Chapter L: Formation of Coral Reefs (7)

Priscodelphinus, cetacean, of chalk, 145.

Pritchard, Dr., on Egyptian cosmogony, 8.
----, on recent origin of man, 147.
----, on hybrid races, 602.
----, on facial angle, 608.
----, on distribution of animals, 629, 631.

Procida, island of, ancient writers on, 360.

Progressive development, theory of, 130-153.
----, in animals, Lamarck's theory of, 567.

Provinces, geographical, of Testacea, 649.

Provinces, zoological and land quadrupeds, 631.

Pterodactyles, 137.

Pulo Nias, upraised coral in, 794.

Purbeck, its peninsula wasting, 319.

Pursh on plants of United States, 614.

Puzzuoli, Temple of Serapis near, 507.
----, inland cliffs near, 508, 510.
----, date of re-elevation of coast of, 515, 518.
----, encroachment of sea near, 515.
----, coast near, now subsiding, 516.

Pyrenees, their relative age, height, &c., 120, 166.

Pythagoras, system of, 10.
----, on Etna, 345.

Q.

Quadrumana, fossil, 144.

Quadrupeds, domestic, multiply in America, 584, 685.
----, regions of indigenous, 630, 636.
----, imbedding of terrestrial, 749.

Quaggas, migrations of, 638.

Quebec, climate of, 95.
----, earthquakes in, 470.

Queenstown, Canada, table land terminates at, 216.

Quintero elevated by earthquake of 1822, 457.

Quiriui, theory of, 25.

Quito, earthquakes and volcanoes in, 346, 348, 469.

R.

Rabenstein cave, 736.

Race of Alderney, its velocity, 293.

"Races," tidal currents so called, 341.

Raffles, Sir S., cited, 465, 599.

Rafts, drift-timber in Mississippi, &c., 267.

Rain, action of, 713.
----, diminished by felling of forests, 713.
----, fall of, in basin of Ganges, 278.
----, Huttonian theory of, 199.
----, fall of, varying with latitude, 199.
----, fall of, in Eastern Bengal, 200.

Rain-prints, recent, on mud in Nova Scotia, 202.

Raised beaches, 184.

Ramree, volcanic island, 354.

Raspe on islands shifting their position (note), 11.
----, his theory, 1763, 42, 43, 48.

Rats, migrations of, 637.
----, introduced by man into America, 663, 686.

Rawlinson, Col., on delta of Tigris, 285.

Ray, his physico-theology, &c., 30, 31.
----, cited, 645, 683.

Reaumur on insects, 674.

Reculver cliff; action of sea on, 312.

Rocupero on flowing of lava, 401.

Red Crag, fossils of, 142.

Redman, J. B., on changes of English coast, 315, 316, 319.

Red marl, supposed universality of, 158.

Red River, new lakes formed by, 269.
----, drift-wood in, 267.
----, and Mississippi, their junction recent, 264, 284.

Red Sea, level of, and of Mediterranean, 294.
----, coral reefs of, 777, 784.

Reefs, coral, outline destroyed by denudation, 795.

Refrigeration, Leibnitz's theory of, 26.
----, causes which might produce the extreme of, 106.

Reid, Col., on motion of shingle beaches, 320.

Rein-deer, geographical range of, 637.
----, migrations of, 640.
----, imported into Iceland, 686.

Rennel, Major, on delta of Ganges, 275.
----, on delta of Nile, 261.
----, on currents, 95, 97, 291, 292, 293.
----, on the tide-wave called "the Bore," 333.

Rennel, Mr., on delta of Ganges, 275.

Rennie, Rev. Dr., on peat, and fossils in peat, 718, 719, 720, 722.

Reptiles, their geographical distribution, 645.
----, their powers of diffusion, 645.
----, in carboniferous epoch, 136.
----, in Ireland, 645.
----, imbedded in subaqueous strata, 748, 771.
----, fossil, in old red sandstone, 135.
----, in coal, 136.

Rhine, R., description, of its course, 325.
----, its delta, 326.
----, tuff made of siliceous cases of infusoria, 388.

Rhinoceros, fossil, food of, 80.

