Chapter V (33)

Telephone system: adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis
domestic: modern open wire and microwave radio relay network
international: radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France,
Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth
station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 13, shortwave 0

Radios: 151,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 18)

Televisions: 116,181 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie)

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 176,609
males fit for military service: 90,784
males reach military age (18) annually: 5,728 (1996 est.)

Defense note: defense is the responsibility of France

======================================================================

@Romania -------

Map ---

Location: 46 00 N, 25 00 E -- Southeastern Europe, bordering the
Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Flag ----

Description: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side),
yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered
in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flags of
Andorra and Chad

Geography ---------

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between
Bulgaria and Ukraine

Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references: Europe

Area:
total area: 237,500 sq km
land area: 230,340 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362
km, Ukraine (south) 169 km

Coastline: 225 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine -
including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by
Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was
incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and
fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain
of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated
from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural
gas, coal, iron ore, salt

Land use:
arable land: 43%
permanent crops: 3%
meadows and pastures: 19%
forest and woodland: 28%
other: 7%

Irrigated land: 34,500 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air
pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of
Danube delta wetlands
natural hazards: earthquakes most severe in south and southwest;
geologic structure and climate promote landslides
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not
ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea

Geographic note: controls most easily traversable land route
between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

People ------

Population: 21,657,162 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20% (male 2,180,023; female 2,088,496)
15-64 years: 68% (male 7,261,160; female 7,393,531)
65 years and over: 12% (male 1,138,583; female 1,595,369) (July 1996
est.)

Population growth rate: -1.21% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 9.77 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 12.27 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -9.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 23.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.42 years
male: 65.51 years
female: 73.57 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.25 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian

Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%,
Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%

Religions: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3%
are Uniate), Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%

Languages: Romanian, Hungarian, German

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 98%
female: 95%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania

Data code: RO

Type of government: republic

Capital: Bucharest

Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular - judet)
and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,
Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau,
Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj,
Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi,
Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare,
Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

Independence: 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December
1947)

National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)

Constitution: 8 December 1991

Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and communist
legal theory; is now based on the Constitution of France's Fifth
Republic

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990,
previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since
23 December 1989) was elected for a four-year term by universal
suffrage; election last held 27 September 1992, with runoff between
top two candidates on 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA 1996);
results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU 38.6%
head of government: Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since NA
November 1992) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister

Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
Senate (Senat): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be
held NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.3%, CDR 18.2%, DP-FSN 12.6%, others
34.9%; seats - (143 total) PSDR 49, CDR 26, DP-FSN 18, PUNR 13, UDMR
12, PRM 6, PAC 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5, PL-93 2, other 1
House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor): elections last held 27
September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.0%, CDR
16.4%, DP-FSN 12.3%, others 37.3%; seats - (341 total) PSDR 116, CDR
56, DP-FSN 42, PUNR 29, UDMR 27, PL-93 19, PRM 15, PSM 13, PAC 5,
other 19

Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice, judges are appointed by
the president on recommendation of the Superior Council of
Magistrates

Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party (DP-FSN), Petre
ROMAN; Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), Adrian NASTASE;
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), Bela MARKO;
National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National
Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Ion DIACONESCU;
Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist
Labor Party (PSM), Ilie VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania
(PDAR), Victor SURDU; The Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil
CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM), Corneliu Vadim TUDOR;
Civic Alliance Party (PAC), Nicolae MANOLESCU, chairman; Liberal
Party 1993 (PL-93)
note: numerous other small parties exist but almost all failed to
gain representation in the most recent election

Other political or pressure groups: various human rights and
professional associations

International organization participation: ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC,
CE, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarset, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS
(observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mircea Dan GEOANA
chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Alfred H. MOSES
embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
mailing address: American Consulate General (Bucharest), Unit 1315,
APO AE 09213-1315
telephone: [40] (1) 210 01 49, 210 40 42
FAX: [40] (1) 210 03 95
branch office: Cluj-Napoca

Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the
yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra
and Chad

