Chapter IX (9)

[696] Abbé Salignac de Fénelon was a half brother of the author of _Télémaque_. Hildreth appears in doubt about him, and says: “Could this have been the Abbé and Saint Sulpitian priest of the same name, afterward so famous in the world of religion and letters? If so, his two years’ missionary residence in Canada seems to have been overlooked by his biographers. Yet he might have gathered there some hints for _Telemachus_.” See the “Note on the Jesuit Relations,” _sub anno_ 1666-1667. Perrot’s character is drawn in Faillon (iii. 446) from the Sulpitian side.

[697] [Margry (i. 405) gives an account of the deliberations on the selling of liquor to the savages, which were held at Quebec Oct. 10, 1678.—ED.]

[698] Auteuil’s house was situated about two leagues away from Quebec. Villeray went to the Isle of Orleans, and Tilly took up his quarters at the house of M. Juchereau, of St. Denis, near Quebec.

[699] [Duchesneau issued in 1681, at Quebec, a Memoir on the tribes from which peltries were derived. An English translation of this is in 2 _Pennsylvania Archives_, vi. 7.—ED.]

[700] See chap. iv.

[701] [A _Mémoire_ (Nov. 12, 1685) _du Marquis de Denonville sur l’État du Canada, 12 Novembre_, is in Brodhead, _N. Y. Col. Docs._, ix. 280; and an English translation is in 2 _Pennsylvania Archives_, vi. 24. Various other documents of this period are referred to in the _Notes Historiques_ of Harrisse’s _Notes_, etc.—ED.]

[702] [Cf. chap. vi. For this campaign against the Senecas, see Shea’s _Charlevoix_, iii. 286 (and his authorities); Parkman’s _Frontenac_ (references p. 156); Denonville’s Journal, translated in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vol. ix.; St. Vallier, _État Présent_; Belmont, _Histoire du Canada_; La Hontan; Tonty; Perrot; La Potherie; and the statements of the Senecas, in _N. Y. Col. Docs._, vol. iii. Squier’s _Aboriginal Monuments of New York_ gives a plan of the Seneca fort; and O. H. Marshall identifies its site in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, vol. ii.—ED.]

[703] [Margry (i. 37) gives a statement, made in 1712 by Vaudreuil and Bégon, collating the _Relations_ from 1646 to 1687, to show the right of the French to the Iroquois country. Denonville’s _Mémoire_ (1688), on the limits of the French claim, is translated in 2 _Pennsylvania Archives_, vi. 36. The _Mémoire_ of the King, addressed to Denonville, explanatory of the claim, is translated in French’s _Historical Collections_, 2d series, i. 123. The _Catalogue_ of the Canadian Parliament, 1858, p. 1617. no. 39, shows a large map of the French possessions, defining their boundaries by the English, copied from an original in the French archives. The claim was pressed of an extension to the Pacific. See Greenhow’s _Oregon_, p. 159.—ED.]

[704] [There is in the _Massachusetts Archives: Documents collected in France_, iv. 7, a paper dated Versailles, 10 Mai, 1690, entitled “Projet d’une Expédition contre Manat et Baston,” which is accompanied by a map showing the coast from New York to the Merrimack, in its relation to Lakes Champlain and Ontario. The English towns are marked “bourg;” only “Baston” is put down by name. See Notes following chap. iv.—ED.]

[705] [French armed vessels had also attacked Block Island, _Historical Magazine_vii. 324.—ED.]

[706] The Editor is indebted to Francis Parkman, Esq., for the use of a fac-simile of the contemporary manuscript plan (preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris), of which the topographical part is shown, somewhat reduced, in the annexed fac-simile (Parkman’s _Frontenac_, p. 285). The rest of the sheet contains the following:—

“Plan de Québec, et de les environs, en la Nouvelle France, Assiegé par les Anglois, le 16 d’Octobre, 1690, jusqu’au 22 du dit mois qu’ils sen allerent, apprés avoir este bien battus, par M^r. Le Comte de Frontenac, gouverneur general du Pays.

“Les noms des habitans et des principaux Endroits de Quebec.

1. Maison Seigneurial de beauport. 2. pierre parent le Perre. 3. Jacque parent le fils. 4. aux R. P. Jesuistes. 5. pierre parent le fils. 6. la vefve de mathieu choset. 7. michel huppé. 8. M^r. de la Durantaye, Conseiller. 9. la vefve de paul chalifou. 10. M^r. de Vitray, Conceiller. 11. François retor. 12. M^r. denis. 13. Estienne lionnois. 14. M^r. Roussel. 15. Jean le normand. 16. Jean landron, ou est la briqueterie. 17. Joseph rancourt. 18. André coudray. 19. Jean le normand. 20. M^r. de St. Simeon. 21. le petit passage. 22. Le fort St. Louis, ou loge M^r. le comte de frontenac. 23. n^{tre} dame, et le Seminaire. 24. hospice des R. P. Recolletz. 25. les R. P. Jesuistes. 26. les Ursulines. 27. l’hospital. 28. les filles de la Congregation. 29. Mr. de Villeray, premier Conseiller. 30. batterie de huict pieces. 31. Le Cul de Sac, ou les barques, et petits vaisseaux hivernent. 32. platte forme ou est une batterie de 3 p. 33. Place ou est le buste du Roy, pozé sur un pied d’estal, en 1686, par Mr. de Champigny, Intendant. 34. M^r. de la Chesnays. 35. autre batterie de trois pieces. 36. autre batterie de trois pieces. 37. le Palais ou logent l’Intendant, le greffier du Conseil Souverain, et ou sont aussy les Prisons. 38. boulangerie a M^r. de la Chesnays. 39. la Maison blance a M^r. de la Chesnay. 40. moulin a M^r. de la Chesnays. 41. moulin au Roy. 42. moulins aux R. P. Jesuistes. 43. Maison a M^r. Talon, autrefois Intendant du Pays. 44. N^{tre}. dame des anges. 45. Vincent poirié. 46. L’Esuesché, a M^r. de St. Vallier. 47. Jardin de M^r. de frontenac. 48. Moulin a M^r. du Pont, ou est une batterie de trois pieces. 49. louis begin. 50. Jacque Sanson. 51. Pesche aux R. P. Jesuistes. 52. pierre Leyzeau. 53. Mathurin choüet, ou est un four a chaux. 54. batterie de trois pieces pour deffendre le passage de la petitte R^r.. 55. Canots, pour la decouverte pendant la nuit.

* * * * *

Par le s^r de Villeneuve ingénieur du Roy.”

Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., no. 243, cites this plan, and, no. 244, refers to a map of a little different title by Villeneuve, preserved in the Dépôt des Fortifications des Colonies at Paris. Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_, no. 2,652, notes another early manuscript copy of this plan (Harrisse’s no. 243) in a collection of maps of the 18th century, which he prices at 800 francs. He calls the plan “tres belle carte manuscrite et inédite,” not aware of the reduced engraving of it issued by Van der Aa, of which there is a copy in a collection of maps (no. 50) formed by Frederick North, and now in Harvard College Library.