Rhone, delta of, in Mediterranean, 258.
----, delta of, in Lake of Geneva, 189, 252, 286.
----, deposits at its confluence with the Arve, 288.

Rhone, a cannon in calcareous rock in its delta, 759.

Richardson, Sir J., on rocks near Mackenzie River, 115.
----, on sheep of Rocky Mountains, 598.
----, on distribution of animals, 640, 645.
----, on drift timber, in Slave Lake, 743.
----, on arctic fauna, 634.
----, on diffusion of fish, 647.
----, on isothermal lines, 94.

Richardson, Mr. W., on Herne Bay, 312.

Riddell, Dr., on sediment of Mississippi, 273.

Rive, M. de la, on terrestrial magnetism, 543.

River-ice, carrying power of, 219.

Rivers, difference in the sediment of, 189, 258.
----, sinuosities of, 205.
----, submarine, in Thessaly, &c., 357.
----, when confluent, do not occupy bed of proportionally larger
surface, 207.

Robert, M., on geysers of Iceland, 246.

Robertson, Capt., on mud volcanoes, 449.

Rockhall bank, recent deposits on, 778.

Rocks, specific gravity of, 206.
----, difference in texture of older and newer, 175.
----, altered by subterranean gases, 248.
----, origin of the primary, 176.
----, persistency of mineral character in, 157.
----, older, why most solid and disturbed, 162.
----, action of frost on, 221, 231.
----, transportation of, by ice, 155, 219.
----, grooved by glacial action, 155, 227, 229.

Rogers, Prof., on Appalachian chain, 559.

Roman roads under water in Bay of Baiae, 517.

Romney Marsh, gained from sea, 316.

Rose, M. G., on hornblende and augite, 449.

Ross, Sir J., on cold of antarctic regions, 99.
----, obtained soundings at depth of 27,600 feet, 104.
----, confirms Cook as to antarctic ice, 125.
----, on icebergs, 98, 229.

Rossberg, slide of the, 732.

Rotation of the earth, currents caused by, 296.
----, of crops, 670, 720.

Rother, River, vessel found in its old bed, 316, 758.

Royle, Mr., 81.

Runn of Cutch described, 463.

Rye formerly destroyed by sea, 316.

S.

Saarbuck, reptiles in coal strata at, 136.

Sabine, Capt., on well at Chiswick, 234.
----, on waters of Amazon discoloring the sea, 342.

Sabine, Col., on solar magnetic period, 129, 544.

Sabrina, island of, 432.

Saco, R., flood on, 209.

Sahrunpore, buried town near, 731.

St. Andrew's, loss of land at, 303.
----, gun-barrel, fossil, near, 760.

St. Domingo, hot springs caused by earthquake in, 494.
----, fossil human skeleton in, 758.

St. Helena, tides at, 291.

St. Jago, earthquake at, 457.

St. Katherine's Docks, a fossil vessel found in, 758.

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, earthquakes in, 470.
----, rocks drifted by ice in the, 220.

St. Maura, earthquakes in, 474.

St. Michael, siliceous springs of, 246.

St. Michael's Mount, 323.

St. Paul, volcanic island, 446.

St. Vincent's, volcanoes of, 466.
----, counter-currents in the air proved by eruption in, 106.
----, boa constrictor conveyed on drift-wood to, 646.

Salt, on its deposition in the Mediterranean, 334.

Salt springs 18, 247.

Saltholm, island of, 520.

Samothracian deluge, 356.

Sand bars along western coast of Adriatic, 257.
----, drift, estuaries blocked up by, 307.

Sand, imbedding of towns, &c. in, 726.
----, cones of thrown up during earthquake, 483.

Sandown Bay, excavated by sea, 318.

Sandwich Islands volcanoes, 354, 372, 383, 429, 548, 552.

Sandwich Land, perpetual snow to level of sea-beach in, 99.

San Filippo, travertin of, 241.

San Lio, on Etna, fissures in plain of, 399.

Santa Maria, island of, raised 10 feet, 455.

Santorin, geological structure of, 445.
----, chart and section of, 442.
----, new islands in Gulf of, 441.

Saracens, learning of the, 17.

Saussure on the Alps and Jura, 45.
----, on glaciers in Alps, 223.

