Chapter V (41)

Merchant marine:
total: 465 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,509,741
GRT/9,494,434 DWT
ships by type: bulk 139, cargo 212, chemical tanker 18, combination
bulk 7, combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 4,
livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 43, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 15, short-sea passenger 7,
specialized tanker 2
note: Turkey owns an additional 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 247,369 DWT operating under the registries of Malta,
Panama, Libya, and Greece (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 104
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 17
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 19
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 12
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 18
with paved runways under 914 m: 28
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 8 (1995 est.)

Heliports: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 6.89 million (1990 est.)

Telephone system: fair domestic and international systems
domestic: trunk microwave radio relay network; limited open-wire
network
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Ocean
regions); 1 submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations: AM 15, FM 94, shortwave 0

Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 357

Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval
Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 16,937,828
males fit for military service: 10,312,010
males reach military age (20) annually: 637,456 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $6.0 billion, 4%
of GDP (1995); note - figures do not include about $7 billion for
the government's counterinsurgency effort against the separatist
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)

======================================================================

@Turkmenistan ------------

Map ---

Location: 40 00 N, 60 00 E -- Central Asia, bordering the Caspian
Sea, between Iran and Kazakstan

Flag ----

Description: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist
side, with a claret vertical stripe in between containing five
white, black, and orange carpet guls (an asymmetrical design used in
producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white
crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right
of the carpet guls

Geography ---------

Location: Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran
and Kazakstan

Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 60 00 E

Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States

Area:
total area: 488,100 sq km
land area: 488,100 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakstan 379 km,
Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Coastline: 0 km
note: Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet
determined

Climate: subtropical desert

Terrain: flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to
mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran;
borders Caspian Sea in west
lowest point: Sarygamysh Koli -110 m
highest point: Ayrybaba 3,139 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt

Land use:
arable land: 2%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 69%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 29%

Irrigated land: 12,450 sq km (1990)

Environment:
current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater with
agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salinization, water-logging of
soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution;
diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into
irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the
Aral Sea; desertification
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Ozone Layer Protection; signed,
but not ratified - Climate Change, Desertification

Geographic note: landlocked

People ------

Population: 4,149,283 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39% (male 826,637; female 804,385)
15-64 years: 56% (male 1,154,415; female 1,188,173)
65 years and over: 5% (male 65,447; female 110,226) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.82% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 29.12 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -2.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 81.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.48 years
male: 56.68 years
female: 66.52 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.62 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen

Ethnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazak 2%,
other 5.9%

Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2%

Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 97%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Data code: TX

Type of government: republic

Capital: Ashgabat

Administrative divisions: 5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal
Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty
(formerly Tashauz), Lebap Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty
note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name
differs from welayat name

Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

Constitution: adopted 18 May 1992

Legal system: based on civil law system

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990,
when the first direct presidential election occured) was elected to
a five-year term by universal suffrage; election last held 21 June
1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5%
(ran unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 referendum extended
NIYAZOV's term an additional five years until 2002 (99.99% approval)
head of government: Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers
Mukhamed ABALAKOV (since NA), Babamurad BAZAROV (since NA), Hekim
ISHANOV (since NA), Valeriy OTCHERTSOV (since NA), Yagmur OVEZOV
(since NA), Matkarim RAJAPOV (since NA), Pirkuly ODEYEV (since NA),
Rejep SAPAROV (since NA), Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA), Batyr
SARJAYEV (since NA), Amannazar ILAMANOV (since NA), Ilaman SHYKHYYEV
(since NA) were appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
note: NIYAZOV has been asked by various local groups, most recently
on 26 October 1995 at the annual elders meeting, to be "president
for life," but that would require an amendment to the constitution

Legislative branch: under the 1992 constitution, there are two
parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty
- having more than 100 members and meeting infrequently) and a
50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis)
Assembly (Majlis): elections last held 11 December 1994 (next to be
held NA 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (50
total) Democratic Party 45, other 5; note - all 50 preapproved by
President NIYAZOV