[707] Chapter iv.

[708] [Benjamin Wadsworth, of Boston, was sent by Massachusetts Bay to Albany in 1694 as one of the commissioners to treat with the Five Nations, and his Journal is in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, i. 102-110.—ED.]

[709] [These are particularly described in chap. ix. of the present volume.—ED.]

[710] [See Note B, following this chapter.—ED.]

[711] [Frontenac’s will is printed in the _Magazine of American History_, June, 1883, p. 465.—ED.]

[712] Chapter viii.

[713] “M. Bacqueville de la Potherie a décrit le premier, d’une manière exacte, les établissemens des Français a Québec, à Montréal et aux Trois-Rivières: il a fait connaître surtout dans un grand détail, et en jetant, dans sa narration beaucoup d’intérêt, les mœurs, les usages, les maximes, la forme de gouvernement, la manière de faire la guerre et de contracter des alliances de la nation Iroquoise, si célèbre dans cette contrée de l’Amérique-Septentrionale. Ses observations se sont encore étendues à quelques autres peuplades, telle que la nation des Abénaquis, etc.”—_Bib. des Voyages._

Charlevoix describes it as containing “undigested and ill-written material on a good portion of Canadian history.” Cf. Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 66; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. iii. no. 319; _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 63; Sabin, _Dictionary of Books relating to America, from its Discovery to the Present Time_, vol. i. no. 2,692; Stevens, _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 1,313. It usually brings about $10; a later edition, Paris, 1753, four volumes, is worth a little less.

[714] [There were two editions in this year; one in three volumes quarto, and the other in six volumes of small size, with the plates folded. Cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. iii. p. 520; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. nos. 762, 763; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 282, who says that “an almost endless variety exists in the editions and changes of the parts in Charlevoix’s three volumes.” Heriot published an abridged translation of Charlevoix in 1804; but the English reader and the student of Canadian history owes a great deal to the version and annotations of Dr. Shea, which this scholar printed in New York, in six sumptuous volumes, in 1866-1872. (Cf. J. R. G. Hassard in _Catholic World_, xvii. 721.) Charlevoix’s list of authorities with characterizations is the starting-point of the bibliography of New France. See Note C, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[715] [See the note on the Jesuit Relations, following chap. vi., _sub anno_ 1659.—ED.]

[716] [Cf. H. J. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 65.—ED.]

[717] [Parkman, _Frontenac_, p. 181, gives the authorities on the massacre. La Hontan’s _Voyages_; _N. Y. Coll. Doc._, vols. iii., ix.; Colden’s _Five Nations_, p. 115; Smith’s _New York_, p. 57; Belmont, _Histoire du Canada_ in Faribault’s _Collection de Mémoires_, 1840; De la Potherie, _Histoire de l’Amérique Septentrionale_. Shea says (_Charlevoix_, iv. 31), “There is little doubt as to the complicity of the New Yorkers in the Lachine massacre.”—ED.]

[718] Shea’s _Charlevoix_, i. 94.

[719] An abridged edition was printed at Quebec in 1864. There is a bibliographical sketch of Garneau in the Abbé Casgrain’s _Œuvres_, vol. ii., first issued separately in 1866. Cf. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 135. Chauveau’s discourse at his grave is in the _Revue Canadienne_, 1867.

[720] Mr. Alfred Garneau, who has also written a readable paper entitled “Les Seigneurs de Frontenac,” which was originally published in the _Revue Canadienne_, 1867, vol. iv. p. 136. The English reader is unfortunate if he derives his knowledge of the elder Garneau’s historical work from the English translation by Bell, who in a spirit of prejudice has taken unwarrantable liberties with his original.

[721] Shea gives a portrait of Ferland (_b._ 1805, _d._ 1864) in his _Charlevoix_, and it is repeated with a memoir in the _Historical Magazine_, July, 1865; cf. Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 121. His strictures on Brasseur de Bourbourg’s _Histoire du Canada_ were published in Paris, in 1853. [Cf. chap. iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[722] _Old Régime_, p. 61. An account of his studies in Canadian history appeared at Montreal in 1879, in a memorial volume, _M. Faillon, Prêtre de St. Sulpice, sa Vie et ses Œuvres_. [See the note on the _Jesuit Relations_, following chap. vi., _sub anno_ 1642; and Morgan’s _Bibliotheca Canadensis_, p. 118.—ED.]

[723] The aims of partisanship always incite the detraction of rivals, and a story which is current illustrates the passions of rivalry, if it does not record the truth. Faillon’s book is said to have given offence to the members of the Seminary at Quebec, and to have restored some of the old recriminating fervor which so long characterized the relations of the ecclesiastics of Montreal and Quebec. The priests of the Seminary are even credited with an appeal to the Pope to prevent the continuance of its publication. Whether this be true or not, historical scholarship is accounted a gainer in the antidote which the Quebec ecclesiastics applied, when they commissioned the Abbé Laverdière, since deceased, to publish his edition of Champlain.

[724] In the Preface to his _Old Régime_, and repeated in his _Frontenac_, Mr. Parkman, in referring to his conclusions, said: “Some of the results here reached are of a character which I regret, since they cannot be agreeable to persons for whom I have a very cordial regard. The conclusions drawn from the facts may be matter of opinion; but it will be remembered that the facts themselves can be overthrown only by overthrowing the evidence on which they rest, or bringing forward counter evidence of equal or greater strength.” The chief questioner of Parkman’s views has been the Abbé Casgrain, whose position is best understood from his _Une Paroisse Canadienne au XVII^e siècle_, Quebec, 1880. See Poole’s _Index_, p. 973, for reviews of Parkman’s books.

[725] Mr. Parkman also made it the subject of an article in the _Atlantic Monthly_, xxxviii. 719.

[726] Sabin, vol. ii. no. 5,000.

[727] See Vol. III. p. 34.

[728] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 516, 517.

[729] There are copies of the 1597 edition in the Carter-Brown and Harvard College libraries. They are worth from £3 to £4. Copies of the 1598 edition are in the Library of Congress, and in the Murphy, Barlow, and Carter-Brown Collections. It is usually priced at $8 or $10. This edition was reissued in 1603 with a new title, and the omissions of the leaf of “epigramma;” and copies of this date are in the Library of Congress, the Philadelphia Library, and in the Carter-Brown Collection. A French edition, including the same maps, appeared at Douay in 1607, with the text abridged in parts and added to in others. There is a copy in the Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, ii. 59) Collection. The maps were also reproduced, with four others not American, in the 1611 edition of Douay, of which the Library of Congress, Harvard College, and the Carter-Brown Collections have copies. The _America, sive novus orbis_ of Metellus, published at Cologne in 1600, has twenty maps, which are reduced copies with little change from Wytfliet. (Rich, 1832, no. 90; Sabin, _Dictionary_, xii. 48,170). Harvard College Library has a copy of Metellus.