Savanna la Mar, swept away by sea, 731.

_Saxicava rugosa_, cosmopolite shell, 650.

Scandinavia called an island by the ancients, 520.
----, gradual rise of, 520, 563.
----, _See_ Sweden.

Scania, gradual subsidence of, 530.

Scacchi, Sig., on temple of Serapis, 516.
----, on origin of Monte Nuovo, 371.

Scheuchzer, his theory, 1708, 33.

Schmerling, Dr., on fossils in caves, 737.

Schwabe, M., on spots in the sun, 129, 544.

Sciacca, island of. _See_ Graham Island.

Scilla on organic remains, 1670, 24.

Scilla, rock of, 488.

Scoresby, Capt, on the Gulf stream, 96.
----, on formation of field ice, 108.
----, on weight of rocks transported by icebergs, 227.
----, cited, 640, 743.

Scotland, floods in, 207, 750.
----, colder climate indicated by newest tertiary strata of, 125.
----, waste of islands and coast of, 298.
----, slight earthquakes felt in, 358.
----, peat-mosses of, 720, 723.
----, marl lakes of, 752, 766, 770.

Scrope, Mr. G. P., on eruption of Vesuvius in 1822, 375.
----, on columnar basalts of Vesuvius, 385.
----, on pisolitic globules at Pompeii, 387.
----, on eruptions of Etna, 408, 410.
----, on cause of convexity of plain of Malpais, 429.
----, on connection between state of atmosphere and earthquakes, 561.

Sea does not change its level, but land, 15.
----, its influence on climate, 97.
----, area covered by, 124.
----, its encroachments on coasts, 298, 302, 324.
----, its rise and retreat during earthquakes, 407.

Sea-beaches, raised, in Ireland, 122.
----, progressive motion of, 316.

Seals, migration of, 642.

Sea-weed, banks formed by drift, 622, 770.

Secondary rocks, fossils of the, 86.
----, origin of the, 117.

Sedgwick, Professor, on the Hartz mountains, 48.
----, on tertiary deposits of the Alps, 119.
----, on the antagonist power of vegetation, 711.
----, on organic remains in fissures, 740.
----, on diluvial waves, 423.

Sediment of the Mississippi, 272.
----, laws governing deposition of, 188, 842.
----, in river water, 270.
----, of Ganges compared to lavas of Etna, 283.
----, rate of subsidence of some kinds of, 342.
----, area over which it may be transported by currents, 343.

Sedimentary deposition, causes which occasion a shifting of the areas
of, 189.

Seeds, vitality of, 587.
----, of Leguminosae adapted for water-carriage, 622.

Serapis, temple of, 507.
----, ground-plan of environs of, 507.
----, date of its re-elevation, 512.
----, now again subsiding, 516.
----, worship of, in Italy, 512.

Serres, E. R. A., on changes in brain of foetus, 609.

Serres, E. Marcel de, on fossil human remains, 738.

Severn, tides in estuary of, 291.
----, gain of land in its estuary, 324.

Shakspeare's cliff, waste of, 314.

"Shambles," a shoal off Portland Bill, 32.

Sharpe, Mr. D., on earthquake of Lisbon, 496.

Sheep, multiplication of, in South America, 686.

Shell marl, fossils in, 752, 766, 769.

Shells, fossil of older strata buried in newer or recent beds, 775.
_See_ Testacea.

Sheppey, waste of cliffs, 312.

Shetland Islands, action of the sea on, 298.
----, rock masses drifted by sea in, 298.
----, effect of lightning on rocks in, 299.
----, formation in progress near, 774.

Shingle beaches, 318, 320.

Ships, number of British, wrecked annually, 754, 755.
----, fossil, 316, 725, 758.

Siberia, rhinoceros entire in frozen soil of, 45, 82.
----, map of, 79.
----, the Bengal tiger found in, 78.
----, lowland of, 78, 83, 85.
----, drift timber on coast of, 745.

Siberian lowlands, climate of, 83.
----, mammoths, 80.

Sicily, earthquakes in, 357, 470, 477, 479, 503, 736.
----, geological structure of, 74, 167, 183.
----, mud volcanoes of, 447.

