Chapter V (5)

Environment:
current issues: recent droughts have severely affected marginal
agriculture in north; inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching
threatens wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification
natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in
winter
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Desertification,
Law of the Sea

Geographic note: no natural harbors

People ------

Population: 5,709,529 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 48% (male 1,376,531; female 1,367,394)
15-64 years: 50% (male 1,349,386; female 1,480,251)
65 years and over: 2% (male 60,030; female 75,937) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 3.32% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 46.76 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 13.53 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.95 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 105.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 52.69 years
male: 50.74 years
female: 54.7 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.64 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Beninese (singular and plural)
adjective: Beninese

Ethnic divisions: African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important
being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15%

Languages: French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common
vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in
north)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 37%
male: 48.7%
female: 25.8%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Benin
conventional short form: Benin
local long form: Republique du Benin
local short form: Benin
former: Dahomey

Data code: BN

Type of government: republic under multiparty democratic rule
dropped Marxism-Leninism December 1989; democratic reforms adopted
February 1990; transition to multiparty system completed 4 April 1991

Capital: Porto-Novo

Administrative divisions: 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique,
Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou

Independence: 1 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday: National Day, 1 August (1990)

Constitution: 2 December 1990

Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU
(since 4 April 1996) was elected for a five-year term by popular
vote; election last held 18 March 1996 (next to be held March 2001);
results - Mathieu KEREKOU 52.49%, Nicephore SOGLO 47.51%
cabinet: Executive Council, appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 28
March 1995 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party
NA; seats - (83 total) Renaissance Party and allies 20, PRD 19,
FARD-ALAFIA 10, PSD 7, NCC 3, RDL-VIVOTEN 3, Communist Party 2,
Alliance Chameleon 1, RDP 1, ADP 1, other 16

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Political parties and leaders: as of February 1996, more than 80
political parties were officially recognized; the following are
represented in the National Assembly: Alliance of the National Party
for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the Democratic Renewal
Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Action for Renewal and Development
(FARD-ALAFIA), Mathieu KEREKOU; Alliance of the Social Democratic
Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress
(UNSP), Bruno AMOUSSOU; Alliance Chameleon; Alliance for Democracy
and Progress (ADP), Adekpedjon AKINDES; Alliance for Social
Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU; Assembly of Liberal Democrats for
National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Communist Party of
Benin, Pascal FATONDJI, First Secretary; Our Common Cause (NCC),
Albert TEVOEDJRE; Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP); The
Renaissance Party, Nicephore SOGLO

International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIH, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Lucien Edgar TONOUKOUIN
chancery: 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-6656, 6657, 6658
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1996

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. YATES
embassy: Rue Caporal Bernard Anani, Cotonou
mailing address: B. P. 2012, Cotonou
telephone: [229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92
FAX: [229] 30-14-39, 30-19-74

Flag: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a
vertical green band on the hoist side

Economy -------

Economic overview: The economy of Benin remains underdeveloped and
dependent on subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and
regional trade. Growth in real output, which had averaged a sound 4%
in 1990-94, rose to 6% in 1995. Rapid population growth, now 3.3%
per year, offset much of this growth in output. Inflation jumped to
55% in 1994 (compared to 3% in 1993) following the 50% currency
devaluation in January 1994, but subsided gradually in 1995.
Commercial and transport activities, which make up 37% of GDP, are
extremely vulnerable to developments in Nigeria as evidenced by
decreased reexport trade in 1994 due to a severe contraction in
Nigerian demand. Support by the Paris Club and official bilateral
creditors has eased the external debt situation in recent years. The
government, still burdened with money-losing state enterprises and a
bloated civil service, has been gradually implementing a World Bank
supported structural adjustment program since 1991.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $7.6 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $1,380 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 36.8%
industry: 12.6%
services: 50.6% (1993)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 55% (1994 est.)

Labor force: 1.9 million (1987)
by occupation: agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public
services 38%, industry less than 2%

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $272 million (1993 est.)
expenditures: $375 million, including capital expenditures of $84
million (1993 est.)