[730] Part of this famous map is given on p. 373. See Raemdonck’s _Mercator_, pp. 114-138, 249. The same map was reproduced on a different projection by Rumold Mercator in 1587, and by Corneille de Jode in 1589; and Guillaume Jannsonius imitated it in 1606, and this in turn was imitated by Kaerius. Girolamo Poro reproduced it at Venice on a reduced scale in 1596.

German and English writers have disputed over the claim for the invention of what is known as Mercator’s projection. The facts seem to be that Mercator conceived the principle, but did not accurately work out the formula for parallelizing the meridians and for spreading the parallels of latitude. Mead, on _The Construction of Maps_ (1717), charged Mercator with having stolen the idea from Edward Wright, who was the first to publish an engraved map on this system in his _Certaine Errors of Navigation_, London, 1599. It seems, however, clear that Wright perfected the formula, and only claimed to have improved, not to have invented, the projection. Raemdonck (p. 120) gives full references.

[731] Dr. J. van Raemdonck published _Gérard Mercator, sa Vie et ses Œuvres_, in 1869; a paper in the nature of a supplement by him, “Relations commerciales entre Gérard Mercator et Christophe Plautin à Anvers,” was published in the _Bull. de la Soc. géog. d’Anvers_, iv. 327. There is a succinct account of Mercator by Eliab F. Hall published in the _Bulletin_ (1878, no. 4) of the American Geographical Society. Raemdonck (p. 312) has shown that the old belief in the Latinization of Koopman, or Kaufmann, as the original name of Mercator, is an error,—his family name having been Cremer, which in Flemish signified the German Kaufmann and the Latin Mercator. Raemdonck also shows that Mercator was born in the Pays de Waas, March 5, 1512.

[732] Leclerc, _Bibl. Amer._, no. 2,911 (45 francs).

[733] Cf. I. C. Iselin, in _Historisch-Geographisches Lexicon_, Basel, 1726, 2d part.

[734] Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,882. Lelewel, _Géog. du Moyen Age_, despaired of setting right the order of the various editions of _Hondius-Mercator_; but Raemdonck, _Mercator_, p. 260, thinks he has determined their sequence; and upon Raemdonck we have in part depended in this account. Raemdonck mentions the copies in European libraries. The 1607 edition was translated into French by Popellinière, the author of _Les trois Mondes_; and other French editions were issued in 1613, 1619, 1628, 1630, 1633, 1635. Cf. Quetelet, _Histoire des Sciences, mathématique et physique chez les Belges_, p. 116.

[735] Known in his vernacular as Pierre van den Bergh. He had married the sister of Jodocus Hondius.

[736] This had 153 plates, but none touching New France, except the map of the world. The same, with German text, appeared in 1609. About twenty editions appeared in various languages; but that of 1627-1628 showed 140 newly engraved maps, of which there were later Dutch (1630) and Latin (1634) editions. In 1651, this _Atlas minor_ was increased to two volumes, with 211 maps, having 71 (including five new maps of South American regions) additional maps to the 140 of the 1627-1628 edition. Cf. Raemdonck, _Mercator; Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 1,634; and Sabin, vol. xii. nos. 47,887 and 47,888.

[737] In 1633-39 it had the title, _Atlas; ou, Représentation du Monde_, in three volumes; Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,884.

[738] The English editor was Wye Saltonstall. There are copies in Harvard College Library and in Mr. Deane’s, and the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, ii. 430; cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. xii. no. 47,885). The second edition in some copies has Ralph Hall’s very rare map of Virginia.

[739] There is a fine copy in the Library of the Massachusetts Historical Society; cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,886.

[740] It is usually priced at from £7 to £10; cf. Sabin, vol. xii. no. 47,883. Raemdonck, _Mercator_, p. 268, says 313 maps, of which twenty are Mercator’s, and these last were latest used in the editions of 1640(?) and 1664.

[741] Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 222. Lelewel, a Pole, passed a long exile at Brussels, where he published, in 1852, his _Géog. du Moyen Age_. He died in Paris in 1862; and the people of Brussels commemorated him by an inscription on the house in which he lived.

[742] There is also a copy in Harvard College Library.

[743] Cf. Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 222. Covens and Mortier were the publishers of what is known as the Allard Atlases, published about the close of the century.

[744] A list of the royal geographers of France will often serve in fixing the dates of the many undated maps of this period. Such a list is given from 1560 in the _Bulletin de la Soc. géog. d’Anvers_, i. 477, and includes—

Nicolas Sanson, in office, 1647-1667.

P. Duval, 1664-1667.

Adrien Sanson, first son of Nicolas, 1667.

Guillaume Sanson, second son, 1667.

Jean B. d’Anville (b. 1697; d. 1782), 1718.

Guillaume Delisle (b. 1675; d. 1726), 1718.

Jean de Beaurain (b. 1696; d. 1771; publications, 1741-1756), 1721.

Le Rouge, 1722.

Philip Buache (publications, 1729-1760), d. 1773.

Roussel, 1730.

Hubert Jaillot, 1736.

Bernard Jaillot, 1736.

Robert de Vaugondy (b. 1688; d. 1766), 1760.

A _Géographie universelle, avec Cartes_, was published under Du Val’s name in Paris in 1682. Another French atlas, A. M. Mallet’s _Description de l’Univers_, Paris, 1683, in five volumes, contained 683 maps, of which 55 were American; and the century closed with what was still called Sanson’s _Description de tout l’Univers en plusieurs Cartes_, 1700, which had six maps on America.

[745] Copy in Boston Public Library (no. 2,311.68), 112 pp., quarto, without date. Cf. Uricoechea, _Mapoteca Colombiana_, no. 38; one of the Carter-Brown copies (_Catalogue_, ii. 828) is dated 1657 (as is the Harvard College copy), and the other, with twelve maps is dated 1662 (_Catalogue_, ii. no. 909). The entire atlas was called _Cartes générales de toutes Parties du Monde_, Paris, 1658 (Sunderland, vol. v. no. 11,069).

[746] Some copies are made up as covering the dates 1654 to 1669.

[747] Cf. Lelewel, _Epilogue_, p. 229. “The progress of geographical science long continued to be slow,” says Hallam in his _Literature of Europe_. “If we compare the map of the world in 1651, by Nicolas Sanson, esteemed on all sides the best geographer of his age, with one by his son in 1692, the variances will not appear perhaps so considerable as one might have expected.... The Sanson family did not take pains enough to improve what their father had executed, though they might have had material help from the astronomical observations which were now continually made in different parts of the world.” The Sanson plates continued to be used in Johannes Luyt’s _Introductio ad Geographiam_, 1692, and in the _Atlas nouveau par le Sr. Sanson et H. Jaillot_, published in Paris about the same year.

