Chapter IX (7)

[367] The map is given in Vol. III. p. 101. It also appeared in later editions (1638, 1644, etc.) of Linschoten. I have used the Harvard College copy of Wolfe’s edition, and Mr. Deane’s copies of the Dutch and Latin editions.

Blundeville in his _Exercises_ (p. 431) gives a description of Mercator’s globes and of that “lately set forth by M. Molinaxe; and [p. 515] of Sir Francis Drake his first voyage into the Indies.” He also describes various universal maps and cards of his day, noting their cartographical peculiarities, like those of Vopellio (p. 754), Gemma Frisius (p. 755), Mercator (p. 756), etc.

[368] See Vol. III. p. 100.

[369] See Vol. III. chap. iv.

[370] Cf. the map of New France published at this time at Cologne in the _Beschreibung von America_,—a translation of Acosta. See Vol. II. for the bibliography of Acosta.

[371] [Cf. chap. ii.—ED.]

[372] [Cf. Professor Shaler on the different aims of the English and French in colonization, in the Introduction, pp. xxii, xxiii.—ED.]

[373] [See chapter iv.—ED.]

[374] The Port Royal of De Monts was on the site of Lower Granby, while that of Poutrincourt was on that of Annapolis.

[375] [Champlain’s explorations along the coast of Maine are given by himself in his 1613 edition, and are specially set forth in Mr. Slafter’s memoir in _Voyages_, vol. i., and by General John M. Brown in his “Coasting Voyages in the Gulf of Maine, 1604-1606,” in the _Maine Historical Collections_, vol. vii.,—a paper which was also issued separately. Champlain’s account of Norumbega is also translated in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist_., i. 321, 332.—ED.]

[376] [De Costa, _Coast of Maine_ (1869), p. 182, claims that in one of these expeditions Champlain discovered the Isle of Shoals, antedating John Smith’s discovery. See also _Champlain’s Voyages_, Prince Society’s ed., ii. 69, 70, and notes 142 and 144.—ED.]

[377] [See Vol. III. chap. vi.—ED.]

[378] [See chaps. i. and ii. of the present volume.—ED.]

[379] [For the various theories regarding the origin of the name Quebec,—whether it is derived from a Norman title, as Hawkins maintained; or from an exclamation of the first beholders of the promontory, “Quel bec!” or from the Algonquin,—see Hawkins, _Picture of Quebec_; Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire du Canada_; Ferland, _Histoire du Canada_; Garneau’s _Canada_, 4th ed., i. 57; Bell’s translation of Garneau’s _Canada_, i. 61; Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, i. 62; Shea’s edition of _Charlevoix_, i. 260.—ED.]

[380] [Charlevoix gives a map of Lake Champlain, illustrating Champlain’s campaign of this year against the Iroquois. Cf. Brodhead’s _New York_, i. 18, and P. S. Palmer’s _History of Lake Champlain_ (1866).—ED.]

[381] [It was while crossing one of these portages, “suffering more from the mosquitoes than their burdens,” that Champlain is supposed to have lost his astrolabe; and his Journal shows that his subsequent records of latitude in the journey failed of the general accuracy which characterized his earlier entries. At least an astrolabe, with an inscription of its Paris make, 1603, was dug up on this route in August, 1867. Cf. O. H. Marshall, in _Magazine of American History_ (March, 1879), iii. 179, and Alexander J. Russell’s _On Champlain’s Astrolabe_, Montreal, 1879; also Slafter’s edition of _Champlain’s Voyages_, iii. 64-66.—ED.]

[382] [The cellar of the Château St. Louis, the structure originally built by Champlain, still remains. The subsequent history of the pile is traced in Parkman’s _Old Régime_, p. 419. Cf. Le Moine’s _Picturesque Quebec_ (1882). Shea, in his _Le Clercq_, p. 115, has a note on Louis Hebert, the earliest settler of Quebec with a family, who died in 1627. An account is given of some bronze cannon, relics of Champlain’s time, in the Quebec Literary and Historical Society’s _Transactions_, ii. 198.—ED.]

[383] [The Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, March 29, 1632, by which restorations were made to the French, will be found in _Recueil de Traités de Paix_, Leonard, Paris, 1692, vol. v. The contemporary quarto print of the treaty, printed at St. Germain, is of such rarity that Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_, no. 794, prices a copy at five hundred francs. See Harrisse, no. 47, who refers for the causes of the long delay in making this restitution, to Le Clercq, _Établissement de la Foy_, i. 419; Faillon, _Hist. de la Col. Française_, i. 256. Compare also the notes in Shea’s _Charlevoix_, vol. ii. For the occupancy, see Harrisse, no. 48; also Mr. Slafter’s memoir in _Champlain’s Voyages_, i. 176, 177; and _Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince Society edition, pp. 66-72.

There are papers relating to the English claim to Canada urged at this time (1630-1632) among the Egerton manuscripts,—see _British Museum Catalogue_, no. 2,395, folios 20-26.—ED.]

[384] Cf. _Mass. Archives; Doc. Coll. in France_, i. 591.

[385] Vide _Champlain’s Voyages_, Prince Society’s edition, i. 189-193.

[386] [There has been some controversy of late years over the site of the “sépulcre particulier” in which Champlain was buried. Cf. Le Moine, _Quebec Past and Present_, 1876, p. 41, and references; _Découverte du Tombeau de Champlain_, par MM. les Abbés Laverdière et Casgrain, Quebec, 1866; _Le journal de Québec et le Tombeau de Champlain_, par Stanilas Drapeau, Quebec, 1867; Delayant, _Notice sur Champlain_, Niort, 1867; John Gilmary Shea, in _Historical Magazine_, xi. 64, 100, and in his _Charlevoix_, ii. 283.—ED.] For the latest view of the subject, see _Documents Inédits Relatifs au Tombeau de Champlain_, par l’Abbé H. R. Casgrain, _L’Opinion Publique_, Montreal, 4 Nov., 1875; also, note 116 in Mr. Slafter’s Memoir of Champlain, in vol. i. of the Prince Society edition of _Champlain’s Voyages_, pp. 185, 186.

[387] [The book is extremely rare. Field says a collector may pass a lifetime without seeing it. In 1870, when the Quebec edition of Champlain was issued, the editors got their text from a copy in the Bibliothèque Impériale at Paris, which they believed to be unique. There are, however, copies in Harvard College Library (lacking signature G) and in the Carter-Brown Library (_Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 25). The Lenox Library has a copy without date, which seems to be from different type, and shows some typographical changes. Cf. Harrisse, nos. 10 and 11; Brunet, _Supplément_, p. 241; Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,834; Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_ (1878, no. 694) showed a copy priced at 1,500 francs.