Economy -------

Economic overview: Romania, one of the poorer East European
countries moving away from the command economy, posted its third
straight year of growth in 1995. Bucharest also was successful in
reducing its inflation rate to 25% - less than half the 1994 rate -
because of tight monetary and fiscal policies, while unemployment
fell to 9% as the private sector hired more workers. Despite these
successes on the economic front, Romania has lagged much of Central
and Eastern Europe in the restructuring process. The private sector
accounted for only 40% of GDP in 1995 with over 90% of industry
remaining in state hands. Privatization is slated to pick up in
1996, but Bucharest faces other economic problems that could stall
recovery, including a growing budget deficit, limited reform of the
agricultural and energy sectors, and accumulated decay of the
infrastructure.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $105.7 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 5.4% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $4,600 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 19.6%
industry: 36.3%
services: 44.1% (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1995)

Labor force: 11.3 million (1992)
by occupation: industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)

Unemployment rate: 8.9% (December 1995)

Budget:
revenues: $5.35 billion
expenditures: $6.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)

Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum production
and refining

Industrial production growth rate: 3.3% (1994 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 22,180,000 kW
production: 50.8 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 2,076 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes,
grapes; milk, eggs, meat

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
Latin American cocaine transiting the Balkan route

Exports: $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: textiles and footwear 23.8%, metals and metal products
17.3%, fuels and mineral products 11.6%, machinery and transport
equipment 14.8%, chemicals 7.9%, food and agricultural goods 6.5%,
other 18.1% (1994)
partners: developing countries 30.3%, East and Central Europe 8.4%,
Russia 3.4%, OECD 57.9% (EU 50%, US 3.1%) (1994)

Imports: $7.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: fuels and minerals 26.8%, machinery and transport
equipment 25.1%, textiles and footwear 12.3%, food and agricultural
goods 9.3%, chemicals 7.9%, other 18.6% (1994)
partners: OECD 60% (EU 44.5%, US 6.5%), East and Central Europe
6.1%, developing countries 16.6%, Russia 13.8%, other 3.5% (1994)

External debt: $4.7 billion (1995)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $81 million (1993)

Currency: 1 leu (L) = 100 bani

Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1 - 2,599.24 (January 1996),
2,033.28 (1995), 1,655.09 (1994), 760.05 (1993), 307.95 (1992),
76.39 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 11,374 km
broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 10,887 km 1.435-m gauge (3,866 km electrified; 3,060
km double track)
narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994)

Highways:
total: 153,014 km
paved: 78,037 km (including 113 km of expressways)
unpaved: 74,977 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: 1,724 km (1984)

Pipelines: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km;
natural gas 6,400 km (1992)

Ports: Braila, Constanta, Galatz, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea

Merchant marine:
total: 233 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,425,729
GRT/3,641,741 DWT
ships by type: bulk 39, cargo 166, container 2, oil tanker 13,
passenger 1, passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 2, roll-on/roll-off
cargo 9
note: Romania owns an additional 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 1,078,490 DWT operating under the registries of Liberia,
Malta, Cyprus, and The Bahamas (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 156
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 9
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 14
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 17
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 108 (1994 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 2.3 million (1990 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: poor service; 89% of telephone network is automatic; trunk
network is microwave radio relay; roughly 3,300 villages with no
service (February 1990 est.)
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital
international direct-dial exchanges are in Bucharest (1993 est.)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 5, shortwave 0

Radios: 4.64 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 13 (1990 est.)

Televisions: 4.58 million (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary
Forces, Civil Defense

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 5,572,383
males fit for military service: 4,693,376
males reach military age (20) annually: 198,125 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $885 million,
3.0% of GDP (1995)

Original publicaton at http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/nsolo/wfb-all.htm (June 17, 1997). ======================================================================

@Russia ------

Map ---

Location: 60 00 N, 100 00 E -- Northern Asia (that part west of
the Urals is sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Arctic
Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean

Flag ----

Description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue,
and red

Geography ---------

Location: Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes
included with Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe
and the North Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 100 00 E

Map references: Asia

Area:
total area: 17,075,200 sq km
land area: 16,995,800 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 19,913 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China
(southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland
1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km,
Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441
km, Norway 167 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576
km

