Chapter XXX: Book V: , Pausanias says he is proceeding north from the Council-house (7)

[1282] Arrian, _Anab._, III, 16.18 (he says it was of bronze); Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 70; restored by Seleukos: Val. Max., II, 10, Extr. 1; by Antiochos: P., I, 8.5.

[1283] B. B., nos. 326 (_Aristogeiton_), 327 (_Harmodios_), and 328 (head of _Harmodios_, two views); Bulle, 84, 85; von Mach, 58 (both statues) and 59 (_Aristogeiton_); Collignon, I, pp. 367 f. and figs. 189 (group) and 190 (head of _Harmodios_); relief from Athens showing the group, _ibid._, p. 369, fig. 88; Overbeck, I, p. 155, fig. 27; Baum., I. p. 340, fig. 357; Lechat, pp. 444-5, figs. 36, 37 (restored by Michaelis); _R. M._, XXI, 1906, Pl. XI; F. W., 121-4; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 530, 3 (_Harmodios_), and 5 (_Aristogeiton_); _cf._ II, 2, 541, 5 (group); Clarac V, 869, 2202 and 870, 2203 A; head of _Harmodios_, _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. G. The height is about 2 meters (Bulle).

[1284] _A. M._, XV, 1890, pp. 1 f.; followed by Overbeck, I, pp. 152 f.; Frazer, II, p. 98. The difference is not only noticeable in the head structure and treatment of the hair, but in the whole character of the work. While Antenor’s work is stiff and lifeless, the Naples group is full of vigor. For the statue of Antenor (in the Akropolis Museum), see _Ant. Denkm._, I, 5, 1890, Pl. 53, and pp. 42 f. (Wolters); Overbeck, I, Pl. 25, opp. p. 152; _Les Musées d’Athènes_, I, Pl. VI; _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 135 f. (Studniczka), and Pl. X, 1 (head); von Mach, 28; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. II.

[1285] However, some archæologists still favor Antenor for this group: _e. g._, Wachsmuth, _Die Stadt Athen_, I, pp. 170 f.; II, 393-8; Collignon; Lechat, _op. cit._, and _cf._ _B. C. H._, XVI, 1892, pp. 485-9.

[1286] _Rhet. praecept._, 9: ἀπεσφιγμένα καὶ νευρώδη καὶ σκληρά, καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἀποτεταμένα ταῖς γραμμαῖς. See Brunn, pp. 101-5; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49.

[1287] The best restoration is that of Meier in bronzed plaster in the Ducal Museum in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 172, figs. 38, a, b, c; here Aristogeiton has received a bearded head. For another restoration, in the Museum of Strasbourg, see Springer-Michaelis, p. 216, fig. 402, a, b.

[1288] _Bulletin of Museum of Fine Arts_, III, 27; _R. M._, XIX, 1904, p. 163, Pl. VI (Hauser).

[1289] A vase by Douris shows a warrior similar to _Aristogeiton_, but his onset is fiercer: Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, Pl. XXI, and Textbd., pp. 206 f. For other representations in art of the _Tyrannicides_, see Frazer, II, pp. 94 f.

[1290] _Darstellung des Menschen in der aelt. griech. Kunst_, 1899, p. xi; _cf._ Richardson, p. 120, n. 2.

[1291] _Cf._ Dickins, p. 265 (quoting the view of Furtwaengler).

[1292] Furtwaengler, _Sammlung Somzée_, 1897, Pl. III. He ascribes it to Mikon and identifies it with the statue of the pancratiast Kallias at Olympia whose base has been found: _Bildw. v. Ol._ 146; Hyde, 50; see _infra_, in the section on _Pancratiasts_, p. 251. For the _Pelops_, see _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2, and XI, 1 (head).

[1293] I, 23.9. The inscribed base has been found: _C. I. A._, I, 376; _I. G. B._, 39.

[1294] P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137.

[1295] Ols. 72 to 76 (= 492 to 476 B. C.); Hyde, p. 42.

[1296] _Cf._ Bulle, p. 493, on no. 225.

[1297] On the origin and early development of motion figures in Greek art, see Bulle, pp. 157 f., and the works cited on p. 674 (notes to p. 158); especially, J. Langbehn, _Fluegelgestalten der aeltesten griech. Kunst_, Diss. inaug., 1881; F. Studniczka, _Die Siegesgoettin, Gesch. einer antiken Idealgestalt_, 1898; E. Curtius, _Die knieenden Figuren d. alt. griech. Kunst_ (_29stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1869); Eadweard Muybridge, _Human Figure in Motion_, 1907; _cf._ also J. Lange, _op. cit._

[1298] In the Museo Archeologico, Florence: Bulle, no. 10.

[1299] _Cf._ the realistic scenes of wrestling, boxing, and running, in relief on the archaic Attic tripod vase from Tanagra now in Berlin, dating from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, pp. 30 f. (Loeschke) and Pls. 3 and 4. _Cf._ also scenes from the pentathlon on a Panathenaic amphora of the sixth century B. C. in Leyden: _ibid._, Pl. 9; etc.

[1300] _B. C. H._, III, 1879, pp. 393 f. and Pls. VI-VII (Homolle), and V, 1881, pp. 272 f. (Homolle, on the artist and his father Mikkiades); von Mach, no. 32 (restored in the text opp. p. 26, fig. 1); Richardson, p. 51, fig. 15; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 300-1, figs. 122-3 and Treu’s restoration, p. 303, fig. 125; restored in Springer-Michaelis, p. 187, fig. 358; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 389, 5. Though first called an _Artemis_ by Homolle (because of its resemblance to the so-called Oriental winged _Artemis_ on a bronze relief from Olympia, von Mach, text, opp. p. 36, fig. 5), it has generally been called a _Nike_ since its first ascription by Furtwaengler (_A. Z._, XL, 1882, pp. 324 f.), and brought into connection with a base in two parts found near the statue on Delos in 1880 and 1881, inscribed with the names of Archermos and his father Mikkiades. If the connection with the base were certain, the statue should be referred to the beginning of the sixth century B. C.; B. Sauer (_A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 182 f.), and others, have disputed the connection.

[1301] Now in the National Museum, Athens: Kabbadias, no. 1; von Mach, 20; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 340; Richardson, p. 43, fig. 11; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 645, 1. Its inscription should date it about 600 B. C. It is over 6 feet in height (including the base: von Mach).

[1302] Bulle, pp. 157-8, fig. 33; de Ridder, no. 808. It is 0.123 meter high (Bulle). _Cf._ similar bronzes _ibid._, nos. 799-814, and also a flying harpy on a sixth-century B. C. Ionic vase in the University Museum in Wuerzburg: Bulle, pp. 159-160, fig. 34; Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, I, pp. 209 f. and Pl. 41; _cf._ also the very similar pose on the small bronze statuette in the British Museum of a winged _Nike_ represented in violent motion: von Mach, 33; the marble torso of another in Athens: _id._, text, opp. p. 26, fig. 2; and the bronze winged _Gorgon_ from Olympia (0.12 meter high): _Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, no. 78, text, p. 25 (and for the type, _cf._ Roscher, _Lex._, art. Gorgonen in der Kunst, I, 2, p. 1710, ll. 67 f.).