[748] A list of the American maps published in Holland is given on pp. 113-118 of Paullus’ _Orbis terraqueus in Tabulis descriptus_, published at Strasburg in 1673.

[749] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, shows how copies of all these atlases are often extended by additional plates.

[750] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 89.

[751] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 701; Asher’s _Essay_, etc.; Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. iv. no. 14,548.

[752] Cf. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, nos. 957, etc., and Asher’s _Essay_.

[753] It is one of the rarest of these _Zee-Atlases_, and is worth £7 to £10; there is a copy in Harvard College Library.

[754] Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 1,667, etc.

[755] There is a map of the world in this work which gives much the same delineation to America.

[756] Cf. the map on the title of the _Beschryvinghe van Guiana_, Amsterdam, 1605 (given in Muller’s _Books on America_, 1872). The map in Cespedes’ _Regimiento de Navigacion_, Madrid, 1606, is of interest as being one of the few early printed Spanish maps. This, like those in Medina, Gomara, and Herrera, is of a small scale. The map in so well-known a book as Herrera’s _Descripcion de las Indias_ (1601, repeated in the 1622 edition) is very vaguely drawn for the northeastern part of America. The map in the _Detectio freti Hudsoni_, published at Amsterdam in 1613, showed as yet no signs of Champlain’s discoveries.

[757] It is reproduced as a whole in Tross’s edition of Lescarbot, Paris, 1866; in Faillon, _Colonie Française en Canada_, i. 85, and in the _Popham Memorial_.

[758] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., nos. 306, 307.

[759] See chap. viii.

[760] Cf. Bibliographical Note in Vol. III. p. 47.

[761] See a bibliographical note in the present volume, chap. viii. Copies of the 1630 and 1633 editions are in Harvard College and the Boston Public Libraries, and in Mr. Deane’s collection.

[762] _Notes_, etc., no. 323. Harrisse also assigns to 1628 a map, “Novveau Monde,” by Nicolai du Dauphiné, which appeared in the French translation, 1628, of Medina’s _L’Art de Naviguer_. There is a mappemonde of Hondius bearing date 1630, and his _America noviter delineata_ of 1631. Of about the same date is _Den Groote Noord Zee ... beschreven door Jacob Aertz Colom_, which appeared at Amsterdam, and shows the North American coast from Smith Sound to Florida. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 89, says it is “of the utmost rarity.”

[763] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc. nos. 270, 271.

[764] Harrisse, no. 327. Sanson had already published a map of North America in 1650 (Harrisse, no. 325). As contemporary maps, reference may be made to a map of Nicolosius (Harrisse, no. 268); and to one in Wright’s _Certain Errors in Navigation_. Harrisse (no. 336) refers to a later map of Sanson (1667), before his son published his revision in 1669.

[765] Similar delineations of these western lakes appear on various maps of about this time, including those credited to Valck and F. de Witt, and others marked “P. Schenk, ex.,” and “per Jacobum de Sandrart, Norimbergæ, B. Homann sculpsit.” Guillaume Sanson embodied the same representations in his _Amérique septentrionale_ in 1669 (Harrisse, no. 338), and the next year (1670) they again appeared on the map attached to Blome’s _Description of the World_. Still later they are found in Jaillot’s _Amérique septentrionale_ (1694); in the map in Campanius’ _Nya Swerige_ (1702), and even so late as 1741 in Van der Aa’s _Galerie agréable du Monde_.

[766] There were various later editions,—1662, 1674, 1677 (with map dated 1663).

[767] Harrisse, _Notes_, etc., nos. 269, 272, 328; Uricoechea, _Mapoteca Colombiana_, no. 42, etc.

[768] See the Editorial Note on the _Jesuit Relations_.

[769] Harrisse (no. 197) refers to a manuscript map in the Paris Archives of 1665, showing the coast from Labrador to Mexico.

[770] Cf. Stevens’s _Bibliotheca Geographica_, no. 2,016.

[771] See chap. vi.

[772] Harrisse, nos. 336, 338, 344, 345, 347, 356, 363, 370; Stevens, _Bibliotheca geographica_, p. 236.

[773] Harrisse, no. 349.

[774] Harrisse, no. 350.

[775] Harrisse, no. 351.

[776] Harrisse, no. 354.

[777] Ibid., no. 367.

[778] Harrisse, nos. 371, 372.

[779] Harrisse, no. 374.

[780] I am inclined to consider this desire of finding a new and shorter passage to Cathay a flimsy excuse for premeditated descents upon the Spanish conquests, and shall give my reasons in the proper place.

[781] [See Vol. III., chaps. iv. and v.—ED.]

[782] _Wahlebocht_, bay of the foreigners.

[783] [See Vol. III., chap. v.; also, later in the present chapter.—ED.]

[784] [See this Vol., chap. ix.—ED.]

[785] The schout-fiscal was a member of the Council, but had no vote. He attended the sessions of the Council to give his opinion upon any financial or judicial question; and, if required, acted as public prosecutor.

[786] [This was the origin of the New York Historical Society, which held its first organized meeting in January, 1805, and occupied its present building for the first time in 1857. (_Historical Magazine_, i. 23, 369; _Public Libraries of the United States_ [1876], i. 924.) It was at this dedication that Dr. John W. Francis delivered his genial and anecdotal discourse on _New York in the last Fifty Years_.

Some good supplemental work has been done by the local historical societies, like the Long Island (_Historical Magazine_, viii. 187), Ulster County, and Buffalo societies.—ED.]

[787] [Dr. O’Callaghan made the translations from the Dutch and French, and had the general superintendence. Brodhead prepared the Introduction, giving the history of the records. Brodhead made his first report on his work in 1845 (Senate Documents, no. 47, of 1845), after he had arranged and indexed his eighty volumes, also in an address before the New York Historical Society, 1844, printed in their _Proceedings_. This led to the arranging and binding of two hundred volumes of the domestic archives, which had been in disorder. The eighty volumes above named were divided thus:—

Sixteen, 1603-1678, obtained in Holland; forty-seven, 1614-1678, procured in England; seventeen, 1631-1763, secured in Paris. Brodhead’s _New York_, i. 759; _Westminster Review_, new series, iii. 607.

Asher, _Essay_, p. xlviii, says of Brodhead’s mission: “We must, however, regret that, tied down by his instructions, he took a somewhat narrow view of his search, and purposely omitted from his collection a vast store of documents bearing on the history of the West India Company.”

The documents as published were divided thus: Vol. i. Holland documents, 1603-1656. Vol. ii. Ibid., 1657-1678. Vol. iii. London documents, 1614-1692. Vol. iv. Ibid., 1693-1706. Vol. v. Ibid., 1707-1733. Vol. vi. Ibid., 1734-1755. Vol. vii. Ibid., 1756-1767. Vol. viii. Ibid., 1768-1782. Vol. ix. Paris documents, 1631-1744. Vol. x. Ibid., 1745-1774.

