Chapter M

MacDougal roasters, 73–79.
M‘Murty-Rogers sintering process, 58, 80.
Magnesia in slags, 150.
Magnesite linings (see _Basic linings_).
Malachite, 46.
Malleability, 1, 22, 31, 33.
Management of converters, 212.
Manganese and copper, 21, 23.
Manhès, 193, 200.
Mansfeld furnace, 122.
Mantle plates, 140, 153, 154.
Marchésé, 238.
Mass influence, 194.
Mathewson, E. P., 89, 125, 127, 145, 207, 211, 215.
Matte, 36, 37, 50, 61, 118 (see also _Grade of matte_).
" anodes, 238.
" for converters, 134, 135, 192, 200, 202–204, 211–213.
" in pyritic smelting, 178, 181, 183, 186, 188.
" -pool in reverberatory smelting, 87, 91, 94–97.
" Properties of, 38, 39, 91.
Mechanical charging of blast furnaces, 140, 153, 167, 188.
" operation of roasters, 69–75.
" properties of copper, 18, 30, 33, 34, 43, 45, 238, 241, 242.
" rabbling, 69–75.
" treatment, Effects of, 20, 30, 32, 34.
Mechanism of casting ladles, 225–226.
" furnace refining process, 223.
" pyritic process, 171, 172, 183.
Melaconite, 46.
Melting agent, Blast furnace as, 113, 114.
" function of blast furnace, 114, 117.
" point of copper, 24, 117.
" " copper-mattes, 37, 38.
" " slags, 148.
Merchant copper, 238, 239.
Metallic copper in blast-furnace slags, 116.
Metallography, 26.
Mexico copper ores, 46.
" " output, 15.
Michigan copper output, 17.
Milton, J. T., 34.
Mineral industry, 17, 191, 243.
" statistics, 17.
Mining in Britain, 2, 5, 6.
" Germany, 5.
" Spain, 5, 7, 8.
Mitchell blast heater, 144.
Mixed silicate slags, 149, 150.
Mixing of samples, 49.
Modern smelting practice, 37, 51, 61, 62, 65, 66.
" " " Development of, 9.
" reverberatory smelting, 87.
Modifications of converter practice, 214, 216.
" electro-refining, 238.
Moisture in briquettes, 58.
Monel metal, 21.
Monopolies in copper industry, 11.
Mono-silicates, 149, 150.
Montana copper ores, 8, 46, 52, 63.
" " output, 17.
Moore, R. R., 80, 215.
Moss copper, 38.
Moulds of casting furnaces, 224–226.
Mount Lyell, Tasmania, 171, 172, 174, 195.
Mud (see _Slimes_).
Muffles, 69.
Multiple system, 227–229.
Muntz metal, 21.

N
Native ores, 43, 45.
" preliminary treatment, 51.
Natural draft in reverberatories, 85.
Neal, C. B., 215.
Nevada, 8, 14, 17, 75.
" copper output, 17.
Newfoundland copper output, 15.
New Mexico copper ores, 45.
" " output, 17.
Nicholl and James process, 7, 35.
Nicholls, F. S., 191.
Nickel and copper, 34.
" in bessemerising, 205.
" in copper, 20, 23, 33, 44, 217.
" " mattes, 37, 205.
" in electro-refining, 230.
" in refining, 217, 230.
Nitric acid and copper, 33.
Nitrogen in blast-furnace gases, 189.
“Normal” converter practice, 211.
North American supply, 15, 17, 45.
" Carolina ores, 46.
Norway, copper output, 15.
Nose-pieces of spouts, 159, 160, 164.
Notches (see _Slag notches_).

O
Objections to external settling, 133.
" internal settling, 134.
" roasting, 62, 67.
" water-jacketing, 124.
Objects of electrolytic refining, 218.
" furnace refining, 223.
Offerhaus, C., 93, 112, 191, 216.
Off-takes of blast furnaces, 140, 167.
O’Harra calciner, 70.
Oil burners, 106, 107.
" fuel for reverberatory furnaces, 81, 91, 105, 106–108.
Open-air roasting, 67.
Operation of the blast furnace, 114, 146, 158, 178.
" of converters, 192, 207, 210–214.
