=desnudo, -a= naked, destitute, bare

=desobedecer= disobey

=desolado, -a= in despair

=desorden= _m._ disorder

=despacio= _m._ slowly; at leisure

=despechar= enrage

=despedir= dismiss; accompany on departure;
=--se de= take leave of

=despejar= clear away, clear out;
=--se= clear up, grow bright

=despensa= _f._ pantry

=despertar(se)= wake up

=despierto, -a= awake

=desplegar= display

=despojar= strip, change one's clothes

=despotricar= (_familiar_) talk wildly, fly off the handle

=despreciar= despise

=despreciativo, -a= scornful

=desprecio= _m._ scorn, disdain

=desprenderse de= take off

=después= afterward, later;
=-- de= after

=destapar= uncover, open

=destierro= _m._ exile

=destino= _m._ destination; position, job (_especially
in the government service_); fate

=destrozar= lacerate

=desvanecerse= faint away; _p.p._ giddy

=desvanecimiento= _m._ faintness

=desvarío= _m._ extravagance, derangement

=desvelado, -a= wakeful, watchful

=desventura= _f._ misfortune, trial

=desvergüenza= _f._ impudence

=desvivirse por= make every effort to

=detener= arrest, stop;
=--se= stop

=determinación= _f._ resolve

=determinar= find out, determine, fix, define, decide;
=--se a= make up one's mind to; _p.p._ specific, certain

=detrás (de)= behind

=deuda= _f._ debt

=devoción= _f._ devotion;
=a su --= devoted to him

=devolver= return, give back, restore

=devorar= devour, take in silence

=día= _m._ day;
=de --= by day, by daylight, daytime;
=buenos --s= good morning

=diablo= _m._ devil, the deuce

=diablura= _f._ prank, mischief, deviltry

=diabólico, -a= diabolic

=diamante= _m._ diamond

=dicha= _f._ happiness, good luck

=dicho, -a= aforesaid

=dichoso, -a= happy, fortunate;
=el -- arreglo= that blessed remodeling

=Diego= _m._ James

=difunto, -a= dead, deceased

=dignarse= deign, be so good as to

=dignidad= _f._ dignity

=digno, -a= worthy

=dilación= _f._ delay

=dilema= _m._ dilemma

=diligencia= _f._ diligence

=dimonio = demonio=

=dineral= _m._ mint of money, vast sum

=dinerito= _m._ small sum

=dinero= _m._ money

=Dios= _m._ God;
=¡-- mío!= I declare! oh dear!
=vaya usted con --= good-bye

=diputado= _m._ deputy (_representative elected to the Congreso_)

=directamente= directly

=dirigir= direct;
=--se= go toward, go to, address

=discípula= _f._ pupil

=discreción= _f._ discretion

=discreto, -a= discreet, sensible, intelligent

=discurrir= conceive the idea, think up

=disgustar= displease, annoy

=disgusto= _m._ disappointment, disgust; sorrow, annoyance

=disimular= dissimilate, disguise

=disipación= _f._ dissipation

=disparar= fire (a gun);
=--se= burst out; _p.p._ uncontrolled

=dispensar= excuse, pardon

=displicente= surly, cross

=disponer= dispose, arrange, prepare;
=-- de= dispose of, have at one's disposal;
=--se= get ready; _p.p._ disposed, ready

=disposición= _f._ intention, frame of mind

=disputa= _f._ dispute

=disputar= dispute

=distancia= _f._ distance;
=a --= from a distance

=distinción= _f._ distinction

=distinguir= distinguish, favor; _p.p._ distinguished, of high social station

=distinto, -a= different

=distraer= distract, amuse

=distribución= _f._ distribution

=distribuir= distribute

=divagar= wander

=divertir= amuse; _p.p._ amusing

=dividir= divide

=divino, -a= divine

=diz= _see_ =decir=

=documento= _m._ document;
=-- de crédito= commercial paper

=dolor= _m._ sorrow, grief

=dolorido, -a= pained

=doloroso, -a= painful, full of grief

=domar= tame, conquer

=dominar= master, dominate

=don= don, Mr. (_gentleman's title, used only before the Christian name_)

=donde= where; in which, upon which;
=-- quiera= wherever

=dónde= where;
=¿por --?= which way?

=dormir= sleep

=dos= two;
=a las --= at two o'clock

=doscientos, -as= two hundred

=duda= _f._ doubt;
=sin --= surely

=dudar= doubt, hesitate

=duelo= _m._ duel; grief

=dueño= _m._ master, owner

=dulce= soft, sweet; _m.pl._ sweets, candy

=duplicar= double

=duque= _m._ duke

=duquesa= _f._ duchess

=durante= during

=durar= last, remain

=dureza= _f._ harshness

=duro, -a= hard, severe; _n.m._ dollar (_five pesetas_)

E

=e= and (_used only before_
=i= _or_
=hi=)

=¡ea!= come on! well!

=eclesiástico, -a= ecclesiastic, of the church

=echar= put forth; drive out; put, put on; throw, cast;
=-- sangre= bleed;
=-- a=,
=--se a= start to;
=--se= lie down

=edad= _f._ age;
=de --= aged

=edificar= build

=edificio= _m._ building, structure

=educación= _f._ education

=educar= educate

=efecto= _m._ effect; fact;
=en --= that is so, in truth, really

=eficaz= efficacious, efficient

=efusión= _f._ effusion

=egoísmo= _m._ selfishness

=egoísta= selfish

=¡eh!= eh! pshaw!

=ejemplo= _m._ example, instance;
=sin --= unparalleled

=elección= _f._ choice, election

=electricidad= _f._ electricity

=eléctrico, -a= electric

=elegancia= _f._ elegance

=elegante= elegant

=elemento= _m._ element

=elevar= raise; _p.p._ high

=elogiar= praise

=elogio= _m._ praise

=ello= _neut. pron._ it;
=-- es= the fact is

=embajada= _f._ embassy

=embajador= _m._ embassy

=embarcar= put aboard a vessel;
=--se= embark

=embargo: sin --= nevertheless

=embarullarse= become mixed _or_ confused

=embestida= _f._ attack

=emblema= _m._ emblem

=emoción= _f._ emotion

=empalagoso, -a= sweet to satiety, insipid

=empalizada= _f._ fence

=emperatriz= _f._ empress

=empezar= begin

=emplear= employ

=emplomado, -a= leaded (_with leaden ribs_)

=empobrecer= impoverish

=emprender= undertake, begin

=empresa= _f._ enterprise

=en= in, into, on, over, at, to; with; as, like;
=-- esto= meanwhile

=enamorado, -a= (=de=) in love (with); _n.m._ lover

=enamorarse de= fall in love with

=enardecerse= grow bold

=encadenar= chain, bind

=encaje= _m._ lace

=encajería= _f._ III, 106 (assortment of) laces

=encantador, -ra= enchanting

=encantar= enchant; fascinate

=encanto= _m._ enchantment, charm, delight

=encarcelar= imprison

=encargar= charge, order; commission;
=--se de= look after

=encargo= _m._ commission, order

=encastillarse= shut oneself up (_as in a castle_)

=encender= light, kindle

=encerrar= shut up

=encima (de)= above, on;
=por --= above

=encoger= shorten, shrink; _p.p._ timid