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Turkmenistan,
Saparmurat NIYAZOV; Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat
HOJA-MUHAMEDOV, chairman; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV,
cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, cochairman
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries

International organization participation: CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE,
ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat
(nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NACC, OIC, OSCE,
PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Halil UGUR
chancery: 1511 K Street NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 737-4800
FAX: [1] (202) 737-1152

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael W. COTTER
embassy: 9 Pushkin Street, Ashgabat
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [7] (3632) 35-00-45, 35-00-46, 35-00-42, Tie Line [8]
962-0000
FAX: [7] (3632) 51-13-05

Flag: green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side,
with a claret vertical stripe in between containing five white,
black, and orange carpet guls (an asymmetrical design used in
producing rugs) associated with five different tribes; a white
crescent and five white stars in the upper left corner to the right
of the carpet guls

Economy -------

Economic overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with
nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases,
and huge gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is
planted in cotton making it the world's tenth largest producer. It
also has the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas and
substantial oil resources. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had
experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states
because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and
gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994,
Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and
mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas
deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and
caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. The
economy remained depressed through 1995 while inflation soared.
Furthermore, with an authoritarian ex-communist regime in power and
a tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious
approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to
sustain its inefficient economy. For 1996, Turkmenistan will face
continuing constraints on its earnings because of its customers'
inability to pay for their gas and a below average cotton crop in
1995. Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels
through Iran and Turkey, but these will take many years to realize.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $11.5 billion (1995 estimate as
extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1994)

GDP real growth rate: -10% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $2,820 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 32.5%
industry: 33.4%
services: 34.1% (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% monthly average (1994 est.)

Labor force: 1.642 million (January 1994)
by occupation: agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and
construction 20%, other 36% (1992)

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries: natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food
processing

Industrial production growth rate: -7% (1995)

Electricity:
capacity: 2,480,000 kW
production: 9.8 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1995)

Agriculture: cotton, grain; livestock

Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy;
mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program;
used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to
Western Europe

Exports: $1.9 billion to states outside the FSU (1995)
commodities: natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, electricity,
textiles, carpets
partners: Ukraine, Russia, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia,
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Eastern Europe, Turkey, Argentina

Imports: $777 million from states outside the FSU (1995)
commodities: machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and
rubber, consumer durables, textiles
partners: Russia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Turkey

External debt: $400 million (of which $275 million to Russia)
(1995 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993)
note: commitments, $1,830 million ($375 million drawn), 1992-95

Currency: Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, the
manat, on 1 November 1993

Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - 2,400 (January 1996)
note: government established a unified rate in mid-January 1996

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 2,120 km in common carrier service; does not include
industrial lines
broad gauge: 2,120 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)

Highways:
total: 23,000 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1990 est.)

Waterways: the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway

Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km

Ports: Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnowodsk)

Airports:
total: 64
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 13
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 8
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 7
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 35 (1994 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: NA

Telephone system: poorly developed
domestic: NA
international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other
CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the
Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from
Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat
switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat;
satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there
is at least one state-owned radio broadcast station of NA type

Radios: NA

Television broadcast stations: NA

Televisions: NA

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense, Republic Security Forces
(internal and border troops), National Guard

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,024,398
males fit for military service: 834,803
males reach military age (18) annually: 41,697 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: 4.5 billion manats, 3.0% of GDP (1995); note
- conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the
current exchange rate could produce misleading results

======================================================================

@Turks and Caicos Islands ------------------------

(dependent territory of the UK)

Map ---

Location: 21 45 N, 71 35 W -- Caribbean, two island groups in the
North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of The Bahamas

Flag ----

Description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the
flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and
cactus

Geography ---------

Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the North Atlantic
Ocean, southeast of The Bahamas

Geographic coordinates: 21 45 N, 71 35 W

Map references: Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total area: 430 sq km
land area: 430 sq km
comparative area: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 389 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and
relatively dry

Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Blue Hills 49 m

Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch

Land use:
arable land: 2%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 98%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, private
cisterns collect rainwater
natural hazards: frequent hurricanes
international agreements: NA

Geographic note: 30 islands (eight inhabited)

People ------

Population: 14,302 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate: 2.14% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 12.85 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 13.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate: 12.57 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.4 years
male: 73.46 years
female: 77.07 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.86 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: none
adjective: none

Ethnic divisions: African

Religions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)

Languages: English (official)

Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970 est.)
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 98%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands

Data code: TK

Type of government: dependent territory of the UK

Capital: Grand Turk

Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)

Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986,
restored and revised 5 March 1988

Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small
number adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6
February 1953) is a hereditary monarch, represented by Governor
Martin BOURKE (since NA February 1993) who was appointed by the queen
head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January
1995) was appointed by the governor
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and
five appointed by the governor from the Legislative Council

Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Council: elections last held 31 January 1995 (next to be
held by NA 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20
total, 13 elected) PDM 8, PNP 4, independent (Norman SAUNDERS) 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP),
Washington MISSICK; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Derek H.
TAYLOR; United Democratic Party (UDP), Wendal SWANN

International organization participation: Caricom (associate),
CDB, Interpol (subbureau)

Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the
UK)

US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the
flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and
cactus

Economy -------

Economic overview: The Turks and Caicos economy is based on
tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Most food for
domestic consumption is imported; there is some subsistence farming
- mainly corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - on the Caicos Islands.
The tourism sector expanded in 1995, posting a 10% increase in the
first quarter as compared to the same period in 1994. The US was the
leading source of tourists in 1995, accounting for upward of 70% of
arrivals or about 60,000 visitors. Major sources of government
revenue include fees from offshore financial activities and customs
receipts as the Islands rely on imports for nearly all consumption
and capital goods.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $80.8 million (1992 est.)

GDP real growth rate: -1.5% (1992 est.)

GDP per capita: $6,000 (1992 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

Labor force: 4,848 (1990 est.)
by occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries;
some subsistence agriculture

Unemployment rate: 12% (1992)

Budget:
revenues: $31.9 million (1995)
expenditures: $30.4 million (1995), including capital expenditures
of $NA

Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 9,050 kW
production: 11.1 million kWh
consumption per capita: 860 kWh (1992)

Agriculture: corn, beans; fish

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American narcotics
destined for the US

Exports: $6.8 million (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells
partners: US, UK

Imports: $42.8 million (1993)
commodities: food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures,
construction materials
partners: US, UK

External debt: $NA

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: US currency is used

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 121 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 97 km

Ports: Grand Turk, Providenciales

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 7
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 1,359 (1988 est.)

Telephone system: fair cable and radiotelephone services
domestic: NA
international: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 7,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: television programs are available
from a cable network, and broadcasts from the Bahamas can be
received in the islands

Televisions: NA

Defense -------

Defense note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

======================================================================

@Tuvalu ------

Map ---

Location: 8 00 S, 178 00 E -- Oceania, island group consisting of
nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the
way from Hawaii to Australia

Flag ----

Description: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of
the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine
islands

Geography ---------

Location: Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in
the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to
Australia

Geographic coordinates: 8 00 S, 178 00 E

Map references: Oceania

Area:
total area: 26 sq km
land area: 26 sq km
comparative area: 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 24 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%
note: Tuvalu's nine coral atolls have enough soil to grow coconuts
and support subsistence agriculture

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater
is not potable, all water needs must be met by catchment systems
with storage facilities; beachhead erosion because of the use of
sand for building materials; excessive clearance of forest
undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread
of the crown of thorns starfish
natural hazards: severe tropical storms are rare
international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