Industries: textiles, cigarettes; beverages, food; construction
materials, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 30,000 kW
production: 10 million kWh
consumption per capita: 25 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: corn, sorghum, cassava (tapioca), yams, beans, rice,
cotton, palm oil, peanuts; poultry, livestock

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for narcotics associated with
Nigerian trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for
Western Europe and the US

Exports: $310 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa
partners: France, Morocco 37%, Portugal 14%, Spain, Italy, UK, US,
Libya

Imports: $439 million (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
commodities: foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products,
intermediate goods, capital goods, light consumer goods
partners: France 24%, Thailand 12%, Netherlands 7%, US 5%, China,
Hong Kong

External debt: $1.5 billion (1993 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes

Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 500.56 (January
1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),
282.11 (1991)
note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF
100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since
1948

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 578 km (single track) (1995 est.)
narrow gauge: 578 km 1.000-m gauge

Highways:
total: 6,070 km
paved: 1,214 km
unpaved: 4,856 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: navigable along small sections, important only locally

Ports: Cotonou, Porto-Novo

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 5
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 16,200 (1986 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: fair system of open wire and microwave radio relay
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0

Radios: NA

Television broadcast stations: 2

Televisions: 20,000 (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Armed Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), National
Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,212,440
females age 15-49: 1,290,773
males fit for military service: 620,923
females fit for military service: 653,094
males reach military age (18) annually: 62,526
females reach military age (18) annually: 60,968 (1996 est.)
note: both sexes are liable for military service

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $33 million, 3.2%
of GDP (1994)

======================================================================

@Bermuda -------

(dependent territory of the UK)

Map ---

Location: 32 20 N, 64 45 W -- North America, group of islands in
the North Atlantic Ocean, east of North Carolina (US)

Flag ----

Description: red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with
a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship
Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the
flag

Geography ---------

Location: North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic
Ocean, east of North Carolina (US)

Geographic coordinates: 32 20 N, 64 45 W

Map references: North America

Area:
total area: 50 sq km
land area: 50 sq km
comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 103 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in
winter

Terrain: low hills separated by fertile depressions
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Town Hill 76 m

Natural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 20%
other: 80%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: hurricanes (June to November)
international agreements: NA

Geographic note: consists of about 360 small coral islands with
ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some reclaimed
land leased by US Government

People ------

Population: 62,099 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate: 0.76% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate: 13.16 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.03 years
male: 73.36 years
female: 76.97 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bermudian(s)
adjective: Bermudian

Ethnic divisions: black 61%, white and other 39%

Religions: Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist
Episcopal (Zion) 10%, Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other
28%

Languages: English

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 99%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bermuda

Data code: BD

Type of government: dependent territory of the UK

Capital: Hamilton

Administrative divisions: 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*;
Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*,
Saint Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, Warwick

Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)

National holiday: Bermuda Day, 24 May

Constitution: 8 June 1968

Legal system: English law

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6
February 1952), a hereditary monarch, is represented by Governor
Lord David WADDINGTON (since 25 August 1992), who was appointed by
the queen
head of government: Premier David SAUL (since 25 August 1995) was
appointed by the governor; Deputy Premier Jerome DILL (since 1
September 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet was nominated by the premier, appointed by the
governor

Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
Senate: consists of an 11-member body appointed by the governor
House of Assembly: elections last held 5 October 1993 (next to be
held by NA October 1998); results - UBP 50%, PLP 46%, independents
4%; seats - (40 total) UBP 22, PLP 18

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), David
SAUL; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick WADE; National
Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL

Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union
(BIU), Ottiwell SIMMONS

International organization participation: Caricom (observer), CCC,
ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC

Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the
UK)

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert A. FARMER
consulate general(s): Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire,
Hamilton
mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; American Consulate
General Hamilton, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5300
telephone: [1] (441) 295-1342
FAX: [1] (441) 295-1592

Flag: red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant
and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red
lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea
Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag

Economy -------

Economic overview: Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita
incomes in the world, having successfully exploited its location by
providing luxury tourist facilities and financial services. The
tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its business from North
America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture is severely
limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are
imported. International business contributes over 60% of Bermuda's
economic output; a failed independence vote in late 1995 can be
partially attributed to Bermudian's fear of scaring away foreign
firms. Hurricane Felix, which hit Bermuda twice over three days,
caused an estimated $2.5 million in damages in August of 1995.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.7 billion (1994 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 2.5% (1994 est.)

GDP per capita: $28,000 (1994 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1995 est.)

Labor force: 33,650 (1992)
by occupation: clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%,
professional and technical 13%, administrative and managerial 10%,
sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% (1984)

Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1995)

Budget:
revenues: $327.5 million
expenditures: $308.9 million, including capital expenditures of
$35.4 million (FY90/91 est.)

