Chapter IX (10)

_Algemeene Wereldt Beschrijving door A. P. De la Croix_, Amsterdam, 1705. _Algemeene Weereld Beschrijving nae de rechte verdeeling der Landschappen, Plaetsen, etc., in ’t Fransch beschreeven door den Heer A. Pher. De la Croix, Aerdryks Beschrijver des Konings van Frankryk_,—“General Description of the World,” by A. P. De la Croix. “General Description of the World according to the Correct Division of Countries, places, etc.,” written in French by A. Pher. De la Croix, Geographer to the King of France.

[843] Born at Antwerp, 1535; as grandson of Willem Ortels, of Augsburg, and first cousin of the historian Abraham Ortelius, his taste for historical studies seems to have been inherited.

[844] Originally published in Latin at Amsterdam, 1597. Van Meteren translated the work into Flemish, and published it in 1599; then continued it in the same language up to 1612, in which shape it was republished after his death at Arnhem in 1614. French editions of the work appeared in 1618 and 1670, and a German one at Frankfort in 1669.

[845] A native of Huisdem, in Holland, at one time teacher in the Latin School at Haarlem. After having studied medicine and been admitted to practice, he employed his leisure hours in collecting material for a historical work, which he published under the title, _Historisch Verhael al der ghedenckweerdichste Geschiedenissen, die hier en daer in Europa, etc., voorgevallen syn_,—“Historical Account of all the most Remarkable Events in Europe, etc.” Part of it appeared under the name of his friend, Dr. Barend Lampe, of Amsterdam.

[This work, covering the years 1621-1632, was first brought to light by Brodhead (_New York_, i. 46), who has given an abstract of it in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, ii. 355. (Cf. _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 27.) It contains the earliest reports on New Netherland printed at Amsterdam. It is described in Muller, _Books on America_, 1872, no. 1,745, and was first noticed by Asher, _Essay_, no. 330; Carter-Brown, ii. 276.—ED.]

[846] He says: “Alsoo de Staeten van de Vereenigde Nederlandsche Provintien door de 12 jaerighe Trefves, die nu (1621) een eijndt nam, in West Indien te trafiqueeren uijtgeslooten waeren, soo ist, dat sij bevindende door het jus gentium, dat de Zeevaert een ijeder vrij staet, gedestineert hebben een Companie op te rechten om op de Landen te negotieeren, die de Coningh van Spaengien besit,”—“As the States of the United Provinces have been excluded from trading to the West Indies by the truce of twelve years now expiring, upon finding that by the law of nations the navigation is open to everybody, they have resolved to organize a company for trade to the countries owned by the King of Spain.”

[847] Lieuwe van Aitzema, son of the Burgomaster of Dockum, born 1600, and himself in high official position, died 1669. Michaud, _Bibliographie Universelle_, says: “Ce qui donne une si haute importance à l’ouvrage d’A. c’est cette foule d’actes originaux, ...dont il a fait usage et qu’il a su tirer des archives et des dépôts les plus secrets [not always by quite proper means].” Wiquefort, in his _Ambassadeur_, criticises Aitzema sharply: “Elle [l’histoire d’A.] peut servir comme d’inventaire à ceux qui n’ont point d’accès aux archives d’État, mais ce que l’auteur a ajouté ne vaut pas la gazette. Il n’a point de style, son langage est barbare, et tout l’ouvrage n’est qu’un chaos.” However, he deserves our gratitude for throwing light upon the events of his time, and for giving us trustworthy and abundant information.

[848] _Affairs of State and War in and concerning the United Netherlands_, 1621-1669; _The Re-instated Lion_, 1650. The first edition of Saken, etc., appeared during the years 1657 to 1671; a second edition, containing the _Herstelde Leeuw_, 1669-1672. The work was continued by Lambert Sylvius or Van den Bosch up to 1697.

[849] _Broad_ [wholesome] _Advice to the United Netherland Provinces ... composed and given from divers ... documents by J. A. G. W. C._ [Its authorship is assigned to Cornelis Melyn by Brodhead, _New York_, 1. 509, and by Henry C. Murphy, who translates it in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._ iii. 237, and says it affords some facts not known from other sources. Extracts were reprinted in translation by F. W. Cowan at Amsterdam in 1850, and again in the _Documentary History of New York_, iv. 65. Brodhead censures this translation. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no. 334, who first gave it the prominence it deserves, and disbelieves in Melyn’s authorship, and goes into a long examination of the question. It is priced at from £20 to £40. Stevens’s _Hist. Coll._ i. 1,525; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vii. 112; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 664; Brinley, no. 2,714.—ED.]

[850] _N. Y. Coll. Doc._ i. 16, and _N. Y. Coll. MSS._

[851] _N. Y. Coll. MSS._

[852] He was born 1709, and died 1773. Cf. Asher’s _Bibliographical Essay_.

[853] _Vaderlandsche Historie_, ix. 227. “Resolved, that by carrying the war over to America the Spaniards be attacked there, where their weakest point was, but whence they drew most of their revenues. That a great part of America reaching thence to both poles was unknown (not undiscovered).”

[854] The full title of the twelfth part is: _Zwölfte Schiffart, oder kurze Beschreibung der Newen Schiffart gegen Nord-osten über die Amerikanischen Inseln, von einem Englander, Henry Hudson, erfunden_. Oppenheim, 1627.

[855] _West und Ost-Indischer Lustgart, Eygentliche Erzaehlung wann vnd von wem die Newe Welt erfunden, besaegelt vnd eingenomen worden, vnd was sich Denckwuerdiges darbey zugetragen._ Koeln, 1618.

_Newe vnd warhaffte Relation von deme was sich in den West vnd Ost Indien vonder Zeit an zugetragen, dass sich die Navigationes der Holleandischen vnd Engländischen Companien daselbsthin angefangen abzuscheiden._ Muenchen, 1619 (by Nicolai Elend).

[856] _Philippi Cluverii Introductio in Universam Geographiam._ Leyden, 1629. The edition of 1697 was published with notes by Hekel, Reiske, and Bunon.

[857] The same Johann Ludwig Gottfriedt published in 1655 _Newe Welt vnd Amerikanische Historien_. A later German geographer of America was Hans Just Winckelmann, whose _Der Amerikanischen neuen Welt Beschreibung_, Oldenburg, 1664, I have not seen. Nor have I seen any works of French contemporary writers, as Pierre Davity, _Description générale de l’Amérique, 3^{me} partie du monde, avec tous ses empires, royaumes_, etc., Paris, 1643, 2d edition, 1660; M. C. Chaulmer, _Le Nouveau Monde, ou l’Amérique chrétienne_, Paris, 1659. [The last is in Harvard College Library; but without present interest.—ED.]

[858] _A Brief Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New England, and of Sundry Accidents therein occurring, from the year 1607 to this present 1622._

[859] To Purchas: see 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._ vol. i.