" electro-refining process, 227, 230, 236.
" furnace refining process, 221, 223, 238–243.
" large reverberatories, 81.
Ore bedding, 156.
" of copper, 43–47.
" for converter fluxes, 213, 214.
" " linings, 201, 214.
" for pyritic process, 171, 176, 177, 184, 187, 188.
" -lining for settlers, 162, 163, 186.
Organisation in bessemerising, 214.
" at smelters, 47, 75.
Outlets of blast furnaces, 160.
" settlers, 164–166.
Output of blast furnaces, 124, 129–131, 133, 135, 188.
" copper, 15–17.
" electrolytic tanks, 228, 229, 232, 234, 237.
Over-fire, 176, 184.
Over-poled copper, 24, 26, 42, 50, 242.
Oxidation in bessemerising, 194, 195, 200, 205, 207, 208,
210, 211, 214, 217.
" in the blast furnace, 113–122, 171.
" in electro-refining, 231, 232.
" in furnace refining, 221, 222, 239–242.
" in pyritic smelting, 174–184.
" in smelting, 62.
" reactions in roasting, 64, 65.
Oxides in copper, 26–29, 239–242.
" of copper, 35, 43.
" ores, 43, 45–47.
" " Preliminary treatment of, 51.
Oxidised constituents of the blast-furnace charge, 113–115, 118, 119.
Oxland roaster, 72, 73.
Oxygen and copper, 33, 40, 41.
" in copper, 20, 23, 26–33, 42, 44, 218, 239–242.
" in furnace gases, 171, 172, 182, 189, 190.
" in furnace refining, 221, 222, 239–243.
" in gases for acid manufacture, 189–190.
" in pyritic smelting, 172–175, 182, 183.
" ratio, 147, 150.

P
Panels of water-jackets, 129, 137, 185.
Parallel system, 227–229.
Parkes’ roaster, 73.
Parrott Smelter, Butte, 125, 193.
Partial pyritic smelting, 121, 143, 147, 149, 158, 169, 177, 184.
Peacock ore, 46.
Pearse, R., 88, 92.
" roasting furnace, 71.
Percy, John, 2, 17, 34.
Perth Amboy Refinery, N.J., 194, 234.
Peru copper output, 15.
" smelting practice, 75.
Peters, E. D., 65, 80, 110, 112, 143, 145, 170–172,
183, 191, 220, 243.
Philp, 37, 50.
Phosphorus in copper, 23, 242.
Physical properties of copper, 18.
Pierce (and Smith), 194, 202, 215.
Piltz, 123.
" blast furnace, 10.
Pipe stoves, 144.
Pitch of copper, 224.
" Bringing to, 19, 26, 28, 39, 40, 43, 217,
222, 223, 238, 239–242.
Pittsmont Smelter, Butte, 193.
Plant for acid making, 190, 191.
Platforms for charging blast furnaces, 141.
" of reverberatory furnaces, 86, 100.
Platinum in copper, 23.
Poling of copper, 25, 42, 222, 223, 239, 240, 242, 243.
Polybasic slags, 150, 176, 181.
“Porphyry” camps, 14.
Portuguese copper mines, 7, 15.
" " output, 15.
Pots for blast roasting, 58.
Power for electro-refining, 233, 234.
Precipitation of copper from solution, 33, 43.
" impurities, 232, 233.
Preliminary refining of copper, 217, 219, 222, 223, 228–230.
" " fines, 53, 61, 110–112.
" " ores, 47–49, 51, 54–61.
Preparation of anodes, 217, 219, 230.
" cathodes, 230.
" floor for heap-roasting, 68.
Pressing of briquettes, 27.
Pressure of blast for blast furnaces, 135, 141, 159, 160,
167, 184, 188.
Prevention of heat losses in reverberatory smelting, 86.
" losses, 116.
Price of copper, 11, 40.
Primitive smelting methods, 3.
Principles of converting, 194, 215.
" copper smelting, 51, 61.
" electro-refining, 229.
" the MacDougal roaster, 73.
" reverberatory smelting, 81, 83, 87.
" the Welsh process, 9.
Production, Statistics of, 5, 15–17.
Products of the blast furnace, 114, 117, 146, 159, 186, 214.
