Chapter L: Formation of Coral Reefs (3)

[200] It may be observed, that the facts and inferences
exhibited in this map bear not merely on the theory of climate
above proposed, but serve also to illustrate the views
explained in the third book respecting the migration of animals
and plants and the gradual extinction of species.

[201] See Sir R. Murchison's Paper on the Alps, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. v. and my Anniversary Address for 1850, ibid.
vol. vi.

[202] Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung, No. cxxxix. July, 1833.

[203] In this estimate, the space within the antarctic circle
is not taken into account: if included, it would probably add
to the excess of dry land; for the late discoveries of Capt.
Sir James Ross, who penetrated to lat. 78 degrees 10 minutes S.,
confirm the conjecture of Captain Cook that the accumulation of
antarctic ice implies the presence of a certain quantity of
terra firma. The number of square miles on the surface of the
globe are 148,522,000, the part occupied by the sea being
110,849,000, and that by land, 37,673,000; so that the land is
very nearly to the sea as 1 part in 4. I am informed by Mr.
Gardner that, according to a rough approximation, the land
between the 30 degrees N. lat. and the pole occupies a space
_about equal to that of the sea_, and the land between the 30
degrees S. lat. and the antarctic circle about one-sixteenth of
that zone.

[204] See papers by Mr. Smith of Jordanhill, F. G. S., and the
author, Proceedings Geol. Soc. No. 63, 1839, also that of Prof.
E. Forbes, before cited, p. 86, note.

[205] The theorem is thus stated:--"The eccentricity of the
orbit varying, the total quantity of heat received by the earth
from the sun in one revolution is inversely proportional to the
minor axis of the orbit. The major axis is invariable, and
therefore, of course, the absolute length of the year: hence it
follows that the mean annual average of heat will also be in
the same inverse ratio of the minor axis."--Geol. Trans. second
series, vol. iii. p. 295.

[206] Ann. du Bur. des Long. 1834.

[207] Poisson, Thaorie Mathamat. de la Chaleur, Comptes Rendus
de l'Acad. des Sci., Jan. 30, 1837.

[208] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1852, p. 62.

[209] Proceedings Roy. Astronom. Soc. No. iii. Jan. 1840.

[210] See a Memoir on the Temperature of the Terrestrial Globe,
and the Planetary Spaces, Ann. de Chimie et Phys. tom. xxvii.
p. 136. Oct. 1824.

[211] Sir H. Davy, Consolations in Travel: Dialogue III. "The
Unknown."

[212] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1852.

[213] Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise, p. 409.

[214] Owen's Report on "British Fossil Reptiles, to Brit. Soc."
1841, p. 200.

[215] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. No. 6, p. 96.

[216] See Hitchcock's Report on Geol. of Massachusetts, and
Lyell's Travels in North America, chap. 12.

[217] See Manual of Geol. by the Author, index _Microlestes_.

[218] This figure (No. 8) is from a drawing by Professor C.
Prevost, published Ann. des Sci. Nat. Avril, 1825. The fossil
is a lower jaw, adhering by its inner side to the slab of
oolite, in which it is sunk. The form of the condyle, or
posterior process of the jaw, is convex, agreeing with the
mammiferous type, and is distinctly seen, an impression of it
being left on the stone, although in this specimen the bone is
wanting. The anterior part of the jaw has been partially broken
away, so that the double fangs of the molar teeth are seen
fixed in their sockets, the form of the fangs being
characteristic of the mammalia. Ten molars are preserved, and
the place of an eleventh is believed to be apparent. The enamel
of some of the teeth is well preserved.

[219] A colored figure of this small and elegant quadruped is
given in the Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. pl. 28. It is
insectivorous, and was taken in a hollow tree, in a country
abounding in ant-hills, ninety miles to the southeast of the
mouth of Swan River in Australia.--It is the first living
marsupial species known to have nine molar teeth in the lower
jaw, and some of the teeth are widely separated from others,
one of the peculiarities in the thylacotherium of Stonesfield,
which at first induced M. Blainville to refer that creature to
the class of reptiles.

[220] This figure (No. 10) was taken from the original,
formerly in Mr. Broderip's collection, and now in the British
Museum. It consists of the right half of a lower jaw, of which
the inner side is seen. The jaw contains seven molar teeth, one
canine, and three incisors; but the end of the jaw is
fractured, and traces of the alveolus of a fourth incisor are
seen. With this addition, the number of teeth would agree
exactly with those of a lower jaw of a didelphis. The fossil is
well preserved in a slab of oolitic structure containing shells
of trigoniae and other marine remains. Two or three other
similar jaws, besides those above represented, have been
procured from the quarries of Stonesfield.--See Broderip, Zool.
Journ. vol. ii. p. 408. Owen, Proceedings Geol. Soc., November,
1838.

[221] Darwin's Journal, chap. 19. Lyell's Manual of Geol. chap.
21, p. 279.

[222] Taylor's Annals of Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839.

[223] See notice by the Author, and Professor Owen, Taylor's
Annals of Nat. Hist. Nov. 1839.

[224] See Principles of Geology, 1st ed. 1830, vol. i p. 152.

[225] The first quadrumanous fossils discovered in India were
observed in 1836 in the Sewalik Hills, a lower range of the
Himalayan Mountains, by Lieutenants Baker and Durond, by whom
their osteological characters were determined (Journ. of Asiat.
Soc. of Bengal, vol. v. p. 739), and in the year following, other
fossils of the same class were brought to light and described by
Capt. Cantley and Dr. Falconer. These were imbedded, like the
former, in tertiary strata of conglomerate, sand, marl, and clay,
in the Sub-Himalayan Mountains. (Ibid. vol. v. p. 379. Nov. 1836;
and vol. vi. p. 354. May, 1837.)

The Brazilian quadrumane was found, with a great many other
extinct species of animals, by a Danish naturalist, Dr. Lund,
between the rivers Francisco and Velhas, in 1837.

The gibbon of the South of France was found by M. Lartet in the
beginning of 1837, and determined by M. de Blainville. It
occurred near Auch, in the department of Gers, about forty miles
west of Toulouse, in freshwater marl, limestone, and sand. They
were accompanied by the remains of the mastodon, dinotherium,
palaeotherium, rhinoceros, gigantic sloth, and other extinct
quadrupeds. (Bulletin de la Soc. Geol. de France, tom. viii. p.
92.)

The British quadrumane was discovered in 1839, by Messrs. William
Colchester and Searles Wood, at Kyson, near Woodbridge, in
Suffolk, and was referred by Professor Owen to the genus Macacus.
(Mag. of Nat. Hist. Sept. 1839. Taylor, Annals of Nat. Hist. No.
xxiii. Nov. 1839.)

[226] Owen's Introduction to British Fossil Mammals, p. 46.

[227] Proceedings of Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. Dec. 9, 1851.

[228] See ch. 48.

[229] Ibid.

[230] Ibid.

[231] Phys. Hist. of Mankind, vol. ii. p. 594.

[232] Virgil, Eclog. iv. For an account of these doctrines, see
Dugald Stewart's Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind,
vol. ii. chap. ii. sect. 4, and Prichard's Egypt. Mythol. p. 177.

[233] See ch. 41.

[234] See ch. 35.

[235] See ch. 37, 38, 39, 41.

[236] See also Manual of Geology, ch. 11, 12.