[860] _N. Y. Coll. Doc._ iii. 17.

[861] _A Description of the Province of New Albion and a Direction for Adventurers with small Stock to get two for one and good Land freely; and for Gentlemen and all Servants, Laborers, and Artificers to live plentifully, etc. Printed in the year 1648 by Beauchamp Plantagenet, of Belvil in New-Albion._ [Reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii. See documents in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Pub. Fund_, ii. 213; and Professor G. B. Keen’s note on Plowden’s Grant in Vol. III.—ED.]

[862] _N. Y. Col. Doc._ iii. 6 _et seq._

[863] [Cf. on this alleged Argal incursion, Palfrey’s _New England_, i. 235, and George Folsom in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, i. 332. Brodhead, i. 140, 754, doubts it.—ED.]

[864] See the patent in Hazard, _State-Papers_, i. 160. Doubts have been raised whether such a grant was ever made, or if made, whether it was ever acted upon by Sir Edmund; but the statement of Van der Donck in his _Vertoogh van Nieuw Nederland_ should dispose of such doubts forever. When Sir Edmund came to New Netherland he was poor and in debt, without friends to help him; and seeing that the Dutch had a fort and soldiers, it was quite a matter of course that he returned to Virginia, saying he would not quarrel with the Dutch.—ED.

[865] Vol. iv. part i.

[866] _A Short Discovery of the Coast and Continent of America, from the Equinoctial Northward, by William Castle (Castell), Minister of the Gospel at Courtenhall, Northamptonshire, England_, 1644; reprinted in _Collection of Voyages and Travels, and compiled from the Library of the late Earl of Oxford_, 1745. It states very oddly that, “Near the great North River the Dutch have built a castle ... for their more free trading with many of Florida, who usually come down the River Canada, and so by land to them,—a plain proof Canada is not far remote.” The mouth of Delaware Bay is according to Castle under 41° north latitude. [Extracts are printed in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._, iii. 231. The book itself is in Harvard College Library; also in the _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 561.—ED.]

[867] _Journal of the Transactions and Occurrences in Massachusetts and other N. E. Colonies from 1630-44._ Edited by Noah Webster, Hartford, 1790; and _History of New England, from the Original MSS. and Notes of John Winthrop_; with Notes by James Savage, Boston, 1825. [These two titles represent the same book, the later edition being much the superior. See Vol. III. O’Callaghan (_New Netherland_, i. 274) says, “The statements of the New England writers in general on matters occurring in New Netherland, must be received, for obvious reasons, with extreme caution;” and he disputes the usual assertion of the New England writers, that Roger Williams was instrumental in preserving the peace between the Dutch and the Indians on Long Island. (_New Netherland_, i. 276.) For the diplomacy that passed between the New Plymouth people and the Dutch in 1627, see 2 _New York Historical Collections_, i. 355; cf. Bradford’s _New Plymouth_, pp. 223, 233.—ED.]

[868] _Cosmographie in Four Books, containing the Chorographie and Historie of the whole World_, London, 1657, by Peter Heylin, D.D., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, Rector of Hemmingford and Houghton, and Prebendary of Westminster, “in his younger days an excellent poet, in his elder a better historian” (_Athenæ Oxonienses_). From the preface to the latter it appears that the _Cosmographie_ was an amplification or enlarged edition of a _Microcosmus_, published in 1622, by the same author, who during his lifetime wrote and published about forty works of a theological, educational, or political character. (Sabin, _Dictionary_, viii. 260; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, 1086-87.) There were other editions of various dates, for which see Bohn’s _Lowndes_, p. 1059.

[869] _Account of two Voyages to New England_, London, 1675, reprinted in 3 _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., iii_. John Josselyn was the son of Sir Thomas Josselyn and brother of Henry, one of the commissioners to organize the government of Maine under its first charter. Henry settled finally in Plymouth Colony. [See further on Josselyn and his books in Vol. III.—ED.]

[870] _Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the American Colonies in 1679-1680_. [Cf. notes to Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III. The Labadist P. Schluter was in New Netherland in 1682, and his journal was printed from the original manuscript by Mr. H. C. Murphy, for the Bradford Club, in 1867.—ED.]

[871] [Cf. “Indian traditions of the first arrival of the Dutch in New Netherland,” in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.—ED.]

[872] John Thurloe, born 1616, died 1668, was the son of the Rev. Thomas Thurloe, Rector of Abbots Roding, Essex. Through the protection of Oliver St. John, solicitor-general under Charles I., he easily obtained appointments and promotions in the official circles. His collection of papers was published by Dr. Birch in 1742.

[873] Ferdinando Gorges, _A briefe Narration of the original undertakings of the Advancement of Plantations in America_, London, 1658; and _America painted to the Life_, London, 1658, 2d ed., 1659. Sir Ferdinando Gorges was the patentee of Maine. [See chap. ix. of Vol. III.—ED.]

Samuel Clarke, _A Geographical Description of all the Countries in the known World_, London, 1657.

_A Book of the Continuation of Foreign Passages; That is, the Peace between this Commonwealth and the Netherlands_, 1654, London, 1656, printed by M. S. for Thomas Jenner.

Richard Blome, _Isles and Territories belonging to his Majestie in America_, 1673, and _The present State of his Majesties Isles and Territories in America_, 1687.

Daniel Denton, _A Brief Description of New York, formerly New Netherland_, London, 1670. [See the notes to chap. x. of Vol. III.—ED.]

[874] William Smith, Jr. was born in New York city in June, 1728; he graduated at Yale College in 1745; was appointed clerk of the Court of Chancery in 1748, and admitted to the Bar in 1750. Through the influence of his father, then attorney-general of the province, the revision of the provincial laws was intrusted to him and his law partner, William Livingston. In 1757 he published his _History of New York_. The breaking out of the Revolution found him a member of the council and a faithful adherent of the Crown. After some tribulation, he was allowed to proceed to New York city, whence he finally went to England, and thence to Canada, where he died as chief-justice in 1793. [Cf. the estimate of Smith in Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.—ED.]

[875] _Kort Beschrijving van de Ontdekking ende de navolgende Geschiedenis der Nieuwen Nederlande door N. C. Lambrechtsen op Ritthem, Chevalier, etc., Groot Pensionarius van Zealand_, Middelburg, 1818,—“A Short Description of the Discovery and Subsequent History of New Netherland, a Colony in America of the Republic of the United Netherlands.” [There is a translation in 2 _N. Y. Hist. Coll._ i. 75. See Sabin, _Dictionary_, x. 38,745.—ED.]