[1303] _Nike of Archermos_, 1891.

[1304] Salzmann, _Nécropole de Camiros_, Pl. LIII; Bulle, pp. 161-2, fig. 35; _cf._ Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 142. Its diameter is 0.385 meter (Bulle).

[1305] See R. Kekulé and H. Winnefeld, _Bronzen aus Dodona in den koenigl. Museen zu Berlin_, Pl. II and pp. 13 f.; _A. Z._, XL, 1882, Pl. I and pp. 23-27 (Engelmann); Rayet, I, Pl. 17 (S. Reinach); Bulle, 83 (right). As the figure is only 0.143 meter tall, it seems to have decorated the rim of a bronze bowl. It may be later than the Tuebingen bronze (Fig. 42) and is certainly of a different school. The presence of a breastplate proves that it is meant for a warrior and not for a hoplitodrome.

[1306] For a full discussion of this sculptor, see Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905; _cf._ _S. Q._, §§ 489-507.

[1307] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1308] VI, 4.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[1309] VI, 6.1; Hyde, 48; Foerster, 200.

[1310] VI, 6.4 f.; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[1311] VI, 7.10; Hyde, 69; Foerster, 183, 189.

[1312] VI, 13.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59; Hyde, 110; Foerster, 176-7; 181-2; 187-8; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 145.

[1313] VI, 13.7; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1314] VI, 18.1; Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193a.

[1315] Reisch, p. 43, n. 4, wrongly assumed this to be one of the oldest statues of Pythagoras, since the same sculptor made the statue of the son Kratisthenes; but the son’s victory was probably only two Olympiads later than that of the father, as we have seen.

[1316] VIII, 47; _S. Q._, 507. Diogenes repeats the tradition that there were two sculptors of the name, one from Rhegion, the other from Samos; also Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59-60.

[1317] _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 332 f.; _cf._ his _Essays on the Art of Pheidias_, 1885, p. 323. The recovered base of Euthymos’ statue has no footmarks: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 144. Waldstein is followed in his ascription of the statues to Euthymos by Urlichs, _Arch. Analekt._, 1885, p. 9.

[1318] B. B., no. 542 (two views); Furtw. _Mp._, p. 171, fig. 70; _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 313 f. and Pls. IV, and V (two views), (P. Hermann).

[1319] _Mp._, pp. 171-2; _Mw._, pp. 345-6.

[1320] _Mon. d. I_., X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L. Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, p. 62, doubts if the head belongs to the torso.

[1321] Duetschke, II, no. 77 (= one of two statues); _Mon. d. I._, VIII, 1864-68, Pl. XLVI, 6-8, and _Annali_, XXXIX, 1867, pp. 304 f. (Benndorf); Arndt-Amelung, nos. 96-98; _cf._ _A. Z._, XXVII, 1869, pp. 106 f. and Pl. 24, 2 (Benndorf, _Tyrannicides_ on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, etc.), and XXXII, 1875, pp. 163 f. (Duetschke, group of two statues); Reinach, _Rép._ II, 2, 541, 6. Both Duetschke (_A. Z._, _l. c._) and Furtwaengler (_Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, VIII, 1888, p. 1448) have shown that it represents an athlete.

[1322] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 36; Clarac, V, 856, 2180. Furtwaengler believes the statue later in style than the Louvre boxer.

[1323] _E. g._, P. Hermann, _op. cit._, pp. 332-3; Arndt, text to B. B., no. 542.

[1324] B. B., no. 361; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 210; Duetschke, II, 163; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 165 f. and fig. 66 (two views); _Mw._, pp. 339 f. and Pl. XVII (from a cast); F. W., 458. For three replicas of the Riccardi type, see Arndt, text to B. B., 542. Furtwaengler believed this head a prototype of the _Diomedes_ of Kresilas known to us from copies in Munich (Pl. XXI); _Mw._, pp. 311 f. and Pls. XII, XIII; _Mp._, pp. 146 f. and figs. 60 (body), and 61 (head, two views); B. B., 128; Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1892, pp. 651 f.; in Paris: Froehner, _Notice_, no. 128; Clarac, 314, 1438; and elsewhere. See _supra_ p. 169.

[1325] Michaelis, p. 367, no. 152; _Mp._, p. 172, fig. 71; _Mw._, p. 347, fig. 44; A. Z., XXXI, 1874, Pl. III; F. W., 459. Kekulé was the first to class it as Myronian: _Ueber d. Kopf des Praxitel. Hermes_, p. 12, 1 (quoted by F. W., _l. c._). Graef curiously found it Pheidian: _Aus d. Anomia_, p. 69, 63.

[1326] _H. N._, XXXIV, 58; _cf._ _Mp._, p. 173.

[1327] _La Glypt._ _Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. XXXVI and p. 60; the other, unpublished, is mentioned _ibid._ He also adds the cast of a lost original statue of a boxer in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, whose head belongs stylistically to the same series: _ibid._, pp. 60-61, and figs. 30 (head), 31-32 (body). If the head and body belong together it is the only statuary type of the group.

[1328] Kieseritzky, _Kat. d. Ermitage_, 1901, p. 27, no. 68; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 177, fig. 74; _Mw._, p. 353 fig. 46 (two views).

[1329] _Mp._, p. 176, fig. 73; _Mw._, Pl. XX (two views).

[1330] Text to B. B., no. 542; _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, text to Pl. XXXVI, p. 60.

[1331] _B. M. Sculpt._, 1603, Pl. V, fig. 1; B. B., 224; F. W., 460.

[1332] _A. M._, XXXVI, 1911, pp. 193 f., and Pl. VII (Athleten Kopf in Athen).

[1333] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59.

[1334] Brunn, pp. 133-4, connected _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and believed that only one statue was meant by Pliny’s sentence, identical with Pausanias’ statue of Mnaseas. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, 1895, p. 57, makes two alterations in Pliny’s text, inserting _et_ between _Libyn_ and _puerum_, and replacing _tabellam_ of the MSS. with _flagellum_. The boy holding the whip, then, is Mnaseas’ son Kratisthenes, the chariot victor mentioned by P., VI, 18.1. Stuart Jones follows Furtwaengler (_Jahrbuecher fuer Class. Philol._, 1876, p. 509) in having Pliny translate παῖδα of his Greek authority by _puerum_ instead of _filium_.

[1335] P. 44.

[1336] Cat. no. 51; Benndorf, _Griech. und Sicilische Vasenbilder_, I, pp. 13 f. and Pl. IX.

[1337] In his _Chrestomathia Pliniana_, 1857, p. 320.

[1338] _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, pp. 264 f.

[1339] Antigonos of Karystos, _apud_ Zen., V, 82 (passage given by Jex-Blake, p. xxxix and n. 2).