[237] It has been suspected ever since the middle of the last
century, that the Caspian was lower than the ocean, it being
known that in Astrakhan the mercury in the barometer generally
stands above thirty inches. In 1811, MM. Engelhardt and Parrot
attempted to determine the exact amount of difference by a series
of levellings and barometrical measurements across the isthmus at
two different places near the foot of Mount Caucasus. The result
of their operations led them to the opinion that the Caspian was
more than 300 feet below the Black Sea. But the correctness of
the observations having afterwards been called in question, M.
Parrot revisited the ground in 1829 and 1830, and inferred from
new levellings, that the mouth of the Don was between three and
four feet lower than that of the Wolga; in other words, that the
sea of Azof, which communicates with the Black Sea, was actually
lower than the Caspian! Other statements, no less contradictory,
having been made by other observers, the Russian government at
length directed the Academy of St. Petersburg to send an
expedition, in 1836, to decide the point by a trigonometrical
survey, from which it appeared that the Caspian is 101 Russian,
or 108 English, feet lower than the Black Sea. (For authorities,
see Journ. Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. viii. p. 135). Sir R.
Murchison, however, concludes, in 1845, from the best Russian
authorities, that the depression of the Caspian is only 83 feet 6
inches.

The measurements of Major Anthony Symonds, since confirmed by
French authorities, make the Dead Sea to be 1200 feet below the
Mediterranean.

[238] See Lyell's Travels in N. America, ch. 2 and 25.

[239] See Manual of Geology, chap. 29 to 33, inclusive.

[240] See ch. 26, _infra._

[241] See ch. 27, _infra._

[242] Ann. des Sci. Nat., Septembre, Novembre, et Dacembre, 1829.
Revue Francaise, No. 15, May, 1830. Bulletin de la Sociata Gaol.
de France, p. 864, May, 1847. The latest edition of M. de
Beaumont's theory will be found in the 12th vol. of the
Dictionnaire Universel d'Hist. Nat. 1852, art. "Systemes des
Montagues;" also the same printed separately.

[243] Systeme de Mont. p. 762.

[244] Ibid. pp. 761 and 773.

[245] Phil. Mag. and Annals, No. 58. New Series, p. 242.

[246] Systeme de Montagnes, 1852, p. 429.

[247] Phil. Mag. and Annals, No. 58. New series, p. 243.

[248] Systeme de Montagnes, 1852, p. 429.

[249] For page, see Index, "Hopkins."

[250] Art. Systeme de Montagnes, p. 775.

[251] M. E de Beaumont in his later inquiries (Comptes rendus,
Sept. 1850, and Systemes des Montagnes) has come to the
conclusion, that the principal mountain ranges, if prolonged,
would intersect each other at certain angles, so as to produce a
regular geometric arrangement, which he calls "a pentagonal
network." This theory has been ably discussed and controverted by
Mr. Hopkins, in his Anniversary Address as President of the Geol.
Soc., Feb. 1853.

[252] Darwin's Geology of South America, p. 248. London, 1846.

[253] Systeme de Montagnes, p. 748.

[254] See Lyell's Manual of Elementary Geology, ch. 5.

[255] See the Author's Anniversary Address, Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. 1850, vol. vi. p. 46, from which some of the above passages
are extracted.

[256] See Lyell's Manual of Elementary Geology.

[257] Reports to Brit. Assoc. 1842, 1843, and Introd. to Brit.
Foss. Mamm. p. 31. The conchological evidence respecting the
British Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene fossils, examined by
Mr. Forbes, in the paper before cited, p. 88, note, bear out some
of the most important conclusions of M. Deshayes, quoted by me in
the first edition of the Principles, 1831, and the recent
observations of Philippi in regard to the passage of species from
one formation to another. I refer to these authorities more
especially because this doctrine of a gradual transition has been
opposed by some living naturalists of high distinction, among
whom I may mention M.A. d'Orbigny and M. Agassiz. I have long
been convinced that we must abandon many of the identifications
formerly made of Eocene with recent shells; but some errors of
this kind do not affect the general reasoning on the subject. See
a discussion on this question, Quarterly Journ. of Geog. Soc.,
No. 5, p. 47 Feb. 1846.

[258] Darwin's Journal, p. 163. 2d. ed. p. 139.

[259] Journ. Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. iii. p. 142.

[260] Book iii. ch. 50.

[261] Darwin's S. America, pp. 136, 139.

[262] Miller, Phil. Trans. 1851, p. 155.

[263] Phil. Trans. 1850, p. 354.

[264] Hooker's Himalayan Journal, ined.

[265] Ibid.

[266] See Manual of Geology, Index, _Rain-prints_.

[267] See Lyell on recent and fossil rains. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. 1851, vol. vii. p. 239.

[268] Lyell's Second Visit to the United States, 1846, vol. ii.
p. 25.

[269] Encyc. Brit. art. _Rivers_.

[270] Sir T. D. Lauder's Account of the Great Floods in
Morayshire, August, 1829.

[271] Quarterly Jour. of Sci. &c. No. xii. New Series, p. 331.

[272] Culley, Proceed. Geol. Soc. 1829.

[273] Silliman's Journal, vol. xv. No. 2, p. 216. Jan. 1829.

[274] Silliman's Journal, vol. xxxiv. p. 115.

[275] See Lyell's Second Visit to the U. S. vol. i. p. 69.

[276] This block was measured by Capt. B. Hall, R. N.

[277] Inundation of the Val de Bagnes, in 1818, Ed. Phil. Journ.,
vol. i. p. 187, from memoir of M. Escher.

[278] Lib. viii. Epist. 17.

[279] When at Tivoli, in 1829, I received this account from
eye-witnesses of the event.

[280] Illustr. of Hutt. Theory, Section 3, p. 147.

[281] Quadro Istorico dell' Etna, 1824.

[282] The reader will find in my Travels in North America, vol.
i. ch. 2, a colored geological map and section of the Niagara
district, also a bird's-eye view of the Falls and adjacent
country, colored geologically, of which the first idea was
suggested by the excellent original sketch given by Mr. Bakewell.
I have referred more fully to these and to Mr. Hall's Report on
the Geology of New York, as well as to the earlier writings of
Hennepin and Kalm in the same work, and have speculated on the
origin of the escarpment over which the Falls may have been
originally precipitated. Vol. i. p. 32, and vol. ii. p. 93.

[283] Consid. sur les Blocs Errat. 1829.

[284] Capt. Bayfield, Geol. Soc. Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 223.

[285] M. Arago, Annuaire, &c. 1833; and Rev. J. Farquharson,
Phil. Trans. 1835, p. 329.

[286] Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. vi. p. 416.

[287] See Systeme Glaciaire, by Agassiz, Guyot, and Desor, pp.
436, 437, 445. Mr. Agassiz, at p. 462, states that he published
in the Deutsche Vierteljahrschrift for 1841, this result as to
the central motion being greater than that of the sides, and
was, therefore, the first to correct his own previous mistake.

[288] J. Forbes. 8th Letter on Glaciers, Aug. 1844.

[289] See Mr. Hopkins on Motion of Glaciers, Cambridge Phil.
Trans. 1844, and Phil. Mag. 1845. Some of the late concessions
of this author as to a certain plasticity in the mass, appear
to me to make the difference between him and Professor Forbes
little more than one of degree. (For the latest summary of
Prof. Forbes' views, see Phil. Trans. 1846, pt. 2.)

