Chapter XXXI: Book V: , Pausanias says he is proceeding north from the Council-house (8)

[1515] Formerly in the Coll. Pourtalès, and then in the Coll. Gréau: W. Froehner, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Collection Gréau_, 1885, Pl. XXXII, p. 204, no. 964; de Ridder, _Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 184, and p. 34; Mahler, _Polyklet und seine Schule_, pp. 57 f. and fig. 13; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 278, _Mw._, p. 490; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 3. It is 0.218 meter high. Froehner had interpreted the statuette as that of an oil-pourer, though the position of the hands is against it.

[1516] P., VI, 14.13; Hyde, 139 and pp. 54-55; Foerster, 451, 456; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 176.

[1517] Od., VIII, 103 and 128. On jumping, see Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f.; etc.

[1518] IV, 465 f.

[1519] _Cf._ Stesichoros, _apud_ Athenaeum, IV, 72 (pp. 172 f.).

[1520] _De Incessu animalium_, Ch. 3 (p. 705 a).

[1521] As, _e. g._, on the statues at Olympia of the Elean pentathlete Anauchidas (P., V, 27.12) and Hysmon (P., VI, 3.10). See _supra_, p. 164.

[1522] Juethner, _Antike Turngeraete_, pp. 3-13; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f. and _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 179 f., (especially pp. 181 f.). The following section is taken chiefly from these two sources. _Cf._ also _Bronz. v. Ol._, pp. 180-1; Pinder, _A. A._, 1864, pp. 230 f.

[1523] National Museum, no. 9075; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 190; Juethner, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 298, fig. 60. The inscription = _C. I. A._, IV, 422^4. This weight is 4.5 inches long with concave sides and weighs 4 lbs. 2 oz.

[1524] _E. g._, one of lead, in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 182; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 c. It weighs 2 lbs. 5 oz.

[1525] V, 26.3; the group dates from the second half of the fifth century B. C.: see _Inschr. v. Ol._, nos. 267-9.

[1526] _Arch. Eph._, 1883, fig. on p. 104; Juethner, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 300, fig. 62; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, fig. 10. It is 10 inches long. (The illustrations show one weight seen from three sides.)

[1527] _Bronz. v. Ol._, p. 180, fig. 1101; Juethner, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61a (from cast in the British Museum). It is probably of diorite and is 11.5 inches long, and weighs over 10 pounds.

[1528] Ch. 55; _cf._ Lucian, _Anach._, 27 (καὶ μολυβδίνας χειροπληθεῖς ἐν ταῖν χεροῖν ἔχοντες, _i. e._, cylindrical); _Etym. magn._, p. 71, 20.

[1529] Such is the limestone _halter_ from Kameiros, Rhodes, in the British Museum; _B. M. Guide to Gk. and Rom. Life_, 1908, fig. 41; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 b. It is 7.5 inches long.

[1530] Juethner, fig. 11.

[1531] Duetschke, II, 22.

[1532] _Mon. d. I._, VI, VII, 1857-63, Pl. LXXXII; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1533] See Caelius Aurelianus, _de Morb. acut. et chron._, V, 2.38 (= of the early ? fifth century A. D.). The imperial physicians recommended them: see Galen and Antyllos, _apud_ Oribasium, _Coll. Medicin._, ed. Bussemaker et Daremberg, 1851, VI, 14 and 34, respectively; see Krause, I, pp. 395 f., and Juethner, p. 16.

[1534] Ch. 55.

[1535] _De Incessu anim._, Ch. 3 (p. 705a).

[1536] Made by E. O. Gourdin, in Cambridge, U. S. A., July 23, 1921.

[1537] See _J. H. S._, II, 1881, p. 218, n. 1; the jump took place at Chester in 1854; here is also recorded a standing jump of 13 ft. 7 in. with 23-lb. weights, at Manchester in 1875.

[1538] Mentioned by Pinder, _Ueber d. Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen_ (quoted by Juethner, p. 16).

[1539] So Fedde, p. 22. A record of 49 ft. 3 in. (hop, skip, and jump) was made at Harwich in 1861: _J. H. S._, II, p. 281, n. 1.

[1540] _A. Pl._, 297; _cf._ schol. on Aristophanes, _Acharn._, 213, and other evidence gathered by Gardiner, in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 70 f.

[1541] Rutgers, p. 11.

[1542] On the controversy about these jumps, see Gardiner, Fedde, _ll. cc._, and _A. A._, 1900, pp. 104-6 (Kueppers, Diels, and Stengel). On Greek jumping, see also Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Pinder, pp. 108 f.; Fedde, pp. 14 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 303 f.; Girard, _L’éducation athénienne_, 1889, pp. 200 f.; etc.

[1543] See Gardiner’s summary in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 189.

[1544] _E. g._, on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 427; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 185, fig. 6; etc.

[1545] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in Copenhagen (?): _Annali_, XVIII, 1846, Pl. M; Gardiner, p. 303, fig. 64; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 185, fig. 7 (left-hand figure).

[1546] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Bologna: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 186, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 304, fig. 65; Juethner, fig. 16; on interior of an early r.-f. vase, signed by Chelis, in the Louvre, G 15: Pottier, _Vases antiques_, Pl. 89; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 366, fig. 211.

[1547] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix from Orvieto, formerly in the Bourguignon Coll. in Naples, but now in Boston: _A. Z._, XLII, 1884, p. 243 (Meier), Pl. XVI, 2b; Reinach, _Rép. vases peints_, I, p. 454, 1, 5, 6; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 183, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 305, fig. 66 (interior showing diskobolos, _ibid._, p. 326, fig. 80 = _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 20, fig. 9); Juethner, p. 15, fig. 14; Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 201, 207, figs. 22 and 27; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 423, no. 44; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 5, fig. 3691, IV, 2, p. 1055, fig. 6083.

[1548] _E. g._, on a b.-f. imitation Corinthian amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 48; middle figure is given in _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 183, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 306, fig. 67; Juethner, fig. 15 (three figures).

[1549] Inghirami, _Mus. Chius._, Pl. CXXV (quoted by Gardiner).

[1550] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Leyden: _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907 p. 260; on a later r.-f. kylix of Euphronios: Klein, _Euphronios_^2, 1887, p. 306; _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 188, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 307, fig. 68.

[1551] _B. M. Bronzes_, 248, p. 26, fig. 10 (right); _Gaz. arch._, 1875, Pl. XXXV, p. 131; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXII, no. 15; Murray, _Hbk. Gk. Archæology_, 1892, p. 123, fig. 53. The diskos is 8.25 inches in diameter and is to be dated about 500 B. C. On the other side is represented a jumper, with measuring cord in his hands, measuring his leap. A similar figure appears on a metrological relief at Oxford: _J. H. S._, IV, 1883, Pl. XXXV, p. 335.