There is a translation of this 1604 book in Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_, part iv. A synopsis, “Navigation des François en la Nouvelle France dite Canada,” is given in the preface of the _Mercure François_, 1609, by Victor Palma Cayet (Harrisse, no. 395), which is found separately, with the title _Chronologie septenaire de l’Histoire de la Paix entre les Rois de France et d’Espagne_, 1598-1604, and of various dates,—1605, 1607, 1609, 1612 (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 32; Stevens, _Bibliotheca Historica_, 1870, no. 2,456).

A letter of Champlain to the King on the discovery of New France, and other documents, are included in L. Andiat’s _Brouage et Champlain (1578-1667), Documents inédits_, Paris, 1879. It is an “Extrait des Archives historiques de la Saintonge et de l’Aunis, t. vi. (1879); “seventy-five copies were printed.—ED.]

[388] [The text is more ample than was subsequently retained in the 1632 edition, while what appears in that edition after page 211 is not found in this 1613 edition. Some leaves, separately paged, contain _Quatriesme Voyage du Sr. de Champlain, fait en l’année 1613_. There are copies in the Harvard College, Carter-Brown (vol. ii. no. 147), Lenox, Cornell University (_Sparks Catalogue_, no. 498), New York State, New York Historical Society, and Massachusetts Historical Society libraries. Rich, in 1832, priced a copy at £1 12_s._; Dufossé of late years has held a copy, with the map in fac-simile, at 400 francs; cf. Harrisse, no. 27; Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,835. Neither Brunet nor Harrisse recognize the edition of 1615 mentioned by Faribault.—ED.]

[389] [This map is further considered in its relation to the cartography of the period in the Editorial Note on the “Maps of the XVIIth Century,” which follows chapter vii.—ED.]

[390] [The 1619 title is as follows: _Voyages et descouvertures faites en la Nouvelle France depuis l’année 1615; jusques à la fin de l’année 1618; ... où sont descrits les mœurs, coustumes, habits, façons de guerroyer, chasses, dances, festins, et enterrements de divers peuples sauvages, et de plusieurs choses remarquables qui luy sont arrivées au dit païs, avec une description de la beauté, fertilité, et temperature d’iceluy. Paris, 1619._ A few copies of this date (1619) are known (Sunderland, no. 2,688; Leclerc, no. 2,696, priced at 1,500 francs); but most copies are dated 1620, with the engraved title sometimes retaining the 1619 date (Dufossé, no. 3,145, at 900 francs, and no. 8,235, at 600 francs; O’Callaghan, no. 571, at $55; Ellis and White, 1878, at £35; Brunet, _Supplément_, no. 242; _Huth Catalogue_, vol. i. p. 292; Sabin, vol. iii. nos. 11,836, 11,837). The text is mostly retained in the 1632 edition, though the voyage of 1618 and some other parts are omitted (Harrisse, nos. 32, 33, 40).

There are copies of the 1619 date in the Lenox and Massachusetts Historical Society libraries, and of the 1620 date in the Carter-Brown and Lenox libraries, and in the Library of Congress.

The same engraved title and the text belong to the edition of 1627, which has a new printed title, and the Epistle and Preface reset. Copies of this date are in Harvard College, Carter-Brown, and Lenox libraries, and one was sold in the Brinley sale (no. 75). See the _Jesuit Relations_ printed by the Lenox Library, p. 4; Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,838. Stevens’s _Nuggets_ prices a copy at £4 4_s._—ED.]

[Footnote 391: [The publisher’s name varies in different copies. The Boston Public Library copy (with the map in fac-simile) has “chez Pierre Le Mur dans le grand Salle du Palais.” The Library of Congress copy reads “Lovis Sevestre pres la porte St. Victor.” One of the Harvard College copies has “chez Clavde Collet;” the other is a Le Mur copy. Other copies are in the Boston Athenæum (lacking the map), the New York Historical Society, and the State Library at Albany. Two copies have been lately sold in America, one in the _Brinley Catalogue_ (no. 76), and the other in the _O’Callaghan Catalogue_ (no. 572, $130), both with the map, which was supplied in fac-simile in a second O’Callaghan copy (no. 573), now in the Boston Public Library. The Sunderland copy (no. 2,687) had the map, which is often wanting. Dufossé (no. 8,236) held a copy with the genuine map at 650 francs, and other copies (nos. 5,551 and 8,961) with the map in fac-simile, at 450 and 550 francs. Leclerc priced one (no. 695) with a fac-simile map at 750 francs, and (no. 2,697) with “l’avis au lecteur” lacking, at 1,000 francs. Quaritch advertised one with a fac-simile map at £36. Cf. Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,839; Brunet, _Supplément_, p. 242.

Some of the copies known have a passage at the end of the first paragraph on page 27, which was held to be a reflection on Richelieu, in saying that statesmen or princes might not understand the sailing of a ship, and this led to the cancelling of sheets Dij and Diij (Stevens’s _Nuggets_, vol. i. no. 511; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 268). One of these copies is in the Lenox Library; and one with, and another without, the passage are in the Carter-Brown Library (vol. ii. nos. 382 and 383).

Harrisse (nos. 50, 51) says that Champlain was at the date of this publication in Canada, that the book was doubtless made up by a compiler, and that the record of 1631 was furnished from another source than Champlain. Whoever arranged it abridged, omitted, and extended with an author’s license. Mr. O. H. Marshall believes that the book and the map never passed under Champlain’s supervision (_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 5, 6).

This issue of 1632 was reissued in 1640, with a new title, and of this date there are copies in the Lenox and Carter-Brown libraries. Sabin says that Mr. Lenox suggests that this 1640 edition probably consists of rejected copies of the 1632 edition, since the cancelled, and not the substituted, leaves are in it, and these bear the marks of having been cut through with a sharp instrument (Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,840, who says that Mr. Lenox contributed most of his data on the Champlain bibliography). Leclerc in 1878 advertised a set of the four dates (1604, 1613, 1620, and 1632), bound uniformly, for 6,000 francs.—ED.]

[392] [It bears the title, _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain; ou, Journal ès Découvertes de la Nouvelle France_, in two octavo volumes. The edition (two hundred and fifty copies) was mostly distributed among public libraries. The text, says Brunet, is not carefully followed, and the plates are omitted.—ED.]

[393] [This “seconde édition” is explained by the fact that about 1865 the printing of a complete edition of Champlain’s works was begun in Quebec; but just as the volumes were ready for publication, they were totally destroyed by fire. The work was begun afresh. Dr. Shea, who gives me this information, has a portion of the proofs of this _first_ edition, of which no entire copy is known to be preserved.—ED.]