[290] This experiment is cited by Mr. Forbes, Phil. Trans.
1846, p. 206; and I have conversed with Mr. Christie on the
subject.

[291] Etudes sur les Glaciers, 1840.

[292] See Manual of Geol. ch. xi.

[293] Agassiz, Jam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. 54, p. 388.

[294] Charpentier, Ann. des Mines, tom. viii.; see also Papers
by MM. Venetz and Agassiz.

[295] Voyage in 1822, p. 233.

[296] Travels in Norway.

[297] Darwin's Journal, p. 283.

[298] Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. ix. p. 526.

[299] Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. ix. p. 529.

[300] Ibid. vol. viii. p. 221.

[301] In my Travels in N. America, pp. 19, 23, &c., and Second
Visit to the U. S., vol. i. ch. 2, also in my Manual of
Geology, a more full account of the action of floating ice and
coast-ice, and its bearing on geology, will be found.

[302] Jam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. xlviii. p. 439.

[303] Bulletin de la Soc. Gaol. de France, 1847, tom. iv. pp.
1182, 1183.

[304] Consult J. Prestwich, Water-bearing Strata around
London. 1851. (Van Voorst)

[305] Sabine, Journ. of Sci. No. xxxiii. p. 72. 1824.

[306] Haricart de Thury, "Puits Foras," p. 49.

[307] Prestwich, p. 69.

[308] Bull. de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. iii. p. 194.

[309] Boua Rasuma des Prog. de la Gaol. en 1832, p. 184.

[310] Seventh Rep. Brit. Ass. 1837, p. 66.

[311] H. de Thury, p. 295.

[312] Bull. de la Soc. Gaol de France, tom. i. p. 93.

[313] Bull. de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. ii. p. 248.

[314] See Glossary, "Tufa," "Travertin."

[315] Dr. Grosse on the Baths of San Filippo, Ed. Phil. Journ.
vol. ii p. 292.

[316] Consolations in Travel, pp. 123-125.

[317] Ibid. p. 127.

[318] C. Prevost, Essai sur la Constitution Physique du Bassin
de Vienne, p. 10.

[319] Travels across the Andes, p. 240.

[320] Annalen der Chem. 1847.

[321] Daubeny on Volcanoes, p. 222.

[322] Dr. Webster on the Hot Springs of Furnas, Ed. Phil.
Journ. vol. vi. p. 306.

[323] See a cut of the Icelandic geyser, chap. 32.

[324] M. Robert, Bullatin de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom.
vii. p. 11.

[325] Barrow's Iceland, p. 209.

[326] See Lyell's Manual of Elementary Geology; and Dr.
Turner, Jam. Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. xxx. p. 246.

[327] L. Horner, Geol. Trans, vol. ii. p. 94.

[328] Ann. de l'Auvergne, tome i. p. 234.

[329] Ann. Scient. de l'Auvergne, tome ii. June, 1829.

[330] Edinb. New Phil. Journ. Oct. 1839.

[331] See Lyell's Travels in N. America, vol. i p. 150.

[332] Symes, Embassy to Ava, vol. ii. Geol. Trans. second
series, vol. ii. part iii. p. 388.

[333] Dr. Nugent, Geol. Trans. vol. i. p. 69.

[334] Ibid. p. 67.

[335] De la Beche, Ed. Phil. Journ. vol. ii. p. 107. Jan.
1820.

[336] De la Beche, MS.

[337] De la Beche, MS.

[338] Trans. of Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, vol. i. p. 5,
1829.

[339] Prony, see Cuvier, Disc. Prelim, p. 146.

[340] See De Beaumont, Gaologie Pratique, vol. i. p. 323,
1844.

[341] Prony, cited by Cuvier, Discours Pralimin.

[342] Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap. vol. i. p. 118.

[343] Archiac, Histoire des Progras de la Gaol. 1848, vol. ii.
p. 232.

[344] Brocchi, Conch. Foss. Subap. vol. i. p. 39.

[345] Ibid. vol. ii. p. 94.

[346] Mam. d'Astruc, cited by Von Hoff, vol. i. p. 288.

[347] Lib. ii. c. v.

[348] Bouche, Chorographie et Hist. de Provence, vol. i. p.
23, cited by Von Hoft, vol. i. p. 290.

[349] Hist. Phys. de la Mer.

[350] Karamania, or a brief Description of the Coast of Asia
Minor, &c. London, 1817.

[351] Geog. Syst. of Herod, vol. ii. p. 107.

[352] Euterpe, XI.

[353] Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. ix. p. 432.

[354] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. v.; Memoirs, p. 20; and
Lassaigue, Journ. Pharm. t. v. p. 468.

[355] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1848, vol. iv. p. 342.

[356] Flint's Geography, vol. i. p. 142. Lyell's Second Visit
to the United States, vol. ii chaps. 28 to 34.

[357] Geograph. Descrip. of Louisiana, by W. Darby,
Philadelphia, 1816, p. 102.

[358] Flint's Geography, vol. i. p. 152.

[359] Travels in North America, vol. iii. p. 361.

[360] Travels in North America, vol. iii. p. 362.

[361] "The boats are fitted," says Captain Hall, "with what is
called a snag-chamber;--a partition formed of stout planks,
which is calked, and made so effectually water-tight that the
foremost end of the vessel is cut off as entirely from the
rest of the hold as if it belonged to another boat. If the
steam-vessel happen to run against a snag, and that a hole is
made in her bow, under the surface, this chamber merely fills
with water."--Travels in North America, vol. iii. p. 363.

[362] Darby's Louisiana, p. 33.

[363] Featherstonhaugh, Geol. Report, Washington, 1835, p. 84.

[364] Trees submerged in an upright position have been observed
in other parts of N. America. Thus Captains Clark and Lewis
found, about the year 1807, a forest of pines standing erect
under water in the body of the Columbia river, which they
supposed, from the appearance of the trees, to have been
submerged only about twenty years. (Travels, &c. vol. ii. p.
241.) More lately (1835), the Rev. Mr. Parker observed on the
same river (lat. 45 degrees N., long. 121 degrees W.) trees
standing in their natural position in spots where the water was
more than twenty feet deep. The tops of the trees had
disappeared; but between high and low water-mark the trunks were
only partially decayed; and the roots were seen through the
clear water, spreading as they had grown in their native forest.
(Tour beyond the Rocky Mountains, p. 132.) Some have inferred
from these facts that a tract of land, more than twenty miles in
length, must have subsided vertically; but Capt. Fremont, Dec.
1845 (Rep. of Explor. Exped. p. 195), satisfied himself that the
submerged forests have been formed by immense land-slides from
the mountains, which here closely shut in the river.

[365] For an account of the "sunk country," shaken by the
earthquake of 1811-12, see Lyell's Second Visit to the United
States, ch. 33.

[366] Darby's Louisiana, p. 103.

[367] The calculations here given were communicated to the
British Association, in a lecture which I delivered at
Southampton in September, 1846. (See Athenaeum Journal, Sept.
26, 1846, and Report of British Association, 1846, p. 117.)
Dr. Riddell has since repeated his experiments on the quantity
of sediment in the river at New Orleans without any material
variation in the results.