[1552] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 81, fig. on p. 54 (three views); _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, p. 46, no. 37; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 345, 9.

[1553] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 7 (quoted by Miss Richter).

[1554] _E. g._, the jumper with _halteres_ on the British Museum pelike already mentioned, E 427; see p. 216, n. 10; a still closer resemblance is found in a jumper without _halteres_ on a r.-f. pelike discussed in _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, p. 272; Gardiner, p. 309, fig. 69.

[1555] Krause, I, pp. 439 f. _E. g._, Apollo unintentionally slays Hyakinthos while contending with him in diskos-throwing: Euripides, _Helena_, 1469 f.; etc.

[1556] Iliad, XXIII, 826 f. Later imitators of Homer use the word also: _e. g._, Apoll. Rhod., III, 1366.

[1557] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 717; _I. G. A._, 370; Juethner, pp. 22-23. A larger block of volcanic rock weighing 480 kilograms has been found at Santorin with an inscription dating from about 500 B. C. stating that one Eumastas lifted it from the ground: _I. G._, XIII, no. 449. See _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 2. Such a scene is depicted on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in the Louvre, G 96; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, fig. 1.

[1558] Od., IV, 626 and VIII, 186 f. The diskos-throw was well known as a measure: _e. g._, Il., XXIII, 431. Scholiasts tried to show the difference between the _solos_ and the diskos: see Juethner, pp. 19 f.

[1559] _Ol._, X, 72; _Isthm._, I, 25.

[1560] _E. g._, on a b.-f. amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 271; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. I; Gardiner, p. 314, fig. 71; _cf._ the Panathenaic amphora, B 134 (= Fig. 44); _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XVIII.

[1561] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 3207; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73; _Rev. arch._, XVIII, 1891, Pl. XVIII, p. 45. It is 6.5 inches in diameter. The inscription is written retrograde.

[1562] See list of fifteen in _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 6; Gardiner, p. 316; eight of these are from Olympia.

[1563] I, 35.5.

[1564] Furtwaengler shows that there are numerous representations of Myron’s _Diskobolos_ on gems: _Die antiken Gemmen_, _e. g._, Pls. XLIV, nos. 26, 27, and LXVI, 8; _cf._ also a gem in the British Museum: _B. M. Gems_, 742 and Pl. 11.

[1565] _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 1 f., Pls. I-III, summary on p. 36; _Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch. XV, pp. 313 f. _Cf._ also E. Pernice, _Jb._, XXIII, 1908, Zum Diskoswurf, pp. 94 f., who corrects and augments the evidence furnished by Gardiner’s article in the _J. H. S._ On the diskos and mode of casting, see also Juethner, pp. 18-36; Krause, I, pp. 442 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 321 f.; _Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 f. (J. Six); Dar.-Sagl., II, 1, pp. 277 f.; Fedde, _Der Fuenfkampf der Hellenen_, pp. 37 f.; Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 201 f.; Kietz, _Der Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892, pp. 15 f.

[1566] _E. g._, on a lekythos from Eretria: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 23, fig. 12.

[1567] _E. g._, on a b.-f. Attic lekythos in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 576; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. II; Gardiner, p. 328, fig. 82; on a r.-f. kylix: _J. H. S._, p. 26, fig. 15; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXCIV, no. 6.

[1568] _E. g._, on the reverse of a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum signed by Pheidippos: _B. M. Vases_, III, Pl. I, E 6; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 13, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 323, fig. 76; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 368, fig. 214; on a b.-f. kelebe in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77; on an Attic b.-f. panel-amphora in the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia: _Museum Journal_, VI, No. 4 (Dec., 1915), fig. 90, p. 170; _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4; (the obverse of this vase, representing a boxing scene, is given in our Fig. 56); on a b.-f. amphora pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLX., and Pernice, _l. c._, fig. on p. 98. The left foot is generally forward in this position: _e. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 795; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 26, fig. 14; the right is forward on two b.-f. vases: Gerhard, Pls. CCLIX, 2 (= our Pl. 36 B), and CCLX. On a r.-f. amphora in Naples (Pernice, fig. on p. 96), a youth is represented holding the diskos with the right hand on the shoulder, against which his face is silhouetted as in the famous archaic relief from the Dipylon gate discussed _supra_, Ch. III, p. 127.

[1569] _E. g._, on the amphora pictured by Pernice, p. 99.

[1570] The left is forward on a r.-f. krater of Amasis from Corneto: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 16, fig. 5; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 416, fig. 56a; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 78; the right is forward on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 395; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 325, fig. 79. The left is drawn back in a fifth-century B. C. bronze: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 18, fig. 7; _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, Pl. L. Another example is found on a r.-f. kylix in Paris: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 27, fig. 17; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIII, 2; Gardiner, p. 331, fig. 85.

[1571] For variations, see early fifth-century B. C. coins of Kos in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 30, fig. 19; Gardiner, p. 332, fig. 86.

[1572] _E. g._, on a Panathenaic amphora in Naples: _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 32, fig. 20; Juethner, fig. 31; Gardiner, p. 333, fig. 87; on a b.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 32, fig. 21; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88.

[1573] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Boulogne: _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 34, fig. 23; Gardiner, p. 335, fig. 89; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 370, no. 11; _cf._ Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Mus._, 1918, no. 19 (= ascribed to Euergides).

[1574] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned (the figure to the right).

[1575] _E. g._, the archaic Pourtalès bronze: Panofka, _Cabinet Pourtalès_, Pl. XIII, 3; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 3; _cf._ also another in the Antiquarium in Berlin: _Inventar_, no. 8570; _A. A._, 1904, p. 36, n. 7 and fig. on p. 35. The latter is 0.10 meter high.

[1576] _Mus. Bull._, III, Feb., 1908, pp. 31-36; Richter, _Greek, Roman, and Etruscan Bronzes_, no. 78, p. 49 (three views); _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 89-90, figs. 52 and 53 (side views); Gardiner, p. 329, fig. 83. It is 9.25 inches tall.

[1577] _E. g._, on a r.-f. krater in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, no. 561; on another in Munich: _cf._ J. D. Beazley, _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, Pl. VIII, 2; both quoted by Miss Richter, _l. c._

[1578] In the National Museum, no. 7412; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 321 and fig. on p. 270. It was found in the sanctuary of the Kabeiroi in Bœotia and is 0.19 meter high. _Cf._ a similar position on a r.-f. amphora in Munich painted by Euthymides: no. 374; published by Hoppin, _Euthymides and his Fellows_, 1917, Pl. II; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl. LXXXI.

