Chapter L: Formation of Coral Reefs (6)

Charae, fossilized, 767.

Charlevoix, chart of coast of Gulf of Mexico, 272.

Charpentier, M., on glaciers, 223, 227.

Cheirotherium, in old red sandstone and coal, 136.

Chemical theory of volcanoes, 542, 546.

Chepstow, rise of the tides at, 291.

Cheshire, brine springs of, 247.
----, waste of coast of, 324.

Chesil bank, 320.

Chesilton, overwhelmed by sea, 320.

Chili, earthquakes in, 65, 347, 357, 453, 457.
----, numerous volcanoes in, 346.
----, coast of, upheaved, 170, 172, 347, 455, 457.

Chiloe, 349.

Chimborazo, height of, 102.

China, climate of, 95.
----, earthquakes in, 355.

Chinese deluge, 7.

Chines, or narrow ravines, described, 319.

Chittagong, earthquakes at, 476.

Chockier, cave at, 736.

Chonos archipelago, rise of land in, 453.

Christchurch Head promontory, 319.

Christie, Mr., on plasticity of ice, 226.

Christol, M. de, on fossils in caves, 738, 739.

Chronology of Hebrew Scriptures, 659.
----, of Dr. Hales, 659.

Cimbrian deluge, 331.

Cisterna on Etna, how formed, 414.

Cities engulfed, 173.

Civita Vecchia, springs at, 243.

Clarke, Dr., on lava in motion, 377.

Cleavage, or slaty structure, 176.

Clermont, calcareous springs at, 239.

Climate of Europe, Raspe on former, 43.
----, changes of 75, 86.
----, change of, in northern hemisphere, 73, 123.
----, on causes of vicissitudes in, 92.
----, astronomical causes of fluctuations in, 126.
----, its influence on distribution of plants, 613.
----, effect of changes in, on range of species, 696.
----, influence of vegetation on, 713.

Climates, insular and excessive, 94.

Coal, modern, at mouths of Mackenzie, 743.
----, ancient beds, formed of plants, 90.
----, ancient, formed in deltas, 116.
----, fields, American, 115.
----, formed by plants which grow on the spot, 115.
----, period, warmth, moisture, &c. of climate, 126.
----, formation, fossil plants of the, 88, 115, 133.
----, climate indicated by, 91.
----, reptilian fossils in, 136.
----, _See_ Carboniferous.

Colchester, Mr. W., on fossil quadrumana, 144.

Colebrooke, Mr. H. T., on age of Vedas, 4.
----, on crocodiles of the Ganges, 277.
----, Major R. H., on the Ganges, 277.

Colle, travertin of, 240.

Colombia, earthquakes in, 456.

Colonna, on organic remains, 23.

Columbia, R., submerged forest in, 270.

Conception, earthquakes at, 453, 456, 499, 761.

Conglomerates, now formed by rivers, &c., 289.
----, volcanic, 411, 438.

Coniferae of coal, 133.
----, Araucarian, in coal, 88.

Consolidation of strata, 175.

Conybeare, Rev. W. D., on Lister, 26.
----, on landslip near Axmouth, 321, 322.

Cook, Captain, on drifting of canoes far, 661.
----, on highland near the South Pole, 98, 99.

Copaic lake, 735.

Copernican theory, edicts against, repealed at Rome, 56.

Copiapo, earthquakes at, 347.
----, raised banks of shells at, 458.

Coral islands, 775, 776, 793.
----, origin of their circular form, 783.
----, linear direction of, 782.
----, rate of growth, 776.
----, downward movement slow and uniform, 791.
----, absence of, in Atlantic, &c., 796.

Coralline crag fossils, 142.

Corda, on palm wood in Bohemian coal, 88.
----, cited, 133.

Cordier, M., on rate of increase of heat in mines, 538, 539.
----, his theory on central heat and fluidity, 540.
----, on tides in the internal melted ocean, 541.

Cordilleras shaken by earthquakes, 457, 466.
----, parallel ridges successively upheaved, 170.

Corinth, decomposition of rocks in, 733.

Cornwall, waste of cliffs of, 323.
----, land inundated by drift-sand in, 727.
----, temperature of mines in, 538.

Coromandel, inundations of sea on coast of, 730.

Coseguina volcano, great eruption of, 347.

Cosmogony distinct from geology, 3.
----, of the Hindoos, 4.
----, Egyptian, 8.
----, of the Koran, 18.

Cosmopolite shells, 650.

Coste, Capt., on elevation caused by earthquakes, 453.

Cotopaxi, 348, 560.

Covelli, M., on hot spring in Ischia, 456.
----, on Vesuvian minerals, 385.

Cowper, the poet, on age of earth, 55.

Crag strata, fossils of the, 142.

Craters of elevation, theory of, 371, 380, 415.

Crawfurd, Mr., his discovery of fossils in Ava, 28.
----, on eruption in Sumbawa, 106, 464, 465.
----, on drifting of canoes, 662.

Creation, supposed centres or foci of, 667.
----, epoch of, difference of opinion on, 660.

Cremona, lakes filled up near, 255.

Crocodiles imbedded by a river inundation in Java, 503, 748.

Cromer, waste of cliffs of, 306.

Cropthorn, fossils found at, 76.

Cruickshanks, Mr. A., on Chilian earthquake, 457.

Cuba, fossils in caves of, 741.

Culver, cliff, 318.

Cumana, earthquake of, 470.

Cunningham, Major, on buried temples of Cashmere, 764.

Cupressus thyoides, 725.

Currents from equatorial regions, 96.
----, from the pole to the equator, 107.
----, causes and velocity of, 293.
----, polar and tropical, direction of, 295.
----, destroying and transporting power of, 297, 340.
----, in estuaries, their power, 337.
----, in the Straits of Gibraltar, 333.

Currents, reproductive effects of, 337.
----, on the British shores, 339.
----, convey species from Antarctic to Arctic Ocean, 622.

Curtis, Mr., on ravages caused by aphides, 674.
----, on power of the Tipulae to cross the sea, 657.
----, on number of British insects, 705.
----, on fossil insects, 748.

Curves of the Mississippi, 265.

Cutch, changes caused by earthquake of 1819 in, 469, 761.

Cuvier on durability of bones of men, 147, 757.
----, on crocodiles of Ganges, 277.
----, on variability in species, 583, 584.
----, on fish not crossing the Atlantic, 647.
----, on identity of Egyptian mummies with living species, 586.
----, on number of fishes, 705.

Cuvier, M. F., on aptitude of some animals to domestication, 593.
----, on influence of domestication, 595.

Cypris, fossil and living, 768.

D.

Dana, Mr., on Sandwich Islands, 354, 372, 383, 548.
----, on fragments of recent coral thrown up by Polynesian
volcanoes, 372.
----, on Mount Loa, volcano, 552.
----, on "volcanoes no safety-valves," 552.

Dangerfield, Capt F., on buried cities In India, 729.
----, on Onjein, 729.

Daniell, Professor, on the trade winds, 106.
----, on melting point of iron, 539.

Dante cited, 52, 256.

Dantzic, waste of land near, 331.

Darby, on lakes formed by Red River, 269.
----, on delta of Mississippi, 272.

Darwin, Mr. C., on distribution of animals and plants, 77, 98, 141.
----, on vegetation required for support of large quadrupeds, 82.
----, Mr. C., on drifting of rocks by ice, 228.
----, on earthquakes, 347, 458, 456, 476, 753.
----, on earthquake waves, 497.
----, on rise of land, 458, 502.
----, on oolitic travertin, 439.
----, on great droughts in S. America, 696.
----, on peat of S. America, 719.
----, on coral islands, 779, 780, 782, 785, 789.
----, geology of S. America, 170.
----, on recent shells in Chili, 190.
----, on shingle on coast of S. America, 342.
----, map of coral reefs, 352, 791, 794.
----, on crateriform hills of Galapagos, 372.
----, infusoria brought home by, 388.
----, on new islands forming in Atlantic, 436.
----, on nat. hist. of Galapagos, 141, 597, 615, 616, 642.
----, on extinction of animals, 700.