[1340] Ancient writers differed as to the authorship of the statue. Thus P. (I, 33.3), Mela (_de Situ orbis_, II, 3.6), Tzetzes (S. Q., 838-9), and Zenobios (_l. c._), say that it was Pheidias, while Pliny (_H. N._, XXXVI, 17) and Strabo (IX, I. 17, C. 396) say Agorakritos. A fragment of the colossal head of the statue came to the British Museum in 1820: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 460; also fragments of the figure on the base, described by P., I, 33.7, were found in 1890 and are now in the National Museum in Athens: Kabbadias, 203-14; Frazer, II, p. 457, fig. 40.

[1341] See his Ueber einige Werke des Kuenstlers Pythagoras, in _Verhandl. d. 40sten Versamml. deutscher Philologen u. Schulmaenner in Goerlitz_, Leipsic, 1890 (pp. 329-336), p. 334.

[1342] _Archaeolog. Analekten_, 1885, p. 9. Lucian, _Anachar._, 9, says that apples formed a part of the Delphic prize; Dromeus is also known to us as a Pythian victor. In _Chrest. Plin._, p. 320, L. von Urlichs had identified the _nudus_ as Meilanion or Hippomenes with the apples with which he had beaten Atalanta; see _S. Q._, § 499, note a.

[1343] _H. N._, XXXIV, 59: _Syracusis autem claudicantem, cuius ulceris dolorem sentire etiam spectantes videntur_. Gronovius, following Lessing, _Laokoön_, Ch. 2, identified it with a wounded Philoktetes: see Bluemner, _Comm. zu Lessing’s Laokoön_, pp. 508 f.; the words _cuius ... videntur_ seem to have been derived from _A. Pl._, IV, 112, 1.4 (which refers to a bronze statue of Philoktetes): _cf._ Brunn, p. 134 and Jex-Blake, _ad loc._

[1344] _Cf._ Benndorf, _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, p. 92; von Sybel, _Weltgesch. d. Kunst_, p. 139.

[1345] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; Kallias won Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1346] In the Plinian passage Leontiskos figures rather as an artist, probably through Pliny’s misunderstanding of some Greek sentence in his authority; see L. von Urlichs, _Rheinisches Museum_, XLIV, 1889, p. 261.

[1347] P. 44.

[1348] L. von Sybel, _Athena und Marsyas, Bronzemuenze des Berliner Museums_, 1879.

[1349] This characteristic is expressed by the word αὐτάρκεια; _cf._ Plato, _Phil._, 67 A; Aristotle, _Eth. Nicom._, 1, 7.5-6 (= 1097 b); etc.

[1350] Marble copy of the _Marsyas_ was found in 1823 on the Esquiline and is now in the Lateran Museum, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1179; Rayet, I, Pl. 33; B. B., 208; Bulle, 95; von Mach, 65a; Baum., II, p. 1002, fig. 1210; Collignon, I, pp. 467 f. and fig. 234; F. W., 454; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 15, 6. It is 1.95 meters high (Bulle). It is wrongly restored and only the head can be considered approximately faithful to the original. _Cf._ another copy of the head of Parian marble in the Museo Barracco, Rome: Helbig, I, 1104; Reinach, _Têtes_, pp. 53 f. and Pls. LXVI-LXVII; F. W., 455. A fourth-century B. C. bronze statuette from Patras, now in the British Museum, appears also to give the motive of the original group in Athens mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 57, and P., I, 24. 1: _B. M. Bronzes_, 269; _Gaz. Arch._, 1879, Pls. XXXIV-V and pp. 241 f.; _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl. VIII (two views), pp. 91 f.; Rayet, I, Pl. 34; von Mach, 656; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 51, nos. 5 and 7. It is 0.75 meter high. For other representations, see G. Hirschfeld, Athena und Marsyas, _32stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1872, Pls. I and II. For a copy of the head of Athena in Dresden, see B. B., 591 (three views).

[1351] Walter Pater, in his _Greek Studies_ (in the essay on The Age of Athletic Prizemen), ed. 1895, pp. 309 f., calls the _Diskobolos_ a work of _genre_. However, the _Diskobolos_ can hardly be called a decorative statue, _i. e._, “a work merely imitative of the detail of actual life.” On p. 313 he rightly classes the _Doryphoros_ as an “academic” work.

[1352] It was formerly in the Palazzo Massimi alla Colonna, and hence is often called the Massimi _Diskobolos_: B. B., no. 567, _cf._ 256 (head from cast); von Mach, 63; Collignon, I, Pl. XI, opp. p. 472; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXX; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XIII (head from cast); Overbeck, I, fig. 74, opp. p. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 527, 1; for description, see M. D., 1098.

[1353] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 168 f., _Mw._, pp. 341 f., lists three other copies of the head: one in Basel (_cf._ Kalkmann, Proport. des. Gesichts., _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 73-74); one at Catajo (_Mp._, fig. 68; _Mw._, fig. 43; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 54-55); and one in Berlin (_Mp._, fig. 69).

[1354] H. N., XXXIV, 58: _(Myron) videtur ... capillum quoque et pubem non emendatius fecisse quam rudis antiquitas instituisset._

[1355] B. B., nos. 631, 632 (restored from bronzed cast; text by Rizzo); Bulle, 98; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1363; _Boll. d’Arte_, I, 1907, pp. 1 f. and Pls. I-III; _cf._ _Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst_, 1907, pp. 185 f. It is pieced together from fourteen fragments; the fragment of the right lower leg was found in 1910. Height to right shoulder, 1.53 meters (Bulle).

[1356] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 326; _Guide_, 333; von Mach, 62; Collignon, I, p. 473, n. 1; F. W., 451; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 5.

[1357] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 250; von Mach. 61; _Specimens_, I, Pl. XXIX; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. XLIV; _Marbles and Bronzes of the British Museum_, Pl. XLVII; F. W., 452; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 5; Clarac, V, 860, 2194 B. It is 5 feet 5 inches tall (Smith).

[1358] H. Stuart Jones, _Museo Capitolino Cat._, 1912, no. 50, p. 123, and Pl. 21; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 788; _Guide_, 446; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand (Jones).

[1359] B. B., no. 566; von Mach, 64; Gardner, _Sculpt._, PI. XI; Gardiner, p. 96, fig. 13 (from a copy of the Munich cast in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford).

[1360] Pl. no. 97; _cf._ Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XII, and Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkmaeler_, Pl. XXXIII.

[1361] _Philopseudes_, 18; _S. Q._, §544; translation of H. Stuart Jones, _Select Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture_, p. 69.

[1362] For the late Roman one in the Munich Antiquarium, see B. B., text to Pl. 567, fig. 1; F. W., 453; for the one in Arolsen, see F. W., 1786.

[1363] _B. M. Gems_, no. 742, Pl. G; also given in _B. M. Sculpt._, I, p. 91, fig. 5.