Mr. Forshey, in a memoir on the Physics of the Mississippi,
published in 1850, adopts Dr. Riddell's estimate for the
quantity of mud, but takes 447,199 cubic feet per second as
the average discharge of water for the year at Carrolton, nine
miles above New Orleans, a result deduced from thirty years of
observations. This being one-tenth more than I had assumed,
would add a tenth to the sediment, and would diminish by
one-eleventh the number of years required to accomplish the
task above alluded to. "The cubic contents of sedimentary
matter," says Forshey, "are equal to 4,083,333,333, and this
sediment would annually cover twelve miles square one foot
deep."

[368] The Mississippi is continually shifting its course in
the great alluvial plain, cutting frequently to the depth of
100, and even sometimes to the depth of 250 feet. As the old
channels become afterwards filled up, or in a great degree
obliterated, this excavation alone must have given a
considerable depth to the basin, which receives the alluvial
deposit, and subsidences like those accompanying the
earthquake of New Madrid in 1811-12 may have given still more
depth.

[369] Account of the Ganges and Burrampooter rivers, by Major
Rennell, Phil. Trans. 1781.

[370] Trans. of the Asiatic Society, vol. vii. p. 14.

[371] Cuvier referred the true crocodiles of the Ganges to a
single species, _C. biporcatus_. But I learn from Dr. Falconer
that there are three well-marked species, _C. biporcatus_, _C.
palustris_, and _C. bombifrons_. _C. bombifrons_ occurs in the
northern branches of the Ganges, 1000 miles from Calcutta; _C.
biporcatus_ appears to be confined to the estuary; and _C.
palustris_, to range from the estuary to the central parts of
Bengal. The garial is found along with _C. bombifrons_ in the
north, and descends to the region of _C. biporcatus_ in the
estuary.

[372] See below, ch. 22 and 29.

[373] Second Visit to the United States, vol. ii. p. 145.

[374] Asiatic Researches, vol. xvii. p. 466.

[375] Lyell's Second Visit to the United States, vol. ii.
chap. 34.

[376] See Manual of Geology by the Author.

[377] See p. 13.

[378] Geog. of Herod, vol ii. p. 331.

[379] Ibid. p. 328.

[380] Romme, Vents et Courans, vol. ii. p. 2. Rev. F. Fallows,
Quart. Journ. of Science, March, 1829.

[381] The heights of these tides were given me by the late
Captain Hewett, R. N.

[382] On the authority of Admiral Sir F. Beaufort, R. N.

[383] Consult the map of Currents by Capt. F. Beechy, R. N.,
Admiralty Manual, 1849, London.

[384] Rennell on Currents, p. 58.

[385] Rennell on the Channel current.

[386] An. du Bureau des Long. 1836.

[387] Second Parliamentary Report on Steam Communication with
India, July, 1851.

[388] Phil. Trans. 1830, p. 59.

[389] See Capt. B. Hall, On Theory of Trade Winds, Fragments
of Voy. second series, vol. i., and Appendix to Daniell's
Meteorology.

[390] Treatise on Astronomy, chap. 3.

[391] Descrip. of Shetland Islands, p. 527, Edin. 1822, to
which work I am indebted for the following representations of
rocks in the Shetland Isles.

[392] Dr. Hibbert, from MSS. of Rev. George Low, of Fetlar.

[393] Hibbert, p. 528.

[394] Hibbert, p. 519.

[395] Account of Erection of Bell Rock Lighthouse, p. 163.

[396] Ed. Phil. Journ. vol. iii. p. 54, 1820.

[397] Quart. Journ. of Sci. &c., No. xiii. _N. S._ March,
1830.

[398] Buist, Quart. Journ. of Agricult., No. xlv. p. 34, June,
1839.

[399] Phillips's Geology of Yorkshire, p. 61.

[400] Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire p. 122,
1853, London.

[401] Arctic Zoology, vol. i. p. 10, Introduction.

[402] Phillips's Geol. of York. p. 60.

[403] Arct. Zool. vol. i. p. 13, Introd.

[404] Taylor's Geology of East Norfolk, p. 32.

[405] Ibid.

[406] De Beaumont, Gaologie Pratique, p. 218.

[407] Taylor's Geology of East Norfolk, p. 10.

[408] From Mr. R. C. Taylor's Mem., see Phil. Mag., Oct. 1827, p.
297.

[409] Consequences of the Deluge, Phys. Theol. Discourses.

[410] History of British Birds, vol. ii. p. 220 ed. 1821.

[411] Tidal Harbor Commissioners' First Report, 1845, p. 176.

[412] On authority of Dr. Mitchell, F. G. S.

[413] On the authority of W. Gunnell, Esq., and W. Richardson,
Esq., F. G. S.

[414] Vol. ii. New Ser. 1809, p. 801.

[415] Geog. of Herod. vol. ii. p. 326.

[416] Dodsley's Ann. Regist. 1772.

[417] See J. B. Redman on Changes of S. E. Coast of England,
Proceed. Instit. Civil Engin. vol. ii. 1851, 1852.

[418] Stevenson, Ed. Phil Journ. No. v. p. 45, and Dr. Fitton,
Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. iv. plate 9.

[419] On the authority of Mr. J. Meryon, of Rye.

[420] Redman, ibid, see p. 315.

[421] Edin. Journ. of Sci. No. xix. p. 56.

[422] Redman as cited, p. 315.

[423] Webster, Geol. Trans. vol. ii. p. 192, 1st series.

[424] Mantell, Geology of Sussex, p. 293.

[425] See Palmer on Shingle Beaches, Phil. Trans. 1834, p. 568.

[426] Groins are formed of piles and wooden planks, or of fagots
staked down and are used either to break the force of the waves,
or to retain the beach.

[427] Redman as cited, p. 315.

[428] Rob. A. C. Austen on the Valley of the English Channel,
Quart. Journ. G. S. vol. vi. p. 72.

[429] See Palmer on Motion of Shingle Beaches, Phil. Trans. 1834,
p. 568; and Col. Sir W. Reid, Papers of Royal Engineers, 1838,
vol ii. p. 128.

[430] De la Beche, Geolog. Manual, p. 82.

[431] According to the measurement of Carpenter of Lyme.

[432] Rev. W. D. Conybeare, letter dated Axminster, Dec. 31,
1839.

[433] London, J. Murray, 1840.

[434] Boase, Trans. Royal Geol. Soc. of Cornwall, vol. ii. p.
129.

[435] Boase, ibid. vol. ii. p. 135.

[436] De la Beche's Report on the Geology of Devon, &c. chap.
xiii.

[437] Geol. Trans. 1st series, vol. iii. p. 383.

[438] Boase, vol. ii. p. 130.

[439] Stevenson, Jameson's Ed. New Phil. Journ. No. 8, p. 386.

[440] Camden, who cites Gyraldus; also Ray, "On the Deluge,"
Phys. Theol. p. 228.

[441] Meyrick's Cardigan.

[442] Von Hoff, Geschichte, &c. vol. i. p. 49.

[443] E. de Beaumont, Gaologie Pratique, vol. i. p. 316, and
ibid. p. 260.

[444] Belpaire, Mam. de l'Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, tom. x. 1837.
Dumont, Bulletin of the same Soc. tom. v. p. 643.

[445] Von Hoff, vol. i. p. 364.

