Chapter D

David, 193, 214.
Dean, 34.
Decline of British mining, 9.
De Lamar refinery, 243.
Density of copper, 24.
" " mattes, 39, 179.
" electrolyte, 231.
" slags, 147, 148, 149.
Depositing tanks (see _Tanks_).
Deposition of copper, Electrolytic, 232, 233, 236, 237.
" " from solution, 33, 43.
" of moss copper, 38.
Destruction of converter linings, 199–204.
Details of blast furnaces, 113, 131.
" MacDougal furnaces, 76.
" pyritic smelting furnaces, 184, 185, 188.
" refining furnaces, 220, 224, 239.
" reverberatory furnaces, 96–99.
Development of bessemerising, 192.
" blast furnaces, 122–127, 145.
" copper industry, 2.
" reverberatory furnaces, 89, 90.
" roasting furnaces, 69.
" " practice, 69.
" smelting practice, 9, 51.
Difficulties in black-copper smelting, 115, 117.
" in casting, 224.
" in converting, 192, 193.
" in electro-refining, 219.
" in pyritic smelting, 177–181.
" in series-system, 228.
" with gaseous fuel, 108.
" with matte-anodes, 26.
Diffusion of arsenic in copper, 29.
Dilution of blast-furnace gases, 189.
Dimensions of blast furnaces, 123–127, 135, 184, 185, 188.
" converters, 193, 195, 197, 198, 202, 204.
" electrodes, 229, 230.
" heaps, 68.
" refining furnaces, 220–224.
" reverberatories, 84, 88–89, 105.
" roasting furnaces, 69, 72, 74, 76.
" tanks, 234.
Dimorphic change in sulphides, 36.
Disadvantages of basic linings, 214.
" bessemerising low-grade mattes, 203.
" Brückner roaster, 72.
" forced draught, 85.
" high current density, 233.
" impure anodes, 219.
" roasting, 118.
" series-system, 228.
" small fire-grates, 85.
Discharge of blast furnaces, 138 (see _Withdrawal_).
Discharge of roasters, 72, 78.
Disposal of blast-furnace products, 146, 159 (see also _Withdrawal_).
Dissolved gases in copper, 25, 26, 31, 40, 42.
Distribution of blast-furnace charges, 153, 156, 179, 186, 188.
" electrolyte, 235.
" impurities in copper, 31.
Direct process, 35.
Doctoring of furnaces, 178.
Doors, 141.
“Dope,” 210.
“Doping” in converting, 210.
“Doubling” in converting, 212.
Douglas, James, 215.
Draft in reverberatory work, 83–87, 93, 94.
Draft-pressures, 85, 87, 92–94, 101, 102.
Dry copper, 24, 28, 42, 222, 239, 241, 242.
" Characteristics of, 24, 41, 42.
Ducktown Smelter, Tennessee, 154, 170, 177, 184, 186, 188, 190.
Ductility of copper, 20, 22, 31, 33.
Dust, 159, 167, 168, 169, 186, 221.
" chambers for blast furnaces, 140, 159, 167, 168, 190.
" " roasters, 72, 78.
" losses (see _Flue-dust_).
Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine, 59, 60, 109, 169.

E
Earth-oxides in slags, 149, 176, 177.
Economic factors in acid-making, 189, 190.
Economy of pyritic process, 177, 181.
Effects of impurities in copper, 18, 22, 23, 34.
" mechanical treatment, 22.
Efficiency of blast furnaces, 114, 129.
" in electro-refining, 229, 234.
" of reverberatory furnaces, 114.
Elastic limit, 33.
Elasticity in blast-furnace smelting, 114, 115, 124, 130.
Electrical conditions (see _Conditions_).
" conductivity, 23, 34.
" resistance, 24.
" uses, 18.
Electrodes, 227, 229, 234.
Electrolyte, 229–231, 235.
Electrolytic copper, 33, 39, 40, 42, 44, 50, 218.
" " Tough pitch, 41.
" refining, 8, 43, 50, 215–218, 227–238.
Elimination of constituents in converting, 205, 207, 210,
215, 217, 222.
" impurities from copper-mattes, 50, 215, 217.
" impurities in furnace refining, 221–223, 239.
" iron in the blast furnace, 118, 174.
" sulphur in the blast furnace, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 174.
" sulphur in reverberatory smelting, 81, 82.
Elkington, 227.
Elmore depositing process, 19, 238.
Elongation, 32.
Emmons, W. H., 140, 145.
End-feeding of blast furnaces, 154.
_Engineering and Mining Journal_, 17.
" progress and copper mining, 6.
" uses of copper, 18, 21, 30, 33, 41, 42.
Equilibrium diagrams, 22.
Erection of blast furnaces, 114.
Erubescite, 46.
Evans’ Klepetko roaster, 74–79.
Excrescences on anode-plates, 228, 230, 234, 237.
Expansion-openings in reverberatories, 99.
Expense of roasting, 62, 75, 78, 79, 177.
Extension of blast furnaces, 124, 131.
External settling, 113, 117, 122, 123, 131, 133.
Extraction of values in converting, 194, 200, 201, 213–215.