[1364] _Inst. orat._, II, 13.10: _Quid tam distortum et elaboratum quam est ille discobolos Myronis? si quis tamen, ut parum rectum, improbet opus, nonne ab intellectu artis abfuerit, in qua vel praecipue laudabilis est ipsa illa novitas ac difficultas?_

[1365] Translation by G. F. Hill, in his _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture from the Sixth Century B. C. to the Time of Michelangelo_, 1909, p. 10.

[1366] Enumerated above in Ch. III (Attic Sculptors), p. 129, n. 7. The Spartan Lykinos had two statues: P., VI, 2.1. As he won in both the hoplite-race and chariot-race, Foerster, 211 a, assumed that the two statues represented victor and charioteer, and that they stood upon the quadriga, which Pausanias does not mention. I follow Robert, _O. S._, p. 172, however, in assuming that the two statues represented the victor in the two events.

[1367] _H. N._, XXXIV, 57.

[1368] VI, 8.5; Hyde, 79 (Arkadian) and 79a (Philippos), and commentary on pp. 39 f.

[1369] The interpretation of Murray, _Class. Rev._, I, 1887, pp. 3-4.

[1370] The emendation of Loeschke, _Dorpaterprogr._, 1880, p. 9; accepted by Reisch, p. 44, n. 3, Richardson, p. 151, and others.

[1371] _Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, p. 89, n. 30.

[1372] Quoted by Jex-Blake, Add. to p. 46, 1.

[1373] _Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt._, p. 66.

[1374] Mayer, in _A. M._, XVI, 1891, pp. 246 f., showed that on vase-paintings of Myron’s time and on coins of Elaia, Aeolis, a woman is often represented as standing in the chest, while two men, Perseus and the carpenter, stand beside it.

[1375] _E. g._, the statue of the boy boxer Athenaios of Ephesos was represented in motion, _i. e._, in the act of sparring, as we see from the footprints on the recovered base: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168; he won some time between Ols. (?) 93 and 103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1376] See Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxyrhynchus Papyrus_, II, 1899, pp. 222 f.; Robert, _O. S._, Beilage, opp. p. 192; Diels, _Hermes_, XXXVI, 1901, pp. 72 f.; Koerte, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; Weniger, _Klio_ (_Beitraege zur alten Gesch._), IV, pp. 125 f.; V, pp. 1 f. and 184 f.

[1377] Late inscriptions mention “Pythian” and “Isthmian boys”: see F. M. Mie, _Quaestiones agonisticae ad Olympia pertinentes_, Diss. inaug., 1888, p. 48; Dittenberger, _Sylloge_,^2 II, nos. 677-8; the ἀγένειοι and ἄνδρες at Nemea are mentioned by Pindar, _Ol._, VIII, 54. The boys in these contests were probably aged 12-16, the ἀγένειοι, 16-20 (_cf._ Roberts-Gardner, _Greek Epigraphy_, II, p. 166), and the men over 20 years old.

[1378] For Olympia, see P., VI, 2.10; 6.1; 14.1-2; etc.

[1379] _C. I. G._, I, 1590.

[1380] Dittenberger, _op. cit._, II, no. 524: ἐφήβων νεωτέρων, μέσων, πρεσβυτέρων.

[1381] _I. G._, II, 444. For the _Panathenaia_, see Suidas, _s. v._ Παναθήναια; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, p. 141; etc.

[1382] P., V, 16.2.

[1383] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C, D.

[1384] _C. I. G._, inscriptions relating to ephebes, _e. g._, I, 232; 1590; Dittenberger, _de Ephebis atticis_, 1863, p. 24; Dumont, _Essai sur l’Ephébie attique_, 1876, pp. 215-16. This classification is followed by E. Pottier, _B. C. H._, V, 1881, p. 69.

[1385] Bussemaker, in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 1, _s. v._ _athleta_, p. 517 (also quoted by Pottier), proposed the division into παῖδες, 12-16 years old, ἀγένειοι, 16-20, and ἄνδρες, from 20 on. Pollux, VIII, 105, and Harpokration, _s. v._ ἐπιδιετές, give the ephebe age as 18-20; Xen., _Cyr._, 1, 2.8, puts the age at 16 or 17 for the Persians.

[1386] See _Inschr. v. Ol._, 56. On the whole subject, see Krause, pp. 262 f., especially p. 263, n. 3; Gardiner, pp. 271-2.

[1387] VI, 1.3 to VI, 18.7. We also know of 61 other victors with 63 monuments from inscribed base fragments recovered at Olympia; these will be treated _infra_ in Ch. VIII, pp. 353 f.

[1388] See Ch. VIII, _infra_, p. 339 and notes 3-4.

[1389] On _Ol._, IX, 150, Boeckh, p. 228; _cf._ _Etym. magn._, _s. v._ στάδιον, p. 743, 25.

[1390] Thus Apollo beat Hermes in running at Olympia, P., V, 7.10; the Idæan Herakles instituted a race among his brothers, P., V, 7.7; and Endymion set his sons to run, and so instituted the boys’ running race there, P., V, 1.4. The running race appears in the Boread legend, Ph.,3; pseudo-Dio Chrysost., XXXVII, p. 296 (Dindorf); it was represented on the Kypselos chest: P., V, 17.10, and appears on many archaic vases. On the age of the event, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, 1864, p. 310 and III, 1881, p. 199. The Cretans and the Lacedæmonians sacrificed to Apollo δρομαῖος: Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4.4.

[1391] See Ph., 3, for the four running races; _cf._, Plato, _de Leg._, 833 A, B.

[1392] Iliad, XXIII, 740 f.; Od., VIII, 120 f. (in l. 121 it is called δρόμος). In some historic games, the stade-race remained the only event; _e. g._, at the _Hermaia_ on Salamis: _C. I. G._, I, 108. For the stade-race, see P., I, 44.1; III, 14.3; IV, 4.5, etc. On its origin, see Ph., 5.

[1393] Schol. on Aristoph., _Aves_, 292 (ed. J. W. White, 1914); P., V, 8.6. On its origin, see Ph., 6 and _cf._ Krause, pp. 345 f.

[1394] Ch. 4.

[1395] Suidas, _s. v._ δόλιχος; schol. on Aristophanes, _Aves_, 292 (= seven stadia); Boeckh, _C. I. G._, I, no. 1515, p. 703 (= ordinarily seven stadia); schol. on Soph., _Electra_, 691. See Krause, I, p. 348, n. 13; Grasberger, _op. cit._, I, pp. 312 f.

[1396] Poll., III, 151; schol. on Aristoph., _Acharn._, 214; etc.

[1397] P., _passim_; _Oxy. Pap._; etc.

[1398] Ph., 7. For two theories of its origin, see _ibid._

[1399] P., X, 7.5; Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_, pp. 136 f.

[1400] _Cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, I, p. 625 E. Thus the Cretans Ergoteles and Sotades won the distance race twice each; Ergoteles in Ols. 77 and 79 (= 472 and 464 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 46; Foerster, 206, 213; Sotades in Ols. 99, 100 (= 384, 380 B. C.): P., VI, 18.6; Hyde, 186; Foerster, 317, 323. The Cretan Philonides, courier of Alexander the Great, had an honor statue at Olympia: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 154a. At the games at Trapezous over sixty Cretans entered: Xen., _Anab._, IV, 8, 27; _cf._ Krause, pp. 352 f.