Sienna, fossil shells of, 39, 74.

Sigillariae, structure of, 88.

Silex, deposited by springs, 246.

Silliman, Professor, cited, 759.

Silurian rocks, wide range of the fossils, 160.
----, fauna, no land or freshwater plants in, 134.
----, horizontal, 187.
----, altered, 177.
----, strata formed in deep seas, 117.

Simeto, R., lava excavated by, 213.

Sindree, changes caused by earthquakes of 1819, near, 461, 464, 761.
----, view of the fort of, before the earthquake (_see_ Pl. xi.),
461.
----, its appearance in 1838, 463.

Skaptar Jokul, eruption of, 425.

Slave Lake, drift timber in, 743.

Sleswick, waste of coast of, 330, 694.

Sligo, bursting of a peat-moss in, 724.

Sloane, Sir H., on earthquake in Jamaica, 505.
----, on dispersion of plants, 621.

Smith, William, agreement of his system with Werner's, 48.
----, his "Tabular View of the British Strata," 1790, 58.
----, his map of England, 58.
----, priority of his arrangement, 58.

Smith, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on the colder climate of newest tertiary
period, 126.
----, on temple of Serapis, 516.

Smyrna, volcanic country round, 355.

Smyth, Capt. W. H., on the Mediterranean, 45, 259, 296, 511.
----, on height Of Etna, 396.
----, on Straits of Gibraltar, 333, 336.
----, on depth of sea from which Graham Island rose, 432.
----, on floating islands of drift-wood, 641.
----, on drifting of birds by the wind, 645.
----, on diffusion of insects, 657.
----, on average number of British ships lost, from 1793 to 1829,
755.
----, found shells at great depths between Gibraltar and Ceuta, 773.

Snow, height of perpetual, in the Andes, 112.
----, in Himalaya mountains, 112.
----, lowest limits of perpetual, at equator, 222.
----, lowest limits of perpetual, at Swiss Alps, 222.

Sodertelje, buried hut in canal of, 524, 528.

Soil, its influence on plants, 590.

Soils, on formation of, 709.
----, influence of plants on, 670.

Soldani, on microscopic shells of Mediterranean, 44.
----, on the Paris basin, 44.

Solent, its channel widening, 318.

Solfatara, lake of, 243.
----, volcano, 358, 363, 367, 385.

Solitaire, recently extinct bird, 684.

Solway Moss, 723.

Solway Firth, animals washed by river floods into, 760.

Somersetshire, land gained in, 324.
----, submarine forest on coast of, 323.

Somerville, Mrs., on depth of ocean, 104.

Somma, escarpment of, 381.
----, dikes of, 382.
----, supposed section of Vesuvius and, 381.

Sorbonne, College of the, 39.

Sorting power of water, 287.

South Carolina, earthquake in, 466.

South Downs, waste of plastic clay on, 317.

Spain, earthquakes in, 358.

Spallanzani on effects of heat on seeds, 621.
----, on flight of birds, 644.

Species, definition of the term, 567.
----, Linnaeus on constancy of, 568.
----, Lamarck's theory of transmutation of, 567, 580, 699.
----, reality of, in nature, 583, 591, 592, 611.
----, geographical distribution of, 612.
----, theories respecting their origin, 666, 703.
----, Brocchi on extinction of, 668.
----, reciprocal influence of aquatic and terrestrial, 676.
----, their successive creation and extinction, 678, 689, 707.
----, effect of changes in geography, climate, &c., on their
distribution, 105, 690, 697.
----, superior longevity of molluscous, 76.

Specific centres, doctrine of, 630.

Spence, Mr., on insects, cited, 606, 655, 673.

Spitzbergen, glaciers of, 96.

Spix, M., on animals drifted by Amazon, 641.
----, on Brazil, 682.

Spontaneous generation, theory of, 22.

Springs, origin of, 232.
----, the theory of, illustrated by bored wells, 233.
----, most abundant in volcanic regions, 237.
----, affected by earthquake, 237, 453, 456, 483, 494.
----, transporting power of, 238.
----, calcareous, 239.
----, sulphureous and gypseous, 245.
----, siliceous, 246.
----, ferruginous, 249.
----, brine, 247.
----, carbonated, 248.
----, petroleum, 250.