In the Introduction to vol. iii. Mr. Brodhead gives an account of the condition of the English State-Paper Office in 1843.—ED.]

[788] [The discourse (1847) of C. F. Hoffman on “The Pioneers of New York,” institutes a comparison with the Pilgrims of Plymouth. Mr. Fernow’s paper in the _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, v. 214, discusses the claims of the Dutch to be considered as having educated people among them, and the various legislative acts indicating their tolerant spirit are enumerated in _Historical Magazine_, iii. 312.

See Dr. De Witt’s paper on the origin of the early settlers in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1847, p. 72. Various notices of the early families are scattered through O’Callaghan’s notes to his _New Netherland_, and embodied in the local histories; but genealogy has never been so favorite a study in New York as in New England.—ED.]

[789] _N. Y. Coll. MSS._, xxxv. 162.

[790] Governor Ingoldsby to Lords of Trade, July 5, 1709: “I am well informed that when the Dutch took this place from us, several books of records of patents and other things were lost.”—_N. Y. Coll. Doc’s_, v. 83.

[791] [_Calendar of Historical MSS. in the Secretary of State’s Office_ (Dutch), 1630-1664, Albany, 1865; and Ibid. (English), 1664-1776, Albany, 1866. On p. ix of the last is given a list of the papers and volumes formerly in the offices of the Secretary of State and Comptroller, now in the State Library. There was also printed at Albany, in 1864, a _Calendar of the New York Colonial MSS. and Land Papers_, 1643-1803, in the Secretary of State’s office.—ED.]

[792] See Hakluyt, i. 218.

[793] Hakluyt, _Principall Navigations, etc._, iii. 155, London, 1600.

[794] Kunstmann, _Monumenta Sæcularia_, iii. 2; _Entdeckungsgeschichte Americas_, Munich, 1859, Atlas, tab. iv.

[795] Peter Martyr, seventh decade, tenth chapter.

[796] Oviedo, _Relacion sumaria de la Historia Natural de las Indias_, edition of 1526, x. 16. “While sailing westward, much land adjoining that which is called the Baccalaos [Newfoundland], and situate under the fortieth and forty-first degrees.”

[797] _Mappa Mundi_ of Diego Ribero, 1529, given by Lelewel, _Géographie du Moyen Age_; two undated maps by unknown makers, about 1532-1540, in the Munich collection, Kunstmann’s _Atlas_, tab. vi., vii.; the globe _Regiones orbis terrarum, quas Euphr. Ulpius descripsit anno MDXLII._; the map in the _Isolario_, by Benedetto Bordone, Vinegia, 1547; a map by Baptista Agnese, made in 1554, mentioned by Abbate D. Placido Zurla in _Sulle Antiche Mappe Idro geografiche lavorate in Venezia_; map of Vaz Dourado, the original of which, made in 1571, is in the archives at Lisbon, and a copy made in 1580 at Munich (Kunstmann, _Atlas_, tab. x.); map in the _Cosmographie_ of Seb. Munster, Basel, 1574; and others.

[798] François de Belle Forest, Comingeois, _La Cosmographie Universelle de tout le Monde_, Paris, 1575, ii. 2195.

[799] [The bibliography of the Ptolemies is examined in another part of this work.—ED.]

[800] Kunstmann, _Atlas_, tab. xii. [A section of Hood’s map is given in Dr. De Costa’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.] See also Dudley’s _Arcano del Mare_, 15.^2

[801] _Orbis Terrarum Typus de Integro multis in locis emendatus, auctore Petro Plancio_, 1594, reproduced in Linschoten’s _Histoire de la Navigation_, 1638 and 1644. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 312; Quaritch (1879), no. 12,186. See also _Descriptionis Ptolemaicæ Augmentum, Cornelio Wytfliet auctore_, Duaci (Douay), 1603, p. 99.

[802] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 94.

[803] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 51.

[804] [See on the first mention of Hudson River, _Magazine of American History_, July, 1882, p. 513. It had about twenty names in a century and a half. Ibid., iv. 404, June, 1880. De Costa, in Hudson’s _Sailing Directions_, elucidates the claims for the Spanish discovery.—ED.]

[805] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 139.

[806] [Verrazano’s discoveries are followed in chapter i. of the present volume.—ED.]

[807] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, ii. 80.

[808] [It is often claimed that the map of Lok (see page 40 of Vol. III.) showing the Western Sea of Verrazano, and published in 1582, instigated Hudson to make search for it along the shore of New Netherland. Hudson’s voyage of 1609 is known as his third voyage. (Cf. a note to Mr Smith’s chapter in Vol. III. on “Explorations to the Northwest.”) The question of the impelling cause of this voyage is examined by Bancroft in his _United States_, vol. ii. chap. 15; by H. C. Murphy in his _Henry Hudson in Holland_, Hague, 1859; and by J. M. Read, in his _Henry Hudson, his Friends, Relatives, and Early Life_, Albany, 1866, which last work has an appendix of original sources.

The old narrative of Ivan Bardsen, which it is supposed was used by Hudson as a guide, is given in Rafn’s _Antiquitates Americanæ_, in Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_, in the appendix of Asher’s _Hudson_, and the English of it is given in De Costa’s _Sailing Directions of Hudson_ (reviewed in the _Historical Magazine_, 1870, p. 204), which is accompanied by a dissertation on the discovery of Hudson River. Cf. also Major’s Introduction to the _Zeni Voyages_, published by the Hakluyt Society.

Moulton, in his _New York_, gives a running commentary on Hudson’s passage up the river. See also the conclusions of Gay in the _Popular History of the United States_, i. 355. We learn the most of this voyage from Purchas’s _Pilgrimes_ (also _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1809, vol. i.), whose third volume contains the accounts by Hudson and his companions; and in the _Pilgrimage_ there is a chapter on “Hudson’s Discoveries and Death,” which is mainly a summary of the documents in the _Pilgrimes_. This is reprinted by Asher in his _Henry Hudson the Navigator_ (Hakluyt Society), where will also be found, page 45, what is known as Juet’s Journal, March-November, 1609 (also in Purchas, iii. 581; Munsell’s _Annals of Albany_, and in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 317; also cf. ii. 367), with extracts from Lambrechtsen’s _New Netherland_, who used material not otherwise known, and from De Laet’s _Nieuwe Wereld_, and in the Appendix a bibliography of the voyage. De Laet used Hudson’s own journals (April 19, 1607-June 21, 1611), which are not now known and what De Laet gives of the third voyage is supposed to be Hudson’s own report. Asher, p. 167-172, claims that the matter given by Van der Donck and not found elsewhere was fabricated to support the Dutch claim. The controversial papers of Dawson and Whitehead, in the _Historical Magazine_, 1870, touch many of the points of Hudson’s explorations. Brodhead’s _New York_ and O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_ give careful studies of this voyage. The latest developments, however, did not serve Biddle in his _Cabot_; nor Belknap in his _American Biography_; nor R. H. Cleveland in Sparks’s _American Biography_; nor Miller in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1810. The chief Dutch authority is Emanuel van Meteren, of whose work mention is made later in the text. (Cf. Asher’s _Hudson_, p. xxv; compare also a _Collection of Voyages undertaken by the Dutch East India Company_, London, 1703, p. 71.)—ED.]