F
Factors in slag calculations, 147.
Fahl-ore, 46.
Falding, F. J., 191.
Features of blast-furnace practice, 113, 114.
Fettling of reverberatories, 95.
Fine concentrates in the blast furnace, 120.
Fines, Agglomeration of, 47, 109.
" in the blast furnace, 53, 55, 108, 110, 114, 120,
140, 154, 158, 167.
" in the reverberatory, 81, 108, 109.
" Preliminary treatment of, 53–57.
" produced on wet-dressing, 52–55.
" Roasting of, 66–68, 110.
Fining of crude copper, 238.
Fire-boxes (see _Grates_).
Fire-box plates, 33, 41, 44.
Fire-brick linings for settlers, 162.
Firing of reverberatory furnaces, 83–87, 93, 100, 101.
" roaster furnaces, 72.
Flame in converting, 205–210.
" furnace refining, 223, 224.
" reverberatory furnaces, 86, 89, 91, 101, 103, 105–108.
" roasting, 69.
Flanging test for copper, 20.
Flinn, F. B., 243.
Fluctuations in price of copper, 11, 12.
Fluidity of slags, 149, 150, 176.
Flue-dust, 159, 167–169, 186, 221.
" losses in the blast furnace, 55, 159.
" " roasting 72, 78.
" " smelting, 81, 110.
" treatment, 82, 106, 108, 110, 111, 140, 167–169.
Flues of blast furnaces, 140, 159, 168, 186.
" reverberatories, 85.
Fluxes in blast-furnace smelting, 147, 149, 211.
" converting, 193, 199, 200, 203, 204, 212–214.
" pyritic smelting, 173–176, 187.
" reverberatory smelting, 76, 88, 110.
" roasting, 79, 88, 110.
" smelting, 52.
Focus of pyritic furnace, 171.
Forced draught in reverberatories, 85.
Fore-hearths (see _Settlers_).
Formation-temperature of slags, 148, 172, 175, 176, 180, 181, 183.
Foundations for blast furnaces, 135.
" refining furnaces, 239.
" reverberatories, 96.
Fracture of copper, 23, 242.
Freeland, W. H., 170, 186, 188, 191.
" charger, 154–158.
Freezing-point curve for mattes, 38.
Friedrich, 28.
Fuel consumption in blast furnaces, 115, 120, 121, 125, 129, 153,
177, 178.
" economy in blast furnaces, 114, 115, 129, 177, 178.
" in blast-furnace practice (see _Coke_).
" in reverberatory smelting, 81, 83, 84, 86, 91, 103, 105.
" in roasting, 69, 72, 75, 78, 79.
" value of charges in blast furnaces, 115, 119, 120, 152,
170, 177, 178, 184.
" value of fine concentrates, 58, 111.
" value of sulphides, 119–122, 152, 170, 173, 177, 178, 203,
212, 213.
" value, Loss of, in roasting, 72, 78.
Fulton, 50.
Fume, 67, 140, 158, 159, 168, 191, 216.
Functions of the blast furnace, 113–116, 131, 133, 134.
" coke in pyritic work, 182.
" the converter lining, 193, 199.
" oxygen in copper, 20, 23, 26–33, 40, 41, 42, 44,
221–223, 238–243.
" the refining furnace, 221, 223, 239.
" the reverberatory, 81, 82–88.
" the roasting furnace, 88.
Furnaces for refining, 219, 239.
" roasting, 69.
Furnace-refined (tough pitch) copper, 41.
Fusibility of slags, 148–150, 176.