Coastline: 37,653 km

Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: inherited disputes from former USSR
including sections of the boundary with China; islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet
Union in 1945, administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; maritime
dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; Caspian Sea
boundaries are not yet determined; potential dispute with Ukraine
over Crimea; Estonia claims over 2,000 sq km of Russian territory in
the Narva and Pechora regions; the Abrene section of the border
ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic to Russia in 1944;
has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid
continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to
tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along
Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the
steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous
forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern
border regions
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Mount El'brus 5,633 m

Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major
deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals,
timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder
exploitation of natural resources

Land use:
arable land: 8%
permanent crops: NEGL%
meadows and pastures: 5%
forest and woodland: 45%
other: 42%

Irrigated land: 56,000 sq km (1992)

Environment:
current issues: air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of
coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities;
industrial and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea
coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from
improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of
sometimes intense radioactive contamination
natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major
impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands;
volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the
Sea

Geographic note: largest country in the world in terms of area but
unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world;
despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and
climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture

People ------

Population: 148,178,487 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 21% (male 15,792,573; female 15,213,854)
15-64 years: 67% (male 48,145,679; female 51,125,902)
65 years and over: 12% (male 5,403,066; female 12,497,413) (July
1996 est.)

Population growth rate: -0.07% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 10.15 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 16.34 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 5.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.43 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.88 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 63.24 years
male: 56.51 years
female: 70.31 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.42 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian

Ethnic divisions: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash
1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%

Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other

Languages: Russian, other

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989 est.)
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Data code: RS

Type of government: federation

Capital: Moscow

Administrative divisions: 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh
respublik, singular - avtomnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop),
Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy),
Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay
(Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia (Nazran'), Kabardino-Balkaria
(Nal'chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk),
Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari
El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordovia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz),
Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia - also
known as Sakha (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast');
Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk,
Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka
(Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan,
Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow,
Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel,
Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin
(Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk
(Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk,
Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev,
singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar,
Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'; 10 autonomous
okrugs; Aga (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'), Evenkia (Tura),
Khantia-Mansia (Khanty-Mansiysk), Koryakia (Palana), Nenetsia
(Nar'yan-Mar), Permyakia (Kudymkar), Taymyria (Dudinka), Ust'-Onda
(Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalia (Salekhard); 1 autonomous oblast
(avtomnykh oblast'); Birobijan
note: the autonomous republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia were
formerly the autonomous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the
boundary between Chechnya and Ingushetia has yet to be determined);
the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg are federal cities; an
administrative division has the same name as its administrative
center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in
parentheses)

Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday: Independence Day, June 12 (1990)

Constitution: adopted 12 December 1993

Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June
1991) was elected for a five-year term by universal suffrage under
the constitution of 12 December 1993, but subsequent presidents,
beginning with the 16 June 1996 election, will serve a four-year
term; election last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 16 June
1996); results - percent of vote NA; note - no vice president; if
the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of
ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the
premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election
is held, which must be within three months
head of government: Premier and Chairman of the Russian Federation
Government Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since 14 December 1992),
First Deputy Premiers and First Deputy Chairmen of the Government
Oleg SOSKOVETS (since 30 April 1993) and Vladimir KADANNIKOV (since
25 January 1996) were appointed by the president on approval of the
Dumas
Security Council: originally established as a presidential advisory
body in June 1991, but restructured in March 1992, with
responsibility for managing individual and state security
Presidential Administration: drafts presidential edicts and provides
staff and policy support to the entire executive branch
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" was appointed
by the president
Group of Assistants: schedules president's appointments, processes
presidential edicts and other official documents, and houses the
president's press service and primary speechwriters
Council of Heads of Republics: includes the leaders of the 21
ethnic-based Republics
Council of Heads of Administrations: includes the leaders of the 66
autonomous territories and regions, and the mayors of Moscow and St.
Petersburg
Presidential Council: prepares policy papers for the president

Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly
Federation Council: 178 seats, filled ex-officio by the top
executive and legislative officials in each of the 89 federal
administrative units (oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs
and oblasts, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg)
State Duma: elections last held 17 December 1995 (next to be held NA
December 1999); results - percent of vote received by parties
clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share of
the 225 party list seats: Communist Party of the Russian Federation
22.3%, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 11.2%, Our Home Is Russia
10.1%, Yabloko Bloc 6.9%; seats - (450 total - half elected in
single-member districts and half elected from national party lists)
Communist Party of the Russian Federation 157, Independents 78, Our
Home Is Russia 55, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 51, Yabloko
Bloc 45, Agrarian Party of Russia 20, Russia's Democratic Choice 9,
Power To the People 9, Congress of Russian Communities 5, Forward,
Russia! 3, Women of Russia 3, other parties 15

Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, judges are appointed by the
Federation Council on recommendation of the president; Supreme Court
(highest court for criminal, civil, and administrative cases),
judges are appointed by the Federation Council on recommendation of
the president; Superior Court of Arbitration (highest court that
resolves economic disputes), judges are appointed by the Federation
Council on recommendation of the president

Political parties and leaders:
pro-market democrats: Our Home Is Russia, Viktor CHERNOMYRDIN;
Yabloko Bloc, Grigoriy YAVLINSKIY; Russia's Democratic Choice Party,
Yegor GAYDAR; Forward, Russia!, Boris FEDOROV
centrists/special interest parties: Congress of Russian Communities,
Yuriy SKOKOV; Women of Russia, Alevtina FEDULOVA and Yekaterina
LAKHOVA
anti-market and/or ultranationalist parties: Communist Party of the
Russian Federation, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; Liberal Democratic Party of
Russia, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY; Agrarian Party, Mikhail LAPSHIN;
Power To the People, Nikolay RYZHKOV and Sergey BABURIN; Russian
Communist Workers' Party, Viktor ANPILOV and Viktor TYULKIN
note: some 269 political parties, blocs, and associations tried to
gather enough signatures to run slates of candidates in the 17
December 1995 Duma elections; 43 succeeded

Other political or pressure groups: NA

International organization participation: BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE,
CERN (observer), CIS, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarset, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer),
OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMIR, UNAVEM III, UNCRO,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMIH, UNOMIG,
UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
(applicant), ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Yuliy Mikhaylovich VORONTSOV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700 through 5704
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING
embassy: Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, Moscow
mailing address: APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095) 252-24-51 through 59
FAX: [7] (095) 956-42-61
consulate(s) general: St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg

Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

Economy -------

Economic overview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural
resources, a well-educated population, and a diverse industrial
base, continues to experience formidable difficulties in moving from
its old centrally planned economy to a modern-market economy. The
break-up of the USSR into 15 successor states in late 1991 destroyed
major economic links that have been only partially replaced. As a
result of these dislocations and the failure of the government to
implement a rigorous and consistent reform program, output in Russia
has dropped by one-third since 1990 (instead of the one-half
previously estimated). On the one hand, President YEL'TSIN's
government has made substantial strides in converting to a market
economy since launching its economic reform program in January 1992
by freeing nearly all prices, slashing defense spending, eliminating
the old centralized distribution system, completing an ambitious
voucher privatization program in 1994, establishing private
financial institutions, and decentralizing foreign trade. On the
other hand, Russia has made little progress in a number of key areas
that are needed to provide a solid foundation for the transition to
a market economy; and the strong showing of the communists and
nationalists in the Duma elections in December 1995 casts a shadow
over prospects for further reforms. In 1995, the new cash
privatization program went slower than planned. The state claims
that the nonstate sector produced approximately 70% of GDP in 1995,
up from 62% in 1994, although these figures apparently include many
enterprises that have only nominally moved out of state control.
Moscow has been slow to develop the legal framework necessary to
fully support a market economy and to encourage foreign investment.
Stockholder rights remain ill-defined and the Duma has yet to adopt
a land code that would allow development of land markets as sources
of needed capital. Russia's securities market remains largely
unregulated and suffers from the lack of a comprehensive securities
law. In addition, Moscow has yet to develop a social safety net that
would allow faster restructuring by relieving enterprises of the
burden of providing social benefits for their workers. Most
rank-and-file Russians perceive they are worse off because of
growing crime and health problems, the drop in real wages, the great
rise in wage arrears, and the widespread threat of unemployment. The
number of Russians living below the official poverty level rose by
10% to 36.6 million people, or 25% of the population. The decline in
output slowed during 1995, and some sectors showed signs of a
turnaround; analysts forecast the resumption of growth in 1996 - at
a low rate. Russian official data, which fail to capture a
considerable portion of private sector output and employment, show
that GDP declined by 4% in 1995, as compared with a 15% decline in
1994. Despite continued declines in agricultural and industrial
production, unemployment climbed only slowly to about 8% of the work
force by yearend because government policies aimed at softening the
impact of reforms have created incentives for enterprises to keep
workers on the rolls even as production slowed to a crawl. Moscow
renewed tightened financial policies in early 1995 and succeeded in
reducing monthly consumer price inflation from 18% in January to
about 3% in December, the lowest monthly rate since the beginning of
reform. According to official trade statistics, Russia ran a $19.9
billion trade surplus for 1995, up from $15.9 billion in 1994. It
continued to shift its trade away from the other former Soviet
republics toward the West, with the CIS countries' share of Russian
trade falling to 22% in 1995. Russia made good progress with
official and commercial creditors in 1995 in resolving the issue of
its $105 billion in Soviet-era debts. When completed, these Paris
Club and London Club rescheduling agreements will reduce Russia's
repayment liabilities from $20 billion to less than $5 billion
annually through the end of the decade. Capital flight reportedly
continued to be a problem in 1995, with billions of additional
dollars in assets being moved abroad, primarily to bank accounts in
Europe.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $796 billion (1995 estimate as
extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1994)