[1579] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 675; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 22, fig. 11; Murray^2, 1, p. 274, fig. 59; Gardiner, p. 330, fig. 84; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 544, 10. It is 6.5 inches tall.

[1580] _Cf._ also two very rude bronzes in the British Museum representing diskoboloi: _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 502 (diskos held up in right hand), 504 (diskos in right hand), the first 3.37 inches tall, the other 4.87 inches; the latter has a fillet in the hair and so represents a victor.

[1581] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 559; _J. H. S._, _l. c._, p. 17, fig. 6. As the whole lebes is only 18.5 inches tall, this lid figure is very small.

[1582] _A. A._, 1904, p. 36, fig. 8. _Inventar_, no. 8569. It is 0.115 meter high.

[1583] Published by H. G. E. White in _J. H. S._, XXXVI, 1916, pp. 16 f., Pls. I, II and 3 figs, in text. Pl. I is the more archaic: Museum no. 6615; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 86; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 281-2, no. 757, and fig. 265. Pl. II is the less archaic: Museum no. 6614; _Arch. Eph._, 1883, p. 46; _J. H. S._, X, 1889, pp. 268-9 (E. A. Gardiner); Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 275-7, no. 750, and fig. 257.

[1584] Pliny, _H. N._, VII, 201, traces its origin to Aetolus, son of Mars. Phrastor won a victory in such a contest at Olympia: Pindar, _Ol._, X, 71. See Krause, pp. 465 f.; Juethner, pp. 36 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVI, pp. 338 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, pp. 258 f.; Dar-Sagl., I, 1, pp. 226 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 1183 f. (Reisch); Girard, _L’éduc. athén._, pp. 203 f.; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 327 f., and III, pp. 168 f.; etc. In the following account we are chiefly indebted to Juethner and Gardiner.

[1585] See Stassoff _apud_ Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archaéol._, St. Petersburg, 1872, p. 302. _Cf._ Juethner, _Ph._, p. 64.

[1586] Iliad, XXIII, 884 f.; _cf._ 637.

[1587] The athletic style appears on many vases, especially on r.-f. ones; see _infra_, pp. 223-4 and notes.

[1588] The javelin is held horizontally by the warrior on the interior of a b.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 380; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 252, fig. 2; Gardiner, p. 342, fig. 93. It was commonly held slopingly over the shoulder level with the head in representations of the athletic style; _e. g._, the second athlete from the left in the sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum (Fig. 44): _B. M. Vases_, B 134; _cf._ also a similar figure on the sixth-century B. C. amphora in Leyden: _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108.

[1589] At Athens as early as the fifth century B. C. there were practical javelin contests from horseback with a target, and such contests kept up in Thessaly to the time of Hadrian: Gardiner, pp. 356-8. Throwing the javelin at a target from horseback is seen on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 357, fig. 106; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XX. Pindar mentions javelin-throwing three times, and in each case the throw was for distance: _Nem._, VII, 70-1; _Isthm._, II, 35; _Pyth._, I, 44. Lucian, in a passage referring to the pentathlon at Olympia, says that athletes competed for distance: _Anacharsis_, 27. On this question, see Juethner, pp. 54 f.

[1590] Hesychios calls it ἀποτομάς, _s. v._; see also Pollux, X, 64.

[1591] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2, and _cf._ p. 228 (Milchhoefer).

[1592] See Juethner, figs. 34, 35, 36 on pp. 40-41 (representing akontistai holding the javelin in one hand and the _amentum_ in the other). Fastening the thong is commonly depicted on vases: _e. g._, a youth seated on the ground attaching the _amentum_ is pictured on a r.-f. hydria in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 164; _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 32, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88; _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, p. 164, fig. 3; on a r.-f. kylix in Wuerzburg (no. 432), a youth is seen winding the _amentum_ around the akontion, drawing one end of the thong tight by means of his left foot: Juethner, p. 42, fig. 37; Gardiner, p. 340, fig. 91; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 599, fig. 4116; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 93, no. 7. On a r.-f. amphora from Vulci attributed to Euthymides, and now in the British Museum, we see an akontistes holding the spear pointed to the ground and drawing the _amentum_ tight preparatory to the throw: _B. M. Vases_, E 256; _J. H. S._, XXVII, Pl. XIX; Gardiner, p. 348, fig. 99; Hoppin, _Euthymides and his Fellows_, p. 49, Pls. IX, XI; _id._, _Hbk._, I, pp. 442-3, no. 19. For the various methods of attaching the _amentum_, see collection of drawings from vases in Gardiner, p. 341, fig. 92 = _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 250, fig. 1.

[1593] See _J. H. S._, XXVII, pp. 262 f.; Gardiner, pp. 350 f.

[1594] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in Rome: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 266, fig. 14; Gardiner, p. 354, fig. 104; Juethner, p. 48, fig. 43.

[1595] Downwards in the r.-f. amphora in the British Museum, mentioned above, E 256.

[1596] No. 2667 (Jahn, no. 562 A); _J. H. S._, XXVII, 1907, p. 262, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 349, fig. 100; Juethner, p. 47, fig. 41; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 198, no. 8.

[1597] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the Torlonia collection: _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 351, fig. 102; Juethner, p. 58, fig. 49.

[1598] _E. g._, badly done on the Munich kylix mentioned, no. 2667; also on a r.-f. kylix of Panaitios from Vulci in Munich, no. 2637 (Jahn, no. 795): _A. Z._, XXXVI, 1878, p. 66, Pl. XI (= Reinach, _Rép. vases peints_, I, p. 422, 2); _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 264, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; Schreiber, _Bilderatlas_, Pl. XXI, 3; Baum., I, p. 613, fig. 672; Hoppin, _Hbk._, p. 426, no. 54; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1452, fig. 3478; IV, 2, p. 1056, fig. 6086; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 408): _J. H. S._, XXVII, p. 265, fig. 13; Gardiner, p. 353, fig. 103; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Griech. Vasenmalerei_, Pl. XLV.

[1599] P. 48.

[1600] See _23stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._

[1601] B. B., no. 273; Bulle, 47, and pp. 97-102 and fig. 18; von Mach, 113; Collignon, I, pp. 488 f. and Pl. XII; Rayet, I, Pl. 29; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. XXXIV; Springer-Michaelis, p. 276, fig. 496; F. W., 503.

[1602] _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, 1902. For the Apollonios bust, see B. B., no. 336; F. W., 505. An almost identical bust—except for a wide fillet around the locks and shoulders—was found in the _tablinum_ of the same villa (_Invent._, no. 6164). Many of these heads doubtless come from busts or statues which decorated gymnasia and palæstræ.