[394] [The original manuscript is described and priced in Leclerc’s _Bibliotheca Americana_ (1878, no. 693) in these words:—

CHAMPLAIN (Samuel). _Brief discours des choses plus remarquables que Samuel Champlain de brouage a reconnues aux Indes Occidentales Au voiage qu’il en a faict en Icelles en Lannee mil v^ciiij^{xx} xix. et en Lannee mil vj^cj. comme ensuit._ (1599-1601). In-4, mar. violet. 15,000 francs. Manuscrit original et autographe orné de 6z dessins en couleur.

Faillon, _Histoire de la Colonie Française_, i. 78, spoke of it as being then (1865) at Dieppe (in the cabinet of M. Féret, “ancien maire de Dieppe”) and unpublished; but in 1859 the Hakluyt Society had printed an English translation of it, as noted in the text, with fac-similes of the drawings (Field, no. 269). There were accounts of the manuscript published in the _Hist. Magazine_, vii. 269; and in the _Transactions_ of the Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, in 1863. It is now in the Carter-Brown library.—ED.]

[395] [It reproduced the drawings of the West-India manuscript, and also the plates of the early printed editions; but as lithographs of copper-plates they are not very successful. It is now worth about $25 in paper. Field, _Indian Bibliography_, p. 66; cf. _Revue des Questions historiques_, 1^{er} Juillet, 1873.—ED.]

[396] [Abstracts of Champlain’s Canadian voyages will be found in Harris’s _Collection of Voyages_, vol. i. etc., and there is a narrative in the _Mercure François_, xix. 803, which in Parkman’s opinion was “perhaps written by Champlain.”

One of the best accounts for the English reader of Champlain and his associates will be found in Parkman’s _Pioneers of France in the New World_. Summaries are given in Guerin’s _Navigateurs Français_, p. 249; Ferland’s _Histoire du Canada_, book ii.; Miles’s _Canada_, chaps. 5-10; Warburton’s _Conquest of Canada_, etc.—ED.]

[397] [Cf. Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 76.—ED.]

[398] [See the note on “The Jesuit Relations,” _sub anno_ 1627.—ED.]

[399] The _Historiæ Canadensis_ of Creuxius contains a list of the members of this Company under the title, _Nomina Centenum, qui primi Societatem Nouae Franciae conflauerunt_. Cf. _Massachusetts Archives: Documents collected in France_, i. 527, and references in Harrisse, nos. 43, 54, 430, 432, 433, 434, 438, 441, 455, 476, 532, 533; and cf. Ferland, _Cours d’Histoire du Canada_, p. 259, Shea’s _Charlevoix_, ii. 39, and notes.

[400] The letters-patent to Roberval copied from the original parchment, dated Fontainbleau, Jan. 15, 1540, is in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. 373.

[401] Cf. Hakluyt’s _Westerne Planting_, pp. 26, 101, 197, 198. A copy of his commission is in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. 431.

[402] The patent granted to De Monts, with other documents confirming his claims, was printed at the time in a small volume, copies of which are in the library of Mr. Charles Deane and in the Carter-Brown Library (_Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 33).

It may also be seen in Lescarbot’s _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, and an English translation is in Williamson’s _History of Maine_, i. 651-654, and Harris’s _Voyages_ (1705), i. 813; cf. Harrisse,_ Notes sur la Nouvelle France_, nos. 14, 15, 27. In the _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. (p. 435), is a copy of De Monts’s proposition to the King, Henry IV., dated Nov. 6, 1603, with the King’s remarks (p. 445), and the “Lettres Patentes expediées en faveur de M. de Monts,” signed by the King at Paris, Dec. 18, 1603. These letters-patent made him lieutenant-general of Acadia (40° to 46° N. lat.) for ten years; and by an ordinance (p. 451) all persons were prohibited to trade within his government; and (p. 453) the King orders all duties to be remitted on merchandise sent home by De Monts. Cf. Faillon, _Colonie Française, au Canada_, i.; and Guerin, _Les Navigations françaises_.

[403] [This island, now known as Douchet Island, is a few miles within the mouth of the St. Croix River, which empties into Passamaquoddy Bay. In the latter part of the last century, when the commissioners of Great Britain and the United States were endeavoring to define the St. Croix River, which by treaty had been fixed as the eastern bound of the new nation, this island played an important part. The maps were not conclusive respecting the historic St. Croix, some of them, like that of Bellin in Charlevoix’s _History_ (1744), rather indicating the Magaguadavic River, on the eastern side of the bay; but the discovery in 1797 of the foundation-stones of De Monts’s houses on this island, with large trees growing above them, settled the question. The island bears evidence of having considerably wasted by the wash of the river, and its few acres are at present hardly large enough for the purpose it served in 1604. It is known that then the colonists resorted to the main shore for their planting. The island now has a cottage upon it, which bears aloft a small light, to aid river navigation, and is maintained by the United States Government, the deepest water being on the easterly side. The Editor examined the island in 1882, but could not find that any traces of De Monts’s colony now remained, though fragments of “French brick” were found there by William Willis twenty years ago. Cf. Hannay’s _Acadia_, p. 74; Parkman’s _Pioneers of France_, p. 227; Williamson’s _Maine_, i. 190; ii. 578; Holmes’s _Annals_, i. 149. In a survey of 1798 the island is called Bone Island; and it has sometimes been called, because of its position, Neutral Island. A plan of the buildings is given on the opposite page.—ED.]

[404] [For this exploration, see ch. iii.—ED.]

[405] [There is an essay on Pontgravé in the _Mélanges_ of Benjamin Sulte, Ottawa, 1876, p. 31.—ED.]

[406] [The question of early Dutch sojourns or settlements on the coast is examined in J. W. De Peyster’s _The Dutch at the North Pole, and the Dutch in Maine_, 1857, and his _Proofs considered of the Early Settlement of Acadia by the Dutch_, 1858; and traces of remains at Pemaquid have been assigned to the Dutch; but see Johnston in the _Popham Memorial_, and in _History of Bristol and Bremen_; Sewall’s _Ancient Dominions of Maine_. The early settlements of this region are also tracked in B. F. De Costa’s _Coasts of Maine_. Cf. _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1853, p. 213; 1877, p. 337.—ED.]

[407] [According to Parkman, the elaborate notices of Madame de Guercheville in the French biographical dictionaries of Hoefer and Michaud are drawn from the _Mémoires de l’Abbé de Choisy_.—ED.]

