Chapter V (27)

Airports:
total: 26
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 3
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 8 (1994 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 577,000 (1991 est.)

Telephone system: telecommunication system not well developed;
215,000 unsatisfied requests for telephone service (1991 est.)
domestic: NA
international: international connections to other former Soviet
republics by landline and microwave radio relay through Ukraine and
to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international
gateway switch; satellite earth stations - 1 Eutelsat and 1 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 5, shortwave NA (1994)

Radios: NA

Television broadcast stations: 2 (one national and one private)
(1995)

Televisions: NA

Defense -------

Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic
Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,125,538
males fit for military service: 888,757
males reach military age (18) annually: 37,183 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: 203 million lei, 2.5% of GDP (1995); note -
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results

======================================================================

@Monaco ------

Map ---

Location: 43 44 N, 7 24 E -- Western Europe, bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of France, near the border
with Italy

Flag ----

Description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of
Poland which is white (top) and red

Geography ---------

Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, on the
southern coast of France, near the border with Italy

Geographic coordinates: 43 44 N, 7 24 E

Map references: Europe

Area:
total area: 1.9 sq km
land area: 1.9 sq km
comparative area: about three times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
total: 4.4 km
border country: France 4.4 km

Coastline: 4.1 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mont Agel 140 m

Natural resources: none

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Law
of the Sea

Geographic note: second smallest independent state in world (after
Holy See); almost entirely urban

People ------

Population: 31,719 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 2,737; female 2,685)
15-64 years: 63% (male 9,746; female 10,318)
65 years and over: 20% (male 2,288; female 3,945) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.59% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 10.66 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 12.11 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 7.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.87 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.07 years
male: 74.38 years
female: 81.93 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s)
adjective: Monacan or Monegasque

Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other
21%

Religions: Roman Catholic 95%

Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Literacy: NA

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Principality of Monaco
conventional short form: Monaco
local long form: Principaute de Monaco
local short form: Monaco

Data code: MN

Type of government: constitutional monarchy

Capital: Monaco

Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular -
quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo

Independence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)

National holiday: National Day, 19 November

Constitution: 17 December 1962

Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949) is a
hereditary monarch; Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis
Pierre (born 14 March 1958)
head of government: Minister of State Jaques DUPONT (since NA 1995)
was appointed by the prince from a list of three candidates
presented by the French Government
cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the prince

Legislative branch: unicameral
National Council (Conseil National): elections last held 24 and 31
January 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
party NA; seats - (18 total) Campora List 15, Medecin List 2,
independent 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)

Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union
(UND); Campora List, Anne-Marie CAMPORA; Medecin List, Jean-Louis
MEDECIN

International organization participation: ACCT, ECE, IAEA, ICAO,
ICRM, IFRCS, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

Diplomatic representation in US: Monaco does not have an embassy
in the US
consulate(s): New York
honorary consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New
Orleans, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
honorary consulate(s): Dallas, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and
Washington, DC

US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited to ======================================================================

@Mongolia --------

Map ---

Location: 46 00 N, 105 00 E -- Northern Asia, between China and
Russia

Flag ----

Description: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side),
blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the
national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and
geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the
yin-yang symbol)

Geography ---------

Location: Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references: Asia

Area:
total area: 1.565 million sq km
land area: 1.565 million sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries:
total: 8,114 km
border countries: China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: none

Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)

Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and
southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil 4,374 m

Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,
phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold

Land use:
arable land: 1%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 79%
forest and woodland: 10%
other: 10%

Irrigated land: 770 sq km (1989)

Environment:
current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; policies of
the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and
industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects
on the environment; the burning of soft coal and the concentration
of factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air;
deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to
agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and
rain; desertification
natural hazards: dust storms can occur in the spring
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not
ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea

Geographic note: landlocked; strategic location between China and
Russia

People ------

Population: 2,496,617 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38% (male 486,321; female 471,931)
15-64 years: 58% (male 722,485; female 723,065)
65 years and over: 4% (male 39,704; female 53,111) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.69% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 25.55 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 8.65 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 69.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 60.75 years
male: 58.8 years
female: 62.8 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.04 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian

Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazak 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%,
other 2%

Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%
note: previously limited religious activity because of communist
regime

Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988 est.)
total population: 82.9%
male: 88.6%
female: 77.2%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia

Data code: MG

Type of government: republic

Capital: Ulaanbaatar

Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag)
and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay,
Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi,
Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol,
Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China)

National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921)

Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992

Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of
law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September
1990) was nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected
in general presidential elections for a four-year term; election
last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results -
Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8%
of the vote, other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
head of government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August
1992) and Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH (since NA October
1992) and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA September 1990) were
appointed by the State Great Hural
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the State Great Hural

Legislative branch: unicameral
State Great Hural: elections held for the first time 28 June 1992
(next to be held NA June 1996); results - percent of vote by party
NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party of Mongolia 4, MSDP 1
note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, serves as appeals court for
people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns
verdicts of lower courts, judges are nominated by the General
Council of Courts for approval of the Great Hural

Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's Revolutionary
Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general;
Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman;
Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman;
United Party of Mongolia, leader NA
note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990

International organization participation: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general: New York

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON
embassy: inner north side of the Big Ring, just west of the Selbe
Gol, Ulaanbaatar
mailing address: c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region 11, Big
Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606
FAX: [976] (1) 320776

Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national
emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
symbol)

Economy -------

Economic overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered
population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained
economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based
on agriculture and the breeding of livestock. In past years
extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support;
total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The
mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten,
and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber
and fishing are also important sectors. The Mongolian leadership has
been gradually making the transition from Soviet-style central
planning to a market economy through privatization and price reform
and has been soliciting support from international financial
agencies and foreign investors. The economy, however, has still not
recovered from the loss of Soviet aid. The country continues to
suffer substantial economic hardships, with one-fourth of the
population below the poverty line.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.9 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $1,970 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 28%
industry: 35%
services: 37% (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 53% (1995 est.)

Labor force: 1.115 million (mid-1993 est.)
by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural
note: over half the adult population is in the labor force,
including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor

Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)

Industries: copper, construction materials, mining (particularly
coal); food and beverage, processing of animal products

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 900,000 kW
production: 3.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,267 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats,
cattle, camels, horses

Exports: $400 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool,
hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
partners: former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)

Imports: $223 million (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products,
industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% (1991)

External debt: $473.7 million (1994)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos

Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 4465.39 (October 1995),
412.72 (1994), 42.56 (1992), 9.52 (1991), 5.63 (1990)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 1,928 km
broad gauge: 1,928 km 1.524-m gauge (1994)

Highways:
total: 46,700 km
paved: 1,000 km
unpaved: 45,700 km (1988 est.)

Waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)

Ports: none

Airports:
total: 34
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 7
with paved runways under 914 m: 1
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 3
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 10
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 (1994 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 89,000 (1995 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian
Ocean Region)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 0

Radios: 220,000

Television broadcast stations: 1 (provincial repeaters 18)

Televisions: 120,000 (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security
Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 638,560
males fit for military service: 417,620
males reach military age (18) annually: 27,386 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million, 1%
of GDP (1992)

======================================================================

@Montserrat ----------

(dependent territory of the UK)

Map ---

Location: 16 45 N, 62 12 W -- Caribbean, island in the Caribbean
Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico

Flag ----

Description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

Geography ---------

Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of
Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates: 16 45 N, 62 12 W

Map references: Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total area: 100 sq km
land area: 100 sq km
comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 40 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 3 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal
lowland
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chances Peak 914 m

Natural resources: NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 10%
forest and woodland: 40%
other: 30%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared
for cultivation
natural hazards: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic
eruptions (there are seven active volcanoes on the island)
international agreements: NA