[1401] _De Leg._, VIII, 833 C.

[1402] V, 16.3.

[1403] V, 8.6; _cf._ IV, 4.5; VIII, 26.4. His statement about the antiquity of the event is corroborated by Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._, V, 2.12, Ph. (= only event until Ol. 14), and Eusebios, _Chronika_, I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene). Gardiner, p. 52, believes that if the Olympic games developed from a single event, it was probably not from the stade-race, but from either the fight in armor or the chariot-race.

[1404] P., V, 8.6, etc.; Foerster, 1.

[1405] Discussed by Gardiner, pp. 52 and 272-3.

[1406] III, 8 (= Dorieus of Rhodes, who won his second victory in Ol. 88 (= 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 260); V, 49 (= Androsthenes of Mainalos, who won his first victory in Ol. 90, = 420 B. C.: P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 51; Foerster, 267).

[1407] Dittenberger, _Sylloge_^2, I, no. 256 (= Agesidamos of Messenia, who won in Ol. 140, = 220 B. C.).

[1408] V, 8.6; confirmed by Ph., 12, and Eusebios, _Chron._, I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene).

[1409] _L. c._; corroborated by Ph., 12.

[1410] P., V, 8.9; Eusebios agrees with Pausanias, but Philostratos says Ol. 46 (= 596 B. C.), _l. c._

[1411] P., V, 8.10; _cf._ III, 14.3. It was introduced at Delphi in 498 B. C.: see Gardiner, p. 70.

[1412] On running races, see Krause, I, pp. 337 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIII, pp. 270 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, pp. 1643 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 312 f.; etc.

[1413] Fig. 37 left = _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 6b; _cf. ibid._, 4b, and X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, f, and Panathenaic amphora in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1643, fig. 2229. Fig. 36A = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX, 1. Also _cf._ a sixth-century B. C. amphora in Munich, no. 498: _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl. XLVIII, m; Gardiner, p. 281, fig. 52; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (right); a fourth-century Panathenaic amphora: Gardiner, p. 283, fig. 53, from Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1876, Atlas, Pl. I.

[1414] Ph., 32: οἷον πτερούμενοι ὑπο τῶν χειρῶν.

[1415] The first = _B. M. Vases_, B 609; Gardiner, p. 280, fig. 51; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 4; G. F. Hill, _Illustrations of School Classics_, 1903, fig. 390; the second (Fig. 37, right) = _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 7b; Gardiner, p. 279, fig. 50; Dar.-Sagl., p. 1644, fig. 2230. _Cf._ another in _Mon. d. I._, X, Pl. XLVIII, f, 6.

[1416] National Museum, no. 761.

[1417] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 46.

[1418] On this mode of representing runners, see Schmidt in _Muenchener archaeol. Studien zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler dargebracht_, 1909, pp. 249 f. (especially p. 257).

[1419] See Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 56 f, and fig. 4, p. 56 (= Gerhard, IV, 256; Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, V, 18) two runners; the interior of the same vase also represents such a runner: p. 61, fig. 7. _Cf._ also p. 58, fig. 5 (= Murray, X, 37; _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. XXXIII), representing Hermes on a r.-f. vase of the severe style; also p. 59, fig. 6; etc. Also _cf._ Juethner, p. 41, fig. 36a (a later r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 803 A), showing a pentathlete running with an _akontion_. The following b.-f. vases, which show representations of such archaic runners, are taken from Perrot-Chipiez, X, 1914: the proto-Attic amphora of Nettos, p. 71, fig. 63 (= _Ant. Denkm._, I, Text, p. 46); cup from Aegina, p. 77, fig. 68 (= _A. Z._, XL, 1882, Pl. IX); Corinthian amphora, p. 103, fig. 74 (= Pottier, _Vases antiques_, Pl. LIX, E 855); the Gorgon on the François Vase, p. 165, fig. 108 (from Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pls. I-III); on neck of an amphora by Pamphaios in the Louvre, p. 388, fig. 233 (= Pottier, _op. cit._, Pl. LXXXVIII).

[1420] Discussed (wrongly, I think, as Etruscan) by G. H. Chase: _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 287 f., Pls. VIII-XVIII (especially XII-XVIII); Pl. XV = Richardson, p. 69, fig. 27.

[1421] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 46, fig. on p. 30; _Museum Bull._, 1911 (April), pp. 92 f., and fig. 5 (Richter); it is 4-5/8 inches tall.

[1422] No. 1959. It will be discussed in our treatment of hoplitodromes _infra_, p. 209 and n. 2.

[1423] Richter, no. 16, fig. on p. 10; _Mus. Bull._, 1909 (May), p. 78 (Robinson); it is 2-7/8 inches tall.

[1424] Richter, no. 62, fig. on p. 43; Mus. Bull., 1913 (Dec.), pp. 268 f. and fig. 7 (Richter); it is 3-1/16 inches tall.

[1425] _Op. cit._, pp. 65 and 74.

[1426] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, Pl. XCVI, nos. 32 and 3; in the Glyptothek these are nos. 78 and 82; see von Mach, Pl. 78 (middle).

[1427] The Lapith G and the boy P: Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 117 f., Pl. V (= Q and F in the new arrangement on Pl. VI); Kalkmann, _op. cit._, p. 75.

[1428] Bulle, 180; it is 0.79 meter high.

[1429] _Ant. Denkm._, I, Pt. 5, 1890, Pl. LVI (text, pp. 45-46, by Winter); B. B., no. 249; Bulle, 92 (two views) and 93; von Mach, 226; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1353; _Guide_, 1063; Collignon, II, p. 361, fig. 184; Gardiner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXIII; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 419, 7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle).

[1430] _E. g._, Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 46 f., Pl. I and fig. I in text; he defends this view, _ibid._, XI, 1896, pp. 197 f.

[1431] To the fifth by Kalkmann, Bulle, Furtwaengler (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, Pt. II, pp. 219-220, = Hadrianic copy), and others; to the fourth by Winter, Collignon, and von Mach; Collignon, II, pp. 359 f., connects it stylistically with the so-called _Ilioneus_ of the Glyptothek, represented in a similar pose (= Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr._,^2 270; B. B., 432; F. W., 1263), and with the _Hypnos_ in the Prado, Madrid (= Huebner, _Die ant. Bildw. in Madrid_, no. 39; Furtw., _Mw._, pp. 648 f.; Collignon, II, p. 357, fig. 181; F. W., 1287; for small replicas in bronze, see Winnefeld, _Hypnos_, p. 8, n. 2), and assigns all three to the fourth century B. C. and to Skopaic art. Amelung assigns the Subiaco youth to Hellenistic times: _Mus. and Ruins of Rome_, I, fig. 60.