[408] According to a careful census taken in 1686, the whole population of Acadia was 915, including 30 soldiers; and there were in the whole colony 986 horned cattle, 759 sheep, and 608 swine. (Murdoch’s _History of Nova Scotia_, i. 166, 167.) In 1689 the census gave the whole population as 803. (_Ibid._, p. 177.) Commenting on the almost stationary condition of the colony for nearly a century, Murdoch justly remarks: “It is a subject of grave reflection, that after eighty-four years had elapsed from the founding of Port Royal in 1605, and notwithstanding the expense of money and all the exertions of De Monts, Poutrincourt, La Tour, Denis, and others, men highly qualified for the task of colonization, the results should be so trifling. Many of the settlements were now desolate and abandoned, and none of them prosperous. Nearly forty years before, D’Aulnay had besieged St. John with a flotilla and five hundred men, and the defenders had been probably numerous. The contests and discords of ambitious leaders contributed, doubtless, to this unfavorable state of things; but the incessant interferences and invasions which the English at Boston carried on, must be considered as the chief causes of retarding the progress of French settlement in Acadia.”

[409] [See Vol. III. chap. ix.—ED.]

[410] The grant from Sir William Alexander, dated in 1630, was recorded at Boston in the Suffolk Registry of Deeds (liber iii. folio 276) in 1659. This was to secure an English registry, as the region, since Sedgwick’s expedition in 1654, had become subject to England, and seemed likely to continue so.

[411] [The contract, March 27, 1632, between Richelieu and De Razilly for the reoccupation of Port Royal is in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_ (i. 545); and (p. 584) his commission to take possession and drive away British subjects, with (p. 586) his acceptance.—ED.]

[412] Bradford, _History of Plymouth Plantation_, pp. 292, 332.

[413] Winthrop, _History of New England_, i. 109.

[414] The agreement for these vessels, dated June 30, 1643, between La Tour and Edward Gibbons, is in the Suffolk Deeds, i. 7, 8 (printed by order of the Board of Aldermen in 1880); and a mortgage of La Tour’s fort or plantation to Gibbons, dated May 13, 1645, as security for the payment of two thousand and eighty-four pounds, with interest, is recorded on folio 10. Neither instrument was recorded until 1652.

[415] A copy of the agreement is in the _Plymouth Colony Records_, ix. 59, 60, and the Latin translation is in Hutchinson’s _Collection of Original Papers_, pp. 146, 147.

[416] The marriage contract between La Tour and Madame d’Aulnay, which is dated Feb. 24, 1653, was printed in the original French, for the first time, in the _Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec_, iii. 236-241. An English translation is in Murdoch’s _History of Nova Scotia_, i. 120-123.

[417] [Among those whom the treaty of Breda released from military service at Quebec, was the colonel of a regiment, Jean Vincent, Baron de St. Castine, who now took to life among the Indians, and became the son-in-law of Madockawando, or Matakando, the chief sachem of the Eastern Indians. He afterward lived on the peninsula still bearing his name, near the head of Penobscot Bay, at Fort Pentagöet,—a defence which the French had built as early probably as 1626, on the site possibly of an earlier fort, which may date to the time of the Guercheville expedition in 1613. Some traces of Fort Pentagöet still remain, representing probably the magazine and well. The English surrendered it to the French in 1670. In 1674 a pirate ship from Boston captured the post and took De Chambly and others prisoners. (Frontenac, Quebec, Nov. 14, 1674, to the minister, in _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, ii. 287, 291.) A Dutch frigate captured the fort in 1676. Castine in later years made Pentagöet the base of many warlike movements, in league with his Indian friends, against the English, till his return to France in 1708, when he left the “younger Castine,” a half-breed, behind, who is also a character of frequent prominence in later days. Cf. Wheeler’s _History of Castine_; Williamson’s _Maine_, i. 471, etc. (with references); _Maine Hist. Coll_. iii. 124, vi. 110, and vii., by J. E. Godfrey, who also has a paper on the younger Castine in the _Historical Magazine_, 1873. Cf. _Maine Hist. Coll._, vol. viii.; _Mag. Am. Hist._ 1883, p. 365.—ED.]

[418] [For the relations of this expedition to the general events of the harrowing war of that year, see chapter vii. of the present volume.—ED.]

[419] [Kohl (_Discovery of Maine_, p. 234) thinks that the name _Larcadia_ appeared first in Ruscelli’s map of 1561. The origin of the name _Acadie_ usually given is a derivation from the Indian _Aquoddiauke_, the place of the pollock (_Historical Magazine_, i. 84), or a Gallicized rendering of the _quoddy_ of our day, as preserved in Passamaquoddy and the like. Cf. Principal Dawson on the name, in the _Canadian Antiquarian_, October, 1876, and _Maine Hist. Soc. Coll._ i. 27. The word _Acadie_ is said to be first used as the name of the country in the letters-patent of the Sieur de Monts.—ED.]

[420] _Histoire de la Nouvelle France, contenant les navigations, découvertes, et habitations faits par les Francois és Indes Occidentales & Nouvelle France souz l’avoeu & l’authorité de noz Rois Tres Chrétiens, et les diverses fortunes d’iceux en l’execution de ces choses, depuis cent ans jusques à hui. En quoy est comprise l’Histoire Morale, Naturelle & Geographique de la dite province. Avec les Tables & Figures a’icelle. Par Marc Lescarbot, Avocat en Parlement, Temoin oculaire d’vne partie des choses ici recitées._ A Paris, chez Jean Milot, tenant sa boutique sur les degrez de la grand’ salle du Palais. 1609. 8vo. pp. 888.

[Lescarbot was in the country with De Monts, and again with Poutrincourt in 1606-7. Charlevoix calls his narrative “sincere, well-informed, sensible, and impartial.” The third book covers Cartier’s voyage; the fourth and fifth cover those of De Monts, Poutrincourt, Champlain, etc.; while the sixth is given to the natives. The first edition (1609) is very rare. Rich in 1832 priced it at £1 1_s._ Recent sales much exceed that sum: Bolton Corney, in 1871, £27; Leclerc, no. 749, 1,200 francs, and no. 2,836, 450 francs; Quaritch, £40; another London Catalogue, in 1878, £45. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes sur la Nouvelle France_, nos. 16 and 17; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, no. 40,169; Ternaux-Compans, _Bibl. Amér._ no. 321; Faribault, pp. 86-87. There are copies in the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 87) and Murphy collections.

This edition, as well as the later ones, usually has bound with it a collection of Lescarbot’s verses, _Les Muses de la Nouvelle France_, and among them a commemorative poem on a battle between Membertou, a chief of the neighborhood, and the “Sauvages Armor-chiquois.”