People ------

Population: 10,146 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 36% (male 1,865; female 1,798)
15-64 years: 59% (male 2,831; female 3,162)
65 years and over: 5% (male 227; female 263) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.51% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 23.95 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 8.87 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 63.34 years
male: 62.15 years
female: 64.59 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Tuvaluan(s)
adjective: Tuvaluan

Ethnic divisions: Polynesian 96%

Religions: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day
Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%

Languages: Tuvaluan, English

Literacy: NA

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tuvalu
former: Ellice Islands

Data code: TV

Type of government: democracy; began debating republic status in
1992

Capital: Funafuti

Administrative divisions: none

Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Constitution: 1 October 1978

Legal system: NA

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) is a
hereditary monarch, represented by Governor General Manuella TULAGA
(since NA June 1994) who was appointed by the queen on
recommendation of the prime minister
head of government: Prime Minister Kamuta LATASI (since 10 December
1993) and Deputy Prime Minister Otinielu TAUSI (since 10 December
1993) were elected by and from the members of Parliament
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the governor general on
recommendation of the prime minister

Legislative branch: unicameral
Parliament (Fale I Fono): members elected for four-year terms;
elections last held 25 November 1993 (next to be held by NA 1997);
results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) independents 12

Judicial branch: High Court

Political parties and leaders: none

International organization participation: ACP, AsDB, C (special),
ESCAP, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US: Tuvalu does not have an embassy
in the US

US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in ======================================================================

@Uganda ------

Map ---

Location: 1 00 N, 32 00 E -- Eastern Africa, west of Kenya

Flag ----

Description: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow,
red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the
center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing
the hoist side

Geography ---------

Location: Eastern Africa, west of Kenya

Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 32 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 236,040 sq km
land area: 199,710 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
total: 2,698 km
border countries: Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km,
Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December
to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains
lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m
highest point: Margherita (Mount Stanley) 5,110 m

Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt

Land use:
arable land: 23%
permanent crops: 9%
meadows and pastures: 25%
forest and woodland: 30%
other: 13%

Irrigated land: 90 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: draining of wetlands for agricultural use;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching is widespread
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not
ratified - Desertification, Environmental Modification

Geographic note: landlocked

People ------

Population: 20,158,176 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 50% (male 5,006,615; female 4,972,831)
15-64 years: 48% (male 4,842,908; female 4,874,471)
65 years and over: 2% (male 231,156; female 230,195) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.24% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 45.92 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 20.72 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
note: Uganda is host to refugees from a number of neighboring
countries, including Zaire, Sudan, and Rwanda; probably in excess of
100,000 southern Sudanese fled to Uganda during the past year; many
of the 8,000 Rwandans who took refuge in Uganda have returned home

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 99.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 40.29 years
male: 39.98 years
female: 40.6 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.61 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Ugandan(s)
adjective: Ugandan

Ethnic divisions: Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso
8%, Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro
3%, Batobo 3%, European, Asian, Arab 1%, other 23%

Religions: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%,
indigenous beliefs 18%

Languages: English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages,
Nilotic languages

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 61.8%
male: 73.7%
female: 50.2%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Uganda
conventional short form: Uganda

Data code: UG

Type of government: republic

Capital: Kampala

Administrative divisions: 39 districts; Apac, Arua, Bundibugyo,
Bushenyi, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole, Kalangala,
Kampala, Kamuli, Kapchorwa, Kasese, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum,
Kotido, Kumi, Lira, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto,
Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pallisa, Rakai,
Rukungiri, Soroti, Tororo

Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)

Constitution: 8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member
Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitution
that had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was
dissolved on promulgation of the constitution in October 1995