" blast roasting, 58, 110–112.
" converting, 193, 199, 205, 209, 210, 212.
Properties of copper, 18, 22, 34.
" " matte, 38, 39.
" of dry copper, 24, 41, 42, 239, 241–243.
" Mechanical, 30.
" Physical, 18.
Prosser roaster, 71.
Pulverised fuel for reverberatories, 105.
Punching of tuyeres, 142, 158, 195, 198, 200, 210, 213, 214.
Purification of copper, 217–243.
" electrolyte, 230, 235, 236.
Pyrites, 45.
" reactions on roasting, 64.
Pyritic effect, 121, 122.
" principle, 62, 113, 118–122, 158, 169.
" smelting practice, 67, 121, 140, 143, 145, 146,
158, 169–188, 191–194, 215.
Pyrrhottite, 45.
" reactions on roasting, 64.

Q
Quincy mine, 45.

R
Rabbles of MacDougal furnaces, 76, 77.
Rabbling of roaster furnaces, 69–71.
Rachette furnace, 10, 125.
Radiation losses in reverberatory smelting, 83, 86.
Rapidity of smelting in blast furnaces, 124, 129, 133, 135,
143, 159, 160.
" " reverberatories, 83–92.
Rate of deposition, 232.
Reactions in the blast furnace, 113, 117–119.
" converting, 194, 205, 207, 210.
" furnace refining 239–243.
" pyritic smelting, 171, 172, 178, 180, 182, 183.
" reverberatory smelting, 81, 114, 119, 215.
" roasting, 36, 63, 64, 65, 109–112.
" sintering, 57, 110–111.
" smelting, 61, 62.
Re-concentration in pyritic smelting, 179, 181, 186–188.
Recovery of copper from slags and residues, 116, 119, 211.
Rectangular blast furnaces, 123.
Reducing gases in annealing, 28.
Reduction in the blast furnace, 113, 115–117.
" of oxides in furnace refining, 223–240.
" smelting, 113, 116, 117, 120, 122.
Redruthite, 46.
References, Lists of, 17, 34, 50, 80, 112, 191, 215, 243.
Refinery slags, 221, 222.
Refining of copper, 25, 26, 50, 54, 211, 214, 217–242.
Refining, Electrolytic, 8, 43, 50, 215–218, 227–242.
" of electrolytic copper, 50, 238–343.
" furnaces, 219, 220, 224, 239.
" Losses in, 116, 221, 222.
Regeneration of electrolyte, 236.
Regulation of reverberatory furnace working, 87, 92.
Re-lining of converters, 199, 200, 204, 213, 214.
Removal of blast-furnace products (see _Withdrawal_).
" impurities in converting, 207,215.
" " furnace refining, 221, 222.
Renwick, C. W., 191.
Repairs in roaster furnaces, 79.
" reverberatory furnaces, 95.
Replacing jackets of blast furnaces, 127, 158.
" values of bases, 150, 180.
Requirements for good blast-furnace slags, 148.
" good reverberatory practice, 81, 87, 109–112.
" refining furnaces, 221.
" roasting furnaces, 69.
" successful pyritic practice, 176.
Resistance, Electrical, 24.
" of electrolyte, 232, 233.
Reverberatory fore-hearths, 135.
" furnaces, 52, 69, 88.
" smelting, 54, 55, 61, 63, 76, 80–112, 215.
" " compared with blast furnace, 114, 117.
" " efficiency, 114, 124.
" " reactions, 81, 114, 119, 215.
Rice, C. T., 191.
Richards, 53.
Rickard, T. A., 145, 170, 191.
Ricketts, L. D., 78, 80, 105–108, 112.
Rigidity of arsenical copper, 33, 41.
Rio Tinto, 8, 67.
Roaster gases, 63.
" process, 35.
Roasting, 36, 47, 51, 54, 55, 61–68, 88, 109–112, 177.
" in heaps, 67.
" in pyritic process, 176, 182.
" Objections to, 62, 67.
" Open-air, 67.
" practice, 66–71, 82, 87, 88.
" " early improvements, 10.
" preliminary to blast-furnace treatment, 113, 115, 118.
" reactions in sintering, 57, 110, 111.