Daubeny, Dr., on springs, 237.
----, on Mount Vultur, 356.
----, on Vesuvius, 380.
----, on decomposition of trachyte, 385.
----, on flowing of lava under water, 383.
----, on volcanoes, 548, 549, 550, 551.

D'Aubuisson cited, 58, 411.

Davis, Mr., on Chinese deluge, 7.

Davy, Sir H., on lake of the Solfatara, 243.
----, on formation of travertin, 243.
----, on theory of progressive development, 131.
----, on eruption of Vesuvius, 378.
----, on chemical agency of electricity, 542.
----, his theory of unoxidated metallic nucleus, 546.
----, on agency of air and water in volcanoes, 548, 550.
----, his analysis of peat, 718.

Davy, Dr., on Graham Island, 436, 549.
----, on helmet taken from sea near Corfu, 760.

De Beaumont. _See_ Beaumont, De.

Debey, Dr., of Aix, on cretaceous dicotyledons, 133.

De Candolle, on hybrid plants, 605.
----, on distribution of plants, 613, 616.
----, on agency of man in dispersion of plants, 625.
----, on stations of plants, 670.
----, on barriers separating botanical provinces, 703.
----, on number of land plants, 705.
----, on longevity of trees, 422.

Dechen, Von, map of Germany, &c., 123.

Dee, R., bridge over, swept away by floods, 208.

Deer, their powers of swimming, 636.
----, diminished number in Great Britain, 683.
----, remains of, in marl lakes, 752.

De la Beche, Sir H., on rocks in S. Wales, 91.
----, on delta of Rhone in Lake of Geneva, 253.
----, on storm of Nov., 1824, 321.
----, on submarine forests, 323.
----, on earthquake of Jamaica, 1692, 504.
----, on action of rain in the tropics, 713.

De la Hire, on fossil wood from Ava, 1692, 28.

Delhi territory, elephants in, 81.

Delta of the Adige and Brenta, 256.
----, of the Brahmapootra or Burrampooter, 275.
----, of the Ganges, 275 to 284.
----, of the Mississippi, 263 to 275.
----, of the Mississippi, antiquity of. 271.
----, of the Nile, 261.
----, of the Po, 256.
----, of Rhone, in Lake of Geneva, 252.
----, of Rhone, in Mediterranean, 258.

Deltas, chronological computations of age of, 253, 285.
----, of Lake Superior, 253.
----, grouping of strata in, 286.

De Luc, his treatise on Geology, 56.
----, on conversion of forests into peat mosses, 721.

De Luc, M. G. A., his natural chronometers, 726.

Deluge, ancient theories on, 18, 23, 25, 31, 42, 155.
----, fossil shells referred to the, 20.

Deluges, local, how caused, 7, 269.
----, traditions of different, 7, 11, 42, 331, 356, 500, 501.

Demaillet, speculative views of, 572.

Denudation can only keep pace with deposition, 154.
----, effects of, 708.

Deposition of sediment, shifting of the area of, 188.
----, and denudation parts of the same process, 154.

Deshayes, M., on fossils of tertiary, 184.

Desmarest, his definition of geology, 3.
----, on Auvergne, 49.

Desnoyers, M., on human remains in caves, 739.

Desor, M., on glacier motion, 224.

Deucalion's deluge, 12.

Deville, M., on contraction of granite, 173.
----, on trachytes, 440.

Devonian strata formed in deep seas, 117.

Diatomaceae, 388.

Dikes, composition and position of, 379.
----, how caused, 379.

Diluvial waves, no signs of on Etna, 423.
----, theory of earlier geologists, 25.

Diodorus Siculus cited, 357.

Dion Cassius cited, 364.

Dodo, recent extinction of the, 684.

Dog, varieties of the, 570, 584.
----, hybrids between wolf and, 601.
----, acquired instincts hereditary in, 593.
----, has run wild in America, 686.

Doggerbank, 340.

Dollart, formation of estuary of the, 329.

Dolomieu on Val di Noto, Vicentin, and Tyrol, 49.
----, on lavas of Etna, 49.
----, on decomposition of granite, 249.
----, on earthquake of 1783 in Calabria, 473, 475, 478, 480.

Domestication, aptitude of some animals for, 593, 599.
----, influence of, 595.

Don, river, rocks transported by, 208.

Donati on bed of Adriatic, 38, 71, 774.

Donny, Mr., cited, 557.

D'Orbigny, M. A., on abrupt transition from one fossil
fauna to another, 184.

Dorsetshire, landslip in, 321.
----, waste of cliffs of, 319.

Dove, Mr., map of isothermal lines, 93.

Dover, waste of chalk cliffs of, 314.
----, depth of sea near, 315.
----, formation of Straits of, 315.
----, strata at foot of cliffs of, 314.

Downham buried by blown sand, 727.

Dranse, R., 210.

Drift, northern, fossil marine shells in, 186.

Drift-sand, fossils in, 727.

Drift-wood of Mississippi, 268.
----, abundant in North Sea, 744.

Drontheim, 529.

Droughts in S. America, animals destroyed by, 696.

Druids, their doctrines, 16.

Dufresnoy, M., geological map of France, 122.
----, on formation of Monte Nuovo, 371, 372.
----, on tuffs of Somma, 382.
----, on lavas of Vesuvius, 384.

Dujardin, M., on shells, &c., brought up by artesian well at Tours, 236.

Dumont, M., cited, 120, 328.

Dumoulin, M. on earthquakes in Chili, 453.

Dunes, hills of blown sand, 305, 307.

Dunwich destroyed by the sea, 310.

Durand, Lieut., on fossil quadrumana, 144.

Dureau de la Malle, M., cited, 584, 593.

Durham, waste of coast of, 303.

D'Urville, Capt, on temperature of Mediterranean, 296.

E.

Earth, antiquity of the, 21.
----, on changes in its axis, 80.
----, proportion of land and sea on surface, 125.
----, spheroidal form of the, 534.
----, mean density of the, 535.
----, attempt to calculate thickness of its crust, 536.

Earth, electric currents in the, 543.
----, sections of the (_see_ figs. 70, 71), 539.
----, effects produced by powers of vitality on surface, 708.

Earthquakes, chronologically described, 458, _et seq._
----, energy of, probably uniform, 58.
----, earth's surface continually remodelled by, 102.
----, recurrence of, at stated periods, accidental, 345.
----, felt at sea, 358.
----, land elevated by, 458, 455, 457, 462.
----, all countries liable to slight shocks of, 358.
----, phenomena attending, 452.
----, in Cutch, 1819 (_see_ Map), 460.
----, in Calabria, 1783, 471.
----, difficulty of measuring the effects of, 477.
----, chasms formed by, 479.
----, excavation of valleys aided by, 488.
----, renovating effects of, 565.
----, cause of the wave-like motion of, 475, 558.
----, cause of great waves and retreat of sea during, 496, 498.
----, ravages caused by sea during, 499, 501, 730.
----, connection between state of atmosphere and, 561.
----, people entombed in caverns during, 736.
----, causes of volcanoes and, 533.
----, recurrence of, in certain zones of country, 172.
----, of Lisbon, area over which it extended, 496.
----, more frequent in winter, 561.

Eccles, old church of, buried under blown sand, 306.

Edmonstone Island, 279.

Eels, migration of, 647.

Egypt nearly exempt from earthquakes, 9, 358.

Egypt, towns buried under drift-sand in, 726.
----, date of civilization of, according to Bunsen, 636.

Egyptian cosmogony, 8.
----, mummies identical with living species, 585.

Ehrenberg, on Bengal tiger in Siberia, 77.
----, on origin of bog-iron ore, 722.
----, on corals of Red Sea, 777.
----, on ashes enveloping Pompeii, 388.
----, on infusoria in volcanic tuff, 389.

