Chapter XXXII: Book V: , Pausanias says he is proceeding north from the Council-house (9)

[1781] Bulle dates it at the beginning of the third century B. C.; both he and Amelung believe it to be the work of a follower of Lysippos; see also B. Graef, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 119 f., who believes that the original heads of the group are preserved, the one still on the under pancratiast, the other on the statue of a Niobid in the Uffizi (Duetschke, III, no. 253), the head now on the upper pancratiast being a modern copy of it. See Amelung’s reply in _A. A._, 1894, pp. 192 f.

[1782] _E. g._, von Mach, Pls. 265 f.

[1783] _H. N._, XXXVI, 24; see note _ad loc._ by Jex-Blake.

[1784] _Aeth._, X, 31, 32; quoted in full by Krause, II, pp. 912 f.

[1785] Duetschke, Wolters, von Mach, and Lucas (the latter in _Jb._, XIX, 1904, pp. 127 f. and figs.) thought that the wrestling groups on the Roman mosaic of the Imperial period found in Tusculum in 1862 were influenced by the Florence group: _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXIII, 10; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1786] _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 30.

[1787] He won in Ol. 142 (= 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.10; _cf._ V., 21.10; Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.

[1788] _E. g._, by Gardiner, p. 146.

[1789] Bulle, no. 72; B. B., 285; von Mach, 236; Collignon, II, p. 427, fig. 222; Overbeck, II, p. 448, fig. 221; F. W., 1265; M. W., 1, Pl. XXXVIII, 152; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 465, 1, 2, 3; Clarac, V, 789, 1978; Gardiner, p. 147, fig. 21; etc. It is 3.17 meters high (Bulle).

[1790] An excellent one is in the Uffizi: Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 40; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 474, 1; a colossal replica was found in the sea off Antikythera: _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Suppl., Pl. B, 7; one in the Pitti Gallery will be mentioned immediately.

[1791] _I. G. B._, 345.

[1792] Duetschke, II, no. 36; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, p. 134; B. B., 284; M. W., XXXVIII, 151; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 210, 5. For the inscription, see _I. G. B._, 506; it has been needlessly attacked as a forgery—an ancient one by Winckelmann, _Mon. Inediti_, pp. LXXVI f., and a modern one by Maffei, _Ars critica_, III, 1, p. 76 (both quoted by Duetschke), and more recently by Stephani, _Der ausruhende Herakles_, pp. 164 f. The inscription is at least as old as the sixteenth century, as it is mentioned by Flaminius Vacca (see Duetschke).

[1793] _Numism. Chron._, Sér. 3, III, 1883, Pl. I, 5, p. 9.

[1794] Mentioned by Strabo, VI, 3.1 (= C. 278), and described by the late writer Niketas, _Chron. de signis Constant._, 5 (who wrongly calls Lysippos Lysimachos).

[1795] _Gesch. d. bild. Kuenste_, II^2, PP. 245 f.

[1796] P. 234.

[1797] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2a and 2; Textbd., pp. 10-11; F. W., 323.

[1798] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1799] On the “_finsterer Blick_” of this class of victor monuments, see Furtw., _Mp._, p. 173; _Mw._, p. 348; and _Bronz. v. Ol._, Text, pp. 10-11.

[1800] Thus Furtwaengler assigns it to the statue of the Akarnanian pancratiast (Philandridas) mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.1; see _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 11. I have assigned an earlier marble head to Philandridas, _infra_, pp. 293 f.

[1801] So Overbeck, II, p. 168; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534; F. W., _l. c._; etc.

[1802] _Bronz. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; Textbd., pp. 11-12; F. W., no. 324.

[1803] _De olymp. Stat._, p. 56.

[1804] _Cf._ P., VI, 20, 13: ἐπίδειξις ἐπιστήμης τε ἡνιόχων καὶ ἵππων ὠκύτητος; Pindar, _Ol._, III, 36 f.: θαητὸν ἀγῶνα ... ἀνδρῶν τ’ ἀρετᾶς πέρι καὶ ῥιμφαρμάτου διφρηλασίας.

[1805] On the hippodrome and its events at Olympia and elsewhere, see A. Martin, in Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, 1900, pp. 193 f. (art. _Hippodromos_); on the chariot, Saglio, _ibid._, I, 2, pp. 1633 f. (art. _Currus_); K. Schneider, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1735 f.; Julius, in Baum., I, pp. 692 f.; Pollack, _Hippodromica_, Diss. inaug., 1890; Gardiner, Ch. XXI, pp. 451 f.; Krause, I, pp. 557 f.; etc.

[1806] See Isokrates, XVI (_de Bigis_), 33 (p. 353 c); Xenophon, _de Re equestr._, II, 1; Aristotle, _Politics_, VI, 3.2 (= 1289 b 35), VIII, 7.1 (= 1321 a 11); Plut., _de Adul. et Amic._, Chs. 7 and 16 (latter quoting Karneades). On the expense of horse-breeding (ἱπποτροφία), see also Xen., _Ages._, I, 23; _id._, _Oecon._, II, 6; Plut., _Ages._, XX, 1; Pindar, _Isthm._, II, 38; IV, 29; etc.

[1807] The first, second, and fourth, according to Thukyd., VI, 16; the first, second and third, according to Eurip., _fragm._ 3 (= _P. l. G._, II, p. 266), and Isokr., _de Bigis_, 34 (p. 353 d). See Foerster, 275.

[1808] See _Oxy. Pap._, II, p. 222.

[1809] Besides 24 victories of both in various running races. The older part of the inscription (with a chariot-group in relief) was discovered by Leake: see _Travels in the Morea_, 1830, II, p. 521, and Pl. 71 (at the end of III); better reproduction by Dressler and Milchhoefer, _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 318 f.; _I. G. A._, 79; Tod, _Sparta Museum Cat._, no. 440. The newer portion is discussed in _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-07, pp. 174 f.

[1810] See Hill, _Coins of Sicily_, pp. 43 f.

[1811] VIII, 38.5; see _Exped. scientif. en Morée_, 1831-1838, II, p. 37, and Pls. XXXIII, XXXIV. It was 240 by 105 meters in extent, though the actual course was probably only a stade long.

[1812] See list in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1743-4.

[1813] Described by P., V, 15.5 f., and VI, 20.10 f. For its position, see Doerpfeld, _Ergebn. v. Ol._, I, p. 78; Curtius u. Adler, _Olympia und Umgegend_, 1882, p. 30; Boetticher, _Olympia: Das Fest u. seine Staette_^2, 1886, p. 119; G. Herrmann, _de Hippodromo olympiaco_, 1839 (= _Opusc._, VII, pp. 388). Five attempts at reconstruction are given by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 643 f., and Pl. VI: those of Visconti (1796); A. Hirt (_Gesch. d. Baukunst bei d. Alten_, 1827, III, pp. 148 f., and Pl. XX, 8; reproduced in Baum., I, p. 693, fig. 750; Smith, _Dict. Antiq._^3, 1890, I, p. 963; Frazer, IV, p. 83, fig. 6); Lehndorff (_Hippodromos_, 1876); Pollack (_op cit._, p. 52); Wernicke (_Jb._, IX, 1894, p. 199). To these should be added those of A. Martin (_op. cit._, p. 198, fig. 3844); Weniger (_Klio_, IX, 1909, p. 303, the _aphesis_ transcribed by Gardiner, p. 453, fig. 164). See also Guhl u. Koner, _Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem._^6, 1893, pp. 233 f. and Fig. 271 (= restoration of Pollack), and _cf._ Krause, I, p. 150, n. 9.