People ------

Population: 12,771 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate: 0.28% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 15.08 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 9.83 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate: 11.78 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.65 years
male: 73.89 years
female: 77.46 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.93 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Montserratian(s)
adjective: Montserratian

Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans

Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal,
Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations

Languages: English

Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montserrat

Data code: MH

Type of government: dependent territory of the UK

Capital: Plymouth

Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint
Georges, Saint Peter's

Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
Saturday of June)

Constitution: present constitution came into force 19 December 1989

Legal system: English common law and statute law

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor Frank SAVAGE (since NA
February 1993) was appointed by the queen
head of government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since NA October
1991)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief
minister, three other ministries, the attorney general, and the
finance secretary

Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Council: elections last held 8 October 1991 (next to be
held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total,
7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1

Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint
Lucia)

Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP),
Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT;
National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE

International organization participation: Caricom, CDB, ECLAC
(associate), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, WCL

Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the
UK)

US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

Economy -------

Economic overview: The economy is small and open, with economic
activity centered on tourism and related services. Tourism accounts
for roughly one-quarter of Montserrat's national income. The
island's main export is electronic components which are mainly
shipped to the US. The agriculture sector is small; cabbages,
carrots, cucumbers, and onions are grown for the domestic market;
additionally, some hot peppers and live plants are exported to the
US and Europe. The threat of a volcanic eruption in late 1995 led to
the repeated evacuation of Montserrat's capital, Plymouth, and deep
ash from the volcano destroyed much of the yearend crops. As a
result, production in 1995 dropped precipitously. The likely slow
recovery of tourism and the continued danger of an eruption dim the
prospects for rapid recovery in 1996.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $55.6 million (1994 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 0.5% (1994 est.)

GDP per capita: $4,500 (1994 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 4.8%
industry: 18.4%
services: 76.8% (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (1994)

Labor force: 5,100
by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%,
construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%,
manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other
14.4% (1983 est.)

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $15.7 million
expenditures: $15.6 million including capital expenditures of $NA
(1994)

Industries: tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 5,271 kW
production: 17 million kWh
consumption per capita: 1,106 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: tomatoes, onions, peppers; livestock products

Exports: $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot
peppers, live plants, cattle
partners: US, Ireland

Imports: $80.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
partners: NA

External debt: $10.2 million (December 1994)

Economic aid: $NA

Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70
(fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 280 km
paved: 200 km
unpaved: 80 km

Ports: Plymouth

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 3,000

Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: NA

Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 4, shortwave 0

Radios: 6,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 1

Televisions: 2,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Police Force

Defense note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

======================================================================

@Morocco -------

Map ---

Location: 32 00 N, 5 00 W -- Northern Africa, bordering the North
Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and
Western Sahara

Flag ----

Description: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star)
known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the
traditional color of Islam

Geography ---------

Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and
the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara

Geographic coordinates: 32 00 N, 5 00 W

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 446,550 sq km
land area: 446,300 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:
total: 2,002 km
border countries: Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km
note: excludes the length of the boundary between the places of
sovereignty and Morocco

Coastline: 1,835 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but
sovereignty is unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a
referendum on the issue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been in
effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of
sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco -
the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as
well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la
Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas

Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Terrain: northern coast and interior are mountainous with large
areas of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal
plains
lowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 m
highest point: Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m

Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc,
fish, salt

Land use:
arable land: 18%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 28%
forest and woodland: 12%
other: 41%

Irrigated land: 12,650 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: land degradation/desertification (soil erosion
resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction
of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation
of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters
natural hazards: northern mountains geologically unstable and
subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Environmental
Modification, Law of the Sea

Geographic note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar

People ------

Population: 29,779,156 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38% (male 5,696,731; female 5,522,077)
15-64 years: 58% (male 8,577,918; female 8,700,521)
65 years and over: 4% (male 613,712; female 668,197) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.05% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 27.39 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.52 years
male: 67.53 years
female: 71.61 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.58 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Moroccan(s)
adjective: Moroccan

Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%

Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the
language of business, government, and diplomacy