[446] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. p. 32; Memoirs.

[447] See examples in Von Hoff; vol. i. p. 73, who cites
Pisansky.

[448] Book vii. Cimbri.

[449] Lib. iii. cap 3.

[450] New Monthly Mag. vol. vi. p. 69.

[451] Von Hoff, vol. i. p. 96.

[452] Phil. Trans. 1833, p. 204.

[453] See Lyell's Travels in North America, in 1842, vol. ii. p.
166. London, 1845.

[454] Rennell, Phil. Trans. 1781.

[455] MS. of Capt. Bayfield, R. N.

[456] Silliman's Journ. vol. xxxiv. p. 349.

[457] Phil. Trans. 1829, part i. p. 29.

[458] Phil. Trans. 1724.

[459] Bull. de la Soc. Gaol de France,--Rasuma, p. 72, 1832.

[460] Clarke's Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, vol. iii. pp.
340 and 363, 4th edition.

[461] Nouvelle Chronique de la Ville de Bayonne, pp. 113, 139:
1827.

[462] Stevenson on bed of German Ocean, Ed. Phil. Journ. No. v.
p. 44: 1820.

[463] Stevenson, ibid. p. 47: 1820.

[464] Robt. A. C. Austen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p.
76.

[465] Experiments to determine the Figure of the Earth, &c. p.
445.

[466] Lochead on Nat. Hist. of Guiana, Edin. Trans. vol. iv.

[467] On the authority of Mr. Faraday.

[468] On the authority of Mr. R. Phillips.

[469] See Von Buch's Description of Canary Islands (Paris, ed.
1836) for a valuable sketch of the principal volcanoes of the
globe.

[470] Darwin, Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. v. p. 612.

[471] Ibid. p. 606.

[472] Bull. de la Soc. Gaol. tom. vi. p. 55.

[473] Bull. de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. vi. p. 56.

[474] Caldeleugh, Phil. Trans. 1836, p. 27.

[475] Comptes Rendus, 1849, vol. xxix. p. 531.

[476] See map of volcanic lines in Von Buch's work on the
Canaries.

[477] Von Buch, ibid. p. 409.

[478] Darwin, Structure and Distrib. of Coral reefs, &c., London,
1842. In the subjoined map, fig. 39, I have copied with
permission a small part of the valuable map accompanying this
work.

[479] Von Buch, Descrip. des Iles Canar. p. 450, who cites Erman
and others.

[480] Paper read at meeting of Brit. Assoc. Southampton, Sept.
1846.

[481] Macclelland, Report on Coal and Min. Resources of India.
Calcutta, 1838.

[482] Geology of the American Exploring Expedition. See also
Lyell's Manual, "Sandwich I. Volcanoes"--Index.

[483] Strabo, ed Fal., p. 900.

[484] Researches in Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 39.

[485] Virlet, Bulletin de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. iii. p.
109.

[486] Daubeny on Mount Vultur, Ashmolean Memoirs. Oxford, 1835.

[487] Book v. ch. xlvi.--See letter of M. Virlet, Bulletin de la
Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. ii. p. 341.

[488] See ch. 32, _Cause of Volcanic Eruptions_.

[489] Verneur, Journal des Voyages, tom. iv. p. 111. Von Hoff,
vol. ii. p. 275.

[490] Lib. v.

[491] Nat. Hist. lib. iii. c. 6.

[492] See Poulett Scrope, Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. ii. pl.
34.

[493] De Rerum Nat. vi. 740.--Forbes, on Bay of Naples, Edin.
Journ. of Sci. No iii. new series, p. 87. Jan. 1830.

[494] Humboldt, Voy. p. 317.

[495] Von Buch, Ueber einen vulcanischen Ausbruch auf der Insel
Lanzerote.

[496] Haustae aut obrutae urbes.--Hist. lib. i.

[497] Hist. Rom. lib. lxvi.

[498] The earliest authority, says Mr. Forbes, given for this
fact, appears to be Capaccio, quoted in the Terra Tremante of
Bonito.--Edin. Journ. of Sci. &c. No. i. new series, p. 127.
July, 1829.

[499] Geol. Trans. second series, vol. ii. p. 346.

[500] Lib. vi. de Bello Neap. in Graevii Thesaur.

[501] Prodig. libel. c. cxiv.

[502] This representation of the Phlegraean Fields is reduced
from part of Plate xxxi. of Sir William Hamilton's great work
"Campi Phlegraei." The faithfulness of his colored delineations
of the scenery of that country cannot be too highly praised.

[503] Campi Phlegraei, p. 70.

[504] Campi Phlegraei, p. 77.

[505] P. 347. Paris, 1836.

[506] "Magnus terrae tractus, qui inter radices montis, quem
Barbarum incolae appellant, et mare juxta Avernum jacet, sese
erigere videbatur, et montis subito nascentis figuram imitari.
Eo ipso die hora noctis II., iste terrae cumulus, aperto veluti
ore, magno cum fremitu, magnos ignes evomuit; pumicesque, et
lapides, cineresque."--Porzio, Opera Omnis, Medica, Phil., et
Mathemat., in unum collecta, 1736, cited by Dufranoy, Mam.
pour servir a une Description Gaologique de la France, tom.
iv. p. 274.

[507] See Neues Jahr Buch for 1846, and a translation in the
Quarterly Journ. of the Geol. Soc. for 1847, vol iii. p. 20,
Memoirs.

[508] Mem. Roy. Acad. Nap. 1849.

[509] "Verum quod omnem superat admirationem, mons circum eam
voraginem ex pummicibus et cincere plusquam mille passuum
altitudine una nocte congestus aspicitur."

[510] Mam. de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. ii. p. 91.

[511] Dufranoy, Mem. pour servir, &c. p. 277.

[512] Darwin's Volcanic Islands, 106, note.

[513] Geology of the American Exploring Expedition, in
1838-1842, p. 354.

[514] Ibid. p. 328.

[515] See chap. 29.

[516] Hamilton (writing in 1770) says, "the new mountain
produces as yet but a very slender vegetation."--Campi
Phlegraei, p. 69. This remark was no longer applicable when I
saw it, in 1828.

[517] Hamilton's Campi Phlegraei, folio, vol. i. p. 62; and
Brieslak, Campanie, tome i. p. 186.

[518] Account of the Eruption of Vesuvius in October, 1822, by
G. P. Scrope, Esq., Journ. of Sci. &c. vol. xv. p. 175.

[519] Mr. Forbes, Account of Mount Vesuvius, Edin. Journ. of
Sci. No. xviii. p. 195. Oct. 1828.

[520] Ibid. p. 194.

[521] Monticelli and Covelli, Storia di Fenon. del Vesuv. en
1821-23.

[522] Campi Phlegraei.

[523] Otter's Life of Dr. Clarke.

[524] Phil. Trans. 1846, p. 154.

[525] Ibid. p. 148.

[526] Ibid. p. 241.

[527] Bulletin de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. vii. p. 43;
and Illustrations of Vesuvius and Etna, p. 3.

[528] Geognost. Beobachtungen, &c., p. 182. Berlin, 1839.

[529] Von Buch, Descrip. Phys. des Iles Canaries, p. 342.
Paris, 1836.

[530] Vues Illust. de Phanom. Gaol. Observ. sur le Vasuve et
l'Etna. Berlin, 1837.