[876] _History of the State of New York, including its Aboriginal and Colonial Annals_, by John V. N. Yates, Secretary of State, and Jos. W. Moulton, New York, 1824. [This work is almost entirely Moulton’s. A second part was published in 1826, when the work was stopped for want of patronage. It covers 1609-1632. Field’s _Indian Bibliography_, nos. 1,104, 1,704.—ED.] _The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York_, by James Macauley, 1829,—rather a chorography with copious topographical additions, a compilation of dry facts. _The History of the State of New York, from the first Discovery to the Present Time_, by F. S. Eastman, 1833, devotes only ten small octavo pages to the Dutch period. _History of the New Netherlands, Province of New York, and State of New York_, by Wm. Dunlap, 1839. [See Stevens’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]

[877] Dunlap, for instance, lets Schenectady be planted shortly after Fort Orange, in 1614, and considers the remnants of foundations found in Trinity Church-yard to indicate the location of the first Dutch fort on Manhattan Island, while they must have been the remnants of the city wall, running from the East River, along the present Wall Street, through Trinity Church-yard to the North River,—hence the name of Wall Street.

[878] Anniversary Discourse before New York Historical Society, 1828, in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i.

[879] Dr. Edmund Bailey O’Callaghan was born at Mallow, near Cork, Ireland, in 1797. After studying medicine in his native country and in Paris, he came to Canada in 1823, where he soon took an active part in politics on the patriots’ side. He was compelled to fly to the United States, and settled at Albany in 1837. Here he worked diligently in the field of American history, with results most gratifying to the student, until 1870, when he removed to New York, where he died in 1880.

[Dr. O’Callaghan’s _New Netherland_ is divided thus: Book i., 1492-1621; ii., 1621-1638; iii., 1639-1647. He also printed a few copies of the _Register of New Netherland_, 1626-1674, giving the names of the pioneers. John G. Shea printed an account of O’Callaghan in the _Magazine of American History_, v. 77. The _Catalogue_ of his library, sold in New York December, 1882, represents a collection rich in works in the fields of his special studies.—ED.]

[880] [Cf. Mr. Stevens’s estimate of Brodhead in Vol. III.—ED.]

[881] [One of the most interesting of such is _The Anthology of New Netherland_, by Henry C. Murphy, published (125 copies) by the Bradford Club in 1865, which includes, with enlargements, Mr. Murphy’s privately printed _Jakob Steendam, a Memoir of the First Poet in New Netherland_, The Hague, 1861. Steendam was the minister of the Protestant Church in New Amsterdam. Muller, _Catalogue_ (1872), nos. 1,092 _et seq._; (1877) nos. 3,063 _et seq._, notes several of Steendam’s publications. Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. 862, 898.—ED.]

[882] “Illa in terram suis lintribus, quas canoas vocant exuderunt,” says Peter Martyr.

[883] _The Pompey Stone: a Paper read before the Oneida Historical Society_, by Dr. H. A. Homes State Librarian, Albany, 1881.

[884] [It is no. 2,390 in the _Catalogue_.—ED.]

[885] [Fac-similes of it are also given in Valentine’s _Manual_, 1858; in _Pennsylvania Archives_, second series, vol. v. Muller, _Books on America_, iii. 143, and _Catalogue_ of 1877, no. 3,484, describe the only other copy known. It is a colored map, and extends from Panama to Labrador.—ED.]

[886] [O’Callaghan, i. 433, gives a list of settlers in Rensselaerswyck, 1630-1646. (Cf. Munsell’s _Albany_, ii. 13, and the map of 1763 in _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iii. 552, and Weise’s _Troy_, 1876.) In 1839 Mr. D. D. Barnard appended a sketch of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck to his discourse on the life of Stephen Van Rensselaer.

Much credit is due to Mr. Joel Munsell for his efforts to increase interest in the study of American affairs, and particularly for his labors upon the history of Albany and its neighborhood. He died in 1880. (Cf. _Historical Magazine_, x. 44; xv. 139, 270; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1880, p. 239.) He gives an account of his method and results in issuing historical monographs in small editions, in _Historical Magazine_, February, 1869, p. 139. His _Annals of Albany_ appeared in ten volumes, from 1850 to 1859 (pp. 27-36 of vol. i. were never printed); his _Collections on the History of Albany_, four volumes, 1865-1871. See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal._ Reg., 1868, p. 104. He published in 1869 J. Pearson’s _Early Records of Albany and the Colony of Rensselaerswyck_, 1656-1675, translated from the Dutch, with notes; and Wm. Barnes’s _Early History of Albany_, 1609-1686, was privately printed by him in 1864, with a map of Albany, 1695. On the early Dutch history of this region, see also General Egbert L. Viele’s “Knickerbockers of New York two centuries ago,” in _Harper’s Monthly_, December, 1876; a paper on the Van Rensselaers in _Scribner’s Monthly_, vi. 651; and some landmarks noticed in B. J. Lossing’s _Hudson River_, p. 124, etc.—ED.]

[887] [It is given in fac-simile in the Lenox edition (1862) of Jogues’s _Novum Belgium_, edited by Shea, who also gave it in his edition, 1865, of the tract, _The Commodities of the Iland called Manati ore long Ile_. Cf. Asher’s List, no. 3; Armstrong’s _Essay on Fort Nassau_, p. 7. Copies more or less faithful of De Laet’s map appeared in Janssonius and Hondius’s _Atlas_ of 1638, and in the _Novus Atlas_ of Johannes Janssonius, Amsterdam, 1658; again in 1695, with the imprint of Valk and Schenk; and earlier, in 1651, reduced and not closely copied, but with some new details, in the _Beschrijvinghe van Virginia_, etc.; and of this last a photo-lithographic fac-simile was made at Amsterdam a few years ago.—ED.]

[888] [This map belongs to Robert Dudley’s _Della Arcano del Mare_, Firenze, 1647, i. 57, of which there was a second edition, corrected and enlarged, in 1661. The 1647 edition is very rare, and the only copy known to me in America is in Harvard College Library. The author of the note on the map in the _Documents relative to the Colonial History of New York_, vol. i., where a fac-simile of it is given, did not seem to be aware of its origin. The Rev. E. E. Hale, in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, October, 1873, describes some of the original drawings for Dudley’s maps preserved in the Royal Library at Munich, and says the engraver has omitted some of the names given in the drawing. (_Memorial History of Boston_, i. 59.) The map of New Netherland differs from other maps of its time, and is not noticed by Asher. Lucini says that he was at work for twelve years on the plates, in an obscure village of Tuscany. The work is usually priced at £20 or £25. Quaritch’s _Catalogue_, 321, no. 11,971. Leclerc, _Bibliotheca Americana_, 2,747 (150 francs.)—ED.]

[889] [Cf. the notes to Dr. De Costa’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]

[890] [It is not easy to discriminate between these editions, as copies are often made up of various dates; but I have observed these dates: 1642, 1645, 1647, 1649, 1650, 1655, 1658, etc. The Dutch inscriptions on these earlier maps of New Netherland are quite different from those on the Latin later ones.—ED.]