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 43.7%
male: 56.6%
female: 31%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco
conventional short form: Morocco
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah
local short form: Al Maghrib

Data code: MO

Type of government: constitutional monarchy

Capital: Rabat

Administrative divisions: 36 provinces and 5 wilayas*; Agadir, Al
Hoceima, Assa-Zag, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane,
Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia,
Essaouira, Es Smara, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra,
Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech*,
Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi
Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan,
Tiznit

Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France)

National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of
King HASSAN II's accession to the throne)

Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992

Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil
law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Chamber of Supreme Court

Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) is a hereditary
monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May
1994) was appointed by the king
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the king

Legislative branch: unicameral
Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab): two-thirds elected by
direct, universal suffrage and one-third by an electoral college of
government, professional, and labor representatives; direct, popular
elections last held 15 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (333 total, 222 directly
elected) USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS
6, PDI 3, SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect, special interest elections
last held 17 September 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (333 total, 111 indirectly
elected) UC 27, MP 18, RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shura
and Istiqlal 6, USFP 4, PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed on the
recommendation of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided
over by the king

Political parties and leaders:
opposition: Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Mohammad
al-YAZGHI; Istiqlal Party (IP), M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progress
and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA; Organization of Democratic and
Popular Action (OADP), Mohamed Ben SAID
pro-government: Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; Popular
Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND),
Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement (MNP),
Mahjoubi AHARDANE
independents: National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;
Democracy and Istiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA),
Abdullah SENHAJI; Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NA
labor unions and community organizations (indirect elections:
Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), Nabir AMAOUI; General Union
of Moroccan Workers (UGTM), Abderrazzak AFILAL; Moroccan Union of
Workers (UTM), leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NA

International organization participation: ABEDA, ACCT (associate),
AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS
(observer), OIC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSA
chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982
FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161
consulate(s) general: New York

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERG
embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
mailing address: PSC 74, Box 003, APO AE 09718
telephone: [212] (7) 76 22 65
FAX: [212] (7) 76 56 61
consulate(s) general: Casablanca

Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known
as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the
traditional color of Islam

Economy -------

Economic overview: Morocco faces the typical problems of
developing countries - restraining government spending, reducing
constraints on private activity and foreign trade, and keeping
inflation within bounds. Since the early 1980s the government has
pursued an economic program toward these objectives with the support
of the IMF, the World Bank, and the Paris Club of creditors. The
economy has substantial assets to draw on: the world's largest
phosphate reserves, diverse agricultural and fishing resources, a
sizable tourist industry, a growing manufacturing sector, and
remittances from Moroccans working abroad. A severe drought in
1992-93 depressed economic activity and held down exports. Real GDP
contracted by 4.4% in 1992 and 1.1% in 1993. Despite these setbacks,
initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen the banking
sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in 1993-94.
Favorable rainfall in 1994 boosted agricultural production by 40%.
In 1995, Morocco suffered from a drought said to be the worst in 30
years. Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and
vulnerability to external economic forces remain long-term problems
for Morocco.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $87.4 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: -6.5% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $3,000 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 14.3%
industry: 32.2%
services: 53.5% (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1994)

Labor force: 7.4 million
by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9%
(1985)

Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $8.1 billion
expenditures: $8.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1994 est.)

Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing,
leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 0.1%

Electricity:
capacity: 2,620,000 kW
production: 9.9 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 361 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: barley, wheat, citrus, wine, vegetables, olives;
livestock

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the
increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments
of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for
cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe

Exports: $4 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%,
consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17%
partners: EC 70%, Japan 5%, US 4%, Libya 3%, India 2% (1993)

Imports: $7.2 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw
materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%,
consumer goods 9%
partners: EC 59%, US 8%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 3%, Russia 2% (1993)

External debt: $20.5 billion (1994 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $297 million (1993)
note: $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991)

Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.607 (January
1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707
(1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 1,907 km
standard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1003 km electrified; 246 km
double track) (1994)

Highways:
total: 59,474 km
paved: 29,440 km (including 73 km of expressways)
unpaved: 30,034 km (1991 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km
(abandoned); natural gas 241 km

Ports: Agadir, Al Jadida, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra,
Mohammedia, Nador, Rabat, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled
Ceuta and Melilla

Merchant marine:
total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 175,962 GRT/257,449 DWT
ships by type: cargo 8, chemical tanker 7, container 2, oil tanker
4, refrigerated cargo 9, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-sea
passenger 1 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 63
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 11
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 7
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 12
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 11
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 15 (1995 est.)