[1432] For a list of ten such interpretations, see de Ridder, _Rev. arch._, XXXI, Sér. 3, 1897, p. 265, n. 5; and B. Sauer, Der Knabe von Subiaco, _Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht_, 1914, pp. 143 f., and note 1 on p. 143.

[1433] _E. g._, by Bulle; Brizio, _Ausonia_, I, 1906, p. 21; _cf._ Winter, _l. c._; etc. If a Niobid, he was probably wounded in the neck (_cf._ the one in Milan) and formed part of a group.

[1434] By Lucas, _Neue Jahrbuecher f. kl. Altertum_, V, 1902, pp. 427 f; _cf._ _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 273 f.

[1435] Formerly by G. Koerte, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 11 f.; _cf._ the Pompeian wall-painting, _ibid._, p. 15, fig. 2; he has since given up this view: see Sauer, _l. c._

[1436] De Ridder, _op. cit._, the hands seem to have been placed wrong for this interpretation, though Helbig and Amelung find it possible.

[1437] Petersen, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 202 f.; such a motive was unknown to antiquity and is based on the wrong assumption that a marble hand holding a rope-like object, which was found in the same excavations, belongs to the statue: see Helbig, _l. c._

[1438] Sauer, in the publication mentioned, believes the riddle best solved by assuming that the figure formerly was part of a gable group; see the reconstruction (by Luebke), p. 145, fig. 4. He dates it in the second half of the fifth century B. C., contemporary with the _Idolino_.

[1439] The fleetness of Ladas was often extolled, especially by late Greek and Roman writers: P, III, 21.1; Plut., _Praecip. ger. reip._, 10; Catullus, LV, 25; Juvenal, XIII, 97; Martial, II, LXXXVI, 8, and XC, 5; Seneca, _Ep._, LXXXV, 4; Solinus, 7; etc.

[1440] _A. Pl._, IV, no. 53; here line 3 was added by Jacobs, and line 4 by Benndorf, from two parodies of the epigram in _A. G._, XI, 86 and 119; in the first parody ἄλλος stands for Λάδας and Περικλῆς for κάμνων. See Benndorf, _de anthologiae Graecae Epigrammatis quae ad artes spectant_, Diss. inaug., 1862, pp. 13 f., and Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, pp. 76-77 and notes. Studniczka (see next note) reads line 4: Λάδας, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι δάκτυλον οὐ προέβαν.

[1441] _A. Pl._, IV, 54. Benndorf corrects the Mss. reading of the last half of l. 2 as νεῦρα ταθεὶς ὄνυχι; others read the whole line: θυνὸν [= δρόμον] ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ σκάμματι θεὶς ὄνυχα. On the two epigrams, see Studniczka, Myron’s Ladas, _Ber. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., Philolog.-histor. Cl._, 52, 1900, pp. 329 f. (especially pp. 333 f.).

[1442] Reading φυσῶν ... θυμόν for φεύγων ... Θῦμον, “flying from wind-footed Thymos,” of Jacobs. On possible readings, see Studniczka, _l. c._, pp. 337 f.

[1443] _Sculpt._, p. 69.

[1444] See Kalkmann, _op. cit._, pp. 77-8; Reisch, p. 44; _cf._ Gercke, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, p. 115, on the meaning of the words πνεῦμα and ἆσθμα.

[1445] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, p. 17; von Mach, no. 289; B. B., 354.

[1446] No. 249, 249 a; he fixes his victory in Ol. (?) 85 (= 440 B. C.), because of the late dating of Myron by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 49 (_floruit_ Ol. 90 = 420 B. C.: _cf._ Brunn, I, 142 f.); Furtwaengler dated his activity within the first half of the fifth century B. C.: _Mp._, p. 182; Robert provisionally dates the victory of Ladas in Ol. (?) 76 (= 476 B. C.), though he finds that Ols. 80 and 81 (= 460 and 456 B. C.) are possible: see _O. S._, p. 184; here he dates the sculptor (?) 476-444 B. C.

[1447] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 365, n. 1.

[1448] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 913, 914; _Guide_, 573, 574; _B. Com. Rom._, IV, 1876, Pls. IX-X, pp. 68 f.; B. B., 353 (right and left); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 4, and for the torso, see II, 2, 541, 3 (= _B. Com. Rom._, Pl. XI).

[1449] Helbig, 914.

[1450] Helbig, 913.

[1451] So Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 128, n. 1, _Mw._, p. 285, n. 3, and Helbig (3d ed.); on the other hand, Reisch (p. 46), B. B., and formerly Helbig (in the first edition of his _Guide_), have regarded them as wrestlers.

[1452] The statuette and relief are pictured in _Mon. ant._, XI, 1901, Pl. XXVI, 2, and pp. 402 f. The statuette also in Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 552, and Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 540, 6.

[1453] _Mp._, pp. 126 f., and fig. 51; _Mw._, pp. 284 f., fig. 38; here the restored parts have been removed and his own restoration is given in an outline drawing. See also B. B., no. 129; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 322; Clarac, 837, 2099.

[1454] Mentioned by P., I, 28.2 and I, 25.1; the inscribed base has been found (see Lolling, Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, p. 35, n. 2). The _Perikles_ is exemplified by two inscribed copies: a terminal bust in London: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 549 and fig. 23 on p. 289; _Ancient Marbles in the British Museum_, 1815, Pl. XXXII; _A. Z._, XXVI, 1868, Pl. II, fig. 1 and pp. 1 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 117 f., Pl. VII and fig. 46 (profile); _Mw._, Pl. IX and pp. 270 f.; F. W., 481; a terminal bust in the Vatican: Visconti, _Iconogr. gr._, 1824-26, I, Pl. XV and p. 178; B. B., no. 156; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 276; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 413, 414: Bernouilli, _Griech. Ikonogr._, I, Pl. XI, p. 108; etc.

[1455] _H. N._, XXXIV, 74; in this passage Pliny also mentions an _Olympius Pericles_. The Naples statue has been wrongly restored as a gladiator; it is pictured, minus the restorations, in _Mp._, p. 125, fig. 50; _Mw._, p. 282, fig. 37; _cf._ Clarac, 870, 2210 and 872, 2210. Furtwaengler connects this statue with the bronze one of a certain Diitrephes pierced with arrows, which Pausanias saw on the Akropolis, I, 23.3; a basis found there, inscribed with the name Kresilas, supported a votive offering of Hermolykos, the son of Diitrephes, to Athena: _I. G. B._, 46; _C. I. A._, I, 402 (Kirchhoff, who opposes the connection); _cf._ p. 373. The base shows that a figure stood upon it in the pose of another figure, which appears on a white-faced Attic lekythos in the Cab. des Médailles in Paris (_Mp._, p. 124, fig. 48), which Furtwaengler believes a free rendering of the Kresilæan statue.

[1456] In Ols. 83, 84, 85 (= 448-440 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 239, 245, 248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, _Protag._, 335 E, and _de Leg._, VIII, 840 A; Aristophanes of Byzantion (_apud_ Zonaras, I, p. 451, and _apud_ Hesych., _s. v._ Γρίσων); Plut., _de adul. et amici Discr._, 16; and _de Tranqu. anim._, 12; etc.