[1603] Duetschke, III, no. 535 (0.81 meter high).

[1604] F. W., 507; _cf._ Rayet, I, text to Pl. 29.

[1605] No. 293; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, pp. 7 f.; _id._, _Vat._, I, no. 126 on p. 151 and Pl. 19; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 45; _Guide_, I, 58; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 545, 10. It is 2.11 meters high (Amelung). _Cf._ Loewy, _Lysipp und Seine Stellung in der gr. Plastik_, pp. 5-7 and 23-4; Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 104-14. For other replicas, see Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 228 f.; _Mw._, pp. 421 f.

[1606] Mahler, _op. cit._, p. 29.

[1607] As we see from the careful copy on a Berlin gem: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, p. 31, fig. 3; _Guide_, I, p. 35, fig. 4; and on a funerary relief in Argos: _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII (Furtwaengler); B. B., 279A; Collignon, I, p. 491, fig. 250; F. W., 504; _cf._ _Annali_, LI, 1879, p. 219 (Brunn); Mitchell, _Hist. Anc. Sculpt._, 1883, p. 386 and fig. 176.

[1608] The _uno crure insistere_ of Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 56. Here Pliny quotes Varro to the effect that Polykleitos’ statues were almost exactly after the same type (_paene ad unum exemplum_).

[1609] See _Mp._, pp. 212 f. and figs. 90 and 91 (head, two views); _Mw._, pp. 403 f., and Pls. XXIV, XXV. For the statue, see also Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, no. 295 (= god or athlete); Kekulé, _Jb._, III, 1888, p. 37 and Pl. 1 (= Polykleitan and Zeus); B. B., 122.

[1610] _De instit. Orat._, V, 12.21.

[1611] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18.

[1612] _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 292, n. 2.

[1613] _Mp._, pp. 163 and 228; _Mw._, p. 420.

[1614] _E. g._, that of Ktesilaos (= Kresilas; see below) in _H. N._, XXXIV, 76; of Polykleitos, _ibid._, 55, and of Aristodemos, _ibid._, 86.

[1615] This torso is of Pentelic marble, like many of the later victor statues at Olympia, and is fleshier than the Naples and Vatican copies: _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., p. 250 and fig. 284 (back view); Tafelbd., Pl. LXII, I; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 228, _Mw._, p. 420. It is in the Museum at Olympia.

[1616] The Naples copy is 1.99 meters high; see Kalkmann, Die Proport. des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, p. 53; the Olympia torso is 1.10 meters high for the preserved part (Treu).

[1617] _Pro Imag._, 11.

[1618] _E. g._, the statue of Polydamas, P., VI, 5.1; the base of the statue of Kallias, _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 146; of Eukles, _ibid._, no. 159; etc.

[1619] Collignon, I, p. 490; he believed that the original statue by Polykleitos stood in a Gymnasion at Argos.

[1620] _Cf. infra_, Ch. VIII, p. 342 and n. 2.

[1621] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, nos. 87 (pp. 56 f., and fig., showing front and back, on p. 57; _cf._ _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 114, fig. 72; it is from Cyprus), and 88 (fig. on p. 58; _Mus. Bull._, Dec., 1913, p. 270, Richter). No. 87 is 6.25 inches tall; 88 is 5.56 inches.

[1622] _Mp._, pp. 279 f. Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos.

[1623] See the fine drawings of these and other groups from tomb no. 17 (of Khety) in Champollion, _Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie_, 1845, IV, Pls. CCCLXXII-CCCLXXVIII; Pl. CCCLXXIII, 3 = Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 793, fig. 521; CCCLXXIV, 4 = _ibid._, p. 792, fig. 520. Another scene from the tomb of Nevothph is pictured in Champollion, Pl. CCCLXIV, I. See also _Arch. Survey of Egypt, Beni Hasan_, Pt. II, 1894, Pl. XV; _cf._ a poor reproduction of several scenes in Springer-Michaelis, p. 27, fig. 68.

[1624] _De Leg._, VII, 796 A, B, C.

[1625] Philostr., _Imag._, II, 32 (p. 857), ascribes its origin to Hermes’ daughter Palaistra; Apollodoros, II, 4.9, says that the same god’s son Autolykos was the teacher of Herakles. Pausanias, I, 39.3, says that the systematic instruction in the art began with Theseus. Eustathius, schol. on _Il._, XXIII, p. 1327, says that Kerkyon discovered it. In a scholion on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 49, Boeckh, p. 465, Pherekydes and Polemon are quoted as saying that Theseus’ charioteer Phorbas invented the art, and Istros is quoted as saying that Athena taught Theseus. At Olympia Herakles was a victor in wrestling: P., V, 8.4.

[1626] Ajax (Telamon) and Odysseus contended in a wrestling bout which ended in a draw: Il., XXIII, 710-734; in line 701, and in Od., VIII, 126, it is called παλαισμοσύνη ἀλεγεινή; it appears among the Phaiakians in Od., VIII, 103, 246. It was pictured along with boxing on the shield of Herakles by Hesiod: _Scut._, 302 (= ἑλκηδόν).

[1627] P., V, 8.7; Ph., 12.

[1628] P., V, 8.9.

[1629] On rules and representations of wrestling in literature and art, see especially E. N. Gardiner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, pp. 14-31; pp. 263-293, and Pls. XI and XII; _id._, _Greek Athl. Sports_, Ch. XVIII, pp. 372-401; _cf._ Krause, I, pp. 400 f; Grasberger, _Erziehung u. Unterricht_, I, pp. 345 f. An excellent account of a wrestling match is found in the oldest Greek prose romance, the _Aethiopica_ of Heliodoros, X, 31 f.; _cf._ also the fine account of a bout between Diomedes and Aias in Quintus Smyrnæus: IV, 215 f.; etc.

[1630] Grenfell and Hunt, _Oxy. Pap._, III, 466; discussed by Juethner, with part of the text and translation, in his edition of the _de Arte gymn._ of Philostratos, p. 26. On the method of selecting antagonists at Olympia, the number engaged, byes, etc., see Gardiner, pp. 374-5.

[1631] For coins in the British Museum, see Gardiner, p. 373, fig. 109, a, b, c (from Aspendos, of the fifth and fourth centuries B. C.), d (from Herakleia in Lucania, of the fourth), e, f (from Syracuse, of about 400 B. C.), g (from Alexandria of the time of Antoninus Pius); see also _id._, _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 271, fig. 9.

[1632] See especially, Gardiner, _ll. cc._

[1633] Described by Lucian, _Anach._, 24.

[1634] Described by Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 215 f. and Nonnos, XXXVII, 553 f.; discussed in _J. H. S._, XXV, pp. 25 f.