[531] Ibid. p. 2.

[532] 2d edit. 1848, p. 216.

[533] So called from travellers leaving their horses and mules
there when they prepare to ascend the cone on foot.

[534] Dufranoy, Mam. pour servir a une Descrip. Geol. de la
France, tom. iv. p. 294.

[535] Descrip. Phys. des Iles Canaries, p. 344.

[536] See Daubeny's Volcanoes, p. 400.

[537] Geol. of American Explor. Exped. p. 359, note. Mr. Dana
informed me (Sept. 1852), that an angle of 60 degrees instead of
30 degrees, was given by mistake in his work.

[538] Ibid. p. 354.

[539] Geol. Trans. 2d series, vol. ii. p. 341.

[540] See a paper by the Author on "Craters of Denudation,"
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1850.

[541] Dufranoy, Mam. pour servir, &c. tom. iv. p. 285.

[542] Journal of Science, vol. xv. p. 177.

[543] Voy. dans la Campanie, tome i. p. 201.

[544] Mr. Forbes, Edin. Journ. of Sci. No. xviii. Oct. 1828.

[545] Daubeny on Volcanoes, p. 169.

[546] Scrope, Geol. Trans. second series, vol. ii. p. 346.

[547] Monticelli and Covelli, Prodrom. della Mineral. Vesuv.

[548] The great eruption, in 1822, caused a covering only a
few inches thick on Pompeii. Several feet are mentioned by
Prof. J. D. Forbes.--Ed. Journ. of Science, No. xix. p. 181,
Jan. 1829. But he must have measured in spots where it had
drifted. The dust and ashes were five feet thick at the top of
the crater, and decreased gradually to ten inches at Torre del
Annunziata. The size and weight of the ejected fragments
diminished very regularly in the same continuous stratum, as
the distance from the centre of projection was greater.

[549] Forbes, Ed. Journ. of Sci. No. xix. p. 130, Jan. 1829.

[550] Scrope, Geol. Trans. second series, vol. ii. p. 346.

[551] Napoli, 1816.

[552] Not a few of the organic bodies, called by Ehrenberg
"infusoria," such as Galionella and Bacillaria, have been
recently claimed by many botanists as belonging to the
vegetable kingdom, and are referred to the classes called
Diatomaceae and Desmidiae.

[553] See Ehrenberg, Proceedings (Berichte) of the Royal Acad.
of Sci. Berlin, 1844, 1845, and an excellent abstract of his
papers by Mr. Ansted in the Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc.
London, No. 7, Aug. 1846. In regard to marine infusoria found
in volcanic tuff; it is well known that on the shores of the
island of Cephalonia in the Mediterranean (Proceedings, Geol.
Soc. vol. ii. p. 220), there is a cavity in the rock, into
which the sea has been flowing for ages, and many others
doubtless exist in the leaky bottom of the ocean. The marine
current has been rushing in for many years, and as the
infusoria inhabiting the waters of the Mediterranean are
exceedingly abundant, a vast store of their cases may
accumulate in submarine caverns (the water, perhaps, being
converted into steam, and so escaping upwards), and they may
then be cast up again to furnish the materials of volcanic
tuff, should an eruption occur like that which produced Graham
Island, off the coast of Sicily, in 1831.

[554] Hamilton, Observ. on Mount Vesuvius, p. 94. London,
1774.

[555] Swinburne and Lalande. Paderni, Phil. Trans. 1758, vol.
i. p. 619.

[556] Prof. J. D. Forbes, Edin. Journ. of Sci. No. xix. p.
130, Jan. 1829.

[557] In one of the manuscripts which was in the hands of the
interpreters when I visited the museum in 1828, the author
indulges in the speculation that all the Homeric personages
were allegorical--that Agamemnon was the ether, Achilles the
sun, Helen the earth, Paris the air, Hector the moon, &c.

[558] Sir H. Davy, Consolations in Travel, p. 66.

[559] Forsyth's Italy, vol. ii.

[560] In 1815, Captain Smyth ascertained, trigonometrically,
that the height of Etna was 10,874 feet. The Catanians,
disappointed that their mountain had lost nearly 2000 feet of
the height assigned to it by Recupero, refused to acquiesce in
the decision. Afterwards, in 1824, Sir J. Herschel, not being
aware of Captain Smyth's conclusions, determined by careful
barometrical measurement that the height was 10,872-1/2 feet.
This singular agreement of results so differently obtained was
spoken of by Herschel as "a happy accident;" but Dr. Wollaston
remarked that "it was one of those accidents which would not
have happened to two fools."

[561] Book iii. at the end.

[562] The hill which I have here introduced was called by my
guide Vampolara, but the name given in the text is the nearest
to this which I find in Gemmellaro's Catalogue of Minor Cones.

[563] Mam. pour servir, &c. tom. iv. p. 116.

[564] See Prof. J. D. Forbes, Phil. Trans. 1846, p. 155, on
Velocity of Lava.

[565] Ferrara, Descriz. dell' Etna, p. 108.

[566] Ferrara, Descriz. dell' Etna. Palermo, 1818.

[567] This view is taken from a sketch made by Mr. James
Bridges, corrected after comparison with several sketches of
my own.

[568] Scrope on Volcanoes, p. 153.

[569] This drawing is part of a panoramic sketch which I made
from the summit of the cone, December 1, 1828, when every part
of Etna was free from clouds except the Val del Bove. The
small cone, and the crater nearest the foreground, were among
those formed during the eruptions of 1810 and 1811.

[570] Scrope on Volcanoes, p. 102.

[571] Ferara, Descriz. dell' Etna, p. 116.

[572] Mr. Nasmyth, the inventor of the steam-hammer, has
lately illustrated, by a very striking experiment, the
non-conductibility of a thin layer of dry sand and clay. Into
a caldron of iron one-fourth of an inch thick, lined with sand
and clay five-eighths of an inch thick, he poured eight tons
of melted iron at a white heat. After the fused metal had been
twenty minutes in the caldron the palm of the hand could be
applied to the outside without inconvenience, and after forty
minutes there was not heat enough to singe writing-paper. This
fact may help us to explain how strata in contact with dikes,
or beds of fused matter, have sometimes escaped without
perceptible alteration by heat.

[573] Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. vol. i. p. 64.

[574] Hoffman, Geognost. Beobachtungen, p. 701. Berlin, 1839.

[575] Mam. pour servir, &c., tom. iv. Paris, 1838.

[576] Geognost. Beobachtungen, &c. Berlin, 1839.

[577] De Beaumont, Mam. pour servir, &c. tom. iv. pp. 187,
188.

[578] Mam. pour servir, tom. iv. p. 149.

[579] P. 62, _supra_.

[580] See p. 366.

[581] On the Longevity of Trees, Bibliot. Univ., May, 1831.

[582] Sedgwick, Anniv. Address to Geol. Soc. p. 35. Feb. 1831.

[583] Von Hoff, vol. ii. p. 393.

[584] The first narrative of the eruption was drawn up by
Stephenson, then Chief Justice in Iceland, appointed
Commissioner by the King of Denmark for estimating the damage
done to the country, that relief might be afforded to the
sufferers. Henderson was enabled to correct some of the
measurements given by Stephenson, of the depth, width, and
length of the lava currents, by reference to the MS. of Mr.
Paulson, who visited the tract in 1794, and examined the lava
with attention. (Journal of a Residence in Iceland, &c. p.
229.) Some of the principal facts are also corroborated by Sir
William Hooker, in his "Tour in Iceland," vol. ii. p. 128.