[1814] See Blass, in _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, p. 222 (n. 1); R. Schoene, _A. A._, 1897, pp. 77-8; _id._, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 150 f. (Neue Angaben ueber den Hippodrom zu Olympia); Gaspar, in article on _Olympia_ in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 177 and n. 5; Frazer, V, p. 617; etc.

[1815] VI, 20.8.

[1816] Il., XXIII, 262-650. The four-horse chariot-race fills more than one and one-half times as many verses as the seven other contests combined (vv. 651-897). Homer’s description was often imitated by later poets, especially by Sophokles, _Electra_, 698-763 (race at Delphi); Nonnos, _Dionys._, XXXVII, 103-484; Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 500-595; Statius, _Theb._, VI, 274-527; etc. Hesiod describes a race as wrought on Herakles’ shield: _Scut._, 305 f.

[1817] P., V, 10.6-7; VI, 21.6-7; VIII, 14.10-11; etc.; Pindar, _Ol._, I, 67 f.

[1818] Diod., IV, 73.3.

[1819] VIII, 4.5.

[1820] _E. g._, Nestor won at the games of Amarynkeus, Iliad, XXIII, 630 f. On such myths, see Krause, I, pp. 558 f.

[1821] _E. g._, the race between Pelops and Oinomaos was represented on the chest of Kypselos, P., V, 17.7, and in the sculptures on the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, P., V, 10.6-7. It appears also on many early vases: _e. g._, on the François vase in Florence and the Amphiaraos vase in Berlin. For the latter, see _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pls. IV-V; _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f. (Robert); Gardiner, p. 29, fig. 3.

[1822] V, 8.7.

[1823] See Plato, _de Rep._, III, 19 (= 412 B); Isokr., _de Bigis_, 33 (p. 353 c); Dio Cassius, LII, 30; Hdt., I, 167; Andok., 4, 26 (_Contra Alcib._); Soph., _Electra_, 698; etc.

[1824] VI, 2.2; he won in the hoplite-race and chariot-race in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 A.

[1825] Foerster thinks that the story arose from the small size of one of the horses in the monument of Lykidas.

[1826] These and the following figures are given in the Constantinople MS. The length of the four-horse chariot-race there given agrees with passages in Pindar (_Ol._, II, 50; III, 33; VI, 75; _cf._ _Pyth._, V, 33, for Delphi) and the scholiasts (on _Ol._, III, 59, Boeckh, p. 102, and _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380). See also Pollack, _Hippodromica_, pp. 103 f., and Gardiner, p. 457.

[1827] P., V, 8.10.

[1828] Length stated by the MS. and by a scholiast on Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380.

[1829] Those of Troilos of Elis, who won in Ol. 103 (= 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; and of Akestorides of Alexandria in the Troad, who won between Ols. 142 and 144 (= 212 and 204 B. C.): P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 119 and pp. 49-50; Foerster, 501; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 184.

[1830] For the date, see P., V, 8.10; Xen., _Hell._, I, 2.1; for the event, Krause, I, pp. 567 f.

[1831] Troilos, already mentioned, who won in Ol. 102 (= 372 B. C.) and had a statue by Lysippos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338.

[1832] Euryleonis: P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344.

[1833] The συνωρίς was introduced at Delphi in 398 B. C., while the ἅρμα τέλειον was introduced there in 582 B. C.: see Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 202, for these and other dates of equestrian events at the Pythian games.

[1834] _B. M. Vases_, B 130.

[1835] The date is given in the Armenian version of Afr.; _cf._ also P., V, 8.11.

[1836] P., V, 8.8.

[1837] P., V, 8.11.

[1838] XV, 679-84; Hesiod, _Scut._, 285 f. On myths relating to it, see Krause, I, p. 582, n. 1. We read of _equi desultorii_ at the games inaugurated by Cæsar in Rome: Sueton., _Julius_, 39. See _supra_, p. 3.

[1839] VI, 13.9.

[1840] P., V, 9.1. Polemon, frag. 21 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 122), _apud_ schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, V, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 117), says that the κάλπη ceased in Ol. 84 (= 444 B. C.), if we accept Boeckh’s correction πδʹ for οδʹ. A scholiast on Pindar, _Ol._, V, lines 6 and 19 (Boeckh, pp. 119 and 122) says Ol. 85 (= 440 B. C.); another on _Ol._, VI, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 129), says Ol. 85 or Ol. 86. But Ol. 85 may be reconciled with Pausanias’ and Polemon’s date by assuming that the proclamation of abolition fell in Ol. 84, but that the event was first omitted in Ol. 85; see Bentley, _Diss. upon the Epistles of Phalaris_, p. 200 (ed. W. Wagner).

[1841] VI, 9.2; Hyde, 84.

[1842] V, 9.1; he won Ol. 70 (= 500 B. C.); Foerster, 157.

[1843] Anaxilas of Rhegion, whose victory fell sometime between Ols. (?) 70 and 76 (= 500 and 476 B. C.), and was celebrated by Simonides, frag. 7 (= _P. l. G._, III, p. 390); Agesias of Syracuse, whose victory fell Ol. (?) 77 (= 472 B. C.), and was celebrated by Pindar, _Ol._, VI; and Psaumis of Kamarina, whose victory, falling Ol. (?) 81 (= 456 B. C.), was sung by the pseudo-Pindar, _Ol._, V (= _P. l. G._, I, pp. 109 f.); he also won in the chariot-race in Ol. (?) 82 (= 452 B. C.), a victory sung by Pindar in _Ol._, IV. See Foerster, nos. 173, 210, 234, and 238.

[1844] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 220, 221; Foerster, 601.

[1845] The corrupt text of Africanus is here corrected by Gelzer, _S. Jul. Afr. und die byzant. Chronographie_, 1880, I, pp. 168 f. Gardiner, p. 165, n. 3, wrongly gives the victory of Germanicus as Ol. 194, thus confusing it with that of Tiberius.

[1846] Foerster, 642-647.

[1847] Ol. 208 (= 53 A. D.); Foerster, 634.

[1848] Most of the gems representing such contests, however, refer to the Roman circus.