[809] See G. M. Asher’s _Bibliographical and Historical Essay on the Dutch Books and Pamphlets relating to New Netherland_, Amsterdam, 1854-67. The _Vryheden_ of the West India Company, 1630, a sort of primary charter to the colonists of New Netherland, is given in English by Dr. O’Callaghan (_New Netherland_, p. 112), and in Dutch in Wassenaer, _Hist. Verhael_, xviii. 194. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 367, shows an original copy.

[810] Ibid.; also manuscript in the possession of Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, _Advice to establish a new South Company_, by William Usselinx, 1636, and _West-Indische Spieghel_ by Athanasius Inga, of Peru, 1624, probably a work of Usselinx’s. One copy is in Mr. Brevoort’s library, one in New York State Library, and a third in the Carter-Brown Collection. See the _Catalogue_ of the latter collection, ii. no. 296.

[811] [See the following chapter.—ED.]

[812] [This work is now rare; but copies are in the Congressional, Harvard College, Carter-Brown, Murphy, and Lenox libraries. See Asher’s _Essay_, pp. 83, 93.—ED.]

[813] Born at Antwerp in 1582; died at Amsterdam, 1649.

[814] Johan de Hulter, one of the earliest settlers of Kingston, N. Y. His widow married Jeronimus Ebbingh, of Kingston.

[815] _Nieuwe Wereld ofte Beschrijvinghe van West Indien, uijt veelerhande Schriften ende Aenteekeningen bij een versamelt door Joannes de Laet_, Leyden, 1625,—“The New World, or Description of West Indies, from several MSS and notes collected by J. de Laet.” A second edition in Dutch appeared, with slightly changed title, in 1630; a third in Latin,—_Novus Orbis, seu Descriptionis Indiæ Occidentalis Libri xviii._,—was published in 1633; and a fourth in French, entitled _Histoire du Nouveau Monde, ou Description des Indes Occidentales_, in 1640. The State Library at Albany, N. Y., has copies of all except the first, and all are noted in the O’Callaghan and Carter-Brown _Catalogues_. [A copy of the 1625 edition was priced by Muller in 1872 at ten florins. There is a copy in Charles Deane’s library. The 1630 edition, called “verbetert, vermeerdert, met eenige nieuwe Caerten verciert,” has fourteen maps, engraved chiefly by Hessel Gerritsz, and good copies are worth about six to eight guineas. The 1633 edition was priced by Rich in 1832 at one pound ten shillings, but a good copy of it will now bring about five guineas. The 1640 edition has appreciated in the same time from one pound four shillings (Rich, in 1832) to two guineas. Translations of such parts as pertain to New Netherland are in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, new series, i. 281, and ii. 373. Brodhead, in 1841, tried in vain in Holland to find De Laet’s papers. De Laet’s library was sold April 27, 1650. There is a catalogue of it noted in the _Huth Catalogue_, ii. 414.—ED.]

[816] _Historie ofte Jaerlijck Verhael van de Verrichtingen van de Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie sedert haer Begin tot 1636_,—“History or Yearly Account of the Proceedings of the West India Company, from its beginning to 1636,” anno 1644. Copy in State Library, Albany. Trömel, no. 198. [For the history of the Dutch West India Company, see O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_, vol. i. (its charter is given, p. 399); and a valuable contribution to the subject is also contained in Asher’s _Essay_, in the sketch of the Company in his Introduction, p. xiv and in the section on the Company’s history, p. 40, and on the writings of Usselinx, p. 73. He says the best history of its fortunes is in Netscher’s _Les Hollandais au Brésil_. There is also much of importance in T. C. de Jonge’s _Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsch Zeewesen_, 1833-48, six volumes. The flag of the West India Company is depicted in Valentine’s _New York City Manual_, 1863, in connection with an abstract of a paper on “The Flags which have waved over New York City,” by Dr. A. K. Gardner.—ED.]

[817] [The letter of Rasieres, printed in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 339, gives us a notice of the country in 1627.—ED.]

[818] _De Origine Gentium Americanarum_, Paris, 1643.

[819] Bancroft, _History of the United States_, ii. 281: “The voyage of De Vries was the cradling of a state. That Delaware exists as a separate commonwealth is due to the colony of De Vries.” Cf. _Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the Historical Society of Delaware_, May 31, 1864; J. W. Beekman in the _N.Y. Hist. Soc. Proc._, 1847, p. 86; Delaware Papers, p. 335 of _Calendar of Historical MSS. in the State Library_ (Dutch) _at Albany_, edited by Dr. O’Callaghan, 1865, and _N. Y. Col. Docs._ vol. xii., 1877.—ED.

[820] _Korte Historiael ende Journaels Aenteyckeninge van verscheyden Voyagien in de vier Teelen des Wereldts Ronde, door David Pietersen de Vries_, Alkmaar, 1655,—“Short History and Notes of a Journal kept during Several Voyages by D. P. de Vries.”

[This extremely rare book was first used by Brodhead (i. 381, note). It should have a portrait by Cornelius Visscher, which has been reproduced in Amsterdam by photolithography. Mr. Lenox paid $300 for the copy noted in Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,615. There are also copies in the Carter-Brown (ii. 803) and Murphy collections, and one was sold in the Brinley sale, no. 2,717; cf. Asher, no. 336; Trömel, no. 279; Muller (1872), no. 1,109, and (1877) no. 3,414, 240 florins, not quite perfect; Huth, ii. 424; O’Callaghan, no. 778. Extracts from the book were translated in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 243; and all the parts relating to America by H. C. Murphy, in Ibid., iii. 9; and this translation, with an Introduction, was privately reprinted by Mr. Lenox (250 copies), in 1853.]

[821] Title of the lowest grade of nobility in Holland.

[822] Hon. Jer. Johnson, in the preface to his translation of Van der Donck (_N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1841), says “Van Rensselaer had arrived five years before Van der Donck.” This is an error. Kilian van Rensselaer, the first patroon, was never in America; and when by his death, 1646, the title to Rensselaerswyck devolved upon his infant son Johannes, the child’s paternal uncle, Johann Baptist van Rensselaer, undertook the personal management of the colony, but did not arrive in America as the first representative here of the family until 1651. O’Callaghan, in _History of New Netherland_, ii. 550, states that Van der Donck was not allowed to practise law in New Netherland, because “the directors could not see what advantage his pleadings before the courts would have, as there were already lawyers in New Netherland,” etc. This is also an error. See _N. Y. Coll. MSS._, xi. 86, where the application is refused “because they doubted whether there were any other lawyers who could act or plead against him.” Van der Donck was here from 1641 to 1655, when he died.

