Chapter V

Vail, R. H., 215.
Values in anode copper, 230.
" converter copper, 43, 215, 218.
" " slags, 211.
" copper ores, 46.
" electro-refining, 229–231, 233, 238.
Varieties of commercial copper, 39, 40.
Vats for electro-refining, 219, 227–230, 234, 237.
Vein deposits in Superior, 45.
Vertical converters, 195.
Virginia copper ores, 46.
Viscosity of slags, 148–150.
Volatile hydrocarbons in reverberatory smelting, 85, 86, 105.
Voltage for electro-refining, 227, 228, 232, 234, 238.
Vortex converter, 215, 216.

W
Walker, A. L., 34, 191, 224, 226.
Wallaroo sintering process, 58.
Walls of reverberatory furnaces, 99.
Wanjukoff, W., 132.
Washoe Smelter (see _Anaconda_).
Waste heat in reverberatory-furnace gases, 83, 87, 107, 144.
" Utilisation of, 83, 87, 107, 143.
Water and copper, 33.
" in blast roasting, 58.
" -cooling in roaster furnaces, 74–79.
" -jacketing of blast furnaces, 10, 113, 122–124,
134–139, 158, 185.
" -supply for jackets, 124, 137, 139, 140.
Watson, D., 34.
Webb, 34.
Welsh process, 9, 40, 214, 219, 222–224.
" smelting, 82.
Wethey roaster, 71.
Wet concentration of ores, 47, 50, 53–55, 61, 63.
" processes, 43.
White-Howell roaster, 73.
White-metal, 40, 205, 210, 212, 213, 215.
" stage, 209, 211–214.
White roaster, 73.
Width of blast furnaces, 125, 135, 184, 186.
" reverberatories, 89.
Wintle, F. H., 191.
Wire, Preparation of copper, 19, 238, 243.
" Strength of copper, 32.
" -bar copper, 40, 242.
Withdrawal of products from blast furnaces, 124, 130, 133,
135, 158–171.
" " reverberatories, 83, 86, 94.
Work, Effects of mechanical, 32.
Working of blast furnaces, 114, 146, 158, 178.
" converters, 178, 185, 186, 188.
" electro-refining plant, 227, 230, 236.
" large reverberatories, 84, 92, 97, 99.
" MacDougal roasters, 76–80.
" pyritic process, 178, 185, 186, 188.
Wraith, W., 243.
Wright, L. T., 132, 145, 191.
Wyoming, Copper production of, 17.

Y
Yunnan, Native copper from, 45.

Z
Zinc-copper alloys, 21, 22, 34.
" -sulphide, Roasting of, 66.
" in copper, 23, 33.
" in electro-refining, 229, 230.
" in mattes, 37, 217.
" in slags, 150.

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] This figure indicates thousandths of an inch.

[2] The term “impurity” might in several instances be replaced by the word “constituent,” since many so-called impurities are purposely added for conferring desired properties on the metal. It is here taken as implying elements other than copper.

[3] The temperatures given in Heyn’s diagram require revision in the light of later knowledge, and have been omitted here.

[4] The treatment of flue-dust is considered later.

[5] Though these actions represent with fair accuracy what occurs on smelting, there will be indicated later, in the proper place, some modification, due to interactions of certain oxides and sulphides, in the furnace.

[6] It might also be possible to assist the concentration in the matte by the addition of any available oxidised ores or residues.

[7] The chloridising roasting of copper ores is also sometimes employed in connection with wet processes.

[8] When copper combines with sulphur.

2Cu : Cu_{2}S :: 2 × 63·5 : 2 × 63·5 + 32
:: 127 : 159
:: 4 : 5 approximately.

When sulphur combines with iron.

S : FeS :: 32 : 56 + 32
:: 32 : 88
:: 4 : 11.

[9] Some flue-dust is also melted down.

[10] The East Butte Copper Mining Company has recently reported the successful sintering of its flue-dust by Dwight-Lloyd machines. (See _Mining Journal_, Jan. 6, 1912, p. 21).

[11] Later work on this subject has been published by W. Wanjukoff:—“Investigations on the Conditions governing the Entry of Copper into the Slags on Matte-Smelting, on the Chemical Form in which such Copper exists, and on the Lessening of the Copper Losses in Slags.” _Metallurgie_, 1912, Vol. x., Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 1–27, Jan. 8 and 22, 1912.

[12] This point will be dealt with in due course.

[13] The iron sulphide of a copper matte is probably the eutectic of the iron-sulphide : iron series containing about 85 per cent. of sulphide.

[14] Ducktown Sulphur, Copper, and Iron Company.

[15] These views have recently been controverted in an interesting paper by G. A. Guess. (“Notes on Pyritic Smelting,” _Engineering and Mining Journal_, 1912, Jan. 13th, p. 113). He defines Pyritic Smelting as the production of a Ferrous Silicate Slag from Iron Sulphide Ore.

[16] With nickeliferous mattes, the green colour in the flame is reported by Heywood to persist throughout the whole process.

[17] The case of nickel may be here treated as exceptional. It is eliminated with difficulty, the nickel and copper tending to oxidise together on bessemerising.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
in the original text.
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold=
in the original text.
A single underscore after a symbol indicates a subscript.
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
Parentheses are used for subscripted numbers, for example 2 is
represented by _{2} as in “Cu_{2}O”.
Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
Inconsistent hyphenation has been left as printed, except “firebox”
has been changed to “fire-box” in the Index to match the spelling
in the main body of the book.
Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations
in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered.
In some tables “Number” has been abbreviated to “No.”, “United States
of America” to “U. S. A.” and trailing punctuation has been omitted
to make the rows shorter.
In some equations an ampersand has been used instead of “per cent.”,
again in order to reduce the line length.
The advertisements at the beginning of the book have been re-located
to the end of the book, just before the footnote section.

End of Project Gutenberg's Modern Copper Smelting, by Donald M. Levy