[1457] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 157. He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P. VI, 8.1; Hyde, 71; Foerster, 280.

[1458] B. B., no. 321; Bulle, 164, and fig. 93 on pp. 361-2 (cast on round base in Erlangen); von Mach 72; Collignon, I, p. 417, fig. 215; Rayet, I, Pl. 35; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 956; _Guide_, 617; Zielinski, _Rhein. Mus._, XXXIX, 1884, pp. 116 f. (who refers the original possibly to Strongylion); F. W., 215. For replicas, see _Gaz. Arch._, 1881, p. 130; Rayet, text to Pl. 35; and Furtwaengler, _Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans_, 1876, pp. 7 f; Reinach, _Rép._, 1, 344, 6. It was called a runner first by Visconti, _Opere varie_, 1827-31, IV, Pl. XXIII, pp. 163 f., who has been followed by Collignon, Zielinski, Rayet, Reisch (p. 46), Richardson (p. 144), and others. It is 0.80 meter high (Bulle).

[1459] _E. g._, Overbeck, II, pp. 182-185, and notes 10-24 on p. 186. On p. 183, fig. 186, he gives illustrations of the three principal copies—the marble one in the British Museum (a), the bronze statuette in Baron Rothschild’s collection in Paris (b), and the Capitoline bronze in Rome (c). He brings it into relation with the sculptor Boëthos, who is known to have made seated _genre_ figures of boys, _e. g._, one in the Heraion at Olympia, P., V., 17. 4 (= S. Q., 1596).

[1460] Von Mach, no. 86; _cf._ Kekulé, _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, p. 244, and F. W., 215.

[1461] See _B. M. Sculpt._, III, pp. 109-110.

[1462] See K. Woelke, Dornauszieher-Maedchen, _Jb._, XXIX, 1914, pp. 17-25, figs. 1, 2, etc.

[1463] _E. g._, bronze statuettes, formerly in the Dreyfus collection in Paris, dating from the second half of the fifteenth century: Bulle, p. 364, fig. 94; _Mon. Piot_, XVI, 1909, Pl. XII, 3 (nos. 2, 3 = Italian bronzes of the same subject in the Louvre and in the collection of Charles Haviland; see text, by G. Migeon, pp. 95 f.).

[1464] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1755 and Pl. VIII; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XXX; _Annali_, XLVIII, 1876, Pl. N (and pp. 124 f); _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, p. 127, and XXXVII, 1879, p. 19, Pls. II, III; Rayet, Pl. 36; von Mach, 284; Bulle, p. 365, fig. 95; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 144, 2. It is 0.63 meter high (Bulle).

[1465] _Gaz. arch._, 1881, Pls. IX-XI; Collignon, I, p. 420, fig. 216; Rayet, text to no. 36; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 143, 7. It is 9.5 inches tall.

[1466] See Lange, _Das Motif des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 9 f.; Reisch, p. 46, n. 5; B. B., no. 67 (Paris copy); von Mach, 238a (Munich copy), 238b (Louvre copy). See _supra_, pp. 86-87.

[1467] See E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 281; on the race, see Gardiner, pp. 285-91, and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 280 f.; Krause, I, pp. 353-359; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1644; etc.

[1468] At Olympia, P., III, 14.3; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 5; Artemidoros, _Oneirokritika_, I, 63; Heliod., _Aethiop._, IV., _init._; _Oxy. Pap._; at Delphi, Krause, _Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien_, 1841, p. 26, no. 4; at the _Panathenaia_, Mommsen, _Feste d. Stadt Athen_, 1898, p. 70. On its origin, see Ph., 7.

[1469] P., II, 11.8; X, 34.5. In the first passage Pausanias speaks of a victor who won the _diaulos_ twice—once γυμνός, the second time σὺν τῇ ἀσπίδι. De Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f., discusses Hauser’s futile argument (_Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.) that the hoplite-runner covered the stadion four times, the first and fourth with helmet and shield, the second and third without the shield, and conclusively shows that the race was a _diaulos_. For Athens, see Aristoph., _Aves_, 291 f., and scholion. The race was four stades long at Nemea: _cf._ Ph., 7, and Juethner’s note (p. 196).

[1470] Ph., 8; _cf._ also 24.

[1471] VI, 10.4. In V, 12.8 he says that 25 shields for this race were officially kept in the nave of the temple of Zeus.

[1472] We see shield, helmet, and greaves on the vase pictured in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; Baum., III, p. 2110, fig. 2360; on the b.-f. vases in Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLVII, CCLVIII, and CCLXIII; on the b.-f. vases pictured in Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, figs. 3 (sixth century B. C., = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVIII) and 5 (= amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, II, B 608); we see no greaves on the r.-f. kylix in Berlin (Fig. 41); _cf._ Krause, pp. 354 f.

[1473] _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95 f.; X, 1895, pp. 199 f.

[1474] P., VI, 10.4.

[1475] P., X, 34.5. Mnesiboulos won stade- and hoplite-races at Olympia in Ol. 235 (= 161 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 712-713; _cf._ Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 582. He was also περιοδονίκης in both events.

[1476] _E. g._, by Ph., 7.

[1477] A bronze helmet found at Olympia, recently in the possession of the Bishop of Lincoln, is pictured in _J. H. S._, II, 1881, Pl. XI, 1.

[1478] _E. g._, on the vase in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; on the Panathenaic vase in the British Museum, already mentioned, dating from the second half of the fourth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, II, B. 608; = Gardiner, p. 290, fig. 58; = _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 3; = Baum, III, p. 2110, fig. 2361; here the runners are running with the feet flat on the ground.

[1479] In the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 523; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, pp. 132-142, Pls. XV, 2 and XVI; Gardiner, p. 286, fig. 54, and _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 278, fig. 7; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 427, no. 58.

[1480] No. 2307; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXI; _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 277, fig. 6; Gardiner, p. 288, fig. 56; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2232; _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 105; _cf._ similar runners on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum, E 22: Murray, _Designs from Greek Vases_, no. 18; Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 372, no. 21.

[1481] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 278, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 287, fig. 55. It was formerly in Berlin.

[1482] E 818; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 285, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 289, fig. 57; noted by Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 373, no. 8; Hoppin, _Hbk._, I, p. 134, no. 69.

[1483] For a reconstruction of the various phases of the armed-race from vase-paintings, see _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 279, fig. 9.

[1484] See Gardiner, p. 291 and _J. H. S._, _l. c._, pp. 284 f. Perhaps this is the explanation of a kylix in Berlin (no. 4039), reproduced by Furtwaengler in _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. LIII.

[1485] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 1240); _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 284, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 292, fig. 59. This painting represents a palæstra scene, as is shown by the sponges on the wall.

[1486] 291.

[1487] _H. N._, XXXV, 71.