Industries: tourism, finance, structural concrete products,
paints, pharmaceuticals, ship repairing

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 140,000 kW
production: 504 million kWh
consumption per capita: 7,745 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products

Exports: $60 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities: semitropical produce, light manufactures, reexports of
pharmaceuticals
partners: US 62.4%, UK 20%

Imports: $519 million (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities: fuel, foodstuffs, machinery
partners: US 38%, UK 5%, Canada 5%

External debt: $NA

Economic aid: $NA

Currency: 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed
rate)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 208 km
paved: 208 km
unpaved: 0 km (1986 est.)
note: in addition, there are 400 km of paved and unpaved roads that
are privately owned

Ports: Hamilton, Saint George

Merchant marine:
total: 69 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,146,693 GRT/5,007,242
DWT
ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 3, container 7, liquefied gas tanker
16, oil tanker 16, refrigerated cargo 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 4,
short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 1
note: a flag of convenience registry; includes ships from 11
countries among which are UK 17, US 13, Canada 10, Norway 9, Nigeria
4, Sweden 3, Hong Kong 2, Syria 2, Mexico 1, and NZ 1 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 1
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 54,000 (1991 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: modern, fully automatic telephone system
international: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0

Radios: 78,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 2

Televisions: 57,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve
Constabulary

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP

Defense note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

======================================================================

@Bhutan ------

Map ---

Location: 27 30 N, 90 30 E -- Southern Asia, between China and
India

Flag ----

Description: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner;
the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange;
centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon
facing away from the hoist side

Geography ---------

Location: Southern Asia, between China and India

Geographic coordinates: 27 30 N, 90 30 E

Map references: Asia

Area:
total area: 47,000 sq km
land area: 47,000 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than half the size of Indiana

Land boundaries:
total: 1,075 km
border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: none

Climate: varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in
Himalayas

Terrain: mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna
lowest point: Dangme Chu 97 m
highest point: Khula Kangri I 7,553 m

Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide

Land use:
arable land: 2%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 5%
forest and woodland: 70%
other: 23%

Irrigated land: 340 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: soil erosion; limited access to potable water
natural hazards: violent storms coming down from the Himalayas are
the source of the country's name which translates as Land of the
Thunder Dragon; frequent landslides during the rainy season
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea

Geographic note: landlocked; strategic location between China and
India; controls several key Himalayan mountain passes

People ------

Population: 1,822,625 (July 1996 est.)
note: other estimates range as low as 600,000

Age structure:
0-14 years: 40% (male 378,407; female 351,146)
15-64 years: 56% (male 524,972; female 496,715)
65 years and over: 4% (male 36,304; female 35,081) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.32% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 38.48 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 15.28 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.04 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.06 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 116.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 51.46 years
male: 51.96 years
female: 50.93 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 5.33 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Bhutanese

Ethnic divisions: Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or
migrant tribes 15%

Religions: Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced
Hinduism 25%

Languages: Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan
dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 42.2%
male: 56.2%
female: 28.1%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan
conventional short form: Bhutan

Data code: BT

Type of government: monarchy; special treaty relationship with
India

Capital: Thimphu

Administrative divisions: 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and
plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi,
Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar,
Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang

Independence: 8 August 1949 (from India)

National holiday: National Day, 17 December (1907) (Ugyen
Wangchuck became first hereditary king)

Constitution: no written constitution or bill of rights
note: Bhutan uses 1953 Royal decree for the Constitution of the
National Assembly

Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: each family has one vote in village-level elections

Executive branch:
Chief of State and Head of Government (Druk Gyalpo): King Jigme
Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) is a hereditary monarch
Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde): was nominated by the king
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) was appointed by
the king

Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly (Tshogdu): members serve for three years; seats -
(150 total, 105 elected from village constituencies, 12 represent
religious bodies, and 33 designated by the king to represent
government and other secular interests)

Judicial branch: the Supreme Court of Appeal is the king; High
Court, judges appointed by the king

Political parties and leaders: no legal parties

Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy; Indian
merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant
antigovernment campaign

International organization participation: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, Intelsat, IOC, ITU, NAM, SAARC,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

Diplomatic representation in US: none; note - Bhutan has a
Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by Ugyen TSERING; address: 2
United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1]
(212) 826-1919; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular
jurisdiction in the US
consulate(s) general: New York
honorary consulate(s): San Francisco; Washington, DC

US diplomatic representation: the US and Bhutan have no formal
diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained
between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)

Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the
upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered
along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing
away from the hoist side

Economy -------

Economic overview: The economy, one of the world's smallest and
least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide
the main livelihood for 90% of the population and account for about
half of GDP. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and
animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the
building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive.
The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and
monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically
backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most
development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian
migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for
tourists are key resources; however, the government limits the
number of tourists to 4,000 per year to minimize foreign influence.
The Bhutanese Government has made some progress in expanding the
nation's productive base and improving social welfare but growth
continues to be constrained by the government's desire to protect
the country's environment and cultural traditions. Growth picked up
in 1995 and the country's balance of payments remained strong with
comfortable reserves. The cautious fiscal stance planned for FY95/96
suggests continued economic stability in 1996. However, excessive
controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing,
trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.3 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $730 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.6% (FY94/95 est.)