The later editions of the history were successively enlarged; that of 1618 much extended, and of a different arrangement. The edition of 1611 is priced by Dufossé, 580 francs. There are copies in the Library of Congress, and in the Murphy and Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 117) collections; cf. Harrisse, no. 23.

The edition of 1612 was the one selected by Tross, of Paris, in 1866, to reprint. There are copies in the Astor and Harvard College Libraries; cf. Harrisse, no. 25; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 917; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 103. It seems to be the same as the 1611 edition, with the errata corrected.

The edition of 1618 contains, additionally, the second voyage of Poutrincourt; and entering into his dispute with the Jesuits, Lescarbot takes sides against the latter. This edition is severally priced by Leclerc, no. 2,837, at 850 francs; by Dufossé, at 950 francs. Rich had priced it in 1832 at £1 10_s._ There are copies in the Library of Congress and in the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 201) Collection; cf. Harrisse, no. 31; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 915. Some authorities report copy or copies with 1617 for the date.

It is somewhat doubtful if more maps than the general one and another appeared in the original 1609 edition; Sabin and the _Huth Catalogue_ give three. In the 1611 edition there is reference in the text to three maps; but another map (Port Royal) is often found in it, and the 1618 edition has usually the four maps. The _Huth Catalogue_ says that no map belonged to the English edition; the map found in the Grenville copy, as in the Massachusetts Historical Society copy, belonging to the French original. Sabin, however, gives it a map. The general map is reproduced in Tross’s reprint, in Faillon’s _Colonie Française au Canada_, and in the _Popham Memorial_; and a part of it in the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 49. The _Catalogue_ of the Library of Parliament (Canadian), 1858, p. 1614, shows two maps of the St. Lawrence River and gulf, copied from originals by Lescarbot in the Paris archives.

Among the other productions of Lescarbot is the _La Conversion des Sauvages qui ont été baptistes dans la Nouvelle France cette anne 1610, avec un recit du Voyage du Sieur de Poutrincourt_, which Sabin calls “probably the rarest of Lescarbot’s books;” cf. Harrisse, no. 21. Another tract, published in Paris in 1612—_Relation derniere de ce qui c’est passe au voyage du Sieur de Poutrincourt en la Nouvelle France depuis vingt mois en ça_, supplementing his larger work—has been reprinted in the _Archives curieuses de l’Histoire de France_, vol. xv. In 1618 he printed a tract—_Le Bout de l’an, sur le repos de la France, par le Franc Gaulois_—addressed to Louis XIII., urging him to the conquest of the savages of the west; _Sunderland Catalogue_, no. 4,933, £10, 10_s._ It is translated in Poor’s Gorges in the _Popham Memorial_, p. 140.

Another nearly contemporary account of the De Monts expedition is found in Cayet’s _Chronologie Septenaire_ 1609 (Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vol. iii. no. 11,627) a precursor of the _Mercure Française_, which for a long while chronicled the yearly events. Cf. an English version from the _Mercure_ in _Magazine of American History_, ii. 49.

Lescarbot’s account of the natives may be supplemented by that in Biard’s _Relation_. Hannay (chap. ii.) and the other historians of Acadia treat this subject, and Father Vetromile, S. J., at one time a missionary among the present remnants of the western tribes of Acadia, prepared an account of their history, which was printed in the _Maine Hist. Coll._, vol. vii.; and in 1866 he issued the _Abnakis and their History_. He died in 1881, and his manuscript _Dictionary of the Abenaki Dialects_ is now in the archives of the Department of the Interior at Washington; _Proceedings of the Numismatic Society of Philadelphia_, 1881, p. 33; cf. also Maurault, _Histoire des Abênaquis_. Williamson, _History of Maine_, vol. i. ch. xvii., etc., enlarges on the tribal varieties of the Indians of the western part of Acadia, and (p. 469) on the Etechemins, or those east of the Penobscot; and later (p. 478), on the Micmacs or Souriquois, who were farther east. Williamson’s references are useful.

Shea, in his notes to _Charlevoix_, i. 276, says: “Champlain says the Kennebec Indians were Etechemins. Their language differed from the Micmac. The name Abenaki seems to have applied to all between the Sokokis and the St. John; the language of these tribes, the Abenakis or Kennebec Indians, the Indians on the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy, being almost the same.”—ED.]

[421] _Nova Francia; or the Description of that Part of New France which is one continent with Virginia. Described in the three late Voyages and Plantation made by Monsieur de Monts, Monsieur de Pont-Gravé, and Monsieur de Poutrincourt, into the countries called by the Frenchmen La Cadie, lying to the Southwest of Cape Breton. Together with an excellent severall Treatie of all the commodities of the said countries, and maners of the naturall inhabitants of the same. Translated out of French into English by P. E._ London: Printed for Andrew Hebb, and are to be sold at the signe of the Bell in Paul’s Church-yard, [1609.] 4to. pp. 307.

This volume is a translation of books iv. and vi. of Lescarbot’s larger work; but it has been noted as a curious circumstance that the author’s name does not appear on the titlepage, and is nowhere mentioned in the volume. There are two copies in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society: one in the general library contains Lescarbot’s map, and has manuscript notes by the late Rev. Dr. Alexander Young; the other copy, in the Dowse Library, formerly belonged to Henri Ternaux-Compans. It is without the map, but contains the Preface and Table of Contents, which are not in the copy first mentioned. It is from the same type, but has a slightly different titlepage and imprint; the Dowse copy purporting to be published at London by George Bishop, and bearing the date 1609. It was a common practice of the printers of that time to sell copies of the same work with different titlepages, each containing the name of the bookseller who bought the printed sheets.

[This version was made at the instance of Hakluyt, and published with the express intention of showing, by contrast, the greater fitness of Virginia for colonization. Cf. _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana; Huth Catalogue_, iii. 839; Sabin, x. 40,175; _Crowninshield Catalogue_, no. 398; _Griswold Catalogue_, no. 436; Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 916; Harrisse, no. 19. Rich priced it in 1832 at £2 2_s._; a copy in the Bolton Corney sale, in 1871, brought £37. There are other copies in the libraries of Congress, New York Historical Society, Harvard College, and in the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, ii. 102); cf. Churchill’s _Voyages_, 1745, vol. ii. Erondelle’s version is also given in Purchas, vol. iv. A German version, abridged from the 1609 original, appeared at Augsburg in 1613, called _Gründliche Historey von Nova Francia_. There is a copy in the Library of Congress, and in the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 154). Cf. Harrisse, no. 29; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 1,374; Brinley Catalogue, no. 105; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, x. 40,177. Koehler, of Leipsic, priced this German edition in 1883 at 120 marks.—ED.]