" " on, 36, 63–65, 109–112.
" yards, 67.
Roberts-Austen, Sir W. C., 34.
Rogers (and M‘Murty) sintering process, 58.
Röntgen, 37, 50.
Roofs of reverberatories, 99.
Ropp roaster, 71.
Rotary blowers, 141.
Rotating furnaces for roasting, 72, 73.
Rudeloff, E., 34.
Russia, Copper output of, 15.

S
Sackett, B. L, 191.
Sample-cutter, 49.
Sampling, 47, 48, 50, 54.
" Costs of, 79.
" from blast furnaces, 166.
" from converters, 213, 243.
" in furnace refining, 222, 223, 226, 227, 239, 241, 242.
Sand, Copper, 45.
Scrap in electro-refining, 228, 237.
Schnabel, C. (and Louis), 243.
Schreyer, F., 215.
Seasoning of basic converters, 203.
" refining furnaces, 240.
Secretan combination, 11.
Sectioning of blast furnaces, 123, 124, 137, 158, 185.
Selenium in copper, 26, 30, 207, 217.
" electro-refining, 232.
Semenikow, 192.
Semple, C. C., 216.
Separation of matte and slag (see _Settling_).
Series-system, 227–229.
Sesqui-silicates, 149.
Settlers, 127, 130, 160, 162–166.
Settling, 39, 113, 116, 117, 122, 123, 127, 128–135,
147, 158, 179, 181, 186, 211, 221.
" (in reverberatory furnaces), 81, 91, 94.
Shaft of blast furnaces, 122.
“Shaking-out” of gases, 241.
Shape of blast furnace, 123, 125, 135.
Shelby, G., 145, 150, 191.
" blast-furnace top, 140.
" oil burner, 106, 107.
Short-circuiting in electro-refining, 219, 227, 228, 233, 234.
Shots from converters, 205, 210.
Siemens gas-fired furnace, 108.
Siemens-Halske process, 238.
Silica in blast-furnace charges, 150–153, 180, 187, 188, 191.
" in converting, 194, 200–203, 212, 213.
" in pyritic process, 172–182.
" in slags, 148–153, 180, 181, 191.
" -lined converter, 193–197, 200, 201, 205, 207, 211–213.
Silicates in the blast furnace, 116, 119, 148–152, 180,
181, 187, 188, 191.
" of copper, 35, 39.
" slags, 148–153, 180, 181, 187, 188, 191.
Siliceous flux in converting, 194, 200–203, 212, 213.
" linings of converters, 193–197, 200, 201, 205, 207, 211–213.
Silicon in copper, 23, 242.
Silver and copper, 21, 23, 24, 218.
" in blast-furnace fume, 168.
" in copper, 44, 217, 226.
" " matte, 37, 217.
" " ores, 46, 217.
" in electro-refining (see _Values_).
Sintering, 51, 55, 58, 59, 80, 110, 111, 112, 169.
Sites for heap-roasting, 67.
Situation of electro-refineries, 8, 9, 218.
Size of blast furnaces, 113, 122, 125, 135, 184, 185, 188.
" converters, 193, 195, 197, 198, 202, 204.
" electrodes, 229, 239.
" grates in reverberatories, 84.
" material for blast furnaces, 55, 110.
" " " roasting, 59.
" " roasting, 68.
" refining furnaces, 220, 224.
" reverberatories, 84, 87–90, 105.
" tanks, 234.
Skimming of refining furnaces, 240, 241.
" reverberatory furnaces, 94, 95, 100.
Slags, 35, 39, 62.
" in blast-furnace smelting, 116, 129–133, 145, 147–154,
180, 181, 187–191.
" in converting, 192, 203–205, 209–213.
" in furnace refining, 222, 241.
" in pyritic smelting, 172–188.
" in refining, 221.
" in reverberatory smelting, 94, 95, 102–104.
Slag-formation in roasting, 88.
" -foundations for reverberatories, 96.
" -notch of blast furnaces, 136, 158–162.
" -spouts, 128, 158–166.
Slagging-stage in bessemerising, 205, 207.
Slimes in briquetting, 57, 152.
" in electro-refining, 228–234, 236, 238.
" Treatment of, 53–56, 152.