[1635] No. 2159; _A. J. A._, XI, 1896, p. 11, fig. 9; _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 270, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 386, fig. 116; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, _Die griech. Vasenmalerei_, III, pp. 73 f., and Pl. CXXXIII; Gerhard, _Trinkschalen und Gefaesse des k. Museums zu Berlin und anderer Sammlungen_, 1848-50, Pls. XIX, XX; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 400, n. 1 and Pl. XXIV, 2; W. Klein, _Die griech. Vasen mit Meistersignaturen_^2, 1886, no. 4; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, I, p. 32, Pl. on p. 33.

[1636] No. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl. XXXV, a, and pp. 140 f. (W. N. Bates); J. D. Beazley, _Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Museums_, 1918, p. 111 (Lysis, Laches, and Lykos group); Gardiner, p. 392, fig. 122.

[1637] _Invent._, 5626-5627; B. B., 354; Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. XV, 2 and 3; Bulle, 91; Gardiner, p. 378, fig. 110 (= one statue); von Mach, 289; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 541 (= one statue); etc. They appear to be boys of about sixteen, and consequently may represent contestants in the πάλη παίδων. The statues are 1.18 meters high (Bulle). The advanced foot in no. 5626 is wrongly restored.

[1638] Kalkmann, _Jb._, X, 1895, p. 64, n. 49 (dolichodromoi).

[1639] _Cf._ Gardiner, p. 382.

[1640] _Jb._, IV, 1889, pp. 116, n. 8; _cf._ Benndorf, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, IV, 1901, pp. 172-3 and n. 12. Mahler wrongly thought that the heads were different: _Polyklet u. s. Schule_, p. 18; he assigned one to the fifth century B. C., the other to the influence of Praxiteles. Benndorf believed the two figures to be copies of one statue, later used to make a group.

[1641] Bulle, no, 90; in the Landesmuseum of Darmstadt: see Adamy, _Archaeol. Samml. des grossherz. Hess. Museums_, 1897, p. 21, no. 19. The figures are only 0.075 meter high.

[1642] Bulle, p. 179, fig. 40; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 318, 2; for other similar ones, _cf. ibid._, II, 2, 539, 2 (cover of a cista from Praeneste), 5 (in the Louvre), 6 (in Vienna = E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz-und Ant.-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. XLV, 7), and III, 155, 3 (in Forman Collection, London).

[1643] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes_, no. 124 and fig. on p. 79; it is 4.5 inches high.

[1644] _E. g._, Walters, _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 639; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1877, Pl. XLV, 1 a.; Babelon et Blanchet, _Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Bibl. Nationale_, 1895, no. 935.

[1645] Παναθήναια, II, Plates.

[1646] Gardiner, p. 395, fig. 126; _J. H. S._, XXV, p. 286, fig. 23; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 328, fig. 81.

[1647] Gardiner, p. 396, fig. 127; Clarac, 802, 2014.

[1648] J. Sieveking, _Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb_, 1913, pp. 52-4 and Pl. XXI; it is 0.165 meter high. Others there listed include one in the British Museum: _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, Pl. XI, b (front and back), and text on p. 288; Gardiner p. 398, fig. 129; another from Vienne in Bonn; two in Paris, in the de Clercq and Warrocqué collections respectively; and a fifth, whose location is unknown. All are of rough Roman workmanship, either of the second or first centuries B. C.

[1649] See Petersen in _R. M._, XV, 1900, pp. 158 f.; Klein, III, pp. 309 f.; Sieveking, _op. cit._, p. 53, n. 1. The copies are in Florence (_Galleria di Firenze_, III, Pl. 123, 2; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 538, 5); in St. Petersburg (_Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1867, Pl. I, pp. 5 f., text by Stephani; _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 290, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 399, fig. 130; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 538, 1 and 3); in Constantinople, from Antioch (_Jb._, XIII, 1898, Pl. XI and pp. 177 f., Foerster; _Rev. arch._, XXXV, 1899, Pl. XVIII, pp. 207 f., Joubin; _J. H. S._, 1905, p. 291, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 400, fig. 131); in the Louvre, from Egypt (no. 361; _Jb._, XVI, 1901, fig. on p. 51; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 234, 2); and in the British Museum (_B. M. Bronzes_, 853 and Pl. XXVII, middle one below). In the St. Petersburg copy the arms of the victor are changed around.

[1650] Duetschke, III, 547; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, 1.

[1651] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1382 (= Attic); _Jb._, XXV, 1910, Pl. VII, and pp. 171 f. (Bieber = Euphranor); _cf._ _R. M._, VI, 1891, p. 304, n. 2 (Petersen = Skopaic); Furtw., _Mw._, p. 515, n. 4 (= Skopaic).

[1652] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80.

[1653] _H. N._, XXXV, 71; so Reisch, p. 45, n. 5. See _supra_, p. 206.

[1654] _H. N._, XXXV, 130. It was probably votive in character.

[1655] Ol. 141 (= 216 B. C.): P., VI, 16.9; Hyde, 167; Foerster, 471; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 179.

[1656] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; drawing of the base also in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 279, fig. 118; _Mw._, p. 491, fig. 85. The inscription dates from the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C., which shows that the statue was the work of the younger Polykleitos. Xenokles won sometime between Ols. (?) 94 and 100 (= 404 and 380 B. C.): P., VI,9.2; Hyde, 85 and p. 41; Foerster, 308.

[1657] Pp. 45-6; he won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 9.3; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285.

[1658] _Cf._ Lucretius, V, 1282: _arma antiqua manus ungues dentesque fuerunt_; Hor., _Sat._, I, 3.101; etc.

[1659] Between Epeios and Euryalos, Il., XXIII, 653 f.; Odysseus and Iros, Od., XVIII, 1 f.; _cf._ the match between Entellus and Dares in Virgil, _Aen._, V, 362 f.; Polydeukes and Amykos in Theokr., XXII, 80 f.; and in Apollon. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 67 f. For the Homeric and Virgilian matches, see _Fencing, Boxing, and Wrestling_, 1889 (Badminton Library), pp. 125 f.

[1660] Il., XXIII, 653; he uses the same epithet of wrestling, _ibid._, 701, and Od., VIII, 126. Eustath. _ad_ Il., XXIII, p. 1322, speaks of the πύκτης τλησίπονος.

[1661] πυκτοσύνη ἀλγινόεσσα: frag. 19, l. 4 (= _Philos. Fragm._, ed. Didot, I, p. 104 = Athen., X, 6, p. 414a). Apollon. Rhod. calls it ἀπηνέα πυγμαχίην, II, 76-7. The parts injured were especially the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, and teeth; _cf._ Krause, p. 516 and n. 18.