[1849] For illustrations of the two, see Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1636 f., figs. 2203 f., and _cf._ Gardiner, pp. 458 f.; an excellent illustration of a four-horse chariot and driver is seen on an Attic-Corinthian goblet (dinos) in the Louvre: Perrot-Chipiez, X, Pl. II, opp. p. 116; also several at rest and racing on the _François Vase_: Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 141, fig. 93, p. 154, fig. 101 (= Furtw.-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, 1904-1912, Pls. III, 10, and XI-XII.).

[1850] Von Mach, no. 5.

[1851] See, _e. g._, P. Gardner, _Sculptured Tombs of Hellas_, 1896, figs. 18-20.

[1852] C. Smith, _B. S. A._, III, 1896-7, pp. 183 f., dates these prize amphoræ from the middle of the sixth to the close of the fourth centuries B. C., as the last of the series is dated 313 B. C. In this article he publishes a mosaic found on Delos (Pl. XVI, a) and dating from the early second century B. C., which reproduces a Panathenaic amphora with an illustration of a chariot-race—the latest date at which either a prize-amphora (or picture of one) can be proved to have been used. He believes (p. 187) that it is the representation of an amphora won long before by the ancestor of the owner of the mosaic, carefully preserved in his family.

[1853] _B. M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200.

[1854] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, dating from the sixth century B. C.: _B. M. Vases_, B 132; Gardiner, p. 458, fig. 166; _cf._ also a silver tetradrachm from Rhegion in the British Museum, from the early fifth century B. C.: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168.

[1855] Philip won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3 and 4; _cf._ Justin, XII, 16, 6; ἅρματι twice at unknown dates: Foerster, 360, 364, 370. As we have no record of a victory by him υνωρίδι], the two-horse chariot appearing on his coins (_e. g._, a gold stater in the British Museum, Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167, right) may refer to unrecorded victories, or else may be interpreted (with Gardiner) as a pun on his name.

[1856] _E. g._, on a silver tetradrachm of Rhegion in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168. This and other coins commemorate the victory in this event of the Rhegion prince Anaxilas, already mentioned: Aristotle, frag. 228a, _ap._ Pollux, V, 73 (= _F. H. G._, II, p. 173); Foerster, 173.

[1857] _E. g._, a decadrachm of Akragas (dating from the end of the fifth century B. C.) and another of Syracuse (from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.) in the British Museum; reproduced by Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[1858] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, Pl. V; Gardner, p. 456, fig. 165.

[1859] Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCXLIX and CCL; Dar.-Sagl., _l. c._, fig. 2219. It was formerly in Lucien Bonaparte’s collection.

[1860] _A. V._, Pls. CCLI-CCLIV.

[1861] B. B., 586-7 and figs. 1-14 (text by Furtwaengler); Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1915, pp. 17 f., no. 40, and figs.; P. Ducati, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 74 f.; J. Offord, _R. Arch._, Sér. IV, III, 1904, pp. 305-7 and Pls. VII-IX, etc. Closely allied in style to its decorative designs are fragments of another chariot found at Perugia and now distributed among the Perugia, Munich, and British Museums: Petersen, _A. M._, X, 1894, pp. 253 f.; B. B., 588-589. _Cf._ also fragments of similar technique from Capua: Froehner, _Cat. de la Collection Dutuit_, 1897-1901, II, p. 199, no. 250, and Pls. 190-195.

[1862] _A. J. A._, XII, 1908, pp. 312 f., with plates and figures.

[1863] _H. N._, XXXVI, 31.

[1864] Vitruv., _de Arch._, VII (Praef.), §§ 12-13.

[1865] See _B. M. Sculpt._, II, nos. 1000-1005 and Pl. XVI; for discussion of the group, _J. H. S._, XXX, 1910, pp. 133-162 (J. B. K. Preedy).

[1866] _E. g._, XXXIV, 71 (_Calamis et alias quadrigas bigasque fecit se impari, equis sine aemulo expressis_); XXXV, 99 (_Aristides ... pinxit et currentes quadrigas_); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); 64 (_Lysippus ... fecit et quadrigas multorum generum_); 66 (Euthykrates); 80 (Pyromachos); 88 (Menogenes); 86 (Aristodemos).

[1867] P., VI, 12.1; to be mentioned _infra_, p. 279.

[1868] P., VI, 9.4-5.

[1869] P., V, 27.2.

[1870] P., VI, 14.12.

[1871] P., VI, 10.8 and 19.6, and _cf._ 10.8; Hdt., VI, 36; Hyde, 99a and p. 44; Foerster, 105. Pausanias here confuses this elder Miltiades with the son of Kimon, as does also the pseudo-Andok., IV, 33.

[1872] P., VI, 10.8; _cf._ Hdt., VI, 103; Hyde, 99b and p. 44; Foerster, 77-79.

[1873] Some time between Ols. (?) 68 and 70 (= 508 and 500 B. C.): P., VI, 16.6; Hyde, 160 and pp. 58-9; Foerster, 797 (undated).

[1874] Kalliteles won some time between Ols. (?) 66 and 68 (= 516 and 508 B. C.): _Inschr. v. Ol._, 632; Hyde, 161; Foerster, 774 (undated).

[1875] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 34 f.; date given by schol. on _Pyth._, IV, Argum., Boeckh, p. 342. Pindar’s _Pyth._, IV and V celebrate this victory. The same scholiast also records a chariot-victory of Arkesilas at Olympia in Ol. 80 (= 460 B. C.); Foerster, 229.

[1876] P., V, 12.5; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 634; _I. G. B._, 100. Kyniska won two chariot-victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.), and for them also had an equestrian group set up in the Altis, the work of the Megarian artist Apellas, which we shall discuss later: P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; see _infra_, p. 267.

[1877] P., VI, 12.7; Hyde, 108; Foerster, 801 (undated).

[1878] He won some time between Ols. (?) 128 and 137 (= 268 and 232 B. C.): P., VI, 1.9; Hyde, 169; Foerster, 446; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 178.

[1879] P., VI, 17.5; _cf._ 10.6-8. In the latter passage (§8) Pausanias says that Kleosthenes, who won in Ol. 66, was the first to dedicate his statue together with a chariot and horses and the statue of a charioteer. Foerster, 38, following Westermann, believes that Archidamas is the name which has fallen out of Phlegon, fragm. 4 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 605), that of a victor from Dyspontion in Elis, and therefore wrongly gives the date of the victory as Ol. 27 (= 672 B. C.); for a refutation of this view and an indeterminate date, see Hyde, 182 and p. 62.

[1880] He won Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1881] He won in two events, the hoplite-race and charioteering, in Ols. (?) 83, 84 (= 448, 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1-2; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211A. Perhaps one of his two statues by Myron represented his charioteer (so Foerster), though more probably the two statues represented the victor for his two victories.

[1882] He won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 (= 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17; Foerster, 310; his statue stood beside that of his son Aigyptos on horseback; the latter won κέλητι about the date of his father’s victory: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde 18; Foerster, 301. The two monuments were by the Sikyonian Daidalos.

[1883] He won συνωρίδι καὶ τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345.

[1884] He won some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 (= 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 177.