[823] _Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, whegens de Ghelegentheydt, Vruchtbaerheydt en Soberen Staet deszelfs_, In’s Gravens Hage, 1650,—“Account of New Netherland, its situation, fertility, and the state thereof.”

[See O’Callaghan, ii. 90, 111; Brodhead, i. 506; Asher, no. 5; Brinley, ii. 2715; Huth, iii. 1031; Muller, 1877, p. 196, for 140 florins; Harrassowitz, cat. no. 61, book no. 87, for 125 marks; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 698. Brodhead found in Holland the copy now in the New York Historical Society’s library. Mr. H. C. Murphy translated it for 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, ii. 251, with an Introduction, and this, with Murphy’s translation of _Breeden Raedt_, was in 1854 privately reprinted, 125 copies, by Mr. Lenox, with a fac-simile of the map of the Hudson from the _Zee-Atlas_ of Goos. See an extract from this map given on a later page.—ED.]

[824] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 430.

[825] _Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York_, i. 422.

[826] _Beschrijvinge van Nieuw Nederlant, ghelijck het tegenwoordigh in staet is, etc., door Adrian van der Donck, beyder Rechten Doctoor, die tegenwoordigh noch in Nieuw Nederlant is_, Amsterdam, 1655; second edition, 1656,—“Description of New Netherland as it now is, etc., by A. van der Donck, Doctor of Laws, who is still in New Netherland.”

[This work is perhaps the rarest and now the most costly of the early books on New York. Stevens (_Historical Collection_, nos. 200, 1,395) says, “Copies for the last forty years have usually sold for £12 to £21.” It is priced in Muller (1872 edition, nos. 1,079-81, 1877 edition, nos. 955, 956), 150 florins; in Leclerc (no. 866), 200 francs. Field (_Indian Bibliography_, no. 1,592) gives some reasons for supposing there was a third edition in 1656. (Cf. Asher, no. 7; Brinley, ii. 2,718; Carter-Brown, ii. 801, with supplement, no. 811; also no. 814; O’Callaghan, no. 2,315; Sabin, v. 482; Huth, v. 1514; Trömel, nos. 280, 281.) There is a view of New Amsterdam in the first edition which is not in the second. O’Callaghan, _New Netherland_, ii. 551, has a note on Van der Donck’s life and family. His book has been translated by General Jeremiah Johnson in the _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, 1841; see also second series, i. 125.—ED.]

[827] _Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the American Colonies in 1679-1680_, by Jasper Dankers and P. Sluyter, published from MSS. in his possession by Hon. Henry C. Murphy, in _Collections_ of Long Island Historical Society, vol. i., 1867. See further on the Dankers and Sluyter Journal, the notes appended to Mr. John Austin Stevens’s chapter on “The English in New York,” in Vol. III.

[828] The hill below Albany, N. Y., on which the fort was built in 1618, is called by the Indians _Tawalsontha, Tawassgunshee, Tawajonshe_, “a heap of dead men’s bones.” _Tas de jonchets_ would be the French for the same expression. Another place near Albany was called _Semegonce_, the place to sow; still another, _Negogance_, the place to trade; while _semer_ and _négoce_ (_negocio_) are the corresponding French words.

[829] _Een kort Ontwerp van de Mahakvase Indianen, haer landt, tale, statuere, dracht, godes-dienst ende magistrature. Aldus beschreven ende nu kortelijck den 26 Augusti 1644 opgezonden uijt Nieuw Nederlant_, Alkmaar, no date. It was published in Holland without his consent in 1651. Translated in Hazard’s _State-Papers_, i. 517 _et seq._, and by J. R. Brodhead in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, iii. 137. [Muller, _Catalogue_ (1872), no. 1,089, says but one copy of this tract is known, which is among the Meulman pamphlets in the library of the university at Gand.—ED.] For a biography of Megapolensis, see _Manual of the Reformed Church in America_, third edition, p. 378. Megapolensis says in one of his letters (_Documents relating to the History of New York_, xiii. 423), that in his youth _he renounced popery_; he could, therefore, hardly have been the son of a minister, as stated in the _Manual_.

[The general _Indian Bibliography_ of T. W. Field must be held to indicate the sources of information regarding the condition of the natives at the time of the Dutch occupation. Bolton, in his _West Chester County_ (1848), endeavors by a map to place the Indian tribes as they occupied the territory bordering the southern parts of the Hudson. Dunlap, _New York_, i. 20, gives a map showing the territory of the Five Nations. Dr. O’Callaghan translated in 1863 a paper in the State archives, entitled _A Brief and True Narration of the Hostile Conduct of the Barbarous Natives towards the Dutch Nation_, dated 1655, and gave the Indian treaty of 1645 in an appendix. Fifty copies only were printed (Field, no. 1,147). Judge Egbert Benson published in 1817, 1825, and in the _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, vol. vii., an essay on the Dutch and Indian names, of which a copy, with his manuscript additions, exists in Harvard College Library.

The most important of the works of the last century is Cadwallader Colden’s _History of the Five Nations_, originally printed at New York in 1727. The second and third editions were printed in London, and the English editors gave additions without distinguishing them. The best issue is the fourth, printed in New York in 1866, exactly following the 1727 one, and enriched with notes by John G. Shea, who gives also its bibliographical history. (Field, no. 341.) The first place among recent books on this confederacy must be assigned to Lewis H. Morgan’s _League of the Iroquois_. (Field, no. 1,091.) There is more or less illustrative of the early state of the Indians in Ketchum’s _Buffalo_ (1864), for the Five Nations, as described in Field, no. 824; in Benton’s _Herkimer County_ (1856), for the Upper Mohawk tribes. See also J. V. H. Clark’s _Onondaga_ (1849), praised by Field, no. 323; A. W. Holden’s _Queensbury_ (1874), for those of the northern parts; and in E. M. Ruttenber’s _Indian Tribes of Hudson River_ (1872). Field, no. 1,334.—ED.]

[830] [Published in English, with a biography of the writer, by Mr. J. Gilmary Shea in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, iii. 161, and separately, at Mr. Lenox’s expense, in 1862 as _Novum Belgium, an Account of New Netherland in 1643-1644_; and also in French, _Description de Nieuw Netherland, et Notice sur René Goupil_, etc.; cf. also _Doc. Hist. of N. Y._, iv. 15. Jogues was in New Netherland from August, 1642, to November, 1643. His Memoir is dated “Des 3 Riviéres en la nouvelle France, 3 Augusti, 1646,” and the original manuscript is preserved in the Hôtel Dieu at Quebec. Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, no. 781.