[1662] See Orsi, _Museo Ital. di antich. class._, II, Pl. V, p. 808; _cf._ Juethner, pp. 65-6, and Frothingham, _A. J. A._, IV, 1888, P. 444.

[1663] See Krause, pp. 497 f. Ph., 9, says that it was an invention of the Spartans and was first used among the Bebrykes.

[1664] P., V, 7.10; _cf._ Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4.4 (which speaks of victories of Apollo in boxing).

[1665] P., V, 8.4.

[1666] XXIII, 660.

[1667] Plut., _l. c._

[1668] The schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465, says that Theseus instituted the art of boxing.

[1669] P., V, 8. 7; Afr., _s. v._ Onomastos; Ph., 12; _Homeric Hymn to Apollo_, 149; _cf._ Foerster, 28. The date is also given by Ph., _l. c._

[1670] P., V. 8. 9; Ph., 13.

[1671] See K. T. Frost, _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 213f; Gardiner, Ch. XIX, pp. 402 f.; Krause, pp. 497 f.

[1672] See Krause, I, pp. 502 f.; Juethner, pp. 65 f.; Gardiner, pp. 403 f.

[1673] Mosso, _The Palaces of Crete_, 1907, p. 339, and fig. 160 on p. 341. Orsi, _l. c._, believes the object over the fists in the bronze shield fragment from Mount Ida to be part of a glove, though Juethner rejects this view, interpreting it merely as an ornament.

[1674] Schol. on Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 796 A; Clem. Alexandr., Strom., I, 16.76.

[1675] ἱμάντας ἐϋτμήτους βοὸς ἀγραύλοιο: Il., XXIII, 684. In the Odyssey Iros and Odysseus fight with bare fists.

[1676] _E. g._, P., VI, 23.4 and VIII, 40. 3; Apoll. Rhod., _Argon._, II, 52-53; _cf._ Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 B.

[1677] _E. g._, on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, E 63, and Pl. III; Juethner, p. 68, fig. 54; Gardiner, p. 403, fig. 132; it represents boxers with bundles of thongs in their hands standing before an official.

[1678] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XII; Gardiner, p. 404, fig. 133; Juethner, p. 66, fig. 53; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 237, Pl. On the interior of another a youth is seen, thongs in hand, standing before an altar: Murray, _Designs from Gk. Vases in the British Museum_, Pl. VI, 24.

[1679] Museum no. 2444; _Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus._, II, 1906-1907, Pl. XXXV, b. and p. 142 (text by W. N. Bates).

[1680] IX, 116. A similar game is mentioned by Plato, _Theaet._, XXVII (= 181 A). On both games, see Krause, pp. 323 f.

[1681] Juethner, pp. 69 f., rightly explains such objects as boxing thongs.

[1682] Ch. 10; _cf._ P., VIII, 40.3.

[1683] _E. g._, on the kylix just mentioned, E 39; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 411B): Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, p. 410. fig. 55; on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 1156: Juethner, p. 70, fig. 56; and on the interior of the r.-f. kylix in the British Museum to be discussed, E 78 (= Fig. 55): Murray, _Designs from Gr. Vases in the B. M._, Pl. XIV, 55; Juethner, p. 72, fig. 58; Gardiner, p. 406, fig. 134; on a r.-f. amphora in the Hofmuseum in Vienna by Epiktetos we see (figure at the left) a boxer who is just finishing tying the thongs on his left hand and wrist: Dar-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 755, fig. 5854; Schneider, _Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr._, V, 1881, pp. 139 f., and Pl. IV; Hoppin, _Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases_, p. 334, no. 25, and Pl. on p. 335.

[1684] Tafelbd., Pl. V, no. 4; Textbd., p. 35.

[1685] P., VIII, 40.5; _cf._ II, 20. 1.

[1686] VIII, 40.3. _Cf._ the statues of Damoxenos and Kreugas by Canova in the Gabinetto di Canova of the Vatican, to see in how exaggerated a way a modern sculptor has interpreted the boxing bout of these famous athletes: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, nos. 136, 137; _Guide_, 139, 140; Pistolesi, _Il Vaticano Descritto_, IV, 91.

[1687] _De Leg._, VIII, 830 B; Plut., _de Profectibus in virtute_, IX (80 B); Pollux, III, 150; Bekker, _Anecd. gr._, 1814-1821, I, P. 62, l. 25.

[1688] _E. g._, on an amphora in the British Museum: _B. M. Vases_, B 607; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLVIII, e 2; Gardiner, p. 407, fig. 135; Juethner, p. 83, fig. 67; on the Ficoroni Cista in the Museo Kircheriano, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1752; _Guide_, 437; Juethner, p. 82, fig. 66, a, c. On this cista, see F. Behn, Die ficoronische Cista, _Arch. Studie_, 1907; O. Jahn, _Die ficoronische Cista_, 1852; etc.

[1689] Late writers generally use the terms σφαῖραι and ἱμάντες ὀξεῖς interchangeably.

[1690] _E. g._, ἐπίσφαιρα in Plut., _Praecept. ger. resp._, 32 (= 825 e).

[1691] Juethner, p. 78, fig. 63; Gardiner, p. 409, fig. 137. For this and the delle Terme glove, see Huelsen, _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 175 f.

[1692] Juethner, p. 79, fig. 54.; _Antichi di Ercolano_, Bronzi, II, pp. 411 f.

[1693] In the Museo Civico there; mentioned by Juethner, p. 78.

[1694] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1145; _Guide_, 625; Baum., I, p. 524, fig. 566; Juethner, p. 85, fig. 68.

[1695] The word μύρμηκες, _A. G._, XI, 78, may be merely a comic name for the gloves—certain protuberances (“metal studs” or “nails” = Liddell and Scott, _s. v._ looking like warts (μυρμηκίαι); _cf._ Pollux, III, 150.

[1696] _Aen._, V, 404-5; 468-71.

[1697] _B. M. Vases_, E 39; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XII.

[1698] _B. M. Vases_, E 78; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. XIII; Gardiner, p. 436, fig. 151.

[1699] _Mus. Journ._, VI, no. 4 (Dec., 1915), p. 169, fig. 89; text by Dr. S. B. Luce, who believes this class of vases to be a prototype of the “Nolan” vases; another “Nolan” amphora is given, _ibid._, fig. 90 (also published in _A. J. A._, XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4), which shows a diskobolos, who is holding a diskos in a way similar to that on a r.-f. kelebe in the British Museum (_B. M. Vases_, B 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77). On the division of Attic b.-f. amphoræ into “panel-amphoræ” and “red-bodied amphoræ,” see H. B. Walters, _Hist. Anc. Pottery, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman_, 1905, I, pp. 160-62.

