Chapter C: THE MACDOUGAL TYPE.—The most important form of modern roaster (8)

A
Accretions in the blast furnace, 55, 124, 130, 158.
Acidity of electrolyte, 231, 236.
Acid-lined converters, 193–213.
Acid-making from blast-furnace gas, 140, 146, 167, 181, 186, 188–191.
Acid-making from roaster gas, 63, 68.
Acid-plant, 190, 191.
Acid-silicates, 148.
Acids and copper, 33.
Addicks, L., 23, 34.
Advantages of basic linings, 202, 204, 213, 214.
" blast furnaces, 114.
" Brückner roasters, 72.
" forced draft, 85.
" high current density, 233.
" large grates, 84.
" " reverberatories, 91.
" long blast furnaces, 129.
" matte-pool, 91.
" MacDougal roasters, 75, 76.
" multiple system, 229.
" pyritic smelting, 177.
" roasting, 62, 67.
" sectioning, 124.
" series system, 228.
" upright converter, 195.
" water-jacketing, 123, 124.
Aëration in electro-refining, 231, 232.
" furnace refining, 222, 239–242.
Africa, copper output, 15.
Agglomeration of fines, 47, 51, 55–57, 110–112.
Air and copper, 33.
" for furnace refining, 221, 222, 241.
" in roasting, 66.
" -admission in reverberatory work, 86.
" -holes in reverberatory furnace, 85, 86, 101.
" -space under blast furnaces, 136.
" -supply for blast furnaces, 141–145, 188.
" " converters, 195–198, 213.
" " pyritic smelting, 173–188.
" " reverberatory work, 85, 92.
Airing, 41.
Alabaster, R. C., 191.
Alaska copper output, 15.
Alchemists, 2.
Allen roaster, 70.
Alloys, 18, 21, 34, 40, 42.
Alumina in slags, 147, 150, 191.
Aluminium and copper, 21, 23.
Amalgamated Copper Company, 13.
American copper mining, 7.
" production, 15.
Ammonium sulphate in electro-refining, 231.
Anaconda, 9, 52, 80, 191, 220, 243.
" blast-furnace practice, 120, 190.
" blast furnaces, 125–128, 166, 191.
" briquetting plant, 57.
" Brückners at, 72.
" Casting at, 226.
" charge calculations, 150.
" " -cars, 154, 155.
" converter practice, 194, 201, 207, 214–216.
" converters, 194, 197, 207, 216.
" copper, 227.
" costs of production, 14.
" refining, 219.
" reverberatory practice, 82, 85, 89, 91, 96–104.
" roasting, 74–79.
" sampling, 47, 48.
" smelting scheme, 54.
" wet concentration, 53.
Analysis of copper, 20, 44, 50, 227.
" costs of oil-fired reverberatories, 81, 107, 108.
" " roasting, 79.
Annealing of copper, 28, 31, 32.
Anodes, 217, 219, 226, 229–238.
Anode-casting machines, 226.
" -copper, 54, 219, 230, 233, 243.
" -scrap, 237.
Antimony and copper, 20, 23–25, 30–32, 44, 207, 217, 230.
" in copper matte, 37, 207, 217.
" in electro-refining, 217, 230, 231.
Apparatus for roasting, 66, _et seq._ (see _Roasting furnaces_).
Appearance of copper-mattes, 38, 39.
Apron-plates, 140, 153, 154.
Arch of reverberatories, 96.
Argall roaster, 73.
Argentine copper output, 15.
Argo smelter, 71, 88.
Arizona copper output, 17.
" costs of production, 14.
" mines, 8, 17.
" ores, 46.
Arnold, J. O., 34.
Arrangement of electrodes, 227–229, 234–237.
" tanks, 234, 235.
Arsenic in copper, 20, 23–25, 28–33, 41, 43, 44, 207, 217, 230.
" " -matte, 37, 207, 215, 217.
" electro-refining, 215, 217, 231.
Arsenides, Roasting of, 66.
Ash-beds, Copper-bearing, 45.
Aspinall, 34.
Assaying, 47.