Electricity, a source of volcanic heat, 542.
----, whence derived, 543.

Elephant, fossil, in ice, 45, 80.
----, covered with hair in Delhi, 81.
----, sagacity of, not attributable to intercourse with man, 598.
----, their powers of swimming, 636.

Elevation of land, how caused, 29, 448, 444, 453, 455, 457.
----, proofs of, slow and gradual, 170, 184, 518, 563.

Elevation and subsidence, proportion of, 564.
----, alternate areas of, in Pacific, 790.

Elevation crater theory, 371, 380, 420.

Elevation, valleys of, 420.

Elizabeth or Henderson's Island, upraised atoll of, 788, 794.

Elsa, travertin formed by the, 239.

Embankment, system of, in Italy, 255.

Emu in Australia will become exterminated, 684.

Englehardt on the Caspian Sea, 157.

England, waste of cliffs on coast of, 303.
----, slight earthquakes felt in, 358.
----, height of tides on coast of, 291, 308.
----, tertiary strata of, 76.

Eocene period, fossils of the, 142, 144, 183.

Epomeo, Mount, in Ischia, 362.

Equatorial current, 95.

Equinoxes, precession of the, 100, 537.

Erebus, Mount, the active volcano of, 99.

Erie, Lake, peninsula cut through by, 333.
----, waste of cliffs in, 333.

Erman, M., on eruptions in Kamschatka, 353.

Erratic blocks, 122, 154, 220.
----, icebergs charged with, 86.

Erratic blocks, submarine, laid dry by upheaval, 229.

Eruptions, volcanic, number of per year, 450.
----, cause of, 533.

Erzgebirge, mica slate of the, 48.

Escher, M., on flood in valley of Bagnes, 211.

Eschscholtz Bay, fossils of, 82.

Essex, tertiary strata of, 76.
----, inroads of sea on coast of, 311.

Estuaries, how formed, 327, 337.
----, imbedding of freshwater species in, 768.

Etna, description of and its eruptions, 396 to 424.
----, towns overflowed by lava of, 400, 728.
----, subterranean caverns on, 401.
----, a glacier under lava on, 412.
----, marine formations at its base, 401.
----, antiquity of cone of, 422.

Euganean Hills, lavas of, 359.

Euphrates, delta of advancing rapidly, 284.

Euxine burst its barrier, according to Strabo, 14.
----, gradually filling up, 14.
----, _See_ Black Sea.

Evaporation, water carried off by, 260, 294, 334.
----, currents caused by, 294.

Everest, Rev. E., on climate of fossil elephant, 81.
----, on sediment of Ganges, 282.

Excavation of valleys, 488.

Expansion of rocks by heat, 560.

Extinction of species, 697, 701.
----, of animals, 700, 702.

F.

Fabio Colonna, 23.

Facial angle, 608.

Fair Island, action of the sea on, 301.

Falconer, Dr., on fossil quadrumana, 144.
----, on crocodiles of Ganges, 277.

Falconer, Dr., on peat near Calcutta, 280.

Falconi on elevation of coast of Baiae, 367.

Falkland Islands, quadrupeds of, 141, 635.

Falloppio on fossils, 21.

Falls of Niagara, 214.
----, of St. Mary, 254.

Faluns of Touraine, 142.

Faraday, Mr., on water of the Geysers, 246.
----, on slow deposition of sulphate of baryta, 343.
----, on electric currents In the earth, 543.
----, on metallic reduction by voltaic agency, 548.
----, on liquefaction of gases, 560.

Faroe Islands, deposits forming near the, 774.

Farquharson, Rev. J., on floods in Scotland, 208.
----, on formation of ground ice, 222.

Faujas, on Velay and Vivarais, 1779, 49.

Faults, 162.

Fauna formerly as diversified as now, 160.
----, arctic, described by Sir J. Richardson, 634.

Felspar, decomposition of, 247.

Ferrara on lavas of Etna, 283.
----, on floods on Etna, 412.
----, on earthquake in Sicily, 471.

Ferruginous springs, 247.

Fez, earthquakes in, 358.

Fife, trap rocks of, 160.
----, coast of, submarine forests on, 303.
----, encroachments of sea on, 203.

Findhorn town swept away by sea, 302.

Fish, their distribution, and migrations, 646.
----, fossil, 745.
----, fossil of coal formation, 136.

Fissures, sulphur, &c., ejected by, 470.
----, caused by Calabrian earthquake, 479, 480, 481.
----, caused by earthquake near New Madrid, 468.
----, preservation of organic remains in, 732.

Fitton, Dr., on history of English geology, 51.

Fitzroy, Capt., on earthquake in Chili, 1835, 453, 455.

Flamborough Head, waste of, 303.

Fleming, Dr., on uniformity in climate, 74.
----, on fossil elephant, 76.
----, on submarine forests, 303.
----, on rapid flight of birds, 646.
----, on turtles taken on coast of England, 645.
----, on changes in the animal kingdom caused by man, 683.
----, on stranding of cetacea, 771.

Flinders on coral reefs, 776, 791.

Flint on course of Mississippi, &c., 264, 265.
----, on earthquakes in Mississippi valley, 466.

Floods, by bursting of lakes, 269.
----, in North America, 209.
----, in valley of Bagnes, 210.
----, in Scotland, 207, 750.
----, traditions of, 499, 501.
----, causes which may give rise to, 156.
----, at Tivoli, 211.
----, caused by melting of snow by lava, 348, 411.
----, _See_ Deluge.

Flysch, of the Alps, eocene, 124.

Folkstone, subsidence of land at, 316.

Fontenelle, his eulogy on Palissy, 23.

Foot-marks, fossil, in North America, 136.

Forbes, Prof. E., on glacial epoch, 86.
----, on fossils of tertiary, 184.
----, on new island in Gulf of Santorin, 443.
----, on regions of depth in AEgean Sea, 649.
----, on migration of mollusca, 651.
----, cited, 703.

Forbes, Prof. J. D., on glacier motion, 224.
----, on rate of flowing of lava, 378, 400.
----, on temple of Serapis, 515, 517.

Forchhammer, Dr., on boulders drifted by ice, 231.
----, on peat, 719.

Forests, influence of, 712, 713, 715.
----, sites of, now covered by peat, 720.
----, destroyed by insects, 717.
----, submarine, 303, 323, 746.

Forests, submerged. In Colombia R. by landslides, 215.

Forfarshire, waste of coast of, 302.
----, marl lakes of, 766, 796.

Forshey, Mr., on Mississippi, 264, 271.

Forster, Mr., on coral reefs, 778.

Forsyth on climate of Italy, 395.

Fortis cited, 42.
----, views of Arduino confirmed by, 48.
----, and Testa on fossil fish, 44.

Fort William, near Calcutta, artesian well, 280.

Fossiliferous formations, breaks in the series, 180.

Fossilization of organic remains on emerged land, 718, 775.
----, in peat mosses, 722.
----, In caves and fissures, 732.
----, in alluvium and landslips, 730.
----, in volcanic formations on land, 349, 728.
----, in subaqueous deposits, 742, 753.
----, in marl lakes, 752.

Fossils, early speculations concerning their nature, 19, 24 to 27.
----, distinctness of secondary and tertiary, 119.
----, mammiferous of tertiary eras, 137, 140.
----, why distinct in successive groups, 190.
----, _See_ Organic Remains.

Fossil trees, upright position of some, 91.

Fourier, Baron, on temperature of spaces surrounding
our atmosphere, 108.
----, on central heat, 127.
----, on radiation of heat, 127.

Fox, Mr., on heat in mines, 538.
----, on electric currents in the earth, 543.

France, waste of coast of, 324.
----, caves of, 737.

Franconia, caves of, 736.

Franklin, on a whirlwind in Maryland, 619.

Fremont, Capt., on submerged forests in Columbia, 270.

Freshwater plants and animals fossilized, 766, 768.
----, strata in Cashmere, 762.