[1885] Polykles won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796 (undated). For this athletic _genre_ group, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534. On children’s hoops (τρόχοι) see L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_^2, 1873, Ch. VIII, pp. 159 f.

[1886] 1, 96 (quoting Ephoros, fragm. 106 = _F. H. G._, 1, pp. 262-3). Periandros won a chariot victory at Olympia at the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century B. C.: Foerster, 80, who assumes that it was a statue of Zeus, and not of Periandros.

[1887] Gelo won in Ol. 73 (= 488 B. C.): P., VI, 9.4; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143. This inscription on the recovered base and another from the base of the monument of Pantarkes, who won apparently in the chariot-race at the end of the sixth century B. C. (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 142; Foerster, 149), are the two oldest inscriptions known of chariot victors at Olympia.

[1888] He won Ol. 66 (= 516 B. C.): P., VI, 10.6-7; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143.

[1889] P., VI, 10.7.

[1890] We have mentioned the inscribed relief _supra_, pp. 257 and 258, and n. 1 on p. 258.

[1891] Line 15.

[1892] Pindar, _Pyth._, V, 26. For the above examples, see also Gardiner, p. 463.

[1893] P., VI, 2.8; he was represented on horseback.

[1894] P., III, 8.1; _cf._ VI, 1.6.

[1895] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160; Loewy, _I. G. B._, 99; see _A. G._, XIII, 16.

[1896] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, p. 151.

[1897] Noted in _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, p. 60.

[1898] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86: _et adornantes se feminas_. For the five larger bronze figures, see Inv., 5604-5, 5619-21; for the smaller sixth figure, usually known as the _Praying Child_, see Inv., 5603. All six are pictured in E. R. Barker’s _Buried Herculaneum_, 1908, Figs. 18-19.

[1899] P., VI, 12.1; _cf._ VIII, 42.9-10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, and 215. Pindar celebrates the victory of 476 B. C. in his first _Olympian ode_.

[1900] P., V, 27.2. See _supra_, pp. 28, 62, and 163.

[1901] P., VI, 14.12.

[1902] _H. N._, XXXIV, 71. On the basis of this and other references, Reisch built up a theory that there was also a fourth-century B. C. Kalamis, the contemporary of the younger Praxiteles: _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IX, 1906, pp. 199 f. He was followed by Amelung (_R. M._, XXI, 1906, pp. 285 and 287) and Studniczka (_Abh. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., philolog.-histor. Klasse_, XXV, no. IV, 1907, pp. 5 f.). Furtwaengler has shown the weakness of such an argument and has rightly referred the monument mentioned by Pliny to the great Kalamis and his younger contemporary, the elder Praxiteles: _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f.

[1903] P., VI, 18.1. Kratisthenes won Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193 A.

[1904] P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 105d. The same Timon is mentioned again: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17. This monument may have been set up for a second victory or even for the victory mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.8; however, I have classed it as an honor dedication, assuming two monuments: Hyde, p. 45.

[1905] Lampos won some time after Ol. (?) 105 (= 360 B. C.): P., VI, 4.10; Hyde, 44; Foerster, 420. Philippi, the native city of Lampos, was founded in Ol. 105 by Philip, father of Alexander, on the site of an older town, Krenides.

[1906] _H. N._, XXXIV, 89; it was by the statuary Piston.

[1907] Reisch, p. 49, believes that she represented a _Nike apteros_; Rouse, p. 164, also believes that such figures were Victories.

[1908] _H. N._, XXXV, 108.

[1909] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 4, 1889, Pl. XLIV.

[1910] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 814; _Museum Marbles_, IX, Pl. XXXVIII, fig. 2. A. H. Smith (_op. cit._, no. 814; _cf._ _Guide to Græco-Roman Sculpt._, I, no. 176) also mentions another similar votive tablet in the British Museum. It is mounted on a pilaster and represents the visit of Dionysos to Ikarios. Such tablets seem to have been commonly dedicated by agonistic victors.

[1911] Schoene, _Griech. Reliefs_, 1872, Pl. XVIII, fig. 80; F. W., 1142; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 7014. Here only the arms and wings of Nike are left.

[1912] E. Huebner, _Die antiken Bildw. in Madrid_, 1862, 241, 559; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, Pl. G., and p. 103; Reisch, p. 51.

[1913] _Arch. Eph._, 1893, pp. 128 f. (Kabbadias) and Pl. IX; Rouse, p. 177.

[1914] _Cf._ Reisch, pp. 49-50; Rouse, p. 176.

[1915] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, I, 437.

[1916] P., V, 17.8.

[1917] Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; etc. See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1918] We have already discussed the style and date of this relief in Ch. III, pp. 128-9. For the relief, see Dickins, no. 1342 and illustration on p. 275; von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, no. 5039; Baum., I, p. 342, fig. 359; Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, p. 265, fig. 7; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Collignon, I, pp. 378 f. and fig. 194; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; Le Bas, _Voyage archeol._ (Reinach’s ed.), pp. 50-51 and Pl. I; F. W., 97; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 155. A small piece of the adjacent slab to the right (found on the eastern slope of the Akropolis in 1859-1860), fitting the main block exactly, shows two horses’ tails and one hind leg and proves that the chariot was represented at rest.

[1919] This fragment contains a head whose pointed beard and petasos have been thought to indicate the god: Dickins, no. 1343; Collignon, I, p. 378, fig. 195; von Mach, fig. 11, opp. p. 58; Conze, _Nuove Memorie dell’ Instituto_, II, pp. 408 f. and Pl. XIII A; F. W., 96.

[1920] So O. Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f.; he is followed by Robinson, _Cat. of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston_, no. 33. J. Braun, _Gesch. d. Kunst_, 1858, II, pp. 188 and 549 (quoted by F. W.), Conze, _op. cit._, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, p. 123, Helbig, _Das homerische Epos_^2, 1887, p. 179 and n. 11, Springer-Michaelis, pp. 207-8 (and fig. 389), Dickins, and many others, also interpret the figure as male.

[1921] This coiffure, however, appears on several female heads: _e. g._, on the Harpy monument, F. W., 127 f. Knapp (_Nike in d. Vasenmalerei_, p. 10), Brunn (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1870, II, pp. 213 f.), W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, 1890, p. 44), Collignon, Overbeck, Friedrichs-Wolters, Reisch (p. 49), and many others call the figure of the charioteer female.

[1922] _E. g._, the headless draped statue, resembling the _Korai_, in the Akropolis Museum: B. B., 551.

[1923] _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f. (especially 321) and Pls. XI, XII (the rebuilding of the temple referred to the time of Peisistratos). He also (p. 320) favors the well-known view of Doerpfeld (_A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 25-61, 190-211; XV, 1890, pp. 420-439) that the Hekatompedon or Old Temple of Athena, rebuilt by the Athenians shortly after the Persian wars, existed not only down to 406 B. C., when Xenophon says that it was burnt (_Hell._, I, 6), but down at least to the time of Pausanias. This view is held by J. Harrison, _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens_, 1890, pp. 505 f., Dickins, _l. c._, and many archæologists. It has been rejected by many others, _e. g._, Petersen (_A. M._, XII, pp. 62-72), Wernicke (_ibid._, pp. 184-189), and _in extenso_ Frazer (_J. H. S._, XIII, 1892-1893, pp. 153-187; reprinted in his edition of Pausanias, II, pp. 553-82). Murray, I, p. 143 and fig. 35, referred the relief to one of the metopes of the Old Temple of Athena.