Associated Copper Smelters, 7.
Atacamite, 47.
Atlantic Mine, 45.
Atmosphere of the blast furnace, 115, 186.
" " reverberatory furnace, 63, 81.
Auger-Former, 56.
Austen, Roberts- 34.
Austin, L. S., 80, 145, 170, 191.
Australian copper output, 15.
" mines, 7, 8, 15.
Austria, copper production, 15.
Azurite, 47.

B
Baggaley, 194, 200, 202, 215.
Balakala, Cal., 75.
Baltic Mine, 14.
Baltimore Company’s Smelter, 194.
Barilla, 45.
Barnett, M., 229, 235, 243.
Barrel-shaped converters, 193–197.
Barring of blast furnaces, 124, 127, 130, 158, 185.
Bases in slags, 148–150, 176, 180, 181.
Basic converter practice, 51, 181, 193–202, 212–215.
" linings, 193–197, 200, 202, 204, 207, 212–216.
" silicate slags, 148, 149, 176, 179, 180, 183.
Bauer, 50.
Bedding systems, 156.
Beds of refining furnaces, 219.
" reverberatory furnaces (see _Hearths_).
Bending tests for copper, 20.
Bengough, G. D., 28.
Bessemer, 170, 192, 195.
Bessemerising of copper mattes, 42, 51, 191, 193–217.
" of low-grade matte, 51, 193.
" in pyritic smelting, 172–182.
Best select copper, 40, 42, 44, 214, 215.
" selecting process, 9, 40, 214, 215.
Bi-silicate slags, 148, 149.
Bismuth in copper, 23, 30–33, 44, 207, 217, 230.
" bessemerising, 217.
" electro-refining, 231.
" refining, 217, 230.
Black copper, 43, 44.
Black copper smelting, 115, 116.
Blast for blast furnaces, 125, 160, 161.
" converters, 195–198, 207, 213, 215.
" pyritic smelting, 178–184, 188.
" sintering, 58.
Blast furnaces, 52, 55.
" furnace, early forms, 10.
" " practice, 113–191.
" " smelting, 10, 53, 54, 67, 108, 110, 111.
" " water-jacketing, 10 (see also _Water-jacketing_).
" mains, 141.
" pressure, 135, 141, 159, 160, 167, 184, 188.
" roasting, 51, 55–59, 80, 110–112, 169.
Blister copper, 41, 43, 44, 205, 213.
Blount, 34.
Blowers for blast furnaces, 141.
Blowing to blister, 213–215.
" fine concentrates into converters, 55.
" of converters, 192, 195, 205–216.
Boiler tubes, Copper for, 19, 33.
Boiling in furnace refining, 221.
" point, 24.
Bolivia, copper ores, 46.
" " output, 15.
Bornite, 46.
Bosh-angle, 139.
Boshes, 123, 138.
Boston and Montana Smelter, 191.
Bottoms, Copper, 40.
Bottom-plate for blast furnaces, 136.
Bottom of reverberatories (see _Hearths_).
Bracing of reverberatories, 96, 99, 221.
Brasque hearths, 117, 123, 134.
Brasses, 21, 40.
Breadth of reverberatories, 89.
Breakdown of electrodes, 230, 233, 237, 238.
Breast plate, 139, 159, 160.
Brick furnaces, 124.
Bridging of blast furnaces, 125–127.
Brinell test, 32.
Bringing to pitch, 19, 26, 28, 39, 40, 43, 217, 222, 223,
230, 238, 241, 242.
Briquettes in blast-furnace charges, 150–152.
" Coke in, 57, 101.
Briquetting, 51, 54–57, 169.
British copper mining, 2, 56.
" production, 15.
Brittleness of crude copper, 242.
Bronzes, 21.
Brown, W., 17.
" roaster, 70, 71.
Brückner roaster, 72, 75.
" " Introduction of, 10.
Brunton sampler, 49, 50.
Bullion in electro-refining (see _Values_).
Bustle pipes, 141.
Butte mining, 8.
" ores, 46, 63.
" " Preliminary treatment, 52.
" " Roasting of, 63.