Freyberg, school at, 46, 52.

Fries, on dispersion of cryptogamic plants, 620.

Fringing reef, nature and origin of, 785.
----, upraised, 794.

Fuchsel, opinions of, 1762, 43.

Funchal. rise of sea at, during earthquake, 496.

Fundy, Bay of, wave called the "bore" in, 332.

G.

_Gaillonella ferruginea_, 722.

Galapagos, peculiar character of the fauna of 139, 635, 643.
----, island, tameness of birds in, 597.
----, Archipelago, craters form hills in, 372.

Galongoon, great eruption of, 353, 430.

Gambier coral island, 783, 787.

Ganges, delta of, and Brahmapootra, 275 to 284.
----, antiquity of delta of, 281.
----, quantity of sediment in waters of, 278.
----, islands formed by the, 276.
----, bones of men found in delta of. 757.
----, artesian borings in delta of, 268.

Gardner, Mr., on unexplored Antarctic land, 99.

Gases, liquefaction of, 560.
----, evolved by volcanoes, 549.

Gefle, upraised shelly deposits near, 526, 528.

Gemmellaro on Etna, 408.
----, on ice under lava, 412.

Generation, spontaneous, theory of, 22.

Generelli. on state of geology in Europe in middle of eighteenth
century, 35, 53.

Geneva, lake of, delta of Rhone in, 252.

Geognosy of Werner, 46.

Geographical distribution of plants, 613.
----, of animals, 629.
----, of birds, 642.
----, of reptiles, 644.
----, of fishes, 646.
----, of testacea. 649.
----, of zoophytes, 653.

Geographical distribution of insects, 654.
----, of man, 659.

Geography, proofs of former changes in physical, 114,121.
----, effect of changes in, on species, 690.

Geological society of London, 59.
----, theories, causes of error in, 61.

Geology defined, 1.
----, distinct from cosmogony, 3.
----, causes of its retardation, 24, 55, 61.
----, state of, before eighteenth century, 86.
----, modern progress of, 58.

Georgia, Island of, snow to level of sea in, 99, 108.
----, U. S., new ravines formed in, 205.

Gerbanites, an Arabian sect, their doctrines, 14.

German Ocean, filling up, 340.

Gesner, John, on organic remains, 41.

Geysers of Iceland, 533, 553.
----, cause of their intermittent action, 555.

Gibraltar, birds' bones in breccia at, 740.
----, Straits of, 383.

Gironde, tides in its estuary, 338.

Glacial epoch, 75.

Glacier under lava, on Etna, 412.
----, moraines of, 223.
----, view of, 223.

Glaciers, formation of, 222 to 227.
----, motion of, 228.
----, of Spitzbergen, 96.
----, transportation of rocks by, 155.

Glen Tilt, granite veins of, 51.

Gloucestershire, gain of land in, 324.

Gmelin on distribution of fish, 648.

Goats, multiplication of, in South America, 686.

Goeppert, Prof., 87.
----, on fossilization of plants, 747.

Golden age, doctrine whence derived, 9.

Goodwin Sands, 814.

Gothenburg, rise of land near, 526.

Graab, Capt., on subsidence of Greenland, 530.

Graham, Mrs., on earthquake of Chili in 1822, 459.

Graham Island, newly formed in 1831, 432.
----, supposed section of, 435.

Granite of the Hartz, Werner on, 47.
----, disintegration of, 221, 346.
----, formed at different periods, 177.
----, veins observed by Hutton in Glen Tilt, 51.

Grant, Capt., on Chilian earthquake, 462.

Graves, Capt., on diffusion of insects by winds, 656.
----, survey of Santorin by, 441.

Gray, Mr., on _Mytilus polymorphus_, 658.

Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, 724.

Grecian Archipelago, new isles of the, 43.
----, volcanoes of the, 355, 442, 450.

Greece, earthquakes in, 355.
----, traditions of deluges in, 356.

Greeks, geology of, 13.

Greenland, why colder than Lapland, 94.
----, gradual subsidence of, 530, 562.
----, timber drifted to shores of, 745.

Grevllle, Dr., on drift sea-weed, 623.

Groins described, 818.

Grooves in rocks formed by glaciers, 155, 227, 228.

Grotto del Cane, 248.

Ground ice, 221.
----, transporting rocks in Baltic, 231.

Guadalonpe, human skeletons of 757.

Guatemala, active volcanoes in, 349.

Gulana, partly formed by sediment of Amazon, 342.

Guilding, Rev. L., on migration of Boa Constrictor, 646.

Guinea current, 296.

Guinea, New, mammalia of, 682.

Gulf stream, 96, 292, 294. 621.
----, stream aids migration of fish, 648.

Guyot, M., on glacier motion, 224.

Gyrogonite described, 766.

H.

Habitations of plants described, 614.

Hales, Dr., on epoch of the creation, 659.

Hall, Sir J., his experiments on rocks, 51.
----, Captain B., on flood in valley of Bagnes, 211.
----, on the trade-winds, 295.
----, on temple of Serapis, 512.
----, Mr., State Geologist of New York, 216, 218.
----, Mr. J., on temple of Serapis, 512.

Hamilton, Mr. W. J., on volcanoes near Smyrna, 355.
----, Sir W., on Herculaneum, 389.
----, on earthquake in Calabria, 473, 483, 485.
----, Sir W., on formation of Monte Nuovo, 367.
----, on eruption of Vesuvius in 1779, 377.

Hamilton, Sir C., on submerged houses in Port Royal, 504.

Hampshire, Brander on fossils of, 44.
----, submarine forest on coast of, 746.

Harcourt, Rev. W. V. V., on bones of mammoth, &c.,
in Yorkshire, 76.

Harris, Hon. C., on sunk vessel near Poole, 758.
----, on submarine forest, Hampshire, 746.

Hartmann, Dr., on fossils of Hartz, 48.

Hartz mountains, 48.

Harwich, waste of cliffs at, 811.

Hatfleld moss, trees found in, 721.

Head, Sir Edmund, on temple of Serapis, 512.

Heat, laws which govern the diffusion of, 93.

Heat, whether gradual decline of, in globe, 129.
----, expansion of rocks by, 561.

Heber, Bishop, on animals of Himalaya, 81.

Hecla, columnar basalt of, 48.
----, eruptions of, 424.

Helena, St, bounded by lofty shores, 622.

Heligoland, inroads of sea on, 329.

Helix, range of species of, 650.

Henderson on eruption of Skaptar Jokul, 1783, 425.

Henderson's Island described, 788.

Henslow, Rev. Prof., on the cowslip, 590.
----, on diffusion of plants, 624.

Herbert, Hon. Mr., on varieties and hybrids in plants, 590, 605.

Herculaneum, 385, 389.

Herne Bay, waste of cliffs in, 312.

Herodotus cited, 8, 261.

Herschel, Sir J. F. W, on varying heat received
by the two hemispheres, 100.
----, on astronomical causes of changes in climate, 126.
----, on variable splendor of stars, 128.
----, on the trade-winds, 297.
----, on height of Etna, 396.
----, on form of the earth, 534.
----, on Geysers of Iceland, 555.
----, on the effects of heat on seeds, 621.
----, on the author's theory of climate, 92.

Herschel, Sir W., on the elementary matter of the earth, 533.

Hewett, Capt, on rise of tides, 291.
----, on currents, 293.
----, on banks in North Sea, 808, 840.

Hibbert, Dr., on the Shetland Islands, 299, 300.

Hilaire, M. Geof. St., on animal kingdom, 567.

Himalaya mountains, animals inhabiting the, 81.
----, height of perpetual snow on, 112.

Hindoo cosmogony, 4.
----, town buried, 731.

Hindostan, earthquakes in, 494.

Hippopotamus indicates warmth of river, 75.

Hitchcock, Report on Geol. of Massachusetts, 137.