[1700] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149.

[1701] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 155 (renewed); the date of the victory is given by P., VI, 7.8; Hyde, 65; Foerster, 263.

[1702] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 147, 148. The statue stood equally on both feet, the left being slightly advanced. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237.

[1703] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); base drawn in outline in Furtw., _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503, fig. 90. He won in Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376. Here the body weight rested upon the left foot, the right being flat on the ground and turned to one side, _i. e._, in the old scheme of Hagelaïdas and his school.

[1704] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 86. This statue was in the same attitude as that of Aristion and was slightly over life-size. He won some time between Ols. (?) 90 and 93 (= 420 and 408 B. C.): P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297.

[1705] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac V, 946, 2436 A (wrongly = Antinous). See Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 288 f. (and fig. 124); _Mw._, pp. 503 f. (and fig. 91). Height 1.75 meters (Michaelis).

[1706] Furtw., _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99; _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69; a headless copy in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, p. 438, 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A. Here the present head is of different marble from the torso and does not belong to it; the body forms recall those of the _Doryphoros_. It is 1.49 meters high.

[1707] _Not. Scav._, 1888, pp. 289 f. (Barracco); _Atti dell’ Accad. di Napoli_, 1889, pp. 35 f. (Sogliano); _R. M._, IV, 1889, pp. 179 f. (Huelsen); Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, Pl. III (profile and front views), and fig. on p. 68 (head); B. B., no. 614 (statue), 615 (head, two views); Juethner, p. 84; etc.

[1708] Furtwaengler (_Statuenkopien im Altertum_) and Sogliano (_l. c._) date the statue in the period of Augustus.

[1709] B. B., no. 613; Kalkmann, Die Prop. des Gesichts, Pls. I (statue) and II (head, two views).

[1710] B. B., nos. 132, 134-5; F. W., 462.

[1711] Pl., _H. N._, XXXIV, 50 and 79. For this view, see text to B. B., no. 614. Furtwaengler had suggested Lykios as the sculptor of the _Oil-pourer_: _Mp._, p. 259.

[1712] Though winning in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), his statue was set up later by his son: P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93 and p. 42; Foerster, 137. The word σκιαμαχεῖν (lit. “to fight in the shade,” and hence to practice in the gymnasium) is used synonymously with χειρονομεῖν in the sense “to spar:” Plato, _de Leg._, VIII, 830 C; P., VI, 10.3; Pollux, III, 150; etc. _Cf._ Paul’s phrase in _I Corinthians_, 9, 26. A derived meaning is “to fight with a shadow”: _e. g._, Plato, _Apol._, 18 D; etc. Dio Chrysostom, _Or._, XXXII (367 M), speaks of χειρονομοῦντες as gymnasium practisers. See Krause, pp. 510 f.

[1713] The κώρυκος was such a bag used by athletes: _cf._ the proverb, πρὸς κώρυκον γυμνάζεσθαι, “to labor in vain”: Diog., 7, 54. The Ficoroni cista has been mentioned _supra_, p. 237, n. 4. The description and use of the bag are given by Ph., 57.

[1714] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 704; _Guide_, II, 207.

[1715] Amelung, _Vat._, I, 372 B, pp. 554-5 and Pl. LVIII; Clarac, 883, 2256. It is 0.535 meter high.

[1716] _Beschr._, no. 469; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III, _Apollon_, pp. 218 f. and fig. 14 (restored), interpreted the torso as that of an Apollo; but the Phrygian coin there pictured (Muenztafel, IV, 31), of the time of Lucius Verus, may merely show that the motive later was transferred to the god.

[1717] _Bronzen v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 21-2; Tafelbd., Pl. VIII, no. 57. It is only 0.112 meter high.

[1718] _E. g._, _Bronzen v. Ol._, Pl. VIII, nos. 51-54 (statuettes); Pl. VI, nos. 59 and 63 (arm and right lower leg respectively); _cf._ Reisch, p. 39.

[1719] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 199. See B. B., no. 51; F. W., 89; etc. Theagenes won in Ols. 75, 76 (= 480, 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 11.2 f.; Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[1720] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 168. He won some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 103 (= 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1721] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 158; _I. G. B._, 98; he won some time between Ols. (?) 95 and 100 (= 400 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 6.3; Hyde, 54; Foerster, 319.

[1722] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 186; _I. G. B._, 176. He won two victories in boxing some time between Ols. (?) 144 and 147 (= 204 and 192, B. C.): P., VI, 15.6; Hyde, 147; Foerster, 510, 512 (who dates the artist toward the middle of the second century B. C.; but I have followed the earlier dating of Hiller von Gaertringen, _Woch. f. kl. Philol._, X, 1893, p. 856, which date has been accepted by Dittenberger).

[1723] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 174.

[1724] VI., 8.5.

[1725] See Hyde, _de olymp. Stat._, pp. 39-41. There Ol. 80 or 84 (= 460 or 444 B. C.) has been suggested for the original victory.

[1726] Philippos won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 (= 304 and 280 B. C.): Hyde, 79 a.

[1727] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 575, in discussing my solution of the difficulty, call it “_sinnreich, aber doch ungemein kompliziert_,” and the assumption that a victor would use an older statue of a fellow countryman to celebrate his own victory “_sehr bedenklich_.”

[1728] _Cf._ Dittenberger, _Inschr. v. Ol._, p. 296.

[1729] _Op. cit._, p. 41. See also _supra_, p. 188.

[1730] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. II (head, two views); _Annali_, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L and pp. 51 f. (Brizio); Photo. Giraudon, no. 1207.

[1731] Furtwaengler sees in this statue a work by Pythagoras: _Mp._, p. 171 f.; _Mw._, pp. 345 f.; Brizio, _l. c._, ascribes it to Hagelaïdas.

[1732] _Supra_, pp. 180-1.

[1733] On the pankration, see Gardiner, Ch. XX, pp. 435 f.; _id._, _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 4 f. and Pls. III-V; Krause, I, pp. 534 f.; etc.

[1734] For the etymology, see Plato, _Euthydem._, 271 C, D; definition, Pollux III, 150; Plut., _Quaest. conviv._, II, 4 (containing also fanciful etymologies of πάλη); _cf._ Philostr., _Imag._, II, 6 (containing a full account of the contest in the description of the death of Arrhachion); _cf._ schol. on Plato, _de Rep._, I, 338 C, D.

[1735] _Vita Demonactis_, 49 (against biting).

[1736] _L. c._ (against biting and gouging).

[1737] _Aves_, 442-3; _Pax_, 898-9.

[1738] E 78; another example is seen on a r.-f. kylix in Baltimore: Gardiner, p. 437, fig. 152; _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 9, fig. 3; Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, Pl. LXIV; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 629, fig. 350.