Heliports: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 270,100 (1987 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and
microwave radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and
Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and
Tetouan
international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to
Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave
radio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel

Radio broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 0

Radios: 5.527 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 26 (repeaters 26)

Televisions: 1.21 million (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan
Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 7,541,745
males fit for military service: 4,782,028
males reach military age (18) annually: 330,344 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.38 billion,
4.1% of GDP (1995)

======================================================================

@Mozambique ----------

Map ---

Location: 18 15 S, 35 00 E -- Southern Africa, bordering the
Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania

Flag ----

Description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black,
and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side;
the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a
yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book

Geography ---------

Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel,
between South Africa and Tanzania

Geographic coordinates: 18 15 S, 35 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 801,590 sq km
land area: 784,090 sq km
comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:
total: 4,571 km
border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland
105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km

Coastline: 2,470 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical to subtropical

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus
in northwest, mountains in west
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m

Natural resources: coal, titanium, natural gas

Land use:
arable land: 4%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 56%
forest and woodland: 20%
other: 20%

Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: civil strife and recurrent drought in the
hinterlands have resulted in increased migration to urban and
coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;
desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters
natural hazards: severe droughts and floods occur in central and
southern provinces; devastating cyclones
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified
- Desertification, Law of the Sea

People ------

Population: 17,877,927 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 4,141,915; female 4,115,191)
15-64 years: 51% (male 4,324,102; female 4,868,518)
65 years and over: 3% (male 184,606; female 243,595) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.65% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 45.51 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 18.97 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
note: by the end of 1994, an estimated 1.6 million Mozambican
refugees, who fled to Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa in earlier
years from the civil war, had returned; an estimated 100,000
refugees remain to be repatriated from those countries

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 125.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 44.34 years
male: 43.21 years
female: 45.5 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.23 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican

Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan,
Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%,
Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%

Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 40.1%
male: 57.7%
female: 23.3%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique
conventional short form: Mozambique
local long form: Republica Popular de Mocambique
local short form: Mocambique

Data code: MZ

Type of government: republic

Capital: Maputo

Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular -
provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula,
Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia

Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)

Constitution: 30 November 1990

Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary
law

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November
1986) was elected for a five-year term by popular vote
head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since December
1994) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Cabinet

Legislative branch: unicameral
Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica): the members are
elected by direct, universal, adult suffrage on a secret ballot for
a term of five years; election last held 27-29 October 1994 (next to
be held NA October 1999); results - percent vote by party NA, seats
(250 total) FRELIMO won a slim majority
note: the presidential and legislative elections took place as
called for in the 1992 peace accords; RENAMO participated in the
elections

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges appointed by the president
and judges elected by the Assembly

Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of
Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; Mozambique
National Resistance (RENAMO), Afonso DHLAKAMA, president; Democratic
Union (DU), Antonio PALANGE, General Secretary

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Inmarset, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito Pereira Zozimo PATRICIO
chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146
FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis Coleman JETT
embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo
mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo
telephone: [258] (1) 492797
FAX: [258] (1) 490114

Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and
yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the
black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow
five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book