Squirrels, migrations of, 637.

Stabiae, buried city of, 394.

Stalagmite alternating with alluvium in caves, 737.

Stars, variable splendor of, 128.

Statical figure of the earth, 534, 544.

Stations of plants, description of, 614.
----, of animals, 677.

Stelluti on organic remains, 23.

Steno, opinions of, 23.

Stephenson on eruption in Iceland, 425.

Stephenson, Mr. R., on level of Red Sea and Mediterranean, 294.

Stevenson, Mr., on drift stones on Bell-Rock, 302.
----, on the German Ocean, 315, 340.
----, on waste of cliffs, 324.

Stockholm, rise of land near, 526, 527.

Stokes, Mr., on mineralization of plants, 747.

Stonesfleld, fossils of, 138, 145.

Storm of November, 1824, effect of, 317, 318, 320.

Strabo cited, 14, 260, 355, 361.
----, geology of, 14.

Strachey, Capt, R., on delta of Ganges, 283.

Straits of Dover, formation of, 315.
----, their depth, 315.

Straits of Gibraltar, currents in, &c., 333, 335.

Strata, laws governing deposition of, 188.
----, slow deposition of, proved by fossils, 154.
----, on consolidation of, 175.

Stratifications in deltas, causes of, 287.
----, of debris deposited by currents, 288.
----, unconformable, inferences derived from, 187.

Strabo, hypothesis of, 14.

Strickland, Mr., on tertiary strata, Cropthorn, 76.
----, on dodo, 684.

Stromboli, its appearance during Calabrlan earthquakes, 488.
----, constancy in eruption, 546, 561.

Stufas, jets of steam in volcanic regions, 237, 546.

Stutchbury, Mr., on coral islands, 778, 782.

Subapennine strata, 74.
----, early Italian geologists on, 42, 71.

Submarine forests, 303, 323, 746.
----, peat, 724, 770.
----, rivers, 357.
----, volcanoes, 431, 454.
----, eruptions in mid Atlantic, 436.

Subsidence of land, 460, 465, 470, 477, 495, 503, 504, 507, 691, 761,
762.
----, great areas of, 170, 790.
----, greater than elevation, 563, 787.
----, simultaneous in Miocene epoch, 192.
----, of land, delta of Mississippi, 271.
----, of coral islands, slow and uniform, 791.

Subterranean movements, uniformity of, 186.
----, movements near New Madrid, 1811-12, 270.

Suffolk, cliffs undermined, 309.
----, tertiary strata of, 142.

Sulphuric acid, lake of, in Java, 353.

Sulphureous springs, 245.

Sumatra, volcanoes in, 354.
----, animals destroyed by river floods in, 751.

Sumbawa, subsidence in island of, 1815, 464, 762.
----, ashes, transported to great distances by eruptions of, 106.

Sun, variations in spots of, 129.

Sunda, Isles of, volcanic region of, 350.

Sunderbunds, part of delta of Ganges, 276.

"Sunk country," west of New Madrid in U. S., 467.

Superior, Lake, deltas of, 254.
----, recent deposits in, 254, 768.
----, its depth, extent, &c., 254.
----, bursting of, would cause a flood, 156.

Sussex, waste of its coast, 317.

Sutlej, R., fossils near, 6.

Swanage Bay, excavated by sea, 318.

Sweden, gradual rise of, 520, 563.
----, gradual subsidence of south of, 530.
----, earthquakes in, 531.
----, land rising, 192.
----, _See_ also Scandinavia.

Switzerland, towns destroyed by landslips in, 732.

Syria, earthquakes in, 355, 453.

T.

Tacitus cited, 364.

Tagliamento, R., delta of the, 258.

Targioni, on geology of Tuscany, 40.

Tartary, volcanoes in, 355.

Taxodium distichum in Great Dismal Swamp, 725.

Tay, estuary of, encroachment of sea in, 302.
----, submarine forests in, 303.

Taylor, Mr. R. C., on waste of cliff's, 306.
----, on gain of land on coast of Norfolk, 308.
----, on caves in isle of Cuba, 741.

Tchihatchoff, M., map of Italy, 123.