[891] [Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 5,714; Baudet’s _Leven en Werken van W. J. Blaeu_, Utrecht, 1871, pp. 76, 114.—ED.]

[892] [Cf. a dissertation on his work in Clément’s _Bibliothèque curieuse_, iv. 287.—ED.]

[893] [From 1659 to 1672 it was issued with Spanish text, ten volumes, but not including the American parts; in 1662 to 1665, with Latin text, eleven volumes, the last devoted to America, usually with twenty-three maps; in 1663, in French, twelve volumes; in 1664 to 1665 in Dutch, but somewhat abridged. (Cf. Asher’s _List_, Muller’s _Catalogue_, Armstrong’s _Fort Nassau_, p. 7, on the map of 1645 particularly.) Muller says of this final edition: “The part treating of America may be regarded as the first atlas of what is now the United States, in the same sense as Wytfliet may be called the first special atlas of America in general.” He afterwards added a _Theatrum Urbium_. The younger Blaeu also issued, in 1648, an immense map of the world in two hemispheres, twenty-one sheets. (Hallam’s _Literature of the Middle Ages_, iv, 48; Muller’s _Catalogue_, 1877, no. 346).—ED.]

[894] [It was based on Mercator’s plates, which were bought in 1604 by his father-in-law, Iodocus Hondius, an engraver, who was born in 1546; worked in London, where he learned the Wright-Mercator projection, and later published maps in Amsterdam, including the new edition of Mercator, adding new plates, and died in 1611. But subsequent editions (1617-1635), etc., of the atlas were known as Mercator’s and Hondius’s. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, ii. 5014.—ED.]

[895] Quaritch’s _Catalogue_, 259, nos. 19 and 20.

[896] [The same Jansson map of New Netherland is reproduced in his _Atlas Contractus_ of 1666. Some editions of Jansson’s _Novus Atlas_ have the same text as Blaeu’s, with the maps, of course, different from Blaeu’s.—ED.]

[897] [This map is given in Vol. III.—ED.]

[898] See _New York Colonial Documents_, xii. 183.

[899] [_List of the Maps and Charts of New Netherland_, Amsterdam, 1855, and usually bound with his _Bibliographical Essay_.—ED.]

[900] [Cf. notes to Mr. Stevens’s chapter, in Vol. III.—ED.]

[901] Cf. Brodhead, _New York_, i. 621. Muller priced a copy at forty florins. _Catalogue_ (1877), no. 2,271.

[902] [See Mr Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III. The New Netherland map (of which a section is given herewith) is reproduced in Mr. Asher’s _List_, with a tabulated list of names as they appear on this and the other early maps. Van der Aa issued a map called “Nouvelle Hollande,” giving the coast from the Penobscot to the Chesapeake.—ED.]

[903] [A phototype of it is herewith given. Other fac-similes of this map are in O’Callaghan’ _New Netherland_, ii. 312; _Banquet of the Saint Nicholas Society_, in 1852; Valentine’s _Manual_, 1852, and his _City of New York_; 2 _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i.; Munsell’s _Albany_; Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, ii. 249; Dunlap’s _New York_, i. 84; and _Pennsylvania Archives_ (second series), v. 233.

Modern eclectic maps, showing the Dutch claims and possessions, may be seen in Brodhead’s _New York_ (according to the charters of 1614 and 1621); in Bancroft’s _United States_, ii. 297; in Ridpath’s _United States_ (showing the various European colonies in 1655); and in Lamb’s _New York_, i. 218 (the same).—ED.]

[904] Mr. Muller pays a warm tribute to Asher and his _Essay_ in his _Catalogue_ (1872), no. 1,052. “I always believed this book,” he says, “to be a striking example of what intuition and discernment, combined with great zeal, can do.” (Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xxxvi.) Asher’s book may be supplemented by P. A. Tiele’s _Bibliotheek van Nederlandsche pamfletten_, 1858-1861, based on Muller’s collection, which gives 9,668 Dutch pamphlets published 1482-1702, adding to Asher’s enumeration many others relating to America; and again the Dutch-American student will find further help from J. K. van der Wulf’s _Catalogus van de Tractaten in de bibliotheek van Isaac Meulman_, Amsterdam, 1866-1868, three vols.,—a privately printed book in a collection now in the library of the University of Gand. (Muller’s _Catalogue_ [1872], nos. 108, 114; [1877] nos. 3,202, 3,566.) These two works show 19,077 pamphlets published in the United Provinces from 1500 to 1713.

[905] It consists of Part I. (1872), books, nos. 1-2,339. Part II. (1875), supplement of books, nos. 2,340-3,534. Part III. _a._ (1874) portraits, nos. 1-1,280; _b._ (1874) autographs, nos. 1-1,508; _c._ (1874) plates, nos. 1-1,855; _d._ (1875) atlases and maps, nos. 1-2,288. Many of the larger notes in this catalogue were not repeated in the consolidated _Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets, Atlases, Maps, Plates, and Autographs relating to North and South America_, nos. 1-3,695, which Mr. Muller issued in 1877. In the preface of his 1872 _Catalogue_ Mr. Muller speaks of his American collection, which formed the basis of Mr. Asher’s _Essay_; this collection he sold in 1858 to Brockhaus, and another was sold in 1866 to Henry Stevens,—all of which, as well as later acquisitions, formed the foundation of his _Catalogue_. “Since I began my present business,” says Mr. Muller in 1872, “now more than thirty years ago, my firm conviction has been that the antiquarian bookseller can largely serve science, bibliography, or literary history especially, without forgetting his own profit.... An antiquarian bookseller who is not himself a student, or at least desirous of furthering science by the aid of his connections, will hardly be as successful as he might be in another less scientific calling. Experience has amply shown me that this opinion, merely a loose impression when I first started in business, was correct.” Mr. Muller was born in Amsterdam, July 22, 1817, and was early apprenticed to his uncle, a bookseller of that town, and in 1843 he became a bookseller on his own account, and identified himself thereafter with bibliography. His pupil and friend, Otto Harrassowitz, printed a memoir of Muller in the German _Börsenblatt_, no. 48; and there is also a sketch with an engraved portrait in _Trübner’s Literary Record_, new series, vol. ii. (1881) no. 1. He died Jan. 6, 1881.

[906] Of his tract on the Stadthuys and the views of that building, see Mr. Stevens’s chapter in Vol. III.

[907] See the preceding chapter.

[908] In a letter of the 27th of April, of that year, Gustavus also commended the project to the Swedish Lutheran bishops, “the rather,” says Geijer, “that the Company was to labor for the conversion of the heathen.” Some popular verses of the day are cited by the same historian, attributing the solicitation of the clergy to invest their funds in the venture to motives not so pious.