[1739] _Nem._, II, III, V; _Isthm._, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

[1740] Frag. 19, l. 5 (_ap._ Athenæum, X, 6 = 414 a).

[1741] _E. g._, Mahaffy, in his _Old Greek Life_, 1886, p. 56; see Gardiner, pp. 435-7, in refutation of such an exaggerated view.

[1742] _De Leg._, VIII, 832 E; 834 A.

[1743] Older writers, _e. g._, Faber, _Agonisticon_ (published in 1592), I, 9, p. 1828, thought that the glove was used, an opinion long ago refuted by Krause, I, p. 539, n. 2. Waldstein, _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 185, wrongly says that the pancratiast sometimes wore gloves. Pausanias does not mention them, nor do we see them on any of the vase-paintings.

[1744] VI, 6.5.

[1745] VI, 15.5. _Cf._ also V, 17.10, where, in describing the boxing match between Admetos and Mopsos represented on the chest of Kypselos, he says οἱ δὲ ἀποτετολμηκότες πυκτεύειν—a hint of the dangerous character of boxing.

[1746] _Oneir._, 1, 62. This, at best, seems to be an exaggeration.

[1747] Philostr., _l. c._

[1748] VIII, 40.3-5.

[1749] To Theseus: schol. on Pindar, _Nem._, V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465; _cf._ schol. on _Nem._, III, 27, Boeckh, p. 442; to Herakles: P., V, 8.4.

[1750] P., V, 8.8; Ph., 12; and Afr.

[1751] P., V, 8.11; Ph., 13.

[1752] _E. g._, at Nemea; Pindar composed _Nem._, V, in honor of the boy Pytheas of Aegina, who won in (?) 485 B. C.; it was introduced at Delphi in the 61st Pythiad: P., X, 7.8; at the Isthmus in mythical times: P., V, 2.4.

[1753] Collected by Gardiner, _op. cit._

[1754] Described by Lucian, _Anachar._, I.

[1755] This throw is depicted on the walls of the tombs of Beni-Hasan on the Nile and is practised to-day by the Japanese; it is described by Dio Cassius, LXXI, 7.

[1756] Κλιμακισμός: described by Soph., _Trachiniae_, 520 f., and the schol.; see also Ovid, _Met._, IX, 51. _Cf._ _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 15-16.

[1757] _E. g._, on four Græco-Roman gems in the British Museum pictured in _J. H. S._, XXVI, p. 10, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 447, fig. 162.

[1758] _B. M. Vases_, B 604; _J. H. S._, XXVI, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 442, fig. 157.

[1759] E 78.

[1760] Mentioned by Plato, _Alcibiades_, I, 107 E; Ph., 50; Pollux, III, 150; Suidas, _s. v._ ἀκροχειρίζεσθαι and _s. v._ Σώστρατος; Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 5; _de Saltatione_, 10; Reisch, _ap._ Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1197; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 548; Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, pp. 349-50; Krause, I, pp. 421 f., 510 f.; _J. H. S._, XXVI, pp. 13-15, where Gardiner discusses the word in ancient writers and concludes that it had nothing to do with wrestling, but only with boxing (both the separate event and part of the pankration), and meant “to spar lightly with an opponent for practice.”

[1761] He won three victories in Ols. (?) 104, (?) 105, and 106 (= 364-356 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359. This explanation of Pausanias has been accepted by Krause and most modern authorities, but is found untenable by Gardiner, who bases his interpretation, not on Pausanias, but on the accurate definition of Suidas.

[1762] _B. C. H._, VI, 1882, pp. 446 f.

[1763] He won in Ols. 81 and 82 (= 456 and 452 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 4.3; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203; _cf._ Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59. He was probably merely represented in the preliminary tactics of getting a grip.

[1764] See Reisch, p. 46; _I. G. B._, 120.

[1765] _Anz. d. Wiener Akad._, 1887, pp. 86 f. (Benndorf); Reisch, _l. c._

[1766] A. de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 63, no. 1067, and p. 131 (= pancratiast); _Rev. arch._, 1869, II, p. 292; Bulle, no. 96 (right); Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 543, 4. It is 0.275 meter high.

[1767] See _supra_, p. 167.

[1768] _H. N._, XXXIV, 55. Hauser, _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 116 f. His reasoning is accepted by Bulle.

[1769] _Ges. Stud. zur Kunstgesch._, Festschr. fuer A. Springer, 1885, pp. 260.

[1770] See _S. Q._, 1463-67.

[1771] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 4-5; Textbd., pp. 212 f., and fig. 239; F. W., no. 336; _cf._ Immerwahr, _Kulte und Mythen Arkadiens_, I, 1891, p. 288.

[1772] _Archiv fuer lateinische Lexikographie u. Grammatik_, IX, 1894, 1, pp. 109 f.

[1773] _Mp._, p. 249, n. 2; _Mw._, pp. 451-2; he adduced two passages from Ovid’s _Met._, XIV, 402 (_saevisque parant incessere telis_), and XIII, 566-7 (_telorum lapidumque incessere iactu coepit_).

[1774] This explanation has been followed by Treu, _Bildw. v. Ol._, _l. c._; Sittl, _Parerga zur alten Kunstgesch._, p. 24; Klein, II, pp. 362 f.; Jex-Blake, p. 235; and others.

[1775] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146; _I. G. B._, 41. He won in Ol. 77 (= 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1776] _Collection Somzée_, 1897, Pls. 3-5; see Hyde, to no. 50, on p. 8. Its quiet and reserved pose recalls that of the _Pelops_ of the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia (_Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2; Textbd., pp. 46 f.). Because of its archaic grace, though it shows no trace of archaic stiffness, it might even be referred to the school of Kritios and Nesiotes.

[1777] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 153; _I. G. B._, 29. He won the pankration in Ols. 87, 88, 89 (= 432-424 B. C.); P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 258, 260, 262.

[1778] VI, 2.1; to be discussed _infra_, Ch. VI, pp. 293 f.

[1779] _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f. Agias was not only a victor at Delphi three times, at Nemea five times, and at the Isthmus five times, but was also an Olympic victor in the pankration, Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): see inscription, _B. C. H._, _l. c._, p. 593, and for the date of the Olympic victory, K. K. Smith, in _Class. Philol._, V, 1910, pp. 169 f.; _cf._ _A. J. A._, XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f.

[1780] Duetschke, III, no. 547; Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 66; B. B., 431; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 523, I; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2176; M. W., I, XXXVI, 149; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, p. 19; Gardiner, p. 449, fig. 163. The group is 0.98 meter high and 0.71 meter broad (Duetschke).