Hoff, Von, on level of Caspian, 18.
----, on encroachments of sea, 331, 332.
----, on earthquakes, 359.
----, on human remains in delta of Ganges, 757.
----, on a buried vessel, 758.

Hoffmann, M., on lavas of Vesuvius, 379.
----, on Etna, 415, 416.

Holland, gradual sinking of coast, 327.
----, inroads of sea in, 328.
----, submarine peat in, 770.

Hooke on duration of species, 27, 28.
----, on earthquakes, 27, 29, 503.

Hooker, Dr. J., on Icebergs in antarctic seas, 229.
----, on tropical plants, 614.
----, floras of islands in Southern Ocean, 615.
----, on flora of Galapagos Islands, 616.
----, on wide range of certain plants, 618, 621, 623.
----, on delta of Ganges, 280.
----, on rain in India, 200.

Hocker, Sir W., on eruption of Skaptar Jokul, 425.
----, his view of the crater of the great Geyser, 554.
----, on drifting of a fox on ice, 680.

Hopkins, Mr., on glacier motion, 224, 225.
----, on thickness of earth's crust, 536.

Hopkins, Mr., on astronomical causes of change of climate, 128.
----, on changes of climate, 93.
----, on earthquakes, 453.
----, on M. E. de Beaumont's theory of mountain chains, 170.

Hordwell, loss of land at, 318.

Horner, Mr., on brine springs, 247.
----, on submarine forest in Somersetshire, 323.
----, dissertation on coal, 91.

Horsburgh, Capt, on icebergs in low latitudes, 99.

Horsburgh on coral islands, 782, 787.

Horses drowned in rivers in South America, 750.

Horsfield, Dr., on earthquakes in Java, 471, 494.
----, on distribution of _Mydaus meliceps_ in Java, 639.

Hubbard, Prof., cited, 210.

Huc, on Yaks frozen in ice in Thibet, 85.

Human race geologically modern, 660.

Human remains in peat mosses, 722.
----, in caves, 735, 736, 739.
----, their durability, 147, 757.
----, in delta of Ganges, 757.
----, in calcareous rock at Guadaloupe, 757.
----, in breccias in the Morea, 735.

Humber, warp of the, 288.
----, encroachment of sea in its estuary, 304.

Humboldt on laws regulating diffusion of heat, 93.
----, on preservation of animals in frozen mud, 85.
----, on distribution of land and sea, 109.
----, on transportation of sediment by currents, 342.
----, his definition of volcanic action, 345.
----, on mud eruptions in the Andes, 348.
----, on volcanic eruptions in Tartary, 355.
----, on eruption of Jorullo, 428.
----, on earthquakes, 466, 470.
----, on distribution of species, 613, 614.
----, on migrations of animals, 644, 656, 685.
----, cited, 8, 77, 84.
----, on earthquake in New Madrid, 466.
----, on earthquake of Lisbon, 495.
----, on mud volcanoes, 448.

Humboldt, W. von, on dawn of oriental civilization, 659.

Humming-birds, distribution, &c., 97, 643.

Hunter, John, on mule animals, 601.

Huron, Lake, recent strata of, 768.

Hurricanes connected with earthquakes, 731.
----, plants drifted to sea by, 745.

Hurst Castle shingle bank, 318.

Hutchinson, John, his "Moses's Principia," 33.

Hutton, distinguished geology from cosmogony, 3.
----, on igneous rocks and granite, 51.
----, represented oldest rock as derivatives, 52.

Huttonian theory, 51, 57.

Hybrid races, Lamarck on, 572.
----, animals, 600.
----, plants, 602.

Hydrogen, deoxidating power of, 547.
----, flame of; seen in eruption of Vesuvius, 378.
----, why not found in a separate form among volcanic gases, 548.

Hydrophytes, distribution of, 617, 623.

Hydrostatic pressure of ascending lava, 416, 553.

Hypogene rocks, 178.

Hyracotherium, Eocene mammifer, 142.

Hythe, encroachments of sea at, 316.

I.

_Ianthina fragilis_, its range, &c., 650.

Ice, animals imbedded in, 83.

Ice of rivers, transporting power of, 219.
----, drift, influence of, on temperature, 95.
----, predominance of, in antarctic circle, 98.
----, formation of field, 107.
----, transportation of rocks by, 155, 219, 521.

Icebergs, formation of, 96, 97.
----, distance to which they float, 100, 227.
----, limits of glaciers and, 228.
----, plants and animals transported by, 622, 639.
----, action of, when stranded, 228.
----, rocks transported by. _See_ Ice.
----, floating in Northern hemisphere, 86.
----, not all formed by glaciers, 228.

Iceland, icebergs stranded on, 97.
----, geysers of, 246, 553, 555.

Iceland, volcanic eruptions in, 424.
----, comparison between the lavas of Central France and, 426.
----, new island near, 425.
----, polar bear drifted to, 679.

Igneous action. _See_ Volcanic.

Igneous causes. _See_ Book II.
----, the antagonist power to action of running water, 198, 563, 711.

Ilford, tertiary strata at, 76.

Imbedding of organic remains. _See_ Fossilization.

India, buried cities in, 729, 731.
----, terrestrial mammalia of, 632.

Indo-pacific province of mollusca, 649.

Indus, delta of. recent changes in, 459, 769.
----, buried ships in, 758.

Infusoria in bog iron-ore, 722.
----, in volcanic rocks in Mexico, Peru, &c., 388.

Infusorial tuff, Pompeii, 388.

Inland cliffs, no proof of sudden elevation, 531.
----, seas, deltas of, 255.

Insects, geographical distribution of, 654.
----, certain types of, distinguish particular countries, 655.
----, their agency in preserving an equilibrium of species, 671.
----, fossil, 748.

Instincts, migratory, occasional development of, in animals, 642.
----, hereditary, 593, 596.
----, modified by domestication, 595.

Insular climates, description of, 94.

Inverness-shire, inroads of sea on coast of, 302.

Irawadi, R., silicified wood of, noticed in 1692, 28.

Ireland, raised beaches on coast of, 122.
----, reptiles of, 645.
----, peat of, and fossils in, 719, 720, 724.
----, deposits in progress off coast of, 774.

Iron, melting point of, 539.
----, in wood, peat, &c., 722.
----, instruments taken up from sea, 760.

Ischia, hot springs of, 247, 456.
----, eruptions and earthquakes in, 360, 365, 456.

Islands, vegetation of small, 112, 615, 667.
----, animals in, 635.
----, formed by the Ganges, 276.
----, migrations of plants aided by, 622.
----, new volcanic, 43, 425, 432, 468.
----, coral, 775.
----, of driftwood, 640.

Isle of Purbeck, vertical chalk in, 318.

Isle of Wight, mammiferous fossils of, 142.
----, waste of its shores, 317.

Isothermal lines, Humboldt on, 95.

Italian geologists, their priority, 19, 23.
----, of the 18th century, 33.

Italy, tertiary strata of, 64, 74.

J.

Jack, Dr., on island of Pulo Nias, 794.

Jamaica, earthquakes in, 350, 504, 517.
----, subsidence in, 504, 517.
----, rain diminished in, by felling of forests, 713.
----, a town swept away by sea in, 731.

Java, volcanoes and earthquakes in, 354, 464, 498, 502.
----, valley of poison in, 353.
----, subsidence of volcano of Papandayang in, 493.
----, river-floods in, 503, 748, 751.

Jones, Sir W., on Institutes of Hindoo law, 5.

Jorullo, eruption of, 349, 428.

Juan Fernandez, 357, 453, 499, 686.

Jukes, Mr., on cliffs in Island of Timor, 794.
----, on volcanic islands near Java, 354.
----, on coral reef, 784.

Jura, Saussure on the, 45.

Jutland, inroads of sea in, 330.

K.

Kamtschatka, volcanoes in, 353.
----, new island near, 468.

Kangaroo, extirpation of; to Australia, 684.

Kashmir. _See_ Cashmere.

Katavothrons of Greece, breccias formed in, 734.