[909] Portraits of Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstjerna, copied from originals in Sweden, are owned by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[910] According to Campanius, the Swedish Government likewise obtained, through Johan Oxenstjerna, ambassador to King Charles I. of England, in 1634, the renunciation in their favor of all pretensions of the English to the territory afterward known as New Sweden, based on the right of first discovery,—a statement “confirmed by von Stiernman,” says Acrelius, “out of the official documents, the article of cession being preserved in the royal archives before the burning of the palace” of Stockholm in 1697. Sprinchorn recently searched the archives of Sweden for official testimony on the subject without avail, although he “met with the declaration of Campanius in more than one contemporaneous instrument.” The succeeding passage in Campanius, relating to the claims of the Hollanders, has been grossly mistranslated by Du Ponceau (misleading Reynolds, the translator of Acrelius), even to the mentioning of a treaty confirming the purchase of the Dutch title by the Swedes, regarding which nothing whatever appears in the original.

[911] See the preceding chapter.

[912] This letter is as follows:—

Whereas many kingdoms and countries prosper by means of navigation, and parts of the West Indies have gradually been occupied by the English, French, and Dutch, it seems to me that the Crown of Sweden ought not to forbear to make also its name known in foreign lands; and therefore I, the undersigned, desire to tender my services to the same, to undertake, on a small scale, what, by God’s grace, should in a short time result in something great.

In the first place, I have proposed to Mr. Peter Spiring to make a voyage to the Virginias, New Netherland, and other regions adjacent, certain places well known to me, with a very good climate, which might be named Nova Suedia.

For this expedition there would be required a ship of 60, 70, or 100 läster [120, 140, or 200 tons], armed with twelve guns, and sufficient ammunition.

For the cargo, 10,000 or 12,000 gulden would be needed, to be expended in hatchets, axes, kettles, blankets, and other merchandise.

A crew of twenty or twenty-five men would be wanted, with provisions for twelve months, which would cost about 3,400 gulden.

In case the Crown of Sweden would provide the ship with ammunition, with twelve soldiers, to garrison and hold the places, and likewise furnish a bark or yacht, for facilitating trade, the whole [additional] expense might come to about 1,600 gulden,—one half of which I myself will guarantee, Mr. Spiring assuming the other half, either on his own account or for the Crown, the same to be paid at once, in cash.

As to the time of sailing, the sooner we start the better; for, although trade does not begin till spring, by being on the spot in season, we can get on friendly terms with the savages, and induce them to collect as many furs as possible during the winter, and may hope to buy 4,500 or 6,000 beaver skins, thus acquiring a large capital from so small a commencement, and the ability to undertake more hereafter.

The Crown of Sweden might favor the beginners of this new enterprise with a charter, prohibiting all other persons from sailing from Sweden within the limits of _Terra Nova_ and Florida for the space of twenty years, on pain of confiscation of ship and cargo. And as it often happens that French or Portuguese vessels are met with on the ocean, authority should likewise be granted to capture such ships, and bring them as lawful prizes to Sweden. Also, it should be conceded that all goods of the Company for the first ten years be free of duty both coming in and going out.

And, as the said land is suited for growing tobacco and various kinds of grain, it would be well to take along proper persons to cultivate these, who might at the same time be employed as garrison.

In addition, the advantages to be derived from the enterprise in course of time by the Crown of Sweden could be indicated orally by me, if I were called to Sweden to give a more detailed account of everything. However, that shall be as the gentlemen of the Government see fit.

This is designed briefly to serve your Excellency as a memorandum. I trust your Excellency will write an early answer from Sweden to my known friend [Blommaert?], whether the work will be undertaken, so that no time be lost, and others anticipate an enterprise which should bring so great profit to the Crown of Sweden.

Herewith wishing your Excellency _bon voyage_, I remain

Your Excellency’s faithful servant,

PIETER MINUIT.

AMSTERDAM, June 15, 1636.

[913] Compare documents printed by Sprinchorn with an examination of Mr. Lamberton by Governor Printz, at Fort Christina, July 10, 1643, in the Royal Archives at Stockholm. Acrelius, misinterpreting a statement in Lewis Evans’s _Analysis of a General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America_ (Philadelphia, 1755), bounds New Sweden on the west by the Susquehanna River.

[914] A portrait of Queen Christina is owned by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[915] Either this expedition or the preceding one under Minuit was accompanied by the Rev. Reorus Torkillus, a Swedish Lutheran clergyman, of Öster-Götland. Ten other companions of Minuit or Hollender are mentioned in a foot-note to the writer’s translation of Professor Odhner’s “Kolonien Nya Sveriges Grundläggning,” in the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iii. 402, among whom Anders Svenson Bonde, Anders Larsson Daalbo, Peter Gunnarson Rambo, and Sven Gunnarson are the best known in the subsequent history of the colony.

[916] It is only spoken of once in documents still preserved to us,—namely, in the Instructions to Governor Printz, Aug. 15, 1642. Bogardt himself is also referred to as “one Bagot,” in Beauchamp Plantagenet’s _Description of New Albion_.

[917] The names of forty-two persons who took part in this expedition are given in a note of the writer in the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iii. 462, _et seq._,—the most conspicuous of these being Lieutenant Måns Kling, a Swedish Lutheran clergyman called “Herr Christopher,” Gustaf Strahl (a young nobleman), Carl Janson (for many years Printz’s book-keeper), Olof Person Stille, and Peter Larsson Cock (afterward civil officers under the Dutch and English).

[918] The name given on Lindström’s map to the Cape Cornelius of Visscher’s and other Dutch maps, which apply the name of Hinlopen to the “false cape,” twelve miles farther south, at the mouth of Rehoboth Bay. It corresponds with the present Cape Henlopen.

[919] Twenty-three of these are mentioned in a foot-note to the writer’s translation of Odhner’s work before referred to, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iii. 409; the most prominent of whom are Sergeant Gregorius van Dyck, Elias Gyllengren, Jacob Svenson, and Jöran Kyn Snöhvit.

[920] That at the Schuylkill, or a stronghold which superseded it, is mentioned in a report of the Dutch Commissary Hudde as situated “on a very convenient island at the edge of the Kil,” identified by Dr. George Smith as Province or State Island, at the mouth of the Schuylkill, which river, says Hudde, “can be controlled by it.”

[921] [See Professor Keen’s paper on New Albion in Vol. III.—ED.]

[922] It may be proper to note that the Governor himself does not seem at first to have been satisfied with the sincerity of the aborigines, and, in keeping with his former profession of arms, even appeals in his report of 1644 to the authorities in Sweden for a couple of hundred soldiers to drive the savages from the Delaware, arguing also that the Dutch and English would be more likely to respect rights acquired from the natives not merely by purchase, but also by the sword.