Mr. Shea speaks of this “as the only account by a foreigner of that time,” not then being aware of the letter written eighteen years earlier by the Rev. Jonas Michaelius, the first Reformed minister in New Netherland. This manuscript, dated Aug. 11, 1628, “from the island Manhattans,” was priced in Muller’s 1877 _Catalogue_, no. 2,121, at 375 florins. H. C. Murphy printed an English version of it privately at the Hague in 1858; also in O’Callaghan’s _Doc. Hist. of N. Y._, vol. ii. It had originally appeared in the _Kerkhistorisch Archief_, Amsterdam, 1858. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 339. Muller issued a fac-simile of it in 1876, accompanied by the Dutch transcript and Murphy’s version, giving it a preface, and printing only a hundred copies. Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 2,122, and 1872, no. 1,053, where the original is said to be in the library of Dr. Bodel Nyenhuis at Leyden, who had bought it at the historian Koning’s sale in 1833. “Mr. Koning probably found it in the archives.” The letter is addressed to Adr. Smoutius, minister in Amsterdam. _Historical Magazine_, ii. 191.—ED.]

[831] _Beschrijvinghe van Virginia, Nieuw Nederlant, Nieuw Englant, etc._, Amsterdam, 1651,—“Description of Virginia, New Netherland, New England,” etc. With a map and engravings.

[The book, being cheap at the time, was widely circulated, and most copies have disappeared, as is usual with such books. (Brodhead, i. 527.) Muller, 1877, nos. 312 and 2,265, prices it at 225 florins. (Cf. Asher, no. 6; Brinley, ii. 2,716; Trömel, no. 258; O’Callaghan, ii. 90, 111; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 721.).—ED.]

[832] _Verheerlickte Nederlant door d’ Herstelde Zee-Vaart; klaerlijck voorgestelt, ontdeckt en angewesen door manier van’tsamen-Sprekinge van een Boer, ofte Landt man, een Burger ofte Stee-man, een Schipper ofte Zeeman, etc._, 1659,—“Netherland glorified by the Restoration of Commerce; clearly represented, discovered, and shown by Manner of a Dialogue, etc., 1659.”

[833] Mr. Asher, in his _Bibliographical Essay_, says that because the author alludes to Van der Donck as Verdonck, it is less probable that he had been in New Netherland. I do not see why a misspelling of a name should weaken an assertion made by Mr. Asher himself to the contrary,—if that can be called misspelling which is in reality an abbreviation in the old Dutch MS.

[834] _Het waere Onderscheyt tusschen koude en warme Landen, aengewesen in de Nootsakelijckheden die daer vereyscht worden, etc., door O. K._ In’s Graven Hage, 1659,—“The True Difference between Cold and Warm countries, demonstrated by the Requirements necessary,” etc. A German edition appeared at Leipzig in 1672, under the title “_Otto Keyen’s kurtzen Entwurff von Neu Niederland und Guajana_,” long considered an original work. A copy of this edition is in the State Library at Albany. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no. 12, and Carter-Brown, ii. 1,081.

[835] _Kort Verhael van Nieuw Nederlants Gelegentheit, Deughden, Natuerlijcke Voorrechten en bijzondere bequaemheyt ter bevolkingh. Mitsgaders eenige Requesten, Vertooghen, etc., gepresenteert aen de E. E. Heeren Burgermeesters dezer Stede_, 1662,—“Short Account of New Netherland’s Situation, Good Qualities, Natural Advantages, and Special Fitness for Populating, together with some Petitions, Representations, etc., submitted to the Noble, Worshipful Lord Mayors of this City, 1662.”

[The book is very scarce. “I have found only three copies in twenty years,” said Muller in 1872, “and sold my last at two hundred florins.” He also refers to the further development of the writer’s liberal and economical ideas in _Vrije Politijke Stellingen_, Amsterdam, 1665. Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,111; Brodhead, _New York_, i. 699; Trömel, no. 312; Asher’s _Essay_, no. 13; Carter-Brown, ii. 926.—ED.]

[836] These two parties were originally divided on theological questions; Gomar’s followers adhering to the religious doctrines of the Established Church and its principles of ecclesiastical polity, while Arminius (Harmansen), professor at Leyden, taught, among other doctrines then considered heretical, the supremacy of the civil authorities in clerical matters. Oldenbarnevelt, believing that the Prince of Orange intended to make himself King of Holland, although indifferent in religious matters, took the part of the Arminians, because he saw in them a powerful ally, and turned the theological controversy into a political question.

[837] O’Callaghan, _History of New Netherland_, ii. 547.

[838] _Bibliographical Essay_, p. 16.

[839] O’Callaghan, _History of New Netherland_, ii. 465.

[840] _De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld; of Beschrijving van America en’t Zuyd Land, vervaetende d’ Oorsprong der Americaener en Zuidlanders, gedenkwaerdige togten derwaerts, etc., beschreeven door Arnoldus Montanus_, Amsterdam, 1671,—“The New World, or Description of America and the South Land; containing the Origin of the Americans and South Landers, Remarkable Voyages thither,” etc. A German edition of 1673, _Die Unbekante neue Welt, oder Beschreibung des Weltteils America und des Südlandes, etc._, is ascribed by the translator to Dr. O. Dapper, who, however, only published it with other works of his collection. [See Asher’s _Essay_, nos. 14, 15, and the note to Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]

[841] _Edward Melton’s Zee en Land Reizen door verscheide Gewesten der Werelds. Edward Melton’s, Engelsch Edelmans, Zeldzame en Gedenkwaardige Zee en Land Reizen, etc._, Amsterdam, 1681, reprinted in 1702,—“Edward Melton’s Travels by Sea and Land through Different Parts of the World.” “Edward Melton, an English Nobleman’s Curious and Memorable Travels by Sea and Land,” etc. A part of this book was further reprinted in 1705 as _Aenmerkenswaardige en Zeldzame West-Indische Zee en Land Reizen, door een Voornam Engelsche Heer, E. M., en andere_,—“Remarkable and Strange West Indian Travels by Sea and Land by a Noble Englishman, E. M., and Others.” [Asher, _Essay_, p. xliv and nos. 16, 17, 18, points out the clumsy, unoriginal character of Melton’s tardy information. The O’Callaghan copy (no. 1,522) had the rare Lolonois portrait. See the note to Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]

[842] _Beschrijvinghe van Oost en West Indien. Beschrijvinge van eenige voorname Kusten in Oost en West Indien als Zuerinam, Nieuw Nederlant, etc., door verscheidene Leefhebbers gedaen_, Leeuwarden, 1716,—“Description of East and West India.” “Description of some Notable Coasts in East and West India, as Surinam, New Netherland, etc., by Several Amateurs.” The description of New Netherland is a reprint of three chapters in Melton.