Teissier, M., on human bones in caves, &c., 739.

Temperature, great changes in, 92.
----, difference of, in places in same latitudes, 95.
----, warmer in tertiary periods, 75.
----, oscillation of, 125.
----, _See_ Climate.

Temples, buried, in Egypt, 726.
----, under water in Bay of Baiae, 518.
----, buried in Cashmere, 762.

Teneriffe, volcanic eruptions in, 439.

Terra del Fuego, fauna of, 141.

Terranuova, subsidence near, 470.
----, fault in the tower of, 478.
----, landslips near, 485.

Tertiary formations, general remarks on, 141, 182, 183.
----, geographical changes implied by, 118.
----, glacial in Scotland, 126.
----, origin of successive periods, 182.
----, circumstances under which these and the secondary formations
may have originated, 117, 118.
----, fossils of the newest, 183.
----, fossil mammals of successive, 142.
----, formations of England, 76, 142.
----, of the Paris basin, 142.
----, deposits, climate of warmer, 86.

Testacea, their geographical distribution, 649.
----, fossil, importance of, 183.
----, marine, imbedding of, 768.
----, freshwater, 770.
----, burrowing, 773.
----, longevity of species of, 76.
----, number of recent, in different tertiary periods, 142, 183.

Texel, waste of islands near the, 328.

Thames, valley of, tertiary strata in, 76.
----, gain and loss of land in its estuary, 312.
----, tide in its estuary, 338.
----, buried vessels in alluvial plain of the, 758.

Thanet, Isle of, loss of land in, 313.

Thermo-electricity, 543.

Thibet, yak or wild ox of, in ice, 85.

Thomson, Dr. T., on Western Himalaya and Thibet, 763.
----, on buried temples in Cashmere, 763.

Thrace subject to earthquakes, 355.

Thury, M. Hericart de, on artesian wells, 234, 236.

_Thylacotherium Prevostii_, 138.

Tiber, growth of its delta, 243.

Tide wave of the Atlantic, 308.

Tides, height to which they rise, 279, 290.
----, effect of winds on the, 295.
----, effects of, on wells near London, 233.
----, their destroying and transporting power, 291.
----, their reproductive effects, 337.
----, and currents, drifting remains of animals by, 753.

Tiedemann on changes in brain of foetus, 609.

Tiger of Bengal found in Siberia, 77.

Tigris and Euphrates, their union a modern event, 284.

Tigris, river, delta of, advancing, 284.

Tilesius on Siberian mammoth, 81.

Time, prepossessions in regard to the duration of past, 62.

Tivoli, flood at, 211.
----, travertin of, 244.

Tomboro, volcano, eruption of, 465.
----, town of, submerged, 465.

Torre del Greco overflowed by lava, 394.
----, columnar lavas of, 384.

Torrents, action of, in widening valleys, 204.

Torres' Strait, volcano of, 792.

Totten, Col., on expansion of rocks by heat, 562.

Tournal, M., on French caves, 738, 739.

Towns destroyed by landslips, 732.

Trade-winds, 106, 295.

Traditions of losses of land, 324, 327.
----, of floods, 500, 501.

Transition texture, 176.
----, formations, 177.

Trap rocks of many different ages, 160.

Travertin of the Elsa, 239.
----, of San Vignone, 240.
----, of San Filippo, 241.
----, spheroidal structure of, 242.
----, compared to English magnesian limestone, 243.
----, of Tivoli, 244.

Travertin politic, recent, in Lancerote, 439.

Tree-ferns, distribution of, 88.

Tree-ferns, extend more south than north of equator, 86.

Trees, longevity of, 422.

Trias, fossil mammifer of, 137.

Trimmer, Mr., on recent marine shells in Wales, 122.

Trinidad, subsidence in, 250.
----, pitch lake of, 250.

Tripergola, 370, 371, 395.

Tripolitza, plain of, breccias in, 734.

Trollhattan, 527.

Truncation of volcanic cones, 352, 493.

Tufa. _See_ Travertin.

Tuff, infusorial, 388.

Turner, Dr., on decomposition of felspar, 247.

Turtles, migrations of, 645.
----, eggs of, fossil, 771.

Turton cited, 646.