Kazwini on changes in position of land and sea, 19.

Keilhan, Prof., of Christiana, on changes of level in Norway, 529, 531.

Keith on dispersion of plants, 620.

Kent, loss of land on coast of, 312.

Kentucky, caves in limestone, 733.

Keyserling, Count, on lowland of Siberia, 84.

Kincardineshire, village in, washed away by sea, 302.

King, Captain P., on humming birds in Tierra del Fuego, 97, 643.
----, on currents in Straits of Magellan, 293.
----, on coral reefs, 788.

King, Mr., on cattle lost in bogs in Ireland, 723.
----, on submerged cannon, 759.

Kinnordy, Loch of, insects in marl in, 748.
----, canoe in peat of, 759.

Kirby, Rev. Mr., on insects, 606, 655, 673, 674.

Kirwan, his geological Essays, 56.
----, on connection of geology and religion, 56.

Knight, Mr., on varieties of fruit trees, 589.

Konig, Mr., on Guadaloupe human skeleton, 757.
----, on fossils from Melville Island, 88.

Koran, cosmogony of the, 17.

Kotzebue on drifted canoe, 662.

Kunker, concretionary limestone of Ganges, 280.

Kurile Isles, active volcanoes in, 353.

L.

Labrador, drift-timber of, 745.
----, rocks drifted by ice on coast of, 230.

Laccadive Islands, 782.

Lagoons, or salt lakes, in delta of Rhone, 259.
----, of coral islands, 780.

Lagullas current, 95.

Lagunes on coast of Adriatic, 256.

Lake Erie. _See_ Erie, Lake.
----, of Geneva. _See_ Geneva, Lake of.
----, Maeler, 524, 528.
----, Superior. _See_ Superior, Lake.

Lakes, filling up of 252.
----, formation of; in basin of Mississippi, 466, 269.
----, formed by earthquakes, 466, 481, 505.
----, crescent-shaped, in plain of Mississippi, 266.
----, Canadian, strata forming in, 768.

Lamarck, his definition of species, 567.
----, on transmutation of species, 567, 587, 696, 699.
----, on conversion of orang into man, 575.
----, on numbers of polyps, 706.

Lancashire, fossil canoes in, 759.

Lancerote, eruptions in, 436, 439.

Land, quantity of, in northern and southern hemispheres, 102, 109, 110.
----, upraised at successive periods, 118, 119.
----, proofs of existence of, at all periods, 188.
----, proportion of sea and, 124.
----, elevation of, how caused, 171, 453, 457, 459, 562.

Landslips, 319, 321, 485, 505.
----, imbedding of organic remains by, 732.

Languedoc, deposits on coast of, 260.

Laplace on change in the earth's axis, 32.
----, on mean depth of Atlantic and Pacific, 104.
----, on no contraction of globe, 129.
----, on mean density of the earth, 536.

Lapland, why milder than Greenland, 94.
----, migrations of animals in, 637.

Lateral pressure caused by landslips, 322.
----, pressure in Andes and Alps, 171.

Latham, Dr. R. G., on Natural History of Man, 609.

Lauder, Sir T. D., on floods in Scotland, 208, 686, 730, 748.

Lava excavated by rivers, 213.
----, effects of decomposition on, 385.
----, flowing of, under water, 383.
----, hydrostatic pressure of ascending, 552.
----, of Iceland and Central France, 426, 427.
----, comparative volume of ancient and modern, 161, 427.
----, pretended distinction between ancient and modern, 438.
----, mineral composition of, 449, 551.
----, rate of flowing, 378, 400.

Lazzaro Moro, _See_ Moro.

Lehman, treatise of, 1759, 40.

Leibnitz, theory of, 26.

Leidy, Dr., on Priscodelphinus, 145.

Lemings, migrations of, 637.

Lena, R., fossil bones on banks of, 78, 80.

Leonardo da Vinci, 19.

Lewes, human bones in tumulus near, 739.
----, estuary recently filled up near, 748, 768.

Liege, caves near, 737.

Light, influence of, on plants, 89.

Lightning, effect of, in Shetland Islands, 299.

Lignite, conversion of wood into, 759.

Lima destroyed by earthquake, 501.
----, elevated recent marine strata at, 502.

Lime, whence derived, 796.

Lincolnshire, inroads of sea on coast of, 304.

Lindley, Dr., on fossil plants of Melville Islands, 88.
----, on number of plants, 705.
----, on dispersion of plants, 620.
----, on fossil plants of coal, 88, 133.
----, cited, 133.

Linnaeus on filling up of Gulf of Bothnia, 521.
----, on subsidence of Scania, 530.
----, on constancy of species, 568.
----, on real existence of genera, 578.
----, on diffusion of plants, 624, 626.
----, on introduction of species, 665.
----, cited, 671.

Lionnesse tradition in Cornwall, 324.

Lippi on Herculaneum and Pompeii, 387.

Lipsius, 12.

Lisbon, earthquakes at, 358, 495.

Lister, first proposed geological maps, 26.
----, on fossil shells, 26.

Lloyd, Mr., on levels of Atlantic and Pacific, 294.

Loa, Mount, volcano of Sandwich Isles, 552.

Locusts, devastations of, 674.
----, bank formed in sea by, 675.

Loess of the Rhine, 185.
----, of the Mississippi valley, 265.

Loire, tertiary strata of the, 142.

London, artesian wells near, 234.

London basin, tertiary deposits of, 121.
----, clay, its fossils, 142, 144.

Lowestoff Ness described, 309.
----, cliffs undermined near, 309.

Lowland of Siberia, 78, 80, 83, 85.

Luckipour, on the Ganges, 276, 277.
----, new islands formed near, 276.

Luckput, subsidence near, 460.

Lund, Dr., on fossil quadrumana, 144.

Lybian sands, caravans overwhelmed by, 727.

Lyme Regis, waste of cliffs at, 321.

Lym-Fiord, breaches made by the sea in, 330.

M.

MacClelland, Dr., on earthquakes In Chittagong, 494.
----, on volcanic line In Bay of Bengal, 354.

MacCulloch, Dr., on gradation from peat to coal, 719.
----, on origin of limestones, 796.

Macacus pliocenus of Owen, fossil in valley of Thames, 144.
----, Suffolk Eocene species, 144.

Macaluba, in Sicily, mud volcanoes, 447.

Mackenzie, Sir G., his section of geyser, 556.
----, on reindeer in Iceland, 686.

Mackenzie River, driftwood of, 90, 743.
----, floods of, 84.

Maclaren, Mr. C., on Graham Island, 435.
----, on quantity of useful soil in America, 687.
----, on position of American forests, 714.
----, remarks, theory of atolls, 792.

Macmurdo, Captain, on earthquake of Cutch, 460.

Madagascar, extent of coral near, 776.
----, assemblage of quadrupeds in, 632.

Madrid, New, great earthquake at, 466.
----, sunk country near it, 270.

Maeler, lake, 524, 528.

Magellan, Straits of, tides in, 291, 293.

Magnesia deposited by springs, 283.

Magnesian limestone and travertin compared, 240.

Magnetism, terrestrial, phenomena of, 543.
----, solar, 129.

Mahomet, his cosmogony, 18.

Malabar, coral near, 776.

Maldive Islands, coral reefs of, 778, 782.

Mallet, Captain, on petroleum of Trinidad, 250.

Mallet, Mr., on the dynamics of earthquakes, 453, 475.
----, on whirling motion during earthquakes, 476.
----, cited, 560.
----, on transit of the earth-wave, 483.
----, on theory of waves, 498.

Mammalia, different regions of indigenous, 629.
----, fossil, of successive tertiary periods. 138, 139.
----, imbedding of, in subaqueous strata, 749, 753.

Mammifer, fossil of trias, 137.

Mammoth, Siberian, 75.
----, bones of, in Yorkshire, 76.