GDP real growth rate: -4% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $5,300 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 6%
industry: 41%
services: 53%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% monthly average (1995 est.)

Labor force: 85 million (1993)
by occupation: production and economic services 83.9%, government
16.1%

Unemployment rate: 8.2% (December 1995) with considerable
additional underemployment

Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries
producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of
machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and
space vehicles; shipbuilding; road and rail transportation
equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate: -3% (1995 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 213,100,000 kW
production: 876 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 5,800 kWh (1994)

Agriculture: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables,
fruits (because of its northern location does not grow citrus,
cotton, tea, and other warm climate products); meat, milk

Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy;
mostly for domestic consumption; government has active eradication
program; used as transshipment point for Asian and Latin American
illicit drugs to Western Europe and Latin America

Exports: $77.8 billion (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and
wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

Imports: $57.9 billion (c.i.f., 1995)
commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines,
meat, grain, sugar, semifinished metal products
partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

External debt: $130 billion (yearend 1995)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $2.8 billion (1993)
note: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-95), $14 billion
(1990-95); other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1990-95), $125 billion

Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 4,640 (29 December 1995), 3,550
(29 December 1994), 1,247 (27 December 1993)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 154,000 km; note - 87,000 km in common carrier service
(38,000 km electrified); 67,000 km serve specific industries and are
not available for common carrier use
broad gauge: 154,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1 January 1994)

Highways:
total: 934,000 km (including 445,000 km which serve specific
industries or farms and are not available for common carrier use)
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1994 est.)

Waterways: total navigable routes in general use 101,000 km;
routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900
km; routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km; man-made
navigable routes 16,900 km (1 January 1994)

Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km;
natural gas 140,000 km (30 June 1993)

Ports: Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk,
Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse,
Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg

Merchant marine:
total: 745 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,730,178
GRT/9,385,565 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 25, cargo 406, chemical tanker
6, combination bulk 21, combination ore/oil 17, container 31,
multifunction large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 134, passenger 4,
passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19, roll-on/roll-off cargo 54,
short-sea passenger 16, specialized tanker 2
note: Russia owns an additional 163 ships (1,000 GRT or over)
totaling 2,276,829 DWT operating under the registries of Malta,
Cyprus, Liberia, Panama, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Honduras,
The Bahamas, and Vanuatu (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 2,517
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 54
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 202
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 108
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 115
with paved runways under 914 m: 151
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 25
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 45
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 134
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 291
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 1,392 (1994 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 25.4 million (1993 est.)