Tuscany, geology of, 23, 40.
----, calcareous springs of, 239.

Tyrol, Dolomieu on the, 49.

U.

Uddevalla, upraised deposits at, 184, 527.

Uliah Bund, formation of the, 462.

Ulloa cited, 501, 502, 685.

Unconformable strata, inferences derived from, 187.

Uniformity of laws of nature, 71, 149, 373.
----, of system of past changes in animate and inanimate world, 181.

Universal formations, theory of, 49, 154.

Universal ocean, theory of, 26, 34.
----, disproved by organic remains, 191.

Upsala, strata near, 528.

V.

Val d'Arno, Upper, effect of destruction of forests in, 712.

Val del Bove on Etna described, 403.
----, form, composition, and origin of dikes in, 406.
----, lavas and breccias of the, 411.
----, origin of the, 413.
----, floods in, 411.

Val di Calanna, 405, 407, 410.

Val di Noto, Dolomieu on the, 49.

Valdivia, earthquake at, 453.

Valenciennes, M., on fish not crossing the Atlantic, 647.

Valley, newly formed in Georgia, U. S., 205.

Valleys, Targioni on origin of, 40.
----, excavation of, in Central France, 213.
----, of elevation, section of, 420.
----, on Etna, account of, 404.
----, the excavation of, assisted by earthquakes, 484.

Vallisneri on the origin of springs, 33.
----, on marine deposits of Italy, 34.
----, cited, 34, 35, 52.

Valparaiso, changes caused by earthquakes at, 457, 517, 761.

Van Dieman's Land, climate of, 97.

Vedas, sacred hymns of, 4.

Vegetable soil, why it does not increase, 709.
----, how formed, 710.

Vegetation, luxuriant, not required to support
large animals, 82.
----, centres of, 703.
----, its conservative influence, 710, 711.
----, its influence on climate, 713.

Veins, mineral, on their formation, 484.
----, of lava. _See_ Dikes.

Verneuil, M. de, on lowland of Siberia, 84.

Verona, fossils of, 20, 22, 34.
----, Arduino on mountains of, 41.

Verstegan, on separation of England from France, 315, 642.

Vertebrated animals in oldest strata, 135.

Vessels, fossil. _See_ Ships.

Vesta, temple of, 212.

Vesuvius, excavation of tuff on, 213.
----, history of, 263, 374.
----, eruptions of, 364, 374.
----, dikes of, 379.
----, lava of, 384.
----, structure and origin of the cone of, 383.
----, and Somma, probable section of, 381.
----, volcanic alluvium on, 728.

Vicentin, Dolomieu on the, 49.
----, submarine lavas of the, 71.

Victoria land, skirted by ice, 99.

Vidal, Capt., on Rockhall bank, 773.

Villages buried by landslips, 732.

Virlet, M., on Samothracian deluge, 356.
----, on volcanoes of Greece, 355.
----, on Santorin, 443, 445, 446.
----, on corrosion of rocks by gases, 733.
----, on human bones imbedded in Morea, 735.

Vivarais, basalts of the, 48.

Volcanic action, defined, 345.
----, power adequate to effect lateral pressure, 172.
----, lines, 169, 352.
----, craters in Galapagos with southern side lowest, 783.
----, action, uniformity of, 162, 711.
----, cones, truncation of, 352, 493.
----, their perfect state no proof of relative age, 712.
----, conglomerates, 438.
----, dikes. _See_ Dikes.
----, eruptions, causes of, 542.
----, average number of, per annum, 450.
----, formations, fossils in, 349, 728.
----, products, mineral composition of, 449.
----, regions, their geographical boundaries, 346.
----, map showing extent of, 351.
----, rocks, subterranean, 178, 450.
----, of all geological periods, 160.

Volcanoes, safety-valves according to Strabo, 15.
----, remarks on their position, 346, 355.
----, and earthquakes, effects of same causes, 345.
----, agency of water in, 545.
----, mode of computing the age of, 420.
----, sometimes inactive for centuries, 346, 421.
----, of Sandwich Islands, 354, 372, 548, 383, 429.
----, chemical theory of, 546.
----, mud, 447.
----, "no safety-valves," Dana on, 553.