Man, recent origin of, 147, 182, 687, 764.
----, why able to live in all climates, 609.
----, diffusion of, 657.
----, changes caused by, 150, 182, 630, 663, 681, 713.
----, durability of the bones of, 147, 757.
----, remains of, in osseous breccias of Morea, 735.
----, his remains and works fossil, 753.

Manetho, 63.

Mantell, Dr., on bones from Saxon tumulus, 788.
----, on Lewes levels, 748, 768.

Map of Siberia, 79.
----, of World, showing present unequal distribution of land and sea,
110.
----, showing position of land and sea, which might produce extremes
of heat and cold, 111.
----, of Europe, showing extent of land covered by sea since
commencement of tertiary period (Pl. I.), 121.

Map of coast from Nieuport to mouth of Elbe, 326.
----, of volcanoes from Philippine Islands to Bengal, 351.
----, of volcanic district of Naples, 361.
----, of Gulf of Santorin, 442.
----, of Chili, 454, 455.
----, of Cutch, 460.
----, of Calabria, 472.
----, of Sweden, 522.

Maracaybo, Lake, 466.

Marine deposits, imbedding of land quadrupeds in, 749, 752.
----, of human remains and works of art in, 756.
----, of freshwater species in, 768.
----, plants and animals imbedded in, 770.

Marine vegetation. 617, 622.

Marl lakes of Scotland, animals and plants fossilized in, 752, 766.

Marsili, on arrangement of shells in Adriatic, 36, 38, 40.
----, on deposits of coasts of Languedoc, 260.

Marsupial animals, distribution of, 633.
----, fossil, 138.

Martigny destroyed by floods, 211.

Martius, on drifting of animals by the Amazon, 641.
----, on Brazil, 682.

Maryland, whirlwind in, 619.

Mattani on fossils of Volterra, 34.

Mattioli on organic remains, 21.

Mauritius, reef uplifted above level of sea, 794.

Mediterranean, microscopic testacea of, 44.
----, deposition of salt in the, 334.
----, new island in, 432.
----, its temperature, depth, level, &c., 45, 294, 334, 510.
----, same level as Red Sea, 294.

Megna, R., arm of Brahmapootra, 279.

Melville Island, fossils of, 90.
----, migrations of animals into, 640.

Melville, Dr., on dodo, 684.

Memphis, in delta of Nile, 261.

Mendip Hills, caves of, 737.

Menu's Institutes, 4, 5.

Mercati on organic remains, 22.

Mersey, vessel in bed of, 758.

Messina, tide in Straits of, 290.
----, earthquakes at, 477, 488, 490.

Metallic nucleus, theory of an unoxidated, 545.

Metallic substances changed by submersion, 759.

Metamorphic rocks, how formed, 177.
----, of the Alps, 178.
----, why those visible to us must be very ancient, 178.

Mexico, Gulf of, tides in, 295.
----, currents in, 96, 292.
----, volcanoes of, 349, 546.

Meyen, Dr., on earthquake in Chili, 1822, 458.

Michell on phenomena of earthquakes, 41.
----, on the geology of Yorkshire, 42.
----, on earthquake at Lisbon, 358, 497.
----, on retreat of the sea during earthquakes, 498.
----, on wave-like motion of earthquakes, 558.
----, on earthquakes cited, 499.

Microlestes, triassic mammifer, 138, 145.

Middendorf, Mr., on Siberian mammoth, 81.

Migrations of plants, 618.
----, of animals, 635, 636.
----, of cetacea, 642.
----, of birds, 642.
----, of fish, 646.
----, of zoophytes, 653.
----, of insects, 655.

Migratory powers indispensable to animals, 689.

Milford Haven, rise of tides at, 291.

Millennium, 20, 32.

Mineral waters, their connection with volcanoes, 237.
----, ingredients most common in. _See_ Springs, 237.

Mineralization of plants, 747.

Mines, heat in, augments with the depth, 538.

Miocene strata of Suffolk, fossils of, 142.
----, proportion of living species in fossil shells of the, 183.

Mississippi, its course, delta, &c., 268, 275.
----, drift-wood of the, 261.
----, earthquakes in valley of, 270, 350.
----, antiquity of delta of, 272.
----, earthquake region of, 467.
----, banks higher than swamps, 266.

Missouri, R., 264.

Mitchell, Dr., on waste of cliffs, 311.

Moel Tryfane, recent marine shells on, 122.

Mollusca. _See_ Testacea.
----, provinces of, 649.

Molluscous animals, longevity of species of, 76.

Moluccas, eruptions in the, 504.

Monkeys, fossil, 144.

Monte Barbaro, description of, 373.
----, Bolca, fossil fish of, 44.
----, Nuovo, formation of, 369, 518.
----, Somma, structure of, 382.

Monti Rossi on Etna described, 397, 399, 422.

Montlosier, on Auvergne, 49.

Moraines of glaciers, 223, 226, 228.

Morayshire, town in, destroyed by sea, 302.
----, effect of floods in, 208, 730.

Morea, Caramiqne of, 731.
----, osseous breccias now forming in the, 734.
----, human remains imbedded in, 735.

Moriot, on subsidence in Adriatic, 257.

Moro, Lazzaro, his geological views, 34.
----, on primary rocks, 52.

Morocco, earthquakes at, 358.

Morton, Dr. S. G., on hybrids and species, 601.

Mountain chains, on the elevation of, 65.
----, theory of sudden rise of, 163.

Moya of the Andes described, 348, 470.

Mud eruptions in Quito, 1797, 348.
----, volcanoes, 447.

Mules sometimes prolific, 601.

Murchison, Sir R., on the Hartz mountains, 48.
----, on tertiary deposits of the Alps, 119.
----, on geography of Siberia, 78, 84, 124.
----, map of Russia, 123.
----, on depression of Caspian, 157.
----, on travertin of Tivoli, 245.
----, on tertiary deposits of Alps, 124.

Muschelkalk, 193.

_Mydaus meliceps_, 639.

_Myrmecobius, fasciatus_, 138.

_Mytilus polymorphus_, 652.

N.

Nantucket, banks of, 293.

Naples, volcanic district round, 361.
----, recent tertiary strata near, 74.

Narwal stranded near Boston, 771.
----, fossil near Lewes, 769.

Nasmyth, Mr., on non-conductibility of dry sand and clay, 418.

Needles of Isle of Wight, 318.

Negro physiognomy traced back 3000 years, 660.

Neill on whales stranded, 771.

Nelson, Lieut, on coral reefs, 798.

Neptune, temple of, under water, 516.

Neptunists and Vulcanists, rival factions of, 50, 55.

Nerbuddah, river, 705.

Newbold, Lieut., on mud of Nile, 262.

Newfoundland cattle mired in bogs of, 723.

Newhaven, its cliffs undermined, 317.

New Holland, plants of, 112, 614.
----, animals of, 630.
----, coral reefs of, 776, 791.

New Kameni, formation of, 443.

New Madrid, U. S., earthquakes at, 350, 466.

New Zealand, animals in, 635.
----, tree ferns in, 89.

Niagara, Falls of, 214.
----, their recession, 217, 218.
----, height of, 216.

Niccolini, M., on Temple of Serapis, 518.

Nicolosi destroyed by earthquake, 399.

Nile, R., delta of the, 261.
----, cities buried under blown sand near the, 726.
----, swept away by flood of, 753.

Nilson, M., on subsidence of Scania, 530.
----, on migrations of eels, 648.

Nitrogen in springs, 710.

Nomenclature of geology, remarks on, 158.

Norfolk, waste of cliffs of, 305.
----, gain of land on coast of, 308.

North Cape, drift-wood on, 745.

Northumberland, land destroyed by sea in, 303.

Norway free from earthquakes, 531.
----, rise of land in, 192, 527, 529.

Norwich once situated on an arm of the sea, 307.

Norwich Crag, fossils of, 142.

Nova Scotia, rise of tides in, 332.

Nummulitic limestone, 124.