[923] This vessel alone is named in Printz’s reports of 1644 and 1647. In a communication, however, of Queen Christina to the Admiralty, of the 12th of August, 1645, and in her Majesty’s letter to Captain Berendt Hermanson, of the 8th of the preceding May, preserved in the registry of the Admiralty in the naval archives of Sweden, the “Kalmar Nyckel” is mentioned, with the “Fama,” as having made “the voyage to Virginia” under the commander named. On her return this ship met with detention in Holland similar to that incurred by the “Fama,” but finally arrived in Sweden with 53,100 pounds of tobacco. So large a cargo certainly was not raised in New Sweden (which place, probably, was not visited by the vessel), and may have been purchased in the English Virginia. For a comment on such practices see an extract from a letter from Directors of the Dutch West India Company in Holland to Director-General Stuyvesant, dated Jan. 27, 1649, a translation of which is printed in _Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, xii. 47, 48.

[924] Only five male emigrants who came out on this expedition, beside Papegåja, were living in the colony March 1, 1648; namely, a barber-surgeon, a gunner, two common soldiers, and a young lad.

[925] Printed at Stockholm in 1696, under the title of _Lutheri Catechismus, Öfwersatt på American-Virginiske Språket_, followed by a _Vocabularium Barbaro-Virgineorum_, reproduced by the author’s grandson in his _Kort Beskrifning om Nya Sverige_. A copy of it is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Concerning it, see particularly Acrelius’s _Beskrifning_, p. 423. [Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, nos. 5,698-99; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, x. 42,726; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 1,427; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, ii. no. 1,498; and Muller, _Books on America_ (1872). no. 1,562, where errors of Brunet and Leclerc are pointed out.—ED.]

[926] Campanius, to be sure, mentions “Korsholm” as a distinct fort, but he does so in terms which show that he is citing Lindström, who speaks of it as on territory granted to Sven Schute, embracing “Passajungh, Kinsessingh, Mockorhuttingh, and the land on both sides of the Schylekijl to the river” Delaware, and makes no reference to a “Fort Skörkil.” The statements with regard to the latter were probably drawn from the manuscripts of his grandfather. It did not occur to him, I suppose, that the places might be identical. “Gripsholm” is the name incorrectly given for “Korsholm” by N. J. Visscher and later Dutch cartographers.

[927] At “Chinsessingh” (the Indian name of the land west of the Schuylkill), says Campanius,—“the New Fort,” so called, which “was no fort, but a good log-house, built of strong hickory, two stories high, and affording sufficient protection against the Indians.” If the interpretation usually given to the dates of Hudde’s report already cited be correct, both Wasa and Mölndal were occupied by Printz before November, 1645. The latter post was at a “place called by the Indians Kakarikonck” or “Karakung,” near where the present road from Philadelphia to Darby crosses Cobb’s Creek.

[928] The expression used in Oxenstjerna’s reply to Printz’s Report referred to in the next sentence. Printzdorp, on the west side of the river Delaware, south of Upland, was doubtless granted to Printz in accordance with this petition.

[929] The only one residing in New Sweden March 1, 1648, was the Reverend Lars Carlson Lock. Sprinchorn also mentions another Swedish Lutheran clergyman, “Israel Fluviander,—Printz’s sister’s son,” who probably died or returned home in the spring.

[930] Corresponding, of course, to July 27, O. S. The materials of this narrative being almost entirely derived from Swedish sources, the dates have not been altered from the Julian calendar, which was still used in Sweden. The news referred to in the text was brought by Augustine Herman, who had dealings with Governor Printz upon the Delaware, and for some account of whom see the _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iv. 100 _et seq._

[931] Something over two hundred tons.

[932] A certified copy of Amundson’s patent, with the REGIS REGNIQUE CANCELLARIÆ SIGILLUM of the period attached to it, is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. In view of conflicting interests of the West India Company, adverse claims of other colonists, and the opposition of an Indian proprietor of Passajung, Rising declined to sanction the occupation of these tracts without further orders from Sweden.

[933] So Governor Rising. According to a Dutchman who took part in the expedition, the “force consisted of three hundred and seventeen soldiers, besides a company of sailors.”

[934] Anders Bengtson is the only one whose name has been preserved to us.

[935] The dread expressed in letters from the Directors of the Dutch West India Company to Director-General Stuyvesant, dated Oct. 16 and 30, 1663 (_Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 445-46), lest an expedition, which had sailed from Sweden under Admiral Hendrick Gerritsen Zeehelm, was designed to subvert their dominion over the South River, is not justified, says Sprinchorn, by evidence of the existence of any plan to recover the colony, at that time, by force of arms.

[936] _Manifest und Vertragbrieff, der Australischen Companey im Königreich Schweden auffgerichtet. Im Jahr MDCXXIV._ 4to, 12 unnumbered pp. The only copy known to the writer is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. The document itself is reproduced in the _Auszführlicher Bericht über den Manifest_. A fac-simile of the title is given herewith.

[937] _Fullmagt för Wellam Usselinx at inrätta et Gen. Handels Comp. til Asien, Afr., Amer. och Terra Magell. Dat. Stockh. d. 21 Dec. 1624._ Cited by Acrelius. It has been translated into English in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, vol. xii. pp. 1 and 2.

_Sw. Rikes Gen. Handels Compagnies Contract, dirigerat til Asiam, Africam och Magellaniam, samt desz Conditiones_, etc. _Stockh. år 1625_. Cited by Acrelius.—_Der Reiche Schweden Genera. Compagnies Handlungs Contract, Dirigiret naher Asiam, Africam, Americam, vnd Magellanicam. Samt dessen Conditionen vnnd Wilköhren. Mit Kön. May. zu Schweden, vnsers Aller-gnedigsten Königs vnd Herrn gnediger Bewilligung, auch hierauff ertheilten Privilegien, in öffentlichen Druck publiciret. Stockholm, 1625._ 4to, title, and 7 unnumbered pages. A copy is in the Carter-Brown Library. Translated into English in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 2 _et seq._

_Uthförligh Förklaring öfwer Handels Contractet angåendes thet Södre Compagniet uthi Konungarijket i Swerighe. Stält igenom Wilhelm Usselinx, Och nu aff thet Nederländske Språket uthsatt på Swenska, aff Erico Schrodero. Tryckt i Stockholm, aff Ignatio Meurer, Åhr 1626, 4to._ —_Auszführlicher Bericht über den Manifest; oder Vertrag-Brieff der Australischen oder Süder Compagney im Königreich Schweden. Durch Wilhelm Usselinx. Ausz dem Niederländischen in die Hochdeutsche Sprache übergesetzt. Stockholm, Gedruckt durch Christoffer Reusner_. _Anno_ MDCXXVI. 4to. The German version contains Usselinx’s interesting “voorrede” to the Netherlanders, dated at Stockholm, Oct. 17, 1625, in the original Dutch (not given in the Swedish edition), reprinted in the Dutch _Octroy ofte Privilegie_, and reproduced in the corrected _Auszführlicher Bericht_ of the _Argonautica Gustaviana_. Cf. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,143, for a comparison of the Swedish edition and the _Dutch Octroy ofte Privilegie_. The only copies of these books known to the writer are in the Library of Congress.