Telephone system: total pay phones for long distant calls 34,100;
enlisting foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to speed up the
modernization of its telecommunications system; in 1992, only
661,000 new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991,
and in 1992 the number of unsatisfied applications for telephones
reached 11,000,000; expanded access to international electronic mail
service available via Sprint network; the inadequacy of Russian
telecommunications is a severe handicap to the economy, especially
with respect to international connections
domestic: NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational
and growing in Moscow and St. Petersburg; intercity fiber-optic
cable installation remains limited
international: international traffic is inadequately handled by a
system of satellites, landlines, microwave radio relay, and outdated
submarine cables; much of this traffic passes through the
international gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the
international traffic for the other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States; a new Russian Intersputnik satellite will link
Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be
relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas; satellite earth
stations - NA Intelsat, 4 Intersputnik (2 Atlantic Ocean Region and
2 Indian Ocean Region), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean
Region), and NA Orbita

Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA; note - there
are about 1,050 (including AM, FM, and shortwave) radio broadcast
stations throughout the country

Radios: 50 million (1993 est.)(radio receivers with multiple
speaker systems for program diffusion 74,300,000)

Television broadcast stations: 7,183

Televisions: 54.85 million (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces,
Strategic Rocket Forces

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 38,673,991
males fit for military service: 30,224,738
males reach military age (18) annually: 1,105,004 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
note: the Intelligence Community estimates that defense spending in
Russia fell by about 20% in real terms in 1995, reducing Russian
defense outlays to about one-fifth of peak Soviet levels in the late
1980s

======================================================================

@Rwanda ------

Map ---

Location: 2 00 S, 30 00 E -- Central Africa, east of Zaire

Flag ----

Description: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side),
yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow
band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to
the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band

Geography ---------

Location: Central Africa, east of Zaire

Geographic coordinates: 2 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 26,340 sq km
land area: 24,950 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:
total: 893 km
border countries: Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km,
Zaire 217 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: none

Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November
to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous
with altitude declining from west to east
lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite
(tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 29%
permanent crops: 11%
meadows and pastures: 18%
forest and woodland: 10%
other: 32%

Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of
trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion
natural hazards: periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains
are in the northwest along the border with Zaire
international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear
Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Law of the Sea

Geographic note: landlocked; predominantly rural population

People ------

Population: 6,853,359 (July 1996 est.)
note: genocide and civil war in 1994 killed more than 1 million
Rwandans and forced more than 2 million to flee to neighboring
countries

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 1,582,928; female 1,573,536)
15-64 years: 51% (male 1,734,716; female 1,772,722)
65 years and over: 3% (male 78,854; female 110,603) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 16.49% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 38.83 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 20.33 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 146.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
note: since April 1994, more than two million refugees have fled the
civil strife between the Hutu and Tutsi factions in Rwanda and
crossed into Zaire, Burundi, and Tanzania; close to 800,000 Rwandan
Tutsis who fled civil strife in earlier years have returned to
Rwanda, and 90,000 of the Hutu refugees are going home despite the
perceived danger of doing so; the ethnic violence continues and in
1996 could produce further refugee flows as well as discourage
returns

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 118.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 40.12 years
male: 39.72 years
female: 40.53 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 5.99 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Rwandan(s)
adjective: Rwandan

Ethnic divisions: Hutu 80%, Tutsi 19%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Religions: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
indigenous beliefs and other 25%

Languages: Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili
(Swahili) used in commercial centers

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 60.5%
male: 69.8%
female: 51.6%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form: Rwanda
local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form: Rwanda

Data code: RW

Type of government: republic; presidential system

Capital: Kigali

Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular -
prefecture in French; plural - NA, singular - prefegitura in
Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi,
Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri

Independence: 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN
trusteeship)

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Constitution: 18 June 1991

Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and
customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Pasteur BIZIMUNGU (since 19 July 1994);
installed by force by the Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front; no date set
for elections; president is normally elected for a five-year term by
universal suffrage; Vice President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (since NA)
head of government: Prime Minister Celestin RWIGEMA (since NA
September 1995) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): sworn in on 25 November
1994; seats - (70 total) RPF 19, MDR 13, PSD 13, PL 13, PDC 6, PSR
2, PDI 2, other 2

Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, consists of the Court of
Cassation and the Council of State in joint session

Political parties and leaders: significant parties include:
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), Alexis KANYARENGWE, chairman;
Democratic Republican Movement (MDR); Liberal Party (PL); Democratic
and Socialist Party (PSD); Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Islamic
Democratic Party (PDI); Rwandan Socialist Party (PSR); National
Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), former ruling party

Other political or pressure groups: Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA),
the RPF military wing, Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME, commander; Rally for
the Democracy and Return (RDR)

International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,
CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Theogene RUDASINGWA
chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert GRIBBIN III
embassy: Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone: [250] 756 01 through 03, 721 26, 771 47
FAX: [250] 721 28

Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and
green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses
the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of
Guinea, which has a plain yellow band

Economy -------

Economic overview: Rwanda is a poor African nation suffering
bitterly from ethnic-based civil war. The agricultural sector
dominates the economy; coffee and tea normally make up 80%-90% of
total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and
deforestation and soil erosion continue to create problems.
Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural
products. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the
economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural
adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990.
Ethnic-based insurgency since 1990 has devastated wide areas,
especially in the north, and displaced hundreds of thousands of
people. A peace accord in mid-1993 temporarily ended most of the
fighting, but resumption of large-scale civil warfare in April 1994
in the capital city Kigali and elsewhere has been taking thousands
of lives and severely affecting short-term economic prospects. The
economy suffers massively from failure to maintain the
infrastructure, looting, neglect of important cash crops, and lack
of health care facilities. GDP in 1994 may have dropped by as much
as half. The further decline of GDP in 1995 was much smaller and was
more than offset by aid from the outside. Because of the severe
damage to real property and the decline in public discipline,
recovery of domestic production toward previous levels is proceeding
slowly.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $3.8 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: -2.7% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $400 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 52%
industry: 13%
services: 35% (1994 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 64% (1994 est.)

Labor force: 3.6 million
by occupation: agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry
and commerce 2%

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)

Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite
(tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale
beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods,
textiles, cigarettes

Industrial production growth rate: -50% (1994 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 60,000 kW
production: 190 million kWh
consumption per capita: 23 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from
chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Exports: $52 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: coffee 63%, tea, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum
partners: Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US

Imports: $37 million (1994 est.)
commodities: textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital
goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material
partners: US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan

External debt: $873 million (1993 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
note: in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment
Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46
million and the US $25 million in support of this program (1993)

Currency: 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 401.27 (2nd quarter
1994), 168.20 (1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 13,173 km
paved: 1,186 km
unpaved: 11,987 km (1990 est.)

Waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native
craft

Ports: Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Airports:
total: 7
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 3
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 6,400 (1983 est.)

Telephone system: telephone system does not provide service to the
general public but is intended for business and government use
domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the
prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network
depends on wire and HF radiotelephone
international: international connections employ microwave radio
relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more
distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0

Radios: 630,000 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 1

Televisions: NA

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,582,656
males fit for military service: 805,722 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $112.5 million,
7% of GDP (1992)

======================================================================

@Saint Helena ------------

(dependent territory of the UK)

Map ---

Location: 15 56 S, 5 42 W -- Southern Africa, island in the South
Atlantic Ocean, west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way from
South America to Africa

Flag ----

Description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted
sailing ship

Geography ---------

Location: Southern Africa, island in the South Atlantic Ocean,
west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way from South America to
Africa

Geographic coordinates: 15 56 S, 5 42 W

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 410 sq km
land area: 410 sq km
comparative area: nearly two times the size of Washington, DC
note: includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island,
Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 60 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds

Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Queen Mary's Peak 2,060 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 7%
forest and woodland: 3%
other: 83%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha
international agreements: NA

Geographic note: Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial
(his remains were taken to Paris in 1840); harbors at least 40
species of plants unknown anywhere else in the world; Ascension is a
breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns

People ------

Population: 6,782 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate: 0.31% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 9.39 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate: 35.14 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.34 years
male: 73.28 years
female: 77.16 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.12 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Saint Helenian(s)
adjective: Saint Helenian