Economy -------

Economic overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique
has failed to exploit the economic potential of its sizable
agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed,
national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the
first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of
government administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A
sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic reform
policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late
1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output
is at only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported.
Industry operates at only 20%-40% of capacity. The economy depends
heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. Peace accords between
civil warring factions, signed in October 1992, improved chances of
foreign investment, aided IMF-supported economic reforms, and
supported continued economic recovery. Elections held in 1994
diverted government attention from the economy, resulting in
slippage and delays in the economic reform program. Nonetheless,
growth continued in 1994-95, and the economy should move forward in
the late 1990s, given continued foreign help in meeting debt
obligations. One key event in 1995 was the conclusion of
negotiations with Enron of Houston, Texas, for a $700 million
project to exploit the Pande natural gas fields.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $12.2 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: -2.5% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $700 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 33%
industry: 12%
services: 55% (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1994 est.)

Labor force: NA
by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture

Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $252 million
expenditures: $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1992 est.)

Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints),
petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco

Industrial production growth rate: 5.8% (1993 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 2,360,000 kW
production: 1.7 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 58 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava
(tapioca), corn, rice, tropical fruits; beef, poultry

Exports: $170 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: shrimp 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, citrus
partners: Spain, South Africa, US, Portugal, Japan

Imports: $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum
partners: South Africa, UK, France, Japan, Portugal

External debt: $5 billion (1992 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 10,908.0 (December 1995),
9,024.3 (1995), 6,038.6 (1994), 3,874.2 (1993), 2,516.5 (1992),
1,434.5 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 3,131 km
narrow gauge: 2,988 km 1.067-m gauge; 143 km 0.762-m gauge (1994)

Highways:
total: 27,287 km
paved: 4,693 km
unpaved: 22,594 km (1991 est.)
note: highway traffic impeded by land mines not removed at end of
civil war

Waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes

Pipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products
289 km

Ports: Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba

Merchant marine:
total: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,694 GRT/9,724
DWT (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 131
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 10
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5
with paved runways under 914 m: 67
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 12
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 32 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 59,000 (1983 est.)

Telephone system: fair system of tropospheric scatter, open-wire
lines, and microwave radio relay
domestic: microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter
international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic
Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 4, shortwave 0

Radios: 700,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 1

Televisions: 44,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 3,767,855
males fit for military service: 2,162,388 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 5.3%
of GDP (1994)

======================================================================

@Namibia -------

Map ---

Location: 22 00 S, 17 00 E -- Southern Africa, bordering the South
Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and South Africa

Flag ----

Description: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills
the upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills
the lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe
that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

Geography ---------

Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean,
between Angola and South Africa

Geographic coordinates: 22 00 S, 17 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 825,418 sq km
land area: 825,418 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska

Land boundaries:
total: 3,824 km
border countries: Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa
855 km, Zambia 233 km

Coastline: 1,572 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is
indefinite; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in
disagreement; dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili
(Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River remained unresolved in
December 1995, and the parties agreed to refer the matter to the ICJ

Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari
Desert in east
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin,
lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected
deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore

Land use:
arable land: 1%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 64%
forest and woodland: 22%
other: 13%

Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources;
desertification
natural hazards: prolonged periods of drought
international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not
ratified - Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes

People ------

Population: 1,677,243 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44% (male 370,090; female 362,185)
15-64 years: 52% (male 428,488; female 449,726)
65 years and over: 4% (male 28,599; female 38,155) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.93% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 37.29 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 7.98 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 47.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.48 years
male: 62.85 years
female: 66.16 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 5.1 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Namibian(s)
adjective: Namibian

Ethnic divisions: black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Religions: Christian 80% to 90%, Lutheran 50% at least, other
Christian denominations 30%, native religions 10% to 20%

Languages: English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of
most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German
32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1960 est.)
total population: 38%
male: 45%
female: 31%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Namibia
conventional short form: Namibia

Data code: WA

Type of government: republic

Capital: Windhoek

Administrative divisions: 13 regions; Erongo, Hardap, Karas,
Khomas, Kunene, Caprivi (Liambezi), Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke,
Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa

Independence: 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

National holiday: Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990

Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Sam NUJOMA (since
21 March 1990) was elected for a five-year term by universal
suffrage; election last held 7-8 December 1994 (next to be held NA
December 1999); results - Sam NUJOMA elected president; percent of
vote NA
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from the members of
National Assembly

Legislative branch: bicameral legislature
National Council: elections last held 30 November-3 December 1992
(next to be held by December 1998); results - percent of vote by
party NA; seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1
National Assembly: elections last held 7-8 December 1994 (next to be
held NA December 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats
- (72 total) SWAPO 53, DTA 15, UDF 2, MAG 1, DCN 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: South West Africa People's
Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; SWAPO for Justice, Zacharia
NJOMBA; DTA of Namibia (formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance)
(DTA), Mishake MUYONGO; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus
GAROEB; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Keiphas CONRADIE;
Monitor Action Group (MAG), Kosie PRETORIUS; Workers Revolutionary
Party (WRP); Southwest African National Union (SWANU), Hitjevi VEII;
Democratic Coalition of Namibia (DCN), Moses K. KATJIUONGUA;
National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses K. KATJIUONGUA

Other political or pressure groups: NA

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH
chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540
FAX: [1] (202) 986-0443

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Marshall F. McCALLIE
embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek
mailing address: Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek
telephone: [264] (61) 221601
FAX: [264] (61) 229792

Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper
left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower
right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is
contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

Economy -------

Economic overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the
extraction and processing of minerals for export. Mining accounts
for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of
nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's fifth-largest producer of
uranium. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary
source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large
quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than half
the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence
agriculture) for its livelihood. Namibia must import some of its
food.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $5.8 billion (1994 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 6.6% (1994 est.)

GDP per capita: $3,600 (1994 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1994)

Labor force: 500,000
by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services
8%, government 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.)

Unemployment rate: 35% in urban areas (1993 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $941 million
expenditures: $1.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $157
million (FY93/94)

Industries: meat packing, fish processing, dairy products; mining
(diamond, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Industrial production growth rate: 10% (1994)

Electricity:
capacity: 406,000 kW
production: 1.29 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 658 kWh (1991)

Agriculture: millet, sorghum, peanuts; livestock; fish catch
potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled

Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities: diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle,
processed fish, karakul skins
partners: Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, UK

Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and
equipment
partners: South Africa, Germany, US, Japan

External debt: about $385 million (1994 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.6417 (January
1996), 3.6266 (1995), 3.5490 (1994), 3.2636 (1993), 2.8497 (1992),
2.7653 (1991)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 2,382 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 2,382 km 1.067-m gauge; single track

Highways:
total: 54,186 km
paved: 4,056 km
unpaved: 50,130 km (1987 est.)

Ports: Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 108
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 14
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 10
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 17
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 58 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 89,722 (1992 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radio
relay links major towns; connections to other populated places are
by open wire
international: NA

Radio broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 40, shortwave 0

Radios: 195,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 3

Televisions: 27,000 (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: National Defense Force (Army), Police

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 377,687
males fit for military service: 224,682 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $64 million, 2.1%
of GDP (FY95/96)

======================================================================

@Nauru -----

Map ---

Location: 0 32 S, 166 55 E -- Oceania, island in the South Pacific
Ocean, south of the Marshall Islands

Flag ----

Description: blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across
the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the
hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to
the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12
original tribes of Nauru

Geography ---------

Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of the
Marshall Islands

Geographic coordinates: 0 32 S, 166 55 E

Map references: Oceania

Area:
total area: 21 sq km
land area: 21 sq km
comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 30 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)

Terrain: sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral
reefs with phosphate plateau in center
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location along plateau rim 61 m

Natural resources: phosphates

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage
tanks collect rainwater; phosphate mining threatens limited
remaining land resources
natural hazards: periodic droughts
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Marine Dumping; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea

Geographic note: Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock
islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island)
in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of
Equator

People ------

Population: 10,273 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate: 1.33% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 18.03 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female