_Octroy eller Privilegier, som then Stormägtigste Högborne Furste och Herre, Herr Gustaf Adolph, Sweriges, Göthes och Wendes Konung_, etc. _Det Swenska nysz uprättade Södra Compagniet nädigst hafwer bebrefwat. Dat. Stockholm d. 14 Junii, 1626._ Cited by Acrelius.—_Octroy und Privilegium so der Allerdurchläuchtigste Groszmächtigste Fürst und Herr, Herr Gustavus Adolphus, der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden König, Grosz-Fürst in Finnland. Hertzog zu Ehesten und Carelen, Herr zu Ingermanland, etc. Der im Königreich Schweden jüngsthin auffgerichteten Süder-Compagnie allergnädigst gegeben und verliehen. Stockholm, gedruckt bey Ignatio Meurern. Im Jahr 1626._ Reprinted in Johannes Marquardus’s _Tractatus Politico-Juridicus de Jure Mercatorum et Commerciorum Singulari_, vol. ii. pp. 545-52, Frankfort, 1662. An English translation is given in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, xii. 7 _et seq._

_Octroy ofte Privilegie soo by den alderdoorluchtigsten Grootmachtigen Vorst ende Heer Heer Gustaeff Adolph, der Sweden Gothen ende Wenden Koningh, Grootvorst in Finland, Hertogh tot Ehesten ende Carelen, Heer tot Ingermanland, etc., aen de nieuw opgerichte Zuyder Compagnie in’t Koningrijck Sweden onlangs genadigst gegeben ende verleend is, Mitsgaders een naerder Bericht over’t selve Octroy ende Verdragh-brief door Willem Usselincx. In’s Gravenhage, By Aert Meuris, Boeckverkooper in de Papestraat in den Bybel, anno 1627. 4to._ Besides the _Octroy_ it comprises a Dutch version of Usselinx’s _Uthförligh Förklaring_. Cf. Asher’s _Essay_, no. 41 and pp. 82, 83.

_Kurtzer Extract der vornemsten Haupt-Puncten, so biszher weitläufftig und gründlich erwiesen, und nochmals, jedermänniglich, unwiedersprechlich für Augen gestellet sollen werden. In Sachen der neuen Süder-Compagnie. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn bey Christoph Krausen, Anno 1633. Mens. Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. 541-42.

_Instruction oder Anleitung: Welcher Gestalt die Einzeichnung zu der neuen Süder-Compagnie, durch Schweden und nunmehr auch Teutschland zubefördern, und an die Hand zunehmen; derselben auch mit ehestem ein Anfang zumachen. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn bey Christoph Krausen. 1633. Mense Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 542-45.

_Ampliatio oder Erweiterung des Privilegii so der Allerdurchläuchtigste Groszmächtigste Fürst und Herr, Herr Gustavus Adolphus, der Schweden, Gothen und Wenden König; Grosz-Fürst in Finnland, Hertzog zu Ehesten und Carelen, Herr zu Ingermannland, etc. Der neuen Australischen oder Süder-Compagnie durch Schweden und nunmehr auch Teutschland, allergnädigst ertheilet und verliehen. Gedruckt zu Heylbrunn, bey Christoph Krausen. Im Jahr 1633. Mense Aprili._ Reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 552-55.

_Argonautica Gustaviana, das ist: Nothwendige Nach-Richt von der Neuen Seefahrt und Kauffhandlung, so von dem Weilandt Allerdurchleuchtigsten Groszmächtigsten und Siegreichesten Fürsten unnd Herrn, Herrn Gustavo Adolpho Magno; ... durch anrichtung einer General Handel-Compagnie ... vor wenig Jahren zu stifften angefangen: anjetzo aber der Teutschen Evangelischen Nation ... zu unermesslichem Nutz und Frommen ... mitgetheilet worden.... Gedruckt zu Franckfurt am Mayn, bey Caspar Rödteln, im Jahr Christi 1633. Mense Junio._ Folio. It comprises: a _Patent oder öffentlich Auszschreiben wegen dieses Vorhabens_, signed by Axel Oxenstjerna, June 26, 1633 (3 pp.); an _Extract etlicher vornehmen Haubtpuncten_ (2 pp.); the _Octroy und Privilegium_ of Gustavus Adolphus (8 pp.); the _Ampliatio_ (4 pp.); _Formular desz Manifest_, reproducing with slight variations the _Manifest_, and Usselinx’s _Auszführlicher Bericht, in Niderländischen Sprach gestellet, vor diesem bereit in eyl in Teutsch übergesetzt, anitzo aber nach dem Niderländischen mit allem fleisz übersehen, an vielen Orten nach Notturfft verbessert und mit Summarischen Marginalien bezeichnet_ (56 pp.); and, finally, Usselinx’s appeal to the Germans, entitled _Mercurius Germaniæ_, with the _Instruction_, and some _Nothwendige Beylagen_ (51 pp.). It has been reprinted in Marquard’s _Tractatus_, vol. ii. pp. 373-540. Cf. Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,136; (1877) no. 179; and a note in the preceding chapter.

_Ampliation oder Erweiterung von dem Octroij und Privilegio, der newen Süyder-Handels Compagnia, durch Last und Befehl von die Deputirten der löblichen Confæderirten Herren Ständen, der vier Ober-Cräysen zu Franckfurth, anzustellen verordnet, den 12 December, Anno 1634. Gedruckt zu Hamburg, durch Heinrich Werner, im Jahr Christi 1635._ A copy is bound with that of the _Argonautica Gustaviana_ in the Harvard College Library.

[938] _Printed in the Year 1648._ For the full title and some particulars concerning this book see paper on “New Albion,” in Vol. III.

[939] _Breeden-Raedt aende Vereenichde Nederlandsche Provintien, Gelreland, Holland, Zeeland, Wtrecht, Vriesland, Over-Yssel, Groeningen, Gemaeckt ende Gestalt uyt diverse ware en waerachtige memorien. Door I. A. G. W. C. Tot Antwerpen, ghedruct by Francoys van Duynen, Boeckverkooper by de Beurs in Erasmus, 1649._ Translated into English by Henry C. Murphy in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._,[P3: missing. inserted] second series, vol. iii. part i. pp. 237 _at seq._ (New York, 1857). See preceding chapter.