[585] Henderson's Journal, &c. p. 228.

[586] Jameson's Phil. Journ. vol. xxvi. p. 291.

[587] Tableau des Terrains qui composent l'Ecorce du Globe, p.
52. Paris, 1829.

[588] Daubeny on Volcanoes, p. 337.

[589] See Scrope on Volcanoes, p. 267.

[590] Leonhard and Bronn's Neues Jahrbuch, 1835, p. 36.

[591] Van der Boon Mesch, de Incendiis Montium Javae, &c. Lugd.
Bat. 1826; and Official Report of the President, Baron Van der
Capellen; also, Von Buch, Iles Canar. p. 424.

[592] Journ. de Gaol. tome i.

[593] In a former edition, I selected the name of Sciacca out
of seven which had been proposed; but the Royal and
Geographical Societies have now adopted Graham Island; a name
given by Capt. Senhouse, R. N., the first who succeeded in
landing on it. The seven rival names are Nerita, Ferdinanda,
Hotham, Graham, Corrao, Sciacca, Julia. As the isle was
visible for only about three months, this is an instance of a
wanton multiplication of synonyms which has scarcely ever been
outdone even in the annals of zoology and botany.

[594] Phil. Trans. 1832, p. 255.

[595] Journ. of Roy. Geograph. Soc. 1830-31.

[596] Phil. Trans. part. ii. 1832, reduced from drawings by
Capt. Wodehouse, R. N.

[597] In the annexed sketch (fig. 60), drawn by M. Joinville,
who accompanied M. C. Prevost, the beds seem to slope towards
the centre of the crater; but I am informed by M. Prevost that
these lines were not intended by the artist to represent the
dip of the beds.

[598] See Memoir by M. C. Prevost, Ann. des Sci. Nat. tom.
xxiv.

[599] Geol. of Fife and the Lothians, p. 41. Edin. 1839.

[600] Phil. Trans. 1832, p. 243.

[601] Ibid. p. 249.

[602] Darwin's Volcanic Islands, p. 92.

[603] Ibid. p. 6.

[604] This account was principally derived by Von Buch from
the MS. of Don Andrea Lorenzo Curbeto, curate of Yaira, the
point where the eruption began.--Ueber einen vulcanischen
Ausbruch auf der Insel Lanzerote.

[605] Farussac, Bulletin des Sci. Nat. tome v. p. 45: 1825.

[606] Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, Juin, 1846.

[607] Virlet, Bull. de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. iii. p.
103.

[608] Phil. Trans. No. 332.

[609] E. Forbes, Brit. Association, Report for 1843.

[610] See a paper read to the Geographical Society in 1849.

[611] Bull. de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tome iii.

[612] Virlet, Bull. de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tome iii. p.
103.

[613] Poggendorf's Annalen, 1836, p. 183.

[614] See Admiralty Chart, with views and sections, 1842.

[615] For height of cone and references, see Buist, Volcanoes
of India, Trans. Bombay Geol. Soc. vol. x. p. 143.

[616] Humboldt's Cosmos.

[617] Daubeny, Volcanoes, p. 267.

[618] See Buist, Volcanoes of India, Trans. Bombay Geol. Soc.
vol. x. p. 154, and Captain Robertson, Journ. of Roy. Asiat.
Soc. 1850.

[619] See Glossary.

[620] Bunsen, Volcanic Rocks of Iceland.

[621] Bulletin de la Soc. Gaol. de France, tom. ii. p. 206.

[622] Since the publication of the first edition of this work,
numerous accounts of recent earthquakes have been published;
but as they do not illustrate any new principle, I cannot
insert them, as they would enlarge too much the size of my
work. The late Von Hoff published from time to time, in
Poggendorf's Annalen, lists of earthquakes which happened
between 1821 and 1836; and, by consulting these, the reader
will perceive that every month is signalized by one or many
convulsions in some part of the globe. See also Mallet's
Dynamics of Earthquakes, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. 1846; and
"Earthquakes," Admiralty Manual, 1849; also Hopkins' Report,
Brit. Assoc. 1847-8.

[623] Darwin, Geol. Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 658.

[624] Dumoulin, Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. Oct. 1838,
p. 706.

[625] Phil. Trans. 1836, p. 21.

[626] Phil. Trans. 1826.

[627] Darwin's Journ. of Travels in South America, Voyage of
Beagle, p. 372.

[628] Biblioth. Univ. Oct. 1828, p. 157.

[629] Phil. Mag. July 1828, p. 37.

[630] Geol. Trans. vol. i. 2d ser., and Journ. of Sci. 1824,
vol. xvii. p. 40.

[631] Geol. Trans, vol. i. 2d ser. p. 415.

[632] Journ. of Sci. vol. xvii. p. 42.

[633] Reise um die Erde; and see Dr. Meyen's letter cited
Foreign Quart. Rev. No. 33, p. 13, 1836.

[634] Geol. Soc. Proceedings, No. xl. p. 179, Feb. 1835.

[635] Proceed. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. p. 447.

[636] Geol. Trans. vol. i. 2d ser. p. 415.

[637] Journal of Science, vol. xvii. pp. 40, 45.

[638] See Asiatic Journal, vol. i.

[639] Macmurdo Ed. Phil. Journ. iv. 106.

[640] I was indebted to my friend the late Sir Alexander
Burnes for the accompanying sketch (fig. 72) of the fort of
Sindree, as it appeared eleven years before the earthquake.

[641] This Memoir is now in the Library of the Royal Asiatic
Society of London.

[642] Several particulars not given in the earlier edition
were afterwards obtained by me from personal communication
with Sir A. Burnes in London.

[643] Capt. Burnes' Account.

[644] Capt. Macmurdo's Memoir, Ed. Phil. Journ. vol. iv. p.
106.

[645] Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 103.

[646] MS. of J. Crawfurd, Esq.

[647] Raffles' Java, vol. i. p. 28.

[648] Raffles' Hist, of Java, vol. i. p. 25. Ed. Phil Journ.
vol. iii. p. 389.

[649] Life and Services of Sir Stamford Raffles, p. 241.
London, 1830.

[650] Humboldt's Pers. Nar. vol. iv. p. 12; and Ed. Phil.
Journ. vol. i. p. 272: 1819.

[651] Cramer's Navigator, p. 243. Pittsburgh, 1821.

[652] Long's Exped. to the Rocky Mountains, vol. iii. p. 184.

[653] Silliman's Journ. Jan. 1829.

[654] See Lyell's Second Visit to the United States, ch.
xxxiii.

[655] Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die Welt. bd. ii. s. 209.

[656] Neue Allgem. Geogr. Ephemer. bd. iii. s. 348.

[657] Cavanilles, Journ. de Phys. tome xlix. p. 230. Gilbert's
Annalen, bd. vi. Humboldt's Voy. p. 317.

[658] Humboldt's Voy., Relat. Hist., part. i. p. 309.

[659] Macgregor's Travels in America.

[660] Humboldt's Voy., Relat. Hist., part. ii. p. 632.

[661] Ferrara, Camp. fl., p. 51.

[662] Batav. Trans, vol. viii. p. 141.