Voltaire on systems of geology, 54.

Volterra, Mattani, on fossils of, 34.

Von Baer, Prof., on frozen soil of Siberia, 84.
----, on ice-drifted rocks, 231.

Von Buch on rise of land in Sweden, 523, 526.
----, on volcanic lines, 352.
----, on volcanoes of Greece, 355.
----, on formation of Monte Nuovo, 369.
----, on Vesuvius and Somma, 367, 380, 382, 384.
----, on eruption in Lancerote, 436.
----, on glaciers, 228.
----, on new islands, 468.
----, on volcanic regions, 346.

Von Hoff. _See_ Hoff.

Vulcanists and Neptunists, factions of, 50, 55.

Vultur, Mount, 356.

Vultures, range of, 643.

W.

Wallerius, theory of, 45.

Wallich, Dr., on Ava fossils, 28.
----, on wood in peat near Calcutta, 280.

Warping, land gained by, 288, 339.

Water, action of running, 204.
----, its power on freezing, 204.
----, excavating power of, 204.
----, transporting power of, 204.
----, sorting power of, 286.
----, agency of, in volcanoes, 548.

Waterhouse, Mr., of British Museum, on provinces of indigenous land
quadrupeds, 631.

Wealden strata, fossils of, 117, 137, 140.

Webster, Dr., of Nova Scotia, on rain-prints, 202.

Wells, artesian, 233.

Wener, Lake, strata near, 527.

Werner, Professor of Mineralogy at Freyberg, 1775, 46.
----, his lecture, 47.
----, on granite of the Hartz, 47.
----, principal merit of his system, 48.
----, technical terms of, 58.
----, on transition rocks, 176.
.
West Indian land quadrupeds, 634.

West Indies, earthquakes in, 29, 350, 505.
----, active volcanoes in, 350.

Whales stranded, 771.

Whewell, Rev. Dr., on modern progress of geology, 59.
----, on the tides, 332.

Whirlwinds, violent, during eruption in Sumbawa, 465.

Whirlwind, dispersion of seeds by, 619.

Whiston, his theory of the earth, 32.

White Mountains, landslips in the, 209.

Whitehurst, theory of, 1778, 45.
----, on subsidence at Lisbon, 495.

Wildenow on diffusion of plants by man, 626.
----, on centres of vegetable creation, 703.

Wilkinson, Sir J. G., on deposits of Nile, 262.
----, on sand drift in Egypt, 726.

Wilson, Prof., on cosmogony of Vedas, 4.

Winds, trade, 106, 295.
----, currents caused by the, 293.
----, sand drifted by the, 307, 726.

Wolf, and dog, distinct species, 585.
----, hybrids between the, 601.
----, drifted to sea on ice, 640.
----, extirpated in Great Britain, 683.

Wollaston, Dr., on water of Mediterranean, 334.

Wood, Mr. S., on fossil quadrumana, 144.

Wood impregnated with salt water when sunk to great depths, 743.
----, drift, 90, 268, 640, 743.
----, converted into lignite, 759.

Woodward, theory of, 31, 84, 54, 66.

Wrecks, number of, annually, 754, 755.

X.

Xanthus, the Lydian, his theory, 14.

Y.

Yak, wild ox of Thibet, frozen in ice, 85.

Yakutzt, frozen soil of, 84.

Yaou, flood of, 7.

Yarmouth, estuary silted up at, 307.
----, rise of the tide at, 291, 307.

Yenesei, R., fossils on banks of, 79.

Yorkshire, bones of mammoth in, 76.
----, waste of its coasts, 303.

Young, Dr., on effects of compression at earth's centre, 536.

Z.

Zante, earthquakes in island of, 474.

Zealand, New, number of ferns, 116.
----, resemblance of plants with ancient carboniferous flora, 116.
----, length and breadth of, 116.

Zeuglodon, eocene cetacea, 145.

Zoological provinces how formed, 666.
----, why not more blended together, 668.

Zoophytes, their geographical distribution, 651.
----, their powers of diffusion, 654.
----, abundance of, 706.
----, which form coral reefs, 776.

Zuyder Zee, formation, 328.
----, great mosses on the site of, 327.

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