[1924] _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1906, II, pp. 147 f.; _cf._ also _ibid._, 1905, pp. 433 f.

[1925] Springer-Michaelis (_l. c._) think that it may represent a chariot victor; similarly Purgold (_Arch. Eph._, 1885, p. 251). Boetticher (_Die Akropolis_, 1888, pp. 85-6) believes that it represents a Panathenaic victor.

[1926] In the British Museum: _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 951 and Pl. XIII; Sir Charles Fellows, _An Account of Discoveries in Lycia_, 1841, p. 166. The Chimæra may be introduced as a heraldic device of the owner of the tomb (Smith). Bellerophon appears on Pegasos on a relief from a rock tomb of Pinara: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 760. We should also compare with these the reliefs found by Fellows at Xanthos and now in the British Museum. They show a two-horse chariot with a seated charioteer (F. W., 131; Murray, I, Pl. IV), a two-horse chariot with a charioteer and a seated man (F. W., 133; Murray, Pl. III), and a young rider (F. W., 134). See Fellows, pp. 172, 176; Murray, I, pp. 124 f.

[1927] Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, slabs XI-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 325. The charioteers on slabs XII and XIV have long, close-fitting tunics.

[1928] Michaelis, _op. cit._, slabs XXIV-XXXIV; _B. M. Sculpt._, no. 327.

[1929] Theophrastos, _ap._ Harpokr., _s. v._ ἀποβάτης), says that it was peculiar to Athens and Bœotia, but there is evidence of its existence elsewhere, _e. g._, at Aphrodisias in Karia (_C. I. G._, II, no. 2758, G. col. IV, line 3, p. 507, and C. col. IV, l. 3), Naples (_ibid._, no. 5807, l. 4), Rome (_C. I. L._, VI, 2, 10047, b, line 8 = _pedibus ad quadrigam_), etc. On the race at the _Panathenaia_, see Michaelis, _op. cit._, pp. 324 f.; Mommsen, _Heortologie_, 1864, pp. 153 f., and _Die Feste d. Stadt Athen im Altertum_, 1898, pp. 89 f.; and for the race in general, Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 2814 f.

[1930] For a description of the race, see Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, I, pp. 425-6 and _Dionys. Halikarn._, VII, 73, 2-3; the former account says that the _apobates_ mounted the chariot in full course by setting his foot on the wheel and dismounted again; the latter only that he dismounted in the last lap; the two are apparently describing different moments of the same race.

[1931] National Museum, no. 1391; Svoronos, II, pp. 340-1, Tafelbd., Pl. LVI (right); noted in _A. M._, XII, 1887, p. 146, no. 1; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 237 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1910, pp. 251 f.; Reisch, p. 51. Staïs gives the measurements as 0.60 meter high and 0.36 meter broad.

[1932] _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 410-14, no. 193 (Koerte); _Mon. d. I._, IV, 1844-48, Pl. 5; _Annali_, Pl. XVI, 1844, pp. 166 f. (F. J. Welcker), and Pl. E.

[1933] A third relief from Oropos, showing the same subject, is in Berlin (no. 725): see Furtwaengler, _Samml. Sabouroff_, I, Pl. XXVI (and text, on the subject of the race).

[1934] _B. C. H._, VII, 1883, Pl. XVII and pp. 458 f. (Collignon); Gardiner, p. 238, fig. 34; F. W., 1836.

[1935] Its antiquity has been questioned by Kekulé, who is quoted by F. W.; see on no. 1838.

[1936] _B. M. Sculpt._, II, 1037, Pl. XVIII; von Mach, 231; _Ant. Denkm._, II, 2, 1893-4, Pl. XVIII, 0; Collignon, II, p. 327, fig. 165; Newton, _Travels and Discoveries in the Levant_, 1865, II, p. 133, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 430, fig. 111. It is 2 feet 1.5 inches high.

[1937] For the sarcophagus, see the work of Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, 1892; Text, pp. 272 f., and Pls. XXIII-XXVIII, XXX-XXXI, XXXIV-XXXVII; also Studniczka, _Jb._, IX, 1894, pp. 211 f. (who assigned it to Lysippos’ pupil, Eutychides); Judeich, _ibid._, X, 1895, pp. 165 f. and figs. 1-6; _J. H. S._, XIX, 1899, pp. 273 f.; Gardner, _Hbk._, pp. 466 f. and fig. 124 (= Hamdy-Bey et Reinach, Pl. XXIX); von Mach, 379-83; Richardson, p. 242, fig. 116; Springer-Michaelis, p. 348, fig. 627; etc.

[1938] We see it, _e. g._, on the cuirass of the statue of _Augustus_ in the Vatican: von Mach, no. 418.

[1939] Von Mach, no. 232; Robinson, _Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1897, pp. 18-19; Klein, _Praxitelische Studien_ (= Suppl. to his _Praxiteles_), 1899, p. 1; in n. 1 Klein says that the statue was found in the Tiber.

[1940] _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 149 f.

[1941] Noted by Klein, _op. cit._, figs. 5 and 7.

[1942] _E. g._, on the vase in the British Museum, discussed in _Guide to Greek and Roman Life_, 1908, p. 200. Here the driver stands clothed in the regular chiton like that on the _Charioteer_ from Delphi. (Fig. 66.) We see similarly clothed charioteers on various r.-f. vases: _e. g._, on those pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLI-CCLIII; on those enumerated by Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, p. 60 (including some r.-f. ones, _e. g._, the fifth-century B. C. one from Corneto by Euxithoos and Oltos = Baum., III, Pl. XCIII, 2 and p. 2141). Hauser also adds the draped charioteer in the _Helios_ group from the Great Pergamene Altar relief (pictured in Baum., II, Pl. XXXIX, and pp. 1255-6). The general statement of W. Mueller (_Quaestiones vestiariae_, Goettingen, 1880, p. 44), _nam aurigae semper fere longa tunica sola vestiti sunt_, is, of course, correct.

[1943] _E. g._, the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori to be mentioned _infra_, p. 276; also other examples in Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6 (in Rome: _B. Com. Rom._, I, 1888, Pl. XV) and 7 (in Athens: _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 173; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 221). We see nude charioteers entering two four-horse chariots on a r.-f. lebes, formerly in the collection of Lucien Bonaparte, now in Munich: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIV (below).

[1944] Von Mach, no. 274; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 488, 7: _A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f. (Friedrichs) and Pls. CXXXIII, CXXXIV; _Bonner Jb._, XXVI, Pl. IV. It is 4 ft. 7 in. tall and represents a boy of about 14.