[1488] I, 23.9. In 1838 the inscribed base of this statue was found, the inscription being: Ἐπι[χ]αρῖνος [ἀνέ]θηκεν ὁ ... Κριτίος καὶ Νησ[ι]ώτης ἐπο[ιησ]άτην: _C. I. A._, I, 376; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 39. This shows that Pausanias got his information about the pose from the statue itself and not from the inscription. It also gives us the right spelling of the artist’s name.

[1489] First published, long after it had passed from the possession of Herr Tux to the University Collection, by Gruneisen in Schorn’s _Kunstblatt_, 1835, pp. 21 f., and separately the same year. See also Hauser in _Jb._, II, 1887, pp. 95-107; L. Schwabe, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 163 f., Pl. IX (= three views); de Ridder, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f. (reviewed in _A. J. A._, II, 1898, pp. 268 f.); Collignon, I, p. 305, fig. 152; Bulle, no. 89 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403a; Brunn, _Griech. Kunstgesch._, 1893, II, p. 249 f.; F. W., 90; Rouse, p. 174, n. 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 5.

[1490] Bulle, no. 86.

[1491] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, V, 1902, pp. 165-70 and Pl. IV (three views). It was probably made in Campania. It is 0.07 meter high.

[1492] M. D., 1097; Clarac, 830, 2085.

[1493] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 204, and n. 4; _Mw._, p. 392, and n. 4. He believes that the helmet is not alien to the statue as some think, but points out that the head, which is much restored and is akin to the _Perseus_, is wrongly attached to the body. Hauser, _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, because of the tree-trunk, does not believe that the statue represents a hoplite-runner; but Furtwaengler shows that the tree-trunk offers no objection to restoring a shield to the statue.

[1494] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., no. 75; Bulle, 88; von Mach, 286; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 154 1-4; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; F. W., 1425; H. B. Walters, _The Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XLIX; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 513, fig. 136; J. Six, _De Beteekenis van het Leelijke in de Grieksche Kunst_, p. 29; his theory has been contested by Kalkman, _Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64 and n. 50. The statue is 1.55 meters high (Bulle).

[1495] Bulle, and also Klein (III, pp. 265 f.), believe that Agasias was no mere copyist, while Amelung (Becker-Thieme, _Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler_, I, 113) classes him as one. The inscription on the base of the statue dates it about 100 B. C.

[1496] No. 1959; _Arch. Eph._, 1904, pp. 43-56 (Philios) and Pl. I; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 648-51 and fig. 333; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, Pl. on p. 20; Svoronos, I, pp. 89-96, and Tafelbd., I, Pl. XXVI (upper left corner); Bulle, 263; E. Schmidt, _Muenchner archaeol. Stud. zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler_, p. 254 and fig. 351; Lechat, p. 206, fig. 25. Its dimensions are 1.01 meters high and 0.72 meter broad. See p. 194.

[1497] Bulle dates it loosely after the middle of the sixth century B. C.

[1498] He shows that a similar type appears on Athenian dekadrachmai, which were struck soon after the date of the battle of Marathon, in any case before 480 B. C.; _cf._ Babelon, _Journ. Int. d’arch. Num._, 1905.

[1499] _A. Pl._, I, 3, v. 2, and _P. l. G._, III, no. 153, p. 500. _Cf._ also the epigram quoted by Eustathius, in the scholion on the Iliad, XXIII, 621, p. 1320, and one by Lucilius, _A. G._, XI, no. 84. The five events are repeatedly mentioned by Greek writers: Ph., 3, 11, etc.; Artemidoros, _Oneir._, I, 55; many scholiasts, _e. g._, on Pindar, _Isthm._, 1, 35, Boeckh, p. 519, and Soph., _Electra_, 691. On the event, see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, I, pp. 210 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVII, pp. 359 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 54 f. (The Method of Deciding the Pentathlon); E. Myers, _J. H. S._, II, 1881, pp. 217 f.; F. Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1888, and _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1889; Heinrich, _Ueber das Pentathlon d. Griechen_, 1892; Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867; Krause, I, pp. 476-497, and 921 f.; Bluemner, in Baum., I, pp. 512 f; Legrand, in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, pp. 804 f., _s. v._ _Quinquertium_. On the order of events and method of deciding the victory, see Gardiner, pp. 362 f.

[1500] _Isthm._, I, 26-27.

[1501] Od., VIII, 103. In line 129 he mentions the diskos. Boxing was never a part of the later pentathlon.

[1502] P., V, 8.7; Philostratos, 12; in Ch. 3 he says that it was introduced by Jason.

[1503] P., V, 9.1.

[1504] Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX. See _supra_, p. 192.

[1505] It represents jumping, javelin-throwing, and diskos-throwing; it is a Panathenaic vase of the sixth century B. C. in the British Museum: B 134; _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, Pl. XVIII; Gardiner, p. 360, fig. 107; _cf._ these three events pictured on another amphora of similar date in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108. A gymnasium scene (_i. e._, figures of a jumper, diskobolos, and apparently an akontistes) appears on a r.-f. vase-painting by Douris: see Pottier, _Douris et les Peintres de Vases grecs_, 1904 (engl. ed. 1909), fig. 6; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 549, fig. 315.

[1506] In addition to those cited we may add the vase in the British Museum, B 142 (= diskos-throwing and javelin-throwing); one in Munich, no. 656 (= javelin-throwing and jumping); two others in the British Museum, B 136 and 602 (= diskos-throwing); another there, B 605 (= javelin-throwing); etc.

[1507] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162, 163; _I. G. B._, 91; upper surface outlined in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 263, fig. 110; _Mw._, p. 472, fig. 80. For the discussion of Pythokles, see _Mp._, pp. 262 f.

[1508] Furtwaengler believed in the first century B. C.; Dittenberger and Purgold, in the first century A. D.: _cf._ _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 284.

[1509] Gatti, _B. Com. Rom._, XIX, 1891, pp. 280 f., Pl. X, 1; _cf._ Petersen, _R. M._, VI, 1891, pp. 304 f.

[1510] Statuette in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 32; _Guide_, 43; Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 101 on p. 116, and Pls. XVI, XVII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 264, fig. 111; _Mw._, p. 474, fig. 81; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 2; Clarac, 861, 2184; a black marble statue found at Porto d’ Anzio in 1758, now in the Glyptothek: Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 458; Clarac, 858, 2175; it is 1.54 meters high.

[1511] _Wiener Studien_, XXIV, 1902, pp. 398 f.; he is, therefore, against the Pythokles ascription; see also Studniczka in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, 1906, p. 131.

[1512] _Cf._ also Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 570 f.

[1513] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. kgl. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, no. 90 (= a doryphoros); Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XII (whence our plate) and fig. 112 (head from cast, two views), on p. 267; discussion, pp. 265 f; _Mw._, Pls. XXVI, XXVII (the head from a cast and the restored left forearm omitted) and text, pp. 475 f.; Clarac, 948, 2437. Furtwaengler mentions three other copies of the statue and three of the head.

[1514] On a fourth-century B. C. Panathenaic prize vase we see an athlete in a similar pose holding a diskos in his left hand: _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, g, 10 (quoted by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 266, n. 6).