Nymphs, temple of, under water, 516.

Nyoe, a new island formed in 1783, 425, 432.

O.

Obi, E., fossils on shores of, 81.

Ocean, permanency of its level, 518.

Odoardi on tertiary strata of Italy, 42.

Oersted, discoveries of, 543.

Ogygian deluge, 349, 356.

Ohio, junction of, with Mississippi, 264.

Oldham, Mr., on raised sea beaches in Ireland, 122.

Old red sandstone formation, fossils of, 135, 193.

Old red sandstone, reptile in, 135.

Olivi on fossil remains, 22.

Omar, an Arabian writer, 17.

Ontario, Lake, distance from Niagara, 216.

Oolite, fossils of the, 137.

Oolitic structure, recent, in Lancerote, &c., 439.

Orang-outang, change of, to man, 575.

Orbigny, M. A. de, on Pampean mud, 170.

Organic remains, controversy as to real nature of, 19.
----, imbedding of. _See_ Fossillzation.
----, importance of the study of, 60.
----, abrupt transition from those of the secondary to those
of the tertiary rocks, 120.
----, _See_ also Fossils.

Oriental philosophers, 10.

Oriental cosmogony, 7.

Orkney Islands, waste of, 301.

Orleans, New, ground sinking, 268.
----, trunks of trees in soil of delta, 268.

Osseous breccias, 735, 736, 741.

Otaheite, coral reefs of, 784, 786.

Oujein, buried Indian city, 729.

Ouse, R., has filled up an arm of the Sea, 744.

Ovid cited, 10, 345.

Owen, Prof., on bones of turtles, 772.
----, on the dog and wolf, 584.
----, on tertiary mammalia, 142, 144.
----, quoted, 184.
----, teeth of mammoth, 78.
----, on British fossil mammalia and birds, 137.

Owhyhee, 787.

Oysters, &c., thrown ashore alive by storm, 773.
----, migrations of, 652.

P.

Pacific Ocean, depth of, 104.
----, its height above the Atlantic, 294.
----, subsidence greater than elevation in, 787.
----, coral and volcanic islands of, 354, 776, 780, 787.

Palaeotherium of Isle of Wight, 142.

Palestine shaken by earthquakes, 355.

Palissy on organic remains, 23.

Pallas on mountains of Siberia, 45.
----, on Caspian Sea, 45.
----, on fossil bones of Siberia, 45, 78, 80.
----, cited, 333.

Palmer, Mr., on shingle beaches, 313, 320.

Palms, rare in carboniferous group, 88.

Pampas, gradual rise of, 170.

Panama, tides in Bay of, 295.

Papandayang, eruption of, 493.
----, its cone truncated, 493.

Papyrus rolls in Herculaneum, 392.

Paradise, Burnet on seat of, 32.

Parana, R., animals drifted down on rafts by, 641.
----, animals drowned in, 696.

Paris basin, formations of the, 121.
----, fossils of the, 142.

Parish, Sir W., on inroads of sea during earthquakes, 499, 502.
----, on drifting of animals on floating rafts, 641.
----, on great droughts in S. America, 696.
----, on floods of Parana R., 751.

Parma, tertiary strata near, 74.

Paroxysmal energy of ancient causes controverted, 174.

Parrot, on Caspian Sea, 157.

Parrots near Cape Horn, 97.

Parry, Captain, highest northern latitude reached by, 98.
----, on migration of polar bear, 640.
----, on animals of Melville Island, 640.

Patagonia, tides on coast of, 291.

Paviland cave, 737.

Peat in delta of Ganges, 280.
----, on preservation of fossils in, 711, 718, 722.
----, distribution of, 719.
----, bogs, bursting of, 724.
----, submarine, 725.

Peat of Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, 724.

Pembrokeshire, loss of land in, 324.

Penco destroyed by earthquake, 499.
----, elevation near, 500.

Pennant on waste of Yorkshire coast, 304.
----, on migration of animals, 77, 631, 637.

Pentagonal network of mountain chains, M. E. de Beaumont on, 170.

Penzance, loss of land near, 323.

Permian rocks, reptiles in, 136.

Paron on distribution of species, 647.

Perrey, M. Alexis, on frequency of earthquakes in winter, 561.

Persian Gulf, coral in, 776.

Peru, volcanoes in, 347.
----, earthquakes in, 347, 501.

Peruvian tradition of a great flood, 8, 502.

Peterhead, whale stranded near, 771.

_Phascolotherium Bucklandi_, 139.

Philippi, Dr. A., on fossil tertiary shells of Sicily, 183.

Phillips, Mr. J., on waste of Yorkshire coast, 304.

Phlegraean fields, volcanoes of, 373.

Physical Geography. _See_ Geography.

Pietra Mala, inflammable gas of, 11.

Pigs, instincts of, 595.
----, swim to great distances, 635.
----, fossil, 723.

Pilla, M., on Monte Somma, 382.

Pindar cited, 398.

Pingel, Dr., on subsidence of Greenland, 530.

Pisolitic limestone of France, 120.

Pitch lake of Trinidad, 250.

Plants, carboniferous, wide geographical range, 160.
----, varieties in, produced by horticulture, 588.
----, extent of variation in, 589.
----, their geographical distribution, 97, 112, 613.
----, dispersion of, 618.
----, stations of, 614, 669.
----, equilibrium among, kept up by insects, 672.
----, number of terrestrial, 705.
----, imbedding of, in subaqueous deposits, 742, 765, 770.
----, on number which are now becoming fossil, 745.
----, mineralization of, 747.

Plants, fossil, of the coal strata, 87, 115, 133.

Plastic clay fossils, 142.

Plastic force, fossil shell ascribed to, 20.

Playfair on Huttonian theory, 53, 57.
----, on instability of the earth's surface, 212.
----, on gradual rise of Sweden, 523.
----, on form of the earth, 534.

Plieninger, Professor, on triassic mammifer, 137.

Pliny the Elder, 16.
----, on delta of Rhone, 258.
----, on Islands at the mouth of the Texel, 329.
----, killed by eruption of Vesuvius, A. D. 79, 364.

Pliny the Younger, on Vesuvius, 364.

Pliocene strata, fossils of, 143.

Plot on organic remains, 26.

Pluche, theory of, 1732, 83.

Plutonic rocks, how formed, 161.
----, action, changes produced by, 176, 178.

Po, R., 207.
----, frequently shifts to course, 255.
----, embankment of the, 256.
----, delta of the, 256, 284.
----, subsidence in delta of, 257.

Poisson, M., on astronomical causes of changes in climate, 127.

Polyps. _See_ Zoophytes.

Pomerania, fossil ships in, 758.

Pompeii, how destroyed, 365, 385, 387.
----, section of the mass enveloping, 386.
----, objects preserved in, 390.
----, infusorial beds covering it, 388.

Pont Gibaud, gneiss decomposed at, 248.
----, calcareous springs near, 239.

Poole Bay cut into by sea, 319.

Popayan, volcanoes and earthquakes in, 349.

Portland, fossil ammonites of, 28.
----, its peninsula wasting. 319.

Port Royal, subsidence of, 504, 517, 691, 762.

Porto Praya, Azores, calcareous stratum, 436.

Portugal, earthquakes in, 358.

Porzio on formation of Monte Nuovo, 369, 371.

Post-tertiary formations, 184.

Precession of the equinoxes, 100, 537.

Prentice, Lieut, on coral reef in Maldives, 778.

Pressure, effects of, 171.

Prestwich, Mr., on artesian wells, 234.

Prevost Const., on Stonefield fossil mammalia, 138.
----, Const., on gypseous springs, 245.
----, on rents formed by upheaval, 371.
----, on new island in Mediterranean, 433.
----, on geological causes, 718.
----, on osseous breccias of caves, 736.

Prevost, Pierre, on radiation of heat, 93.

Prevost, Mr. J. L., on number of wrecked vessels, 756.

Primary fossiliferous rocks, fossils of, 114.