G
Gangue, 43.
Garfield Smelter, Utah, blast furnaces, 156.
" " converters, 194.
" " reverberatories, 91.
" " roasters, 75, 78.
Gases dissolved in copper, 25, 26, 31, 40, 42.
" for acid manufacture, 140, 146, 167, 181, 186, 188–191.
" in blast-furnace work, 140, 146, 156, 159.
" in copper, 43.
" in furnace refining, 223.
" in pyritic process, 172, 181, 186.
" in reverberatory smelting, 89–91.
" in roasting, 63, 64, 68, 78, 177.
Gaseous fuel for reverberatories, 108.
" products of the blast furnace, 159, 166–168, 181, 182, 188–191.
German copper mining, 5.
" " production, 15.
" " smelting, 3.
" silver, 21.
Gibb, A., 37, 50.
Giroux blast-heater, 144.
Gobbing of furnaces, 174, 178, 188.
Gold and copper, 21, 23, 34, 40.
" in copper, 44, 217, 218, 226.
" " ores, 46, 217.
" " -smelting, 217.
" in electro-refining, 229, 230–233, 238.
Goodner, 50.
Gossan deposits, 45.
Gowland, W., 3, 17, 34, 90, 126, 145.
Grade of matte, 61–65, 82, 87, 131, 175–194, 200, 203, 204, 211.
" Control of, 82, 175–186, 200, 203, 204.
Granby smelter, 154, 191.
Granulation of slags, 165.
Grate-area in reverberatories, 83–85, 88, 89.
Grating in reverberatory smelting, 83, 85, 86, 92, 101.
Great Falls Smelter, 108, 191, 195.
Greenawalt, W. E., 243.
Green-ore matte, 179, 181, 187, 188.
" smelting, 179, 181, 187, 188.
Guess, G. A., 171.

H
Haas converter, 215, 216.
Hallowell, 50.
Hammering and mechanical properties, 31.
Hampe, E., 26, 34.
Hand calciner, 69.
Hand-charging of blast furnaces, 153.
Hand-ladling, 224.
Handling of electrodes, 230.
Hardening of copper by hammering, 1, 31.
" " impurities, 21.
Hardness of copper, 32.
Harrington, 37, 50.
Harvard, F. T., 191.
Hayden, 50.
Heap-roasting, 67.
Hearth-area of blast furnaces, 127, 129, 130, 135.
Hearth of blast furnaces, 123, 127, 129, 134, 159.
" of refining furnace, 239.
" of reverberatory furnace, 86, 89, 91, 95–99.
" of roasting-furnace, 69.
Heat, Conductivity for, 25.
" losses in blast furnaces, 124, 181.
" " converting, 212, 213.
" " reverberatories, 83, 86.
" " roasters, 75.
" " settling, 133.
" production in converting, 194, 198, 203–205, 210–213.
" production in pyritic smelting, 173, 174–177, 180–184.
Heaters of copper, 21.
Heating air for blast furnaces, 143–145, 181–184.
Height of blast furnaces, 136, 137, 188.
" " furnace charges, 153, 172, 184, 188.
" water-jackets, 123, 136–138.
Henderson process, 7.
Herrick, R. L., 191.
Herreshof roaster, 74–79.
Heyn, E., 27, 34, 50.
Heywood, W. A., 194, 205, 215.
High-conductivity copper, 18, 39.
Hill, 28.
Hiorns, A., 24, 28, 34.
History of copper, 1.
" pyritic smelting, 170.
Hixon, H., 216.
Hodge’s charge-car, 154, 155.
Hoepfner, 238.
Hofman, H. O., 37, 50, 80, 243.
Holway, 119, 170, 172, 191–193.
Hood of converter, 197, 198, 201.
Hoppers in roaster furnaces, 69.
Hopper-feed to blast furnaces, 140.
Horse-Shoe roasting furnace, 71.
Hot-blast stoves, 144, 145.
Hot charges for reverberatories, 87, 92.
Hughes, G., 34.
Hungary copper output, 15.
Hydrocarbons in copper, 25.
Hydrochloric acid and copper, 33.
Hydrogen dissolved in copper, 25.