Legal system: in 1995, the government restored the legal system to
one based on English common law and customary law and reinstituted a
normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
seizing power 29 January 1986); election last held 9 May 1996 (next
to be held NA); results - Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 74%, Paul K.
SSEMOGERERE 24%, Muhammad MAYANJA 2%; note - this was the first
popular direct presidential election since independence in 1962
head of government: Prime Minister Kintu MUSOKE (since 18 November
1994);
cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly: elections last held in 1980; note - the National
Assembly was dissolved in July 1985 following a military coup and
was succeeded on 1 February 1986 by the interim National Resistance
Council, initially consisting of 23 appointed members, but by
early-1989 enlarged to 278 members, of whom 210 were indirectly
elected; the National Resistance Council, which had served as
Uganda's acting legislature for more than 10 years, was dissolved on
15 June 1996 to prepare for the popular election of a new
legislature on 27 June 1996 in keeping with the provisions of the
new constitution

Judicial branch: Court of Appeal; High Court

Political parties and leaders: only officially recognized party -
National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI
note: Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton OBOTE; Democratic
Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), Joshua S.
MAYANJA-NKANGI continue to exist but the new constitution confirms
the suspension of political party activity until 2001

Other political or pressure groups: Lord's Resistance Army (LRA);
West Nile Bank Front (WNBF)

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB,
ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI
chancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416
FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador E. Michael SOUTHWICK
embassy: Parliament Avenue, Kampala
mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala
telephone: [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795
FAX: [256] (41) 259794

Flag: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red,
black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center
and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the
hoist side

Economy -------

Economic overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources,
including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral
deposits of copper and cobalt. Agriculture is the most important
sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee
is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export
revenues. Since 1986 the government - with the support of foreign
countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and
stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising
producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum
products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are
especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and
export earnings. In 1990-94, the economy turned in a solid
performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of
infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, and
gradually improving domestic security. The economy again prospered
in 1995 with rapid growth, low inflation, growing foreign
investment, a trimmed bureaucracy, and the continued return of
exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $16.8 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 7.1% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $900 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 55%
industry: 12%
services: 33% (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (1995)

Labor force: 8.361 million (1993 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 86%, industry 4%, services 10% (1980 est.)

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $574 million
expenditures: $1.07 billion, including capital expenditures of $328
million (1994/95 est.)

Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement

Industrial production growth rate: 15% (1994)

Electricity:
capacity: 162,000 kW
production: 603 million kWh
consumption per capita: 30 kWh (1990)

Agriculture: coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca),
potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry

Exports: $424 million (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: coffee 97%, cotton, tea
partners: US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%

Imports: $870 million (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods,
metals, transportation equipment, food
partners: Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%

External debt: $3.2 billion (1994)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,032.6
(November 1995), 979.4 (1994), 1,195.0 (1993), 1,133.8 (1992), 734.0
(1991)

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 1,241 km single track
narrow gauge: 1,241 km 1.000-m gauge
note:: a program to rehabilitate the railroad is underway (1995)

Highways:
total: 30,320 km
paved: 3,480 km
unpaved: 26,840 km (1987 est.)

Waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George,
Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile

Ports: Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell

Merchant marine:
total: 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
5,091 GRT/2,743 DWT (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 21
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 7
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 5
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 54,900 (1989 est.)

Telephone system: fair system
domestic: microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communications
stations
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 2.04 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 9 (1987 est.)

Televisions: 193,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Wing

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 4,359,286
males fit for military service: 2,365,157 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $56 million, 1.7%
of budget (FY93/94)

======================================================================

@Ukraine -------

Map ---

Location: 49 00 N, 32 00 E -- Eastern Europe, bordering the Black
Sea, between Poland and Russia

Flag ----

Description: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden
yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky

Geography ---------

Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland
and Russia

Geographic coordinates: 49 00 N, 32 00 E

Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States

Area:
total area: 603,700 sq km
land area: 603,700 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 4,558 km
border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,
Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km,
Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km

Coastline: 2,782 km

Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: undefined
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine -
including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by
Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was
incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940; dispute with Romania over
continental shelf of the Black Sea under which signifcant gas and
oil deposits may exist; potential dispute with Russia over Crimea;
has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation

Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern
Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest
in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm
across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and
plateaux, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians),
and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil,
salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel,
mercury, timber

Land use:
arable land: 56%
permanent crops: 2%
meadows and pastures: 12%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 30%

Irrigated land: 26,000 sq km (1990)

Environment:
current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water
pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast
from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed,
but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Climate Change, Law of the Sea

Geographic note: strategic position at the crossroads between
Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe

People ------

Population: 50,864,009 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20% (male 5,139,034; female 4,936,901)
15-64 years: 66% (male 16,135,671; female 17,433,600)
65 years and over: 14% (male 2,318,629; female 4,900,174) (July 1996
est.)