[1945] Friedrichs, though at first, because of the crown on the hair, interpreting it as a _Bonus Eventus_ (_A. Z._, XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f.), later (_Beschr. d. Skulpt._, no. 4, pp. 5-6) called it a charioteer.

[1946] _B. Com. Rom._, XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2 (pp. 335 f.); Joubin, pp. 134 f., and fig. 40; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 973 (restored on p. 557, fig. 29); _Guide_, 597 (restored on p. 442, fig. 28); Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 81-82; _Mw._, pp. 115-116; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 6. Mentioned _supra_, p. 275, n. 7.

[1947] Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, _Une nécropole royale à Sidon_, Pl. XXII, 2.

[1948] Including the _Hestia Giustiniani_ in the Museo Torlonia, Rome: B. B., 491; von Mach, 75; the so-called _Aspasia_ head, with copies in Paris (Photo Giraudon, no. 1219) and Berlin (_A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, Pl. VIII, two views), and the _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_ in Athens (Pl. 7B); he assigns the later related _Athena_ in the Villa Albani to Praxias, the pupil of Kalamis and contemporary of Pheidias: F. W., 524; _Mp._, p. 78, figs. 29 and 30 (head); _Mw._, pp. 112-113, figs. 19 and 20 (head). However, as Richardson points out, pp. 137 and 207, the _Hestia_ bears a strong resemblance to the East gable figures at Olympia, especially to those of _Sterope_ and _Hippodameia_, and to several female statues in Copenhagen: Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pls. VII (= Joubin, p. 161, fig. 53), XXXVIII, and fig. 3 on p. 13.

[1949] _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1896, pp. 178, 186, 362, 388, and Pls. I, II; _A. A._, 1896, pp. 173 f. (with fig.); Homolle, in _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, Pls. XV, XVI, pp. 169 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 579, 581-3; _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. XLIX, L (4 views); Bulle, 199 and fig. 134 on p. 460; von Mach, 60; H. B. Walters, _Art of the Anc. Greeks_, 1906, Pl. XXVIII; Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 49 f. and Pls. VIII, IX; G. F. Hill, _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, pp. 7-8 and Pl. V; Springer-Michaelis, p. 225, fig. 482; Robinson, _Cat. Mus. Fine Arts in Boston_, Suppl., pp. 1 f., no. 85; cast in British Museum, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2688; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 536, 1. It is 5 feet 10.75 inches high (A. H. Smith) or 1.80 meters (Bulle).

[1950] See Svoronos, p. 131, n. 3.

[1951] O. M. Washburn, _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, XXV, 1905, cols. 1358 f.; _A. J. A._, X, 1906, pp. 151-3; XII, 1908, pp. 198-208.

[1952] P., X, 15.6.

[1953] _L. c._, and _Berl. Philol. Wochenschr._, 1905, col. 1549.

[1954] Lechat, _Rev. Arch._, XI, 1908, pp. 126 f., Furtw., _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, II, pp. 157 f., Studniczka, _Jb._, XXII, 1907, pp. 133 f., and others, support Washburn’s view.

[1955] P., X, 9.7-8; _cf._ VI, 3.5, where Amphion is called the pupil of Ptolichos, the pupil of Kritios.

[1956] So von Duhn, _A. M._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 421 f.; a conclusion also reached independently by E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 51.

[1957] So von Duhn, Gardner, and Mahler; the latter in _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, III, 1900, pp. 142 f. Furtwaengler, _l. c._, found von Duhn’s view that the _Charioteer_ is an original work of Pythagoras untenable. He also combated his interpretation of πολύζαλος as a proper name, preferring the suggestion of Washburn that it might be an adjective. However, in a former article (_Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1897, pp. 129 f.) he had emphasized the similarity between the statue and a bronze statuette in London (_B. M. Bronzes_, 515 and Pl. XVI; _Sitzb._, _l. c._, Pl. V, two views) which he believed was almost certainly a product of Magna Græcia. He found the style of the _Charioteer_ Ionic-Attic without Peloponnesian affiliations, and referred it to Amphion or to some unknown artist of the circle of Kritios and Nesiotes. For a similar view, see Homolle, _Mon. Piot_, IV, 1897, p. 207. Pottier (_ap._ Homolle, _l. c._) assigned it to Kalamis. _Cf._ also Lechat, _Pythagoras de Rhegion_, 1905, p. 100.

[1958] A. D. Keramopoullos, _A. M._, XXXIV, 1909, pp. 33 f. Homolle, _op. cit._, pp. 176 f., and O. Schroeder, _A. A._, 1902, pp. 12 f., had also referred it to Gelo’s dedication.

[1959] P. 152.

[1960] See G. F. Hill, _l. c._

[1961] Besides the Olympic victories already recorded, Hiero also won the chariot-race at Delphi in Pythiad 29 (= 470 B. C.), and the horse-race there twice in Pythiads 26 and 27 (= 482 and 478 B. C.); he also won a chariot-race probably at the Theban _Iolaia_ in (?) 475 B. C.; Pindar celebrates the four victories in _Pyth._, I-III; Bergk, _P. l. G._,^5 I, pp. 175 f.

[1962] P., VI, 14.4; he won either before Ol. 67 (= 512 B. C.) or in Ols. 69 or 70 (= 504 or 500 B. C.): Hyde, 126 and p. 52; Foerster, 778 (undated).

[1963] He won κέλητι in Ols. 66 or 67 (= 516 or 512 B. C.): P., VI, 13.9; Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129, 149a (two victories).

[1964] They won in Ol. 68 (= 508 B. C.): P., VI, 13.10; Hyde, 121; Foerster, 152.

[1965] So Hyde, pp. 50-1.

[1966] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 598.

[1967] P., VI, 12.1.

[1968] P., VI, 2.8.

[1969] Xenombrotos won in Ol. (?) 83 (= 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133 (following Robert, _O. S._, pp. 180-181); Foerster, 327; Xenodikos in Ol. (?) 84 (= 444 B. C.): Hyde, 134; Foerster, 332.

[1970] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 154; _I. G. A._, 552a; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 179-81. However, Kirchhoff referred this base to the statue of a runner: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 84; and Dittenberger to the victor D[amasi]ppos, who won in some running race at an unknown date: Foerster, 812. Robert read the mutilated inscription ἐλάσιππος (“horse-driving”) instead of the proper name Δαμάσιππος.

[1971] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75 and 78 (_celetizontes pueri_).

[1972] Pliny, XXXIV, 71.

[1973] _B. M. Vases_, B 133; Gardiner, p. 461, fig. 169; see also a Panathenaic amphora pictured in Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (left).

[1974] Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167 (left). He won κέλητι in Ol. 106 (= 356 B. C.): Plut., _Alex._, 3; Foerster, 360. _Cf._ a similar jockey on horseback on a coin of Tarentum: Head, _Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins ... in the British Museum_, Pl. XXIV, 7.