[422] [The visits of the Jesuits to Acadia and Penobscot in 1611 are recounted in Jouvency’s _Historiæ Societatis Jesu pars quinta_, Rome, 1710, drawn largely from the _Relations_.—ED.]

[423] [There are, of course, illustrative materials in Lescarbot and Champlain, and on the English side in Purchas, Smith, and Gorges among the older writers; cf. George Folsom’s paper in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 2d series, vol. i. Champlain’s language has led some to suppose Argall had ten vessels with him besides his own; cf. Holmes, _Annals_; Parkman, _Pioneers_; De Costa, in Vol. III. chap. vi. of this History.—ED.]

[424] _Description Geographique et Historique des Costes de l’Amerique Septentrionale. Avec l’Histoire naturelle du Païs. Par Monsieur Denys, Gouverneur Lieutenant General pour le Roy, & proprietaire de toutes les Terres & Isles qui sont depuis le Cap du Campseaux jusque au Cap des Roziers. Tome I._ A Paris, chez Loüis Billaine, au second pillier de la grand’ Salle du Palais, à la Palme & au grand Cesar. 1672. 16mo. pp. 267.

[Some copies have the imprint, “Chez Claude Barbin,” as in the Harvard College copy. There are other copies in the Library of Congress and in the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, ii. 1,078). Sabin (vol. v. no. 19,615) says it should have a map; but Harrisse (nos. 136, 137) says he has found none in eight copies examined. Cf. Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Historica_ (1870), no. 562; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 767, both without the map; cf. Harrisse, no. 102. Charlevoix says of Denys, “he tells nothing but what he saw himself.” There is a copy of a Dutch version (1688) in Harvard College Library.—ED.]

[425] [Mr. Smith, the writer of the present chapter, has given a succinct account of the relations of the rival claimants with the Massachusetts people in the _Memorial History of Boston_, vol. i. chap. vii., with references, p. 302. The general historians, from Denys and Charlevoix, all tell the story; cf. _Historical Magazine_, iii. 315; iv. 281, and various papers in the _Massachusetts Archives; Documents Collected in France_, i. 599; ii. 1, 7, 9, 19, 25, 91. The _Rival Chiefs_, a novel, by Mrs. Cheney, is based on the events. See Rameau, _Une Colonie féodale_, p. xxxiii; Murdoch’s _Nova Scotia_, i. 120.—ED.]

[426] _Memorials of the English and French Commissaries concerning the Limits of Nova Scotia or Acadia._ London: Printed in the Year 1755. 8vo. pp. 771.

[This volume is said to have been drawn up by Charles Townshend (Bancroft, original ed., iv. 100), and is fuller than the corresponding work previously issued in Paris under the title, _Mémoires des Commissaires du Roi et de Ceux de sa Majesté Britannique sur les Possessions et les droits respectifs des deux Couronnes en Amerique_. 4 vols. 4to. Paris, 1755. Another edition of this last appeared the next year in 8 vols. 12mo, and again in three thick but small volumes at Copenhagen in 1755 (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 1074, etc.). The English edition above named contains the English case (both in English and French), signed W. Shirley and W. Mildmay, and dated at Paris, Sept. 21, 1750; and the French, signed by La Galissonière and De Silhouette, and dated the same day. Then follows the English memorial of Jan. 11, 1751, with the French reply (Oct. 4, 1751), and the English rejoinder (Jan. 23, 1753). In these papers the maps cited and examined are the English maps of Purchas, Berry, Morden, Thornton, Halley, Popple, and Salmon, the Dutch maps of De Laet and Visscher, and the French maps of Lescarbot, Champlain, Hennepin, De Lisle, Bellin and Danville, De Fer (1705) and Gendreville (1719). The rest of the volume is made of “Pièces Justificatives” brought forward by each side. There were maps accompanying these respective editions, setting forth the limits as claimed by the two sides, and marking by lines and shadings the extent of the successive patents of jurisdiction which follow down the region’s history. Jefferys and Le Rouge were the engravers on the opposing sides. John Green was the writer of the _Explanation_ accompanying the Jefferys map. There was another edition in English of the case, printed at the Hague in 1756, under the title, _All the Memorials of Great Britain and France since the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle_.

The contemporary literature of the controversy is extensive, and it all goes over the historical evidence in a way to throw much light, when separated from partisanship, on the history of Acadia. It may be said to have begun with a work mentioned by Obadiah Rich, _A Geographical History of Nova Scotia_, London, 1749 (Sabin, _Dictionary of Books Relating to America_, vol. xiii. no. 56,135), of which a French translation was published also in London (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 1,064), and a German one the next year.

Jefferys printed in 1754, _The Conduct of the French with regard to Nova Scotia, from its First Settlement to the Present Time_; and this appeared in a French version in London (_Conduite des François_) in the same year, with notes said to be written by Butel-Dumont.

The next year, Dr. William Clarke, of Boston, also reviewed the historical claims from the discovery of Cabot, in his _Observations ... with regard to the_ [French] _Encroachments_, Boston, 1755,—a tract also reprinted in London. There may be likewise noted Pidansat de Mairobert’s _Discussion summaire sur les anciennes limites de l’Acadie_, printed at Basel, 1755 (_Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 1,035); Moreau’s _Mémoire_, Paris, 1756; and Jefferys’ _Remarks on the French Memorials_, London, 1756. The last has two maps, setting forth respectively the French and English ideas and claims of the various occupancies and settlements under grant and charter; the French map is reduced from the original of the commissioners, and it may also be found in the _Atlas Ameriquain_ published at this time. At a later period, when the identity of De Monts’ St. Croix became an international question, the folio _Correspondence relating to the Boundary between the British Possessions in North America and the United States of America, under the Treaty of 1783_, was presented to Parliament July, 1840, and included an historical examination of the question, with maps and drafts from Lescarbot’s, Delisle’s, and Coronelli’s maps. Cf. in this connection Nathan Hale’s review of the history in the _North American Review_, vol. xxvi. In Shea’s edition of _Charlevoix_, i. 248, there is a note on the various limits assigned by early writers to Acadia.—ED.

[427] _Sir William Alexander and American Colonization. Including three Royal Charters; a Tract on Colonization; a Patent of the County of Canada and of Long Island; and the Roll of the Knights-Baronets of New Scotland. With Annotations and a Memoir._ By the Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M. Boston: Published by the Prince Society. 1873. 4to. pp. vii and 283.