Population growth rate: -0.4% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 11.17 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 15.16 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.86 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.8 years
male: 61.54 years
female: 72.32 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian

Ethnic divisions: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%

Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian
Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox,
Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish

Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ukraine
local long form: none
local short form: Ukrayina
former: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Data code: UP

Type of government: republic

Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv)

Administrative divisions: 24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1
autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalites
(mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkas'ka
(Cherkasy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi),
Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k),
Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv),
Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy),
Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka
(Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka
(Odesa), Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'),
Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka (Sevastopol'),
Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka
(Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya),
Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr)
note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name
differs from oblast' name

Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991)

Constitution: adopted 28 June 1996

Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994) was
elected for a five-year term by direct popular vote; election last
held 26 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results -
Leonid KUCHMA 52.15%, Leonid KRAVCHUK 45.06%
head of government: Prime Minister Yevhen MARCHUK (since NA June
1995), First Deputy Prime Minister Pavlo LAZARENKO (since NA), and
eight deputy prime ministers were appointed by the president and
approved by the Supreme Council
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president and
approved by the Supreme Council
National Security Council: originally created in 1992, but
significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA;
members include the president, prime minister, ministers of finance,
environment, justice, internal affairs, foreign economic relations,
economic and foreign affairs; the NSC staff is tasked with
developing national security policy on domestic and international
matters and advising the president
Presidential Administration: helps draft presidential edicts and
provides policy support to the president
Council of Regions: advisory body created by President KUCHMA in
September 1994; includes the chairmen of Oblast and Kiev and
Sevastopol City Supreme Councils

Legislative branch: unicameral
Supreme Council: elections last held 27 March 1994 with repeat
elections continuing through December 1998 to fill empty seats (next
to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450
total) Communists 91, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18, Socialists 15,
Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5, Labor 5, Party
of Democratic Revival 4, Democrats 2, Social Democrats 2, Civil
Congress 2, Conservative Republicans 1, Party of Economic Revival of
Crimea 1, Christian Democrats 1, independents 225; note - most
recent repeat election held in April 1996 filling 422 of 450 seats
as follows: independents 238, Communist 95, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18,
Socialist 15, Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5,
Labor 5, Party of Democratic Revival 4, Democratic Party of Ukraine
2, Social Democrats 2, Civil Congress 2, Conservative Republicans 1,
Party of Economic Rivival of Crimea 1, Christian Democrats 1, vacant
28

Judicial branch: Supreme Court is the highest judicial body;
Constitutional Court has exclusive jurisdiction over interpretation
of the constitution and laws

Political parties and leaders: Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy
KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr SHCHERBAN;
Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK, chairman;
Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY,
chairman; People's Party of Ukraine; Peasants' Party of Ukraine;
Party of Democratic Rebirth (Revival) of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO,
chairman; Social Democratic Party of Ukraine, Vasyl ONOPENKO,
chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman;
Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman;
Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, Stepan KHMARA, chairman;
Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDYK, chairman; Ukrainian Party of
Justice, Yuriy ZUBKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' Democratic
Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party,
Bondan YAROSHPSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party;
Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh), Vyacheslav
CHORNOVIL, chairman; Ukrainian Communist Party, Petr SYMONENKO;
Agrarian Party; Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, Slava STESTKO;
Civil Congress, O. BAZYLUK; Party of Economic Revival of Crimea;
Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Nataliya VITRENKO and
Volodymyr MARCHENKO, leaders; People's Democratic Party, Anatoliy
MATVIYENKO, chairman