[1975] _B. M. Vases_, B 144; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII (lower half); Gardiner, p. 243, fig. 37.

[1976] See _supra_, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1977] Mentioned in _J. H. S._, XIV, 1894, p. 66 (H. Stuart Jones).

[1978] III, i, p. 200, fig. 3846 (from Dubois-Maisonneuve, _Introd. à l’Étude des vases_, Pl. XLIII); others are there mentioned, _e. g._, _Mon. d. I._, I, 1829-33, Pl. XXII, 3b and II, 1834-38, Pl. XXXII (bottom).

[1979] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, pp. 436 f., with figure (Collignon). This and the following three reliefs are mentioned by Rouse, p. 176.

[1980] F. W., 1206, formerly interpreted as Alexander and Boukephalos.

[1981] Von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 307.

[1982] Von Duhn, in _A. Z._, XXXV, 1877, pp. 167, no. 89 (_cf._ no. 88).

[1983] On the North frieze, Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, 1870, Tafelbd., slabs XXIV-XLII; _B. M. Sculpt._, I, 325, pp. 175 f.; West frieze, Michaelis, slabs II, IV, VI-VII, IX-XI; _B. M. Sculpt._, 326, pp. 179-80; South frieze, Michaelis, slabs I, III, X-XVI, XXII-XXIII; _B. M. Sculpt._, 327, pp. 181-85.

[1984] _C. I. A._, IV, 2, 373, line 99; _cf._ Studniczka, _Arch. Eph._, 1887, p. 146.

[1985] _Vit. X Orat._, 42 (p. 839b); he says that it stood in the ball-court of the maidens known as _arrephoroi_. Pausanias, I, 18.8, also mentions a statuette of Isokrates on a column near the Olympieion.

[1986] Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1877, p. 183 and Pl. XIII, 1; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 527, 1.

[1987] Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, no. 242.

[1988] Dickins, nos. 700, found in 1887 (height 1.12 meters, length of fragment 0.76 meter) and 697 (height 1.13 meters); Winter, Archaische Reiterbilder von der Akropolis, _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 135-156, figs. 13a and b, 14a and b; Collignon, I, pp. 358-9, figs. 180 and 181; Schrader, _Arch. Marmor-Skulpt. im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909, p. 81, figs. 72-3 (assuming a Chian sculptor for no. 700); B. B., 459; no. 700 = Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 639, fig. 327; 697 = _ibid._, p. 637, fig. 326. Winter, in the article cited, gives fourteen cuts of such archaic horse monuments.

[1989] See preliminary account by Th. Reinach in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1919, (Jan.-Feb.), pp. 56-59 and fig. on p. 58. It is 49 centimeters high.

[1990] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronz. d. Samml. Loeb_, 1913, p. 70, Pl. 29; it is 0.12 meter high. An exact copy is in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes ant. de la Bibliothèque Nationale_, 1893, no. 893. For further examples of horsemen in bronze and marble, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 527-533.

[1991] The race is described by P., V, 9.2; _cf._ Plutarch, _Quaest. conviv._, V, 2 (675 C.) For possible examples in sculpture, see Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 532-3.

[1992] _E. g._, on a silver stater of the early third century B. C. from Tarentum in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 462, fig. 170 (right).

[1993] _Les_ ἱππεῖς _athéniens_, 1902 (_Extrait des Mémoires de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres_, Vol. XXXVII). _Cf._ Gardiner, pp. 71-2.

[1994] _Heralds_ (κήρυκες), trumpeters (σαλπισταί), flutists (αὐληταί), cithara-players (κιθαρισταί), and those who sang with them (κιθαρῳδοί), are mentioned as victors in many inscriptions: _e. g._, at Oropos, _C. I. G. G. S._, I, nos. 419-20; at Tanagra, _ibid._, 540; at Plataiai, _ibid._, 1667; at Thespiai, _ibid._, 1760 and 1773; on Mt. Helikon, _ibid._, 1776; at Akraiphia, _ibid._, 2727; at Koroneia, _ibid._, 2871; etc. _Cf._ Frazer, III, p. 628. Also on Samos: see inscription discussed in _J. H. S._, VII, 1886, p. 150.

[1995] Afr.; Foerster, nos. 302 (Timaios) and 303 (Krates); they are not mentioned by Pausanias in his account of the introduction of various contests at Olympia, V, 8.6 f. Lucian mentions the contests of heralds at Olympia: _de morte Peregrini_, 32.

[1996] V, 22.1.

[1997] Nestor (_F. H. G._, II, p. 485^*, quoted by Athenæus, X, 7, p. 415a) says that he was _periodonikes_ ten times, while Pollux (IV, 89) says seven times. For the dates of the victories, which fell some time between Ols. (?) 113 and 122 (= 328 and 292 B. C.), see Foerster, nos. 395, 399, 402, 404, 406, 411, 415, 422, 425, and 428.

[1998] Athen., X, 7 (p. 414e).

[1999] Amarantos of Alexandria, _apud_ Athen., _l. c._, says that he was 3.5 ells in height; Pollux, _l. c._, four ells. Athenæus relates examples of his voracity.

[2000] For the inscribed basis of his statue at Olympia, see _Inschr. v. Ol._, 232; _cf._ Foerster, 815-19 (undated). The inscription appears to belong to the first century A. D.

[2001] _B. S. A._, XIII, 1906-7, pp. 146-7 (Dickins) and fig. 3; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, p. 83 and fig. 6. It is 0.131 meter high.

[2002] _B. M. Bronzes_, 223 (quoted by Dickins, _l. c._).

[2003] See P., X, 9.2.

[2004] Fragm. 65 (= _F. H. G._, I, 207, quoted by Strabo, VI, 1.9, C. 260). For the story about his victory, see Timaios, Strabo, _l. c._, Clemens Alexandr., _Protrept._, I, p. 2, and poetically in _A. G._, VI, 54 (Paulus Silentiarius), and IX, 584.

[2005] _Cf._ Reisch, p. 52.

[2006] IX, 30. 2 f.

[2007] In another passage, X, 7. 2, Pausanias says that Thamyris won a prize for singing at the Pythian games; he also mentions a painting of him by Polygnotos: X, 30. 8. On Thamyris, _cf._ also P., IV, 33. 3 and 7.

[2008] For the story of the poet Arion and the dolphin, see P. III, 25. 7.

[2009] In X, 7. 4, Pausanias says that Sakadas won in flute-playing at Delphi three times, the first in the third year of Ol. 48 (= 585 B. C.). In another passage, II, 22.8, he says that Sakadas was the first to play the “Pythian tune” on the flute. For a description of this tune, see Pollux, IV, 84, and Strabo, IX, 3.10 (C. 421).

[2010] XIV, 24 (p. 629a).

[2011] _C. I. A._, I, 357.

[2012] Froehner, _Notice_, no. 16; Clarac, 122, 342; M. W., I, Pl. 13, 46; etc.

[2013] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 378 f. (Wolters) and Pl. XII.