[Mr. Slafter devotes a section of his monograph to the bibliography of his subject. Alexander’s tract, _Encouragement to Colonies_, which was printed in London in 1624 (some copies in 1625), and of which the unsold copies were reissued in 1630 as _The Mapp and Description of New England_, is printed entire by Slafter. The book is rare. Stevens, _Nuggets_, no. 59, prices it at £21; cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, nos. 739, 740. The map which accompanied both editions is given by Slafter, and in part in Vol. III. of the present work, and has been reproduced elsewhere, as Slafter (p. 124) explains. Hazard, _Collections_, i. 134, 206, prints some of the documentary evidence, and the British Museum _Catalogue of Manuscripts_ shows that the Egerton Manuscripts, 2,395, fol. 20-26, also touch the subject. In further elucidation, see Thomas C. Banks, _Statement of the Case of Alexander Earl of Stirling_, London, 1832, and his _Baronia Anglia Concentrata_, 1844, and the various expositions of the claims to the earldom in the several works referred to by Slafter, p. 115; and also Rogers, _Memorials of the Earls of Stirling and House of Alexander_, i. chaps. iv. and v. Mr. Slafter subsequently enlarged his statement regarding the _Copper Coinage of the Earl of Stirling_, and issued it as a tract with this title in 1874. Mr. C. W. Tuttle reviewed Mr. Slafter’s labors in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1874, p. 106.—ED.]

[428] _A Geographical View of the District of Maine, with Particular Reference to its Internal Resources, including the History of Acadia, Penobscot River and Bay; with Statistical Tables showing the Comparative Progress of Maine with each State in the Union, a List of the Towns, their Incorporation, Census, Polls, Valuation, Counties, and Distances from Boston._ By Joseph Whipple. Bangor: Printed by Peter Edes. 1816. 8vo. pp. 102.

[429] _An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia, in two Volumes. Illustrated by a Map of the Province and Several Engravings._ By Thomas C. Haliburton, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, and Member of the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia. Halifax: Printed and published by Joseph Howe. 1829. 8vo. pp. 340 and viii, 433 and iii.

[430] [Hannay, however, who followed Murdoch, freely acknowledges the great value of Winthrop, in that “without his aid it would have been impossible to give an accurate statement of the singular story of La Tour.”—ED.]

[431] _A History of Nova Scotia, or Acadie._ By Beamish Murdoch, Esq., Q.C. Halifax, N. S.: James Barnes. 1865-1867. 3 vols. 8vo. pp. xv and 543, xiv and 624, xxiii and 613.

[Some later works deserve a word. Moreau’s _L’Acadie Françoise_ covers the interval, 1598-1755, and draws upon the Paris archives.

Rameau’s _Une Colonie féodale en Amérique: L’Acadie_, 1604-1710, published at Paris in 1877, is called by Parkman (_Boston Athenæum Bulletin_, where his comments appear far too seldom) “a rather indifferent book, carelessly written; containing, however, some facts not elsewhere to be found about certain small settlements.” In the New York _Nation_, nos. 652, 666, is a review, with Rameau’s rejoinder.

James Hannay’s _History of Acadia_, St. John, N. B., 1879, is a well-compacted piece of work, somewhat unsatisfactory to the student, however, through the absence of authorities. In his preface he pays a tribute to the annals of Murdoch, and says he has attempted “to weave into a consistent narrative the facts which Murdoch had treated in a more fragmentary way.”—ED.]

[432] _Cours d’Histoire du Canada._ Par J. B. A. Ferland, Prêtre, Professeur d’Histoire à l’Uni versité-Laval. Première Partie. 1534-1663. Québec: Augustin Coté. 1861. 8vo. pp. xi and 522.

[433] _Histoire du Canada, depuis sa Découverte jusqu’à nos Jours._ Par F.-X. Garneau. Seconde Édition, corrigée et augmentée. Québec: John Lovell. 1852. 3 vols. 8vo. pp. xxii and 377, 454, 410.

[434] _History of Canada, from the Time of its Discovery till the Union Year_ (1840-1841). Translated from _L’Histoire du Canada_ of F.-X. Garneau, Esq., and accompanied with illustrative notes, etc. By Andrew Bell. Montreal: John Lovell. 1860. 3 vols. 8vo. pp. xxii and 382, 404, 442.

[435] _The First English Conquest of Canada: with Some Account of the Earliest Settlements in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland._ By Henry Kirke, M.A., B.C.L., Oxon. London: Bemrose & Sons. 1871. 8vo. pp. xi and 227.

[436] _Pioneers of France in the New World._ By Francis Parkman. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 1865. 8vo. pp. xxii and 420. [Mme. de Clermont-Tonnere has translated this and other of Mr. Parkman’s works, but with liberties prompted no doubt by disagreements in matters of religious faith. The _Pioneers_ was the earliest, chronologically, in the series of _France and England in North America_,—a general title under which Mr. Parkman has already told a large part of the story of the French colonization in North America; but a later subject, the struggle of the Indians under Pontiac after the final English conquest, had before this engaged his pen. The characterization of later volumes of this series belongs to other chapters, in which will also be found further estimates of the other general historians here particularized. The Abbé Casgrain published at Quebec in 1872 an essay on _Francis Parkman_, pp. 89, with a lithographic portrait. Cf. a review by the Comte Circourt in the _Revue des Questions Historiques_, xix, 616; and references in Poole’s _Index to Periodical Literature_. The Editor would take this occasion to express his constant obligations to Mr. Parkman in the preparation of the present volume.—ED.]

[437] _Count Frontenac, and New France under Louis XIV._ By Francis Parkman. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 1877. 8vo. pp. xvi and 463.

[438] Purchas, _His Pilgrimage_, London, 1614, p. 751.

[439] Named Ste. Claire, or St. Clare, after a Franciscan nun, but now spelled St. Clair.

[440] Ontario, or Skanadario, native name for beautiful lake.

[441] Purchas, _His Pilgrimage_, London, 1614, p. 747. [Cf. Professor Shaler’s Introduction to the present volume.—ED.]

[442] [See the note on the _Jesuit Relations_, following the succeeding chapter, and L. H. Morgan on the Geographical Distribution of the Indians, in the _North American Review_, vol. cx. p. 33.—ED.]

[443] See chapter ii.; also, a paper on the discovery of copper relics near Brockville, in the _Canadian Journal_, 1856, pp. 329, 334.

[444] _Colonial State Papers._

[445] Chapter iii.

[446] [Cf. Parkman’s references on the fur-trade, given in his _Old Régime in Canada_, p. 309.—ED.]

[447] Sagard, _Histoire du Canada_, Paris edition, 1865, pp. 589, 781; Champlain, Paris edition, 1634, p. 220.

[448] Parkman, _Pioneers of France_, pp. 377, 378.