Ethnic divisions: NA

Religions: Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist,
Roman Catholic

Languages: English

Literacy: age 20 and over can read and write (1987 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Saint Helena

Data code: SH

Type of government: dependent territory of the UK

Capital: Jamestown

Administrative divisions: 1 administrative area and 2
dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha*

Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10
June 1989 (second Saturday in June)

Constitution: 1 January 1989

Legal system: NA

Suffrage: NA years of age

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the UK since 6 February 1952)
is a hereditary monarch
head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief David Leslie
SMALLMAN (since NA 1995)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, three
ex-officio officers, and five elected members of the Legislative
Council

Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Council: elections last held NA July 1993 (next to be
held NA); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (15 total, 12
elected) independents 15

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: none

International organization participation: ICFTU

Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the
UK)

US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted
sailing ship

Economy -------

Economic overview: The economy depends primarily on financial
assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from
fishing, the raising of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because
there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to
seek employment overseas.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $NA

GDP real growth rate: NA%

GDP per capita: $NA

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

Labor force: 2,416 (1991 est.)
by occupation: professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%,
managerial, administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%,
farmer, fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process
workers 14.7%, others 50.3% (1987)
note: a large proportion of the work force has left to seek
employment overseas

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $11.2 million
expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(FY92/93)

Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 9,800 kW
production: 10 million kWh
consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993)

Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being
developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha

Exports: $27,400 (f.o.b., FY92/93)
commodities: fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts
partners: South Africa, UK

Imports: $9.8 million (c.i.f., FY92/93)
commodities: food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed,
building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
partners: UK, South Africa

External debt: $NA

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 Saint Helenian pound (LS) = 100 pence

Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (LS) per US$1 - 0.6535
(January 1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664
(1992), 0.5652 (1991); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par
with the British pound

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: NA km (mainland 118 km, Ascension NA km, Tristan da Cunha NA
km)
paved: 180.7 km (mainland 98 km, Ascension 80 km, Tristan da Cunha
2.70 km)
unpaved: NA km (mainland 20 km, Ascension NA km, Tristan da Cunha NA
km)

Ports: Georgetown, Jamestown

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 1
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 550

Telephone system:
domestic: automatic network; HF radiotelephone to Ascension, then
into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks
international: major coaxial submarine cable relay point between
South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 2,500 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 0

Televisions: NA

Defense -------

Defense note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

======================================================================

@Saint Kitts and Nevis ---------------------

Map ---

Location: 17 20 N, 62 45 W -- Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean
Sea, about one-third of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and
Tobago

Flag ----

Description: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a
broad black band bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black
band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower
triangle is red

Geography ---------

Location: Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean Sea, about one-third
of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and Tobago

Geographic coordinates: 17 20 N, 62 45 W

Map references: Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total area: 269 sq km
land area: 269 sq km
comparative area: twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 135 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental
margin
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little
seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m

Natural resources: NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 22%
permanent crops: 17%
meadows and pastures: 3%
forest and woodland: 17%
other: 41%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: hurricanes (July to October)
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Whaling

People ------

Population: 41,369 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 35% (male 7,371; female 7,026)
15-64 years: 58% (male 12,090; female 12,057)
65 years and over: 7% (male 1,162; female 1,663) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.98% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 23.28 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 9.21 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -4.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.99 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.86 years
male: 63.84 years
female: 70.06 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.52 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s)
adjective: Kittsian, Nevisian

Ethnic divisions: black African

Religions: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic

Languages: English

Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1980 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
conventional short form: Saint Kitts and Nevis
former: Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis

Data code: SC

Type of government: constitutional monarchy

Capital: Basseterre

Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town,
Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George
Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John
Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul
Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint
Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point

Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)

Constitution: 19 September 1983

Legal system: based on English common law

Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), a
hereditary monarch, is represented by Governor General Dr. Cuthbert
Montraville SEBASTIAN (since 1 January 1996), previously Governor
General of the West Indies Associated States (since NA November 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July
1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995) were
appointed by the governor general
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the governor general in
consultation with the prime minister