[663] Istoria de'Tremuoti della Calabria del 1783.

[664] Descriz de'Tremuoti Accad. nelle Calabria nel 1783.
Napoli, 1784.

[665] Istoria de' Fenomeni del Tremoto, &c., nell' An. 1783,
posta in luce dalla Real. Accad., &c. di Nap. Napoli, 1783,
fol.

[666] Dissertation on the Calabrian Earthquake, &c.,
translated in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vol. v.

[667] Proceed. Roy. Irish Acad. 1846, p. 26.

[668] Journal of a Naturalist, p. 376, and ii. ib. 308.

[669] Proceedings Roy. Irish Acad. 1846, pp. 14-16.

[670] See Mr. Mallet's attempt to controvert this view, p. 32
ibid.

[671] Phil. Trans. vol. lxxiii. p. 180.

[672] Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, vol. v. as cited above,
p. 455, note.

[673] Dolomieu, ibid.

[674] Sir H. Davy's Consolations in Travel, p. 246.

[675] Dr. Horsfield, Batav. Trans. vol. viii. p. 26. Dr. H.
informs me that he has seen this truncated mountain; and,
though he did not ascend it, he has conversed with those who
have examined it. Raffles' account (History of Java, vol. i.)
is derived from Horsfield.

[676] Essai sur l'Hist. Nat. de l'Isle de St. Domingue. Paris,
1776.

[677] Hist. de l'Acad. des Sciences. 1752, Paris.

[678] M'Clelland's Report on Min. Resources of India: 1838,
Calcutta. For other particulars, see Phil. Trans. vol. liii.

[679] Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x. pp. 351, 433.

[680] Hist, and Philos. of Earthquakes, p. 317.

[681] Cosmos, vol. i.

[682] Rev. C. Davy's Letters, vol. ii. Letter ii. p. 12, who
was at Lisbon at the time, and ascertained that the boats and
vessels said to have been swallowed were missing.

[683] On the Formation of the Earth, p. 55.

[684] Geol. Soc. Proceedings, No. 60, p. 36. 1838.

[685] Michell on Earthquakes, Phil. Trans. vol. li. p. 566.
1760.

[686] Michell, Phil. Trans. vol. li. p. 614.

[687] Quarterly Review, No. lxxxvi. p. 459.

[688] Darwin's Travels in South America, &c., 1832 to 1836.
Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, vol. iii. p. 377.

[689] Ann. de Ch. et de Ph., tom. xxii. p. 428.

[690] Mallet, Proceed. Roy. Irish Acad. 1846.

[691] See Father Acosta's work; and Sir Woodbine Parish, Geol
Soc. Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 215.

[692] Molina, Hist. of Chili, vol. ii.

[693] Captain Belcher has shown me these shells, and the
collection has been examined by Mr. Broderip.

[694] Ulloa's Voyage to South America, vol. ii. book viii. ch.
vi.

[695] Ibid. vol. ii. book vii. ch. vii.

[696] Ulloa's Voyage, vol. ii. p. 82.

[697] Wafer, cited by Sir W. Parish, Geol. Soc. Proceedings,
vol. ii. p. 215.

[698] Hist. of America, decad. iii. book xi. ch. i.

[699] Darwin's Journal, p. 451.

[700] Ibid. p. 413.

[701] Misspelt "Sales" in Hooke's Account.

[702] Hooke's Posthumous Works, p. 437. 1705.

[703] Phil. Trans. 1700.

[704] Humboldt, Atl. Pit. p. 106.

[705] Phil. Trans. 1693-4.

[706] Phil. Trans. 1693.

[707] Manual of Geol. p. 133, second edition.

[708] Vol. i. p. 235, 8vo ed. 3 vols. 1801.

[709] Letter to the Author, May, 1838.

[710] Phil. Trans. 1694.

[711] This view of the temple (substituted for one by A. de
Jorio, given in the earlier editions) has been reduced from
part of a beautiful colored drawing taken in 1836, with the
aid of the camera lucida, by Mr. l'Anson to illustrate a paper
by Mr. Babbage on the temple, read March, 1834, and published
in the Quart. Journ. of the Geol. Soc. of London, vol. iii.
1847.

[712] Mr. Babbage examined this spot in company with Sir
Edmund Head in June, 1828, and has shown me numerous specimens
of the shells collected there, and in the Temple of Serapis.

[713] This view is taken from Sir W. Hamilton, Campi Phlegraei,
plate 26.

[714] This spot here indicated on the summit of the cliff is
that from which Hamilton's view, plate 26, Campi Phlegraei
(reduced in fig. 88, p. 509) is taken, and on which, he says,
Cicero's villa, called the Academia, anciently stood.

[715] On the authority of Captain W. H. Smyth, R. N.

[716] Dissertazione sulla Sagra Archittetura degli Antichi.

[717] This appears from the measurement of Captain Basil Hall,
R. N., Proceedings of Geol. Soc., No. 38, p. 114; see also
Patchwork, by the same author, vol. iii. p. 158. The fact of
the three standing columns having been each formed out of a
single stone was first pointed out to me by Mr. James Hall,
and is important, as helping to explain why they were not
shaken down.

[718] _Modiola lithophaga_, Lam. _Mytilus lithophagus_, Linn.

[719] _Serpula contortuplicata_, Linn., and _Vermilia
triquetra_, Lam. These species, as well as the _Lithodomus_,
are now inhabitants of the neighboring sea.

[720] Brieslak, Voy. dans la Campanie, tom. ii. p. 167.

[721] Ed. Journ. of Science, new series, No. II. p. 281.

[722] Sul Tempio di Serap. ch. viii.

[723] Tavola Metrica Chronologica, &c. Napoli, 1838. Mr.
Smith, of Jordan Hill, writing in 1847, estimated the rate of
subsidence, at that period, at _one inch_ annually. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 237.

[724] Voy. dans la Campanie, tome ii. p. 162.

[725] Mr. Forbes, Physical Notices of the Bay of Naples. Ed.
Journ. of Sci., No. II., new series, p. 280. October, 1829.
When I visited Puzzuoli, and arrived at the above conclusions,
I knew nothing of Mr. Forbes's observations, which I first saw
on my return to England the year following.

[726] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1847, vol. iii. p. 203.

[727] Nuove Ricerche sul Temp. di Serap.

[728] The Swedish measure scarcely differs from ours; the foot
being divided into twelve inches, and being less than ours by
three-eighths of an inch only.

[729] For a full account of the Celsian controversy, we may
refer our readers to Von Hoff, Geschichte, &c. vol. i. p. 439.

[730] Piteo, Luleo, and Obo are spelt, in many English maps,
Pitea, Lulea, Abo; the _a_ is not sounded in the Swedish
diphthong _ao_ or _a_.

[731] Sect. 393.

[732] Sect. 398.

[733] Transl. of his Travels, p. 387.

[734] In the earlier editions I expressed many doubts as to
the validity of the proofs of a gradual rise of land in
Sweden. A detailed statement of the observations which I made
in 1834, and which led me to change my opinion, will be found
in the Philosophical Transactions for 1835, part i.

[735] See Professor Johnston's Paper, Ed. New Phil. Journ. No.
29, July 1833; and my remarks, Phil. Trans. 1835, p. 12.

[736] See p. 522; also chap. 15, _supra_.