[449] Sagard, _Canada_, Paris edition, 1865, p. 717.

[450] Champlain, edition of 1632.

[451] Hubbard’s _New England_. [See vol. iii. chap. ix.—ED.]

[452] Fleet’s Journal, in Neill’s _Founders of Maryland_. Munsell, Albany, 1876. [See vol. iii. chap. xiii.—ED.]

[453] See chapter iii.

[454] Rymer’s _Fœdera_, vol. xix.

[455] [This lake is shown in De Laet’s map of 1630, of which a fac-simile is given in chapter ix.—ED.]

[456] Young’s “Voyage,” in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ix. 115, 116.

[457] Le Jeune to Vimont, in the _Relation_ of 1640, writes: “Some Frenchmen call them the ‘Nation of Stinkers,’ because the Algonquin word _Ouinipeg_ signifies ‘stinking water.’ They thus call the water of the sea. Therefore these people call themselves ‘Ouinipegous,’ because they come from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge; and we must not call them the Nation of Stinkers, but the ‘Nation of the Sea.’”

In the _Jesuit Relations_ of 1647-48 is the following: “On its shores [Green Bay] dwell a different people of an unknown language,—that is to say, a language neither Algonquin nor Huron. These people are called the Puants, not on account of any unpleasant odor that is peculiar to them, but because they say they came from the shores of a sea far distant toward the west, the waters of which being salt, they call themselves the ‘people of the stinking water.’”

[458] _Relation_ of 1643. [See note on the Jesuit Relations.—ED.]

[459] Outaouacs, or Ottawas, was a name applied to all the upper Indians who came to Montreal or Quebec to trade. The _Relation_ of 1671 gives the origin of the name: “We have given the name of Outaouacs to all the savages of these countries, although of different nations, because the first who have appeared among the French have been Outaouacs.” Francis Assikinach, an Indian, published in 1858-60, various papers on the Odahwah legends and languages in the _Canadian Journal_.

[460] Groseilliers—sometimes written Grozelliers and Groselliers—was born in 1621, and in early life was a pilot. He married his second wife on August 24, 1653, and had a large family by her,—Jean Baptiste, born at Three Rivers, July 25, 1654; Marie Anne, August 7, 1657; Marguerite, April 15, 1659; Marie Antoinette, June 7, 1661.

The Sieur Radisson was the son of Sebastien and Madeleine Hayet Radisson. The St. Croix River of Minnesota is so called because as La Sueur says a Frenchman of that name was drowned in the stream. Before the year 1700 it is on the maps marked Madeleine, perhaps in compliment to Radisson’s mother.

[461] _Relation_ of 1660: “Firent heureusement rencontre d’une belle rivière, grande, large, profonde, et comparable, disent ils, à nostre grande fleuve le Saint Laurent.”

[462] Duchesneau, Intendant of Canada, describes the Ottawas in these words: “The Outawas Indians, who are divided into several tribes, and are nearest to us, are those of the greatest use, because through them we obtain beaver; and although they do not hunt generally, and have but a small portion of peltry in their country, they go in search of it to the most distant places, and exchange it for our merchandise. They are the Themistamens [Temiscamings], Nepisseriens [Nipissings], Missisakis, Amicouës, Sauteurs [Ojibways], Kiskakons, and Thionontatorons [Petun Hurons].”—_N. Y. Coll. Doc._ ix. 160.

[463] Tailhan’s _Perrot_, p. 92.

[464] [See note on Jesuit Relations _sub anno_ 1662-1663.—ED.]

[465] [Given on a later page.—ED.]

[466] [Given on a later page.—ED.]

[467] [See note on the _Jesuit Relations_.—ED.]

[468] Franquelin’s map calls the stream at the extremity of Lake Superior, which now forms a portion of the northern boundary of Minnesota, Groseilliers.

[469] [There is a portrait of Talon in the Hotel Dieu at Quebec. It is engraved in Shea’s _Charlevoix_, iii., and _Le Clercq_, ii. 61. His instructions are dated March 27, 1665. His eagerness was not altogether satisfactory to Colbert, who warns him, April 5, 1666, that the “King would never depopulate his kingdom to people Canada.” Talon in return (_Mass. Archives: Docs. Coll. in France_, ii. 189, 195), advocated the purchase of New Netherland, so as to confine the English to New England; but the English were about settling that question their own way.

_A mémoire (1667) sur l’état présent du Canada_, probably by Talon, is in Faribault’s _Collection de Mémoires sur l’histoire ancienne du Canada_, Quebec, 1840. Faillon (vol iii. part iii.) enlarges upon the zeal of Louis XIV. for the colony. The Bishop of Quebec meanwhile had his apprehensions. He warns the home government against allowing Protestants to come out. “Quebec is not very far from Boston,” he says, “and to multiply the Protestants is to invite revolution.” _Massachusetts Archives: Documents Collected in France_, ii. 233.—ED.]

[470] This may be the Péré, or Perray, whose name is given on Franquelin’s map of 1688 to the Moose River of Hudson’s Bay. Bellin says that it was named after a Frenchman who discovered it. In 1677 the Sieur Péré was with La Salle at Fort Frontenac. Frontenac, in November, 1679, writes to the King that Governor Andros of New York “has retained there, and even well treated, a man named Péré, and others who have been alienated from Sieur de la Salle, with the design to employ and send them among the Outawas, to open a trade with them.” The Intendant, Duchesneau, writes more fully to Seignelay, “that the man named Péré, having resolved to range the woods, went to Orange to confer with the English, and to carry his beavers there, in order to obtain some wampum beads to return and trade with the Outawacs; that he was arrested by the Governor of that place, and sent to Major Andros, Governor-General, whose residence is at Manatte; that his plan was to propose to bring to him all the _coureurs de bois_ with their peltries.” After this he seems to have been “a close prisoner at London for eighteen months” (_N. Y. Col. Doc._, iii. 479). Governor Dongan, on Sept. 8, 1687, sends Mons. La Parre to Canada “with an answer to the French Governor’s angry letter.” Nicholas Perrot in the old documents is sometimes called Peré, and this has led to confusion.

[471] Father Allouez, the first Jesuit to visit Green Bay, writes: “We set out from Saut [Ste. Marie] the 3d of November [1669], according to my dates; two canoes of Ponteouatamis wishing to take me to their country, not that I might instruct them, they having no disposition to receive the faith, but to soften some young Frenchmen who were among them, for the purpose of trading, and who threatened and ill-treated them.”

[472] Bancroft, giving reins to the imagination, wrote in his early editions of “brilliantly clad officers from the veteran armies of France” being present (_Hist. of the United States_, iii. 154).