Slotted tuyeres, 185.
Smelting practice, 51, 54, 81, 204.
" scheme at Anaconda, 54, 55.
Smith (and Pierce converter), 194, 202, 215.
Smoke problem, 171, 188.
Soluble constituents of electrodes, 229, 231.
Solubility of copper in iron sulphide, 38.
" " slags, 116.
" gases in copper, 25, 28.
" matte in slag, 132.
" sulphides in slag, 116, 149, 179.
Sound anodes, 229, 230.
Sources of copper, 43.
South Wales, 4, 5, 71, 73.
Span of reverberatory arch, 89.
Spanish copper mining, 7, 15.
" " ores, 46.
" production, 15.
Special bronzes, 21.
Specific gravity of copper, 24.
" " mattes, 39, 179.
" electrolyte, 231.
" slags, 147–149.
Specifications for copper, 19, 20.
" " for fire-box plates, 20.
" " for Post Office work, 19.
Speculation in copper markets, 11, 12.
“Spewing” of copper, 222.
Spindles of MacDougal roasters, 74, 79.
Spouts, 128, 158–166.
Sprouting of copper, 222.
Stacks of blast furnaces, 140, 169.
" reverberatories, 89.
Staffordshire, Copper smelting in, 4.
Stages in converting, 205, 209, 210, 213, 216.
" refining, 223.
Stahl, 50.
Stamping of briquettes, 57.
Stamp-milling of native copper ores, 51.
Statistics of copper, 15.
Staying of reverberatories, 96, 99, 221.
Stays, Copper for, 19, 41.
Steam-pipes, Copper for, 19.
Steptoe Smelter, Nevada, 75.
Stevens, H. J., 17.
Sticht, R., 171, 172, 182, 183, 191.
Storing of matte in blast furnaces, 134.
" " reverberatories, 94.
" " settlers, 135.
Stoves for heating blast, 145.
Straightening of anodes, 228.
Strength of cathode copper, 18, 232, 238, 239.
" copper, 21, 32, 33, 41, 238, 239, 241.
" electrolyte solutions, 231.
Stripping of cathodes, 228, 230.
Sub-silicates, 147.
Success in pyritic smelting, 181.
Sulijtelma Smelter, Norway, 194.
Sulphide ores, 43, 45.
" Preliminary treatment of, 52.
Sulphides, Fuel values of, 119–122, 152, 170, 173,
177, 178, 203, 212, 213.
" in the blast furnace, 113, 115, 117–121, 147, 158,
171–176, 180, 182, 189, 191.
" of copper, 35–37, 39, 146, 147
Sulphur and copper, 33, 36, 61, 146, 147, 217, 238.
" dioxide in blast-furnace gases, 188–191.
" " copper, 25, 43, 222.
" " furnace gases, 189, 190.
" " furnace refining, 221–223.
" " gases for acid-making, 189, 190.
Sulphur dioxide in pyritic smelting practice, 182.
" elimination in blast-furnace smelting, 113, 114, 117, 118,
120, 146, 147, 152.
" elimination in blast roasting, 58.
" elimination in reverberatory smelting, 81.
" elimination in roasting, 65, 77, 78, 88, 110, 177.
" in blast-furnace charges, 146, 147, 150–152, 177, 189.
" in blast-furnace smelting, 116, 120, 146, 147, 189.
" in converting, 194, 205, 207, 211, 212, 215, 217.
" in copper, 20, 23, 31, 32, 44, 222.
" in electro-refining, 230.
" in furnace refining, 221.
" in pyritic smelting, 171–173, 177, 178.
" in roasted products, 65, 70, 102, 104, 110.
Sulphuric acid and copper, 33.
" in electrolyte, 231, 236.
" manufacture, 146, 147, 181, 188–191.
Superior (Lake) copper, 40.
" " mining, 7, 8.
" " ores, 43, 45.
" " production, 15.
" costs of production, 14.
" treatment of ores, 51.
Superstructure of blast furnaces, 140, 168, 186.
Suspension of electrodes, 230, 231, 234–237.
Swansea smelters, 4, 5, 71, 73.
Sweden, Copper output of, 15.
Systems of working in converting, 192, 211, 212.
" " electro-refining, 227, 228.