Other political or pressure groups: New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina);
Congress of National Democratic Forces

International organization participation: BSEC, CCC, CE, CIS,
EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,
ITU, NACC, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOT,
UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy Mikolayevych SHCHERBAK
chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606
FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817
consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador William Green MILLER
embassy: 10 Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [380] (44) 244-7345
FAX: [380] (44) 244-7350

Flag: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grainfields under a blue sky

Economy -------

Economic overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far
and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet
Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking
republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of
Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial
quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics.
Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw
materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the
former USSR. In early 1992, the Ukrainian Government liberalized
most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but
widespread resistance to reform within the government and the
legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some
backtracking. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to
hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Since his election in July
1994, President KUCHMA has developed a comprehensive economic reform
program, maintained financial discipline, and removed almost all
controls over prices and foreign trade. Implementation of KUCHMA's
economic agenda is encountering considerable resistance from
parliament, entrenched bureaucrats, and industrial interests.
However, should KUCHMA succeed in implementing aggressive market
reforms during 1996, the economy may stabilize and possibly achieve
real growth in the range of 0.5%-1%.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $174.6 billion (1995 estimate as
extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1994)

GDP real growth rate: -4% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $3,370 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 31%
industry: 43%
services: 26% (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% monthly average (1995)

Labor force: 23.55 million (January 1994)
by occupation: industry and construction 33%, agriculture and
forestry 21%, health, education, and culture 16%, trade and
distribution 7%, transport and communication 7%, other 16% (1992)

Unemployment rate: 0.7% officially registered; large number of
unregistered or underemployed workers (December 1995)

Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing
(especially sugar)

Industrial production growth rate: -11% (1995 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 54,380,000 kW
production: 192.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 3,200 kWh (1995 est.)

Agriculture: grain, sugar beets, vegetables; meat, milk

Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy;
mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program;
used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Exports: $11.3 billion (1995)
commodities: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, grain, meat
partners: other FSU countries, China, Italy, Switzerland

Imports: $10.7 billion (1995)
commodities: energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment,
chemicals, textiles
partners: other FSU countries, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic

External debt: $8.8 billion (including $4.5 billion to Russia)
(late 1995 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $220 million (1993)
note: commitments, 1992-95, $4.5 billion ($4.1 billion drawn)

Currency: on 2 September 1996, Ukraine introduced the long-awaited
hryvnia (plural hryvni) as its national currency, replacing the
karbovanets (in circulation since 12 November 1992) at a rate of
100,000 karbovantsi to 1 hryvnia

Exchange rates: hryvnia per US$1 - 1.76 (2 September 1996)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 23,350 km
broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified)

Highways:
total: 169,964 km
paved: 168,094 km (including 1,767 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,870 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: 4,400 km navigable waterways, of which 1,672 km were on
the Pryp''yat' and Dnipro (1990)

Pipelines: crude oil 2,010 km; petroleum products 1,920 km;
natural gas 7,800 km (1992)

Ports: Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev
(Kyyiv), Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Pivdenne, Reni

Merchant marine:
total: 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,262,341
GRT/4,356,374 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 5, bulk 39, cargo 217, chemical tanker
2, combination bulk 1, container 11, multifunction large-load
carrier 3, oil tanker 21, passenger 7, passenger-cargo 5, railcar
carrier 2, refrigerated cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 32,
short-sea passenger 3 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 706
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 14
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 55
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 34
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 57
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 7
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 7
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 16
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 37
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 476 (1994 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: NA

Telephone system: system is unsatisfactory both for business and
for personal use; 3.56 million applications for telephones had not
been satisfied as of January 1991; electronic mail services have
been established in Kiev, Odessa, and Luhans'k by Sprint
domestic: an NMT-450 analog cellular telephone network operates in
Kiev (Kyyiv) and allows direct dialing of international calls
through Kiev's digital exchange
international: calls to other CIS countries are carried by landline
or microwave radio relay; calls to 167 other countries are carried
by satellite or by the 150 leased lines through the Moscow
international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - NA
Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean Regions), and NA
Intersputnik

Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there
are at least two radio broadcast stations of NA type

Radios: 15 million (1990)

Television broadcast stations: at least 2

Televisions: 17.3 million (1992)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Internal Troops,
National Guard, Border Troops

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 12,388,788
males fit for military service: 9,716,127
males reach military age (18) annually: 362,000 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: 1.35 billion hryvni, less than 2% of GDP
(Ukrainian Government's forecast for 1996); note - conversion of
defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate
could produce misleading results

======================================================================

@United Arab Emirates --------------------

Map ---

Location: 24 00 N, 54 00 E -- Middle East, bordering the Gulf of
Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Flag ----

Description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white,
and black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side

Geography ---------

Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian
Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates: 24 00 N, 54 00 E

Map references: Middle East

Area:
total area: 75,581 sq km
land area: 75,581 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries:
total: 867 km
border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km

Coastline: 1,318 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: location and status of boundary with Saudi
Arabia is not final, defacto boundary reflects 1974 agreement; no
defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far
north; claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran:
Lesser Tunb (called Tunb as Sughra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye
Tonb-e Kuchek in Persian by Iran) and Greater Tunb (called Tunb al
Kubra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg in Persian by
Iran); claims island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with
Iran (called Abu Musa in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa in
Persian by Iran); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tunb
islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control
the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu
Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of
significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the region

Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains

Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand
dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 2%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 98%

Irrigated land: 50 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome
by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil
spills
natural hazards: frequent sand and dust storms
international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not
ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

Geographic note: strategic location along southern approaches to
Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil

People ------

Population: 3,057,337 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 35% (male 542,848; female 519,952)
15-64 years: 64% (male 1,277,829; female 683,282)
65 years and over: 1% (male 22,246; female 11,180) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 4.33% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 26.43 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 3.03 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 19.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.87 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.99 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.52 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 20.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.74 years
male: 70.64 years
female: 74.94 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 4.46 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Emiri(s)
adjective: Emiri

Ethnic divisions: Emiri 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

Religions: Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%

Languages: Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write but definition of
literacy not available (1995 est.)
total population: 79.2%
male: 78.9%
female: 79.8%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: United Arab Emirates
conventional short form: none
local long form: Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah
local short form: none
former: Trucial States
abbreviation: UAE

Data code: TC

Type of government: federation with specified powers delegated to
the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member
emirates

Capital: Abu Dhabi

Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah);
Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah),
Dubayy (Dubai), Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn

Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK)

National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971)

Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)

Legal system: federal court system introduced in 1971; all
emirates except Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah have joined the
federal system; all emirates have secular and Islamic law for civil,
criminal, and high courts

Suffrage: none

Executive branch:
chief of state: President ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan (since 2
December 1971), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) (since NA 1966) and
Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum (since 8 October 1990),
ruler of Dubayy (Dubai) were elected by the Supreme Council of Rulers
head of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum
(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai) and Deputy Prime
Minister SULTAN bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990) were
appointed by the president
Supreme Council of Rulers: composed of the seven emirate rulers, the
council is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE;
establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation, Abu
Zaby (Abu Dhabi) and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto
power; council meets four times a year
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis
Watani Itihad); no elections; reviews legislation, but cannot change
or veto

Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court, judges appointed by the
president

Political parties and leaders: none

Other political or pressure groups: NA

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL,
AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn al-SHAALI
chancery: Suite 600, 3000 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 338-6500

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador David C. LITT
embassy: Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi
mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi; American Embassy Abu
Dhabi, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6010 (pouch)
telephone: [971] (2) 436691, 436692
FAX: [971] (2) 434771
consulate(s) general: Dubai

Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and
black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side

Economy -------