[940] _Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, Weghens de Gheleghentheydt, Vruchtbaerheydt, en Soberen Staet deszelfs. In’s Graven-Hage. Ghedruckt by Michiel Stael, Bouckverkooper woonende op’t Buyten Hof, tegen-over de Gevange-Poort_, 1650, 4to, 49 pp. A translation of it, with explanatory notes (one of which relates to the date of the arrival of the Swedes on the Delaware, citing Hawley’s letter to Windebanke, and correcting Arfwedson’s misapprehension of Biörck), by Henry C. Murphy, is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. ii. pp. 251 _et seq._ (New York, 1849); and one of an authenticated copy of the original document appears in _Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y._, vol. i. pp. 271 _et seq._ Authors also frequently cite the _Beschryvinghe van Virginia_, _Nieuw Nederlandt_, etc. (_’t Amsterdam, by Joost Hartgers_, 1651, 4to), a compilation from the _Vertoogh_ and other publications. See preceding chapter.

[941] _Beschrijvinghe van Nieuvv-Nederlant ... Beschreven door Adriaen van der Donck.... ’t Amsteldam...._ 1655, 4to. The same: _Den tweeden Druck. Met een pertinent Kaertje van’t zelve Landt verciert en van veel druckfouten gesuyvert. ’t Aemsteldam...._ 1656. 4to. A translation of the second edition, by the Hon. Jeremiah Johnson, is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 125 _et seq._ (New York, 1841). See preceding chapter.

[942] Upsala, 1654 and 1662, 8vo. Frankfort and Leipsic, 1676, 4to.

[943] In his _Korte historiael ende journaels aenteyckeninge van verscheyden voyagiens in de vier deelen des Wereldts-Ronde, ... t’ Hoorn...._ 1655 (4to, 192 pp.). A translation of the voyages to America, by Henry C. Murphy, appears in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 1 _et seq._ The version in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, second series, vol. i. pp. 243 _et seq._, by Dr. G. Troost, from the Du Simitière MSS. in the Philadelphia Library, does not include the visit of De Vries to Printz, an imperfect account of which is given by the translator, which has been not less imperfectly followed by several later writers. See preceding chapter.

[944] _Saken van Staat en Oorlogh, in, ende omtrent de Vereenigde Nederlanden_, 1621-1669. The Hague, 1657-1671, 15 vols., 4to; 1669-1672, 7 vols., folio.

[945] _Antwoordt van de Hog. Mo. Heeren Staten Generael deser vereenighde Nederlanden, Gegeven den 15 Augusti 1664, op twee distincte memorien, ende pretensien van de Heer Appelboom, Resident van den Konich van Sweden, De eene overgelevert aen haer Ho. Mo. voorsz. Tot Uytrecht, By Pieter Dercksz. Anno 1664._ 4to.

[946] _Kort Beskrifning om Provincien Nya Swerige uti America, som nu förtjden af the Engelske kallas Pensylvania. Af lärde och trowärdige Mäns skrifter och berättelser ihopaletad och sammanstrefwen, samt med åthskillige Figure utzirad af Thomas Campanius Holm. Stockholm, Tryckt uti Kongl. Boktr. hos Sal. Wankijfs Änkia med egen bekostnad, af J. H. Werner. Åhr_ MDCCII. 4to, xx + 192 pp. An ornamental titlepage bears the legend: _Novæ Sveciæ seu Pensylvaniæ in America Descriptio_. The work is dedicated to King Charles XII. of Sweden, and is divided into four books, the first of these treating of America in general, the second of New Sweden, and the third of the Indians in New Sweden, and the fourth consisting of a vocabulary and collection of phrases and some discourses in the dialect of the same savages, with Addenda concerning the Minquas and their language, and certain rare and remarkable things in America. It is embellished with numerous illustrations besides those mentioned in the text; among them being maps of America and of Virginia, New England, New Holland, and New Sweden, and one of New Sweden taken from Nicholas Visscher, the two latter being given in this chapter, and pictures of an Indian fort and Indian canoes. An extract from a translation of it is given in _N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. ii. pp. 343 _et seq._ (New York, 1814). An annotated translation of the whole work, by Peter S. Du Ponceau, LL.D., reproducing Lindström’s and Visscher’s maps of New Sweden, and the representations of Trinity Fort, the siege of Christina Fort, and the Indian fort, above referred to, was published in _Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. iii. pt. i. pp. 1 _et seq._ (Philadelphia, 1834). The work is rare. Copies are to be found in the Philadelphia Library, in the libraries of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Harvard College and Congress, and in the Carter-Brown collection. It is priced in recent catalogues as high as £15 or £16. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,043-44; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, iii. 10,202; Muller (1872), no. 1,138; (1875), no. 2,845; (1877), no. 570; 80 Dutch florins; Field, _Indian Bibliography_, no. 233; _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 327; _O’Callaghan Catalogue_, no. 467. Few copies have all the illustrations. Muller errs in making the author the son, instead of the grandson, of the Rev. Johan Campanius Holm.

[947] One of the most noteworthy of these is the assertion that the Swedes settled on the Delaware as early as 1631. This is reiterated by Cronholm and Sprengel, and in Smith’s _New Jersey_, Proud’s _Pennsylvania_, Holmes’s _Annals_, etc., and even in a note _in loco_ of Du Ponceau himself.

[948] _Dissertatio Gradualis de Svionum in America Colonia, quam, ex consensu Ampl. Senatus Philosoph. in Inclita Academia Upsaliensi, Præside viro amplissimo M. Petro Elvio, Mathem. Prof. Reg. et Ord., publice ventilandam subjicit Johannes Dan. Swedberg, Dalekarlus, in Audit. Gustav. Maj. ad diem_ xxiii. _Junii Anni_ MDCCIX. _Upsaliæ, ex officina Werneriana._ Small 8vo, vi + 32 pp. A copy is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 3,099; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,141; (1877), no. 3,137. A copy has been recently priced at 50 marks.

[949] Bishop Svedberg’s interest in the posterity of the old colonists of New Sweden is well evinced in his _America Illuminata_ (Skara, 1732, small 8vo, 163 pp. + Indices), copies of which are in the libraries of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and of Harvard College. Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, ii. 3,100; Muller’s _Books on America_ (1872), no. 1,140. Well-bound copies have been recently priced at £10. See also _Vita Jesperi Swedberg, Episcopi Scarensis_, an academical dissertation by Carolus Johannes Knos, vestrogothus (Upsala, 1787), a copy of which is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, as well as a portrait of the bishop, signed “H. C. Fehlingk delin. Joh. Chr. Böcklin Aug. Vind. sc. Lipsiæ.”

[950] _Brieven geschreven ende gewisselt tusschen der Herr Johan de Witt, Raedt-Pensionaris, etc., ende de Gevolmachtigden van den Staedt der Vereenigde Nederlanden, so in Vranckryck, Engelandt, Sweden, Danemarcken, Poolen, etc._, 1652-1659. The Hague, 1723-1725, 6 vols., 4to.