T
Tamarack Mine, 45.
Tanganyika ores, 8, 45.
Tank efficiency, 229.
" liquors, 219, 230, 231.
" slimes, 219, 231, 232.
Tanks for electro-refining, 219, 227–230, 234, 237.
Tasmanian mining, 8.
Tap-holes of blast furnaces, 127, 136, 159–161.
" refining furnaces, 224, 225.
" reverberatories, 101, 103.
" settlers, 152–166.
Tapping of blast furnaces, 122, 135, 159, 160, 165, 166.
" of refining furnaces, 224, 225, 242.
" of reverberatories, 94, 95, 100, 101, 103.
Tapping of settlers, 166.
" -breast of blast furnaces, 136, 159, 160.
" -piece of settlers, 165, 166.
" -plate of reverberatories, 103.
" " settlers, 165, 166.
" -slot of refining furnaces, 224, 225.
Telegraph, Use of copper for, 19.
Telephone, Use of copper for, 19.
Tellurium in copper, 23, 26, 30–32, 207, 217.
" electro-refining, 232.
Temperature, Effects of, on strength, 20, 22, 32.
" for annealing, 31.
" for roasting, 69, 70, 77, 78.
" for reverberatory smelting, 83, 84, 87, 89, 91, 94, 96, 99–105.
" for settling, 117, 123, 130, 133.
" in blast-furnace smelting, 123, 129, 133, 136, 143, 188.
" in converting, 194, 199, 203, 205, 207, 210–214.
" in electro-refining, 231–233, 235, 237.
" in furnace refining, 224, 225, 242.
" in pyritic smelting, 172–176, 179, 180, 183, 188.
Tenacity of copper, 20, 32, 33, 241.
Tennessee, acid-making, 189–191.
" blast furnaces, 140.
" converting practice, 202, 211, 214.
" Costs of production at, 14.
" mining, 8.
" ores, 46.
" " Treatment of, 52.
" pyritic smelting practice, 171, 174, 179, 184–188, 191.
" Roasting at, 62, 68.
" settlers, 162, 164, 165.
Tensile strength, 20, 32, 33, 241.
Testing of refined copper, 223, 241, 242.
Tests during bessemerising, 210, 213.
" for copper, 20.
Tetrahedrite, 46.
Textile work, Copper in, 21.
Thermal conductivity, 19, 22, 25.
Tiers of water-jackets, 137.
Tilt Cove, Newfoundland, 171, 191.
Timber for poling, 222, 223.
Time-element, 194.
Tin-copper alloys, 21, 34.
Tin in copper, 20–23, 32, 33, 44.
Tomlinson, 34.
Tooele, Utah, Practice at, 75, 91, 211, 214.
Tops of blast furnaces, 140, 144, 145, 186.
" charge in blast furnace, 158.
Toston, Montana, 170.
Tough (tough-pitch) copper, 24, 31, 33, 40, 41, 42, 44,
223, 231, 238, 239.
Toughening of copper, 238–241.
Toughness of copper, 22, 25, 40, 241.
Trapping of blast, 159, 160.
Treatment of converter slags, 211.
" copper ores, 47, 50.
" fine concentrates, 110–112.
" flue-dust, 82, 106, 108, 110, 111, 167–169.
" slimes in electro-refining, 238.
True pyritic smelting, 121, 122, 143, 146, 147, 173,
176, 178–184, 189.
Turkey, Copper output of, 15.
Turnbull (and W. Brown), 17.
Tuyeres, 122, 123, 141, 142, 158, 185, 188.
" for converters, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 215.
Tuyere holes in water-jackets, 137, 140.
" -jackets of blast furnaces, 138, 140.
" -pieces, 140.
" -zone, 171, 174–185.
Tyee Smelter, B.C., Hot blast, 144.
" " roasting at, 68.
Typical pyritic smelting charge-sheets, 206.
" reverberatory-furnace charge, 82.

U
Ulke, T., 229, 237, 243.
United States copper output, 15–17.
Uses of copper, 18.
" " alloys, 21.
Utah, copper mining, 8.
" " output, 17.
" costs of production, 14.
" smelting practice, 75.
Utilisation of heat in reverberatory work, 83, 87, 91.