[2014] V, 7.10; _cf._ Plutarch, _de Musica_, 26. Athenæus, IV, 39 (p. 154a), quotes from the first book of the catalogue of Olympic victors by Eratosthenes to the effect that the Etruscans used to box to the music of the flute.

[2015] P., V, 17. 10.

[2016] Ph., 55.

[2017] Plut., _l. c._

[2018] See Pinder, _Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_, 1867, pp. 97 f.

[2019] He won sometime between Ols. (?) 58 and 62 (= 548 and 532 B. C.): P., VI, 14.9-10; Hyde, 128b and p. 52. He also won six victories at Delphi and fluted at the pentathlon: _cf._ P., _l. c._ and Ph., 55.

[2020] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 604. An example, on the other hand, of a very small man erecting a large statue is that of the poet Lucius Accius, whose statue was set up in the temple of the Camenae in Rome: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 19; _cf._ Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, I, p. 289.

[2021] _E. g._, to Aristotle of Stagira: P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41b; to Gorgias of Leontini: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 293; etc.

[2022] The first part of the present chapter appeared under the caption, Lysippus as a Worker in Marble, in _A. J. A._, 2d Series, XI, 1907, pp. 396-416, and figs. 1-6; the second part, entitled, The Head of a Youthful Heracles from Sparta, appeared _ibid._, XVIII, 1914, pp. 462-478, and fig. 1. Both parts have been rewritten. The author is indebted to the former editor-in-chief, Dr. James M. Paton, for permission to use the original papers in writing the present chapter.

[2023] First noted by Homolle, _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, III Sér., pp. 452 f.; _id._, _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f.; _id._, _ibid._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 421 f.; _id._, _Rev. Arch._, 1900, p. 383; P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f. (The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos). For a good summary and a new identification of the figures of the group (without discussing the style), see Miss E. M. Gardner and K. K. Smith, _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f. (Pl. XIV and 21 text-cuts).

[2024] The group was composed of nine statues: three of athletes, those of the brothers Agias, a pancratiast, Telemachos, a wrestler, and Agelaos, a boy runner; four statesmen, and the son of the dedicator, and one unknown: _B. C. H._, XXI, pp. 592 f.; _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 45-46.

[2025] _Gaz. B.-A._, XII, 1894, p. 452: “_un des meilleures exemples de la manière de Lysippe_.”

[2026] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, p. 598.

[2027] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 470-1: “_L’auteur de la statue d’Agias ... ne peut être cherché que dans l’école de Lysippe ou dans sa dépendance immédiate...._” On p. 472 he says that in the _Agias_ we have a statue “_qui approche aussi près que possible d’un original de Lysippe_.”

[2028] _Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck_, 1900; for the inscription referring to the statue of Agias, see _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592-593. Preuner’s ingenious theory was based on a combination of the inscriptions on the bases of the group.

[2029] _Fouilles de Delphes_, IV, 1904, Pls. LXIII (full length), LXIV (head); statue of Sisyphos I, Pl. LXV; Sisyphos II, LXVIII (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX); Agelaos (= _B. C. H._, XXIII, Pl. IX). For the _Agias_, see also _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, Pls. X (head, two views) and XI (statue); von Mach, 234; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 596; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 549, 11 (before the discovery of the lower legs). The name is to be spelled either Agias or Hagias; the former has now become usual.

[2030] Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1760-1836) visited Pharsalos in September 1811.

[2031] In the Braccio Nuovo: Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 86, no. 67 and Pl. XI; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 23; _Guide_, I, no. 31; B. B., 281 (head = 487); Bulle, 62 (head = 213); and reconstruction in a bronzed cast on a high pedestal in the Museum of the University of Erlangen, _ibid._, pp. 117-18, fig. 22, a, b, c (_cf._ _Muenchner Jb. f. bild. Kunst._, 1906, p. 36); von Mach, 235; Baum., II, p. 843, fig. 925; _Mon. d. I._, V, 1849-53, Pl. XIII; Rayet, II, Pl. 47 (text by Collignon); Overbeck, II, p. 157, fig. 182; Collignon, II, p. 415, fig. 218; Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, Pl. XXXIV and pp. 107-10; Springer-Michaelis, p. 337, fig. 603; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 2; Clarac, V, 848B, 2168A; F. W., 1264; etc.

[2032] _Cf._ F. W., p. 449, paragraph 2 of the notes. E. Braun (_Annali_, L, 1850, pp. 223 f.) first identified the statue with Lysippos’ _Apoxyomenos_; _cf._ also Brunn (_Bulletino d. Inst._, 1851, p. 91).

[2033] _Cf._ Becker, _Gallus_,^3 III, p. 108; and especially J. Kueppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, in _Progr. des Bonner Gymnas._, 1869.

[2034] _H. N._, XXXIV, 62.

[2035] _Ibid._, XXXIV, 65.

[2036] Especially its surface modeling was supposed to confirm Pliny’s criticism of the master: _op. cit._, XXXIV, 65.

[2037] _One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture_, 1909, p. 39.

[2038] Unless we except the Athenian torso to be mentioned _infra_, p. 290, n. 4.

[2039] _Cf._ Tarbell, _Congress of Arts and Sciences_, St. Louis, 1904, III, p. 614.

[2040] _De Alex. Magn. fort. aut virt._, _Orat._ II, 2 (p. 335, b, c); _S. Q._, no. 1479.

[2041] _J. H. S._, XXIII, p. 130, n. 28; it is also quoted by Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 220-1.

[2042] See Ada Maviglia, _L’attività artistica di Lisippo ricostruita su nuova base_, 1914. For the Uffizi statue, see _supra_, pp. 136-137.

[2043] In his discussion of the Athenian torso, which he believed was another copy of the original of the Vatican statue: _A. M._, II, 1877, pp. 57-8, Pl. IV; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 819, 1. This torso had the left leg free, while the Vatican one had the right one free; it is also dry and hard in its technique.

[2044] That of Emil Braun, in _Annali_, L, 1850, p. 249.

[2045] _E. g._, Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, p. 392. Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1904, II, p. 379, n. 1, says that the _Agias_ “_dem Lysipp gaenzlich ferne steht_,” and assigns it to an Athenian artist.

[2046] Especially the Gardner brothers: P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 130-131 (where he identifies the _Apoxyomenos_ with the _Perixyomenos_ of Daïppos, the son or pupil of Lysippos, a work mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 87); _ibid._, XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f., especially p. 236 (on pp. 255 f. he dates the _Apoxyomenos_ just after 300 B. C., though ultimately deriving it from the school of Lysippos); _id._, _Class. Rev._, 1913, p. 56; E. A. Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 222; _Hbk._, p. 443. T. L. Shear, _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 292, makes the _Agias_ the centre of his treatment of Lysippos. Still others who think that the two statues can not be by the same sculptor are cited by Wolters, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1913, III, no. 4, p. 44, n. 3. See also F. Paulson, _Delphi_, 1920, pp. 288-289.