Labor force: NA
by occupation: agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%
note: massive lack of skilled labor

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $52 million
expenditures: $150 million, including capital expenditures of $95
million (FY93/94 est.)
note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of
Bhutan's budget expenditures

Industries: cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic
beverages, calcium carbide

Industrial production growth rate: 7.6% (1992 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 360,000 kW
production: 1.7 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 143 kWh (1993)
note: Bhutan exports electricity to India

Agriculture: rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy
products, eggs

Exports: $70.9 million (f.o.b., FY94/95 est.)
commodities: cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit,
electricity (to India), precious stones, spices
partners: India 94%, Bangladesh

Imports: $113.6 million (c.i.f., FY94/95 est.)
commodities: fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts,
vehicles, fabrics, rice
partners: India 77%, Japan, UK, Germany, US

External debt: $141 million (October 1994)

Economic aid:
recipient: $NA

Currency: 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is
also legal tender

Exchange rates: ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 35.766 (January 1996),
32.427 (1995), 31.374 (1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742
(1991); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 1,296 km
paved: 416 km
unpaved: 880 km (1988 est.)

Ports: none

Airports:
total: 2
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 4,620 (1991 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with very few
telephones in use
international: international telephone and telegraph service is by
landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1990)

Radios: 23,000 (1989 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 0 (1990 est.)

Televisions: 200 (1985 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 444,875
males fit for military service: 237,529
males reach military age (18) annually: 17,634 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP

======================================================================

@Bolivia -------

Map ---

Location: 17 00 S, 65 00 W -- Central South America, southwest of
Brazil

Flag ----

Description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow,
and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar
to the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star
centered in the yellow band

Geography ---------

Location: Central South America, southwest of Brazil

Geographic coordinates: 17 00 S, 65 00 W

Map references: South America

Area:
total area: 1,098,580 sq km
land area: 1,084,390 sq km
comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 6,743 km
border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km,
Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: has wanted a sovereign corridor to the
South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in
1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rights

Climate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and
semiarid

Terrain: rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau
(Altiplano), hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin
lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m
highest point: Cerro Illimani 6,882 m

Natural resources: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten,
antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber

Land use:
arable land: 3%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 25%
forest and woodland: 52%
other: 20%

Irrigated land: 1,650 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and
the international demand for tropical timber are contributing to
deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;
loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used
for drinking and irrigation
natural hazards: cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to
efficient fuel combustion, as well as to physical activity by those
unaccustomed to it from birth; flooding in the northeast
(March-April)
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Geographic note: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca,
world's highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

People ------

Population: 7,165,257 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39% (male 1,422,313; female 1,390,885)
15-64 years: 56% (male 1,959,989; female 2,042,135)
65 years and over: 5% (male 153,111; female 196,824) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.82% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 32.37 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 10.75 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 67.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 59.81 years
male: 56.94 years
female: 62.82 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 4.25 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bolivian(s)
adjective: Bolivian

Ethnic divisions: Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed European
and Indian ancestry) 25%-30%, European 5%-15%

Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)

Languages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
(official)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 83.1%
male: 90.5%
female: 76%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia
conventional short form: Bolivia
local long form: Republica de Bolivia
local short form: Bolivia

Data code: BL

Type of government: republic

Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and
seat of judiciary)

Administrative divisions: 9 departments (departamentos, singular -
departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando,
Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

Independence: 6 August 1825 (from Spain)

National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Constitution: 2 February 1967

Legal system: based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21
years of age, universal and compulsory (single)

Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE
LOZADA Bustamente (since 6 August 1993) and Vice President Victor
Hugo CARDENAS Conde (since 6 August 1993) were elected for four-year
terms by popular vote; election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be
held NA May 1997); results - Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (MNR) 34%,
Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN/MIR alliance) 20%, Carlos PALENQUE Aviles
(CONDEPA) 14%, Max FERNANDEZ Rojas (UCS) 13%, Antonio ARANIBAR
Quiroga (MBL) 5%; no candidate received a majority of the popular
vote; Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA won a congressional runoff election
on 4 August 1993 after forming a coalition with Max FERNANDEZ and
Antonio ARANIBAR; FERNANDEZ died in a plane crash 26 November 1995
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president from panel of
candidates proposed by the Senate

Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held 6
June 1993 (next to be held NA May 1997); results - percent of vote
by party NA; seats - (130 total) MNR 52, UCS 20, ADN 17, MIR 17,
CONDEPA 13, MBL 7, ARBOL 1, ASD 1, EJE 1, PCD 1
Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores): elections last held 6
June 1993 (next to be held NA May 1997); results - percent of vote
by party NA; seats - (27 total) MNR 17, ADN 4, MIR 4, CONDEPA 1, UCS
1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema), judges appointed
for a 10-year term by National Congress

Political parties and leaders:
Left parties: Free Bolivia Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; April 9
Revolutionary Vanguard (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE; Alternative of
Democratic Socialism (ASD), Jerjes JUSTINIANO; Revolutionary Front
of the Left (FRI), Oscar ZAMORA; Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB);
Socialist Unzaguista Movement (MAS); Socialist Party One (PS-1);
Bolivian Communist Party (PCB)
Center-Left parties: Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR),
Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR),
Jaime PAZ Zamora, Oscar EID; Christian Democrat (PCD), Jorge AGREDA
Center-Right party: Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), Jorge
LANDIVAR, Hugo BANZER
Populist parties: Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Johnny FERNANDEZ;
Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE Aviles;
Popular Patriotic Movement (MPP), Julio MANTILLA; Unity and Progress
Movement (MUP), Ivo KULJIS
Evangelical: Bolivian Renovating Alliance (ARBOL), Hugo VILLEGAS
indigenous: Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement (MRTK-L),
Victor Hugo CARDENAS Conde; Patriotic Axis of Convergence (EJE-P),
Ramiro BARRANCHEA; National Katarista Movement (MKN), Fernando UNTOJA

International organization participation: AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS,
OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Fernando Alvaro COSSIO
chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410 through 4412
FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Curtis Warren KAMMAN
embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz
mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032
telephone: [591] (2) 430251
FAX: [591] (2) 433900

Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green
with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the
flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in
the yellow band

Economy -------

Economic overview: With its long history of semifeudal social
controls, dependence on volatile prices for its mineral exports, and
bouts of hyperinflation, Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and
least developed Latin American countries. However, Bolivia has
experienced generally improving economic conditions since the PAZ
Estenssoro administration (1985-89) introduced market-oriented
policies which reduced inflation from 11,700% in 1985 to about 20%
in 1988. PAZ Estenssoro was followed as president by Jaime PAZ
Zamora (1989-93) who continued the free-market policies of his
predecessor, despite opposition from his own party and from
Bolivia's once powerful labor movement. By maintaining fiscal
discipline, PAZ Zamora helped reduce inflation to 9.3% in 1993,
while GDP grew by an annual average of 3.25% during his tenure.
Inaugurated in August 1993, President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA has vowed to
advance the market-oriented economic reforms he helped launch as PAZ
Estenssoro's planning minister. His successes so far have included
the signing of a free trade agreement with Mexico and progress on
his unique privatization plan. The main privatization bill was
passed by the Bolivian legislature in late March 1994. Since that
time, the administration has privatized the electric power
generation sector, the state airline, the state telephone company,
and the national railroad. The state mining and petroleum companies
are expected to be privatized in 1996.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $20 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 3.7% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $2,530 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1995 est.)

Labor force: 3.54 million
by occupation: agriculture NA%, services and utilities 20%,
manufacturing, mining and construction 7% (1993)

Unemployment rate: urban rate 8% (1995 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.75 billion
expenditures: $3.75 billion, including capital expenditures of
$556.2 million (1995 est.)

Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages,
tobacco, handicrafts, clothing

Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1994 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 756,200 kW
production: 2.116 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 367 kWh (1994)

Agriculture: coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice,
potatoes; timber

Illicit drugs: world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after
Peru and Colombia) with an estimated 48,600 hectares under
cultivation in 1995, a one percent increase in overall cultivation
of coca over 1994 levels; Bolivia, however, is the second-largest
producer of harvested coca leaf; even so, voluntary and forced
eradication programs resulted in leaf production dropping from
89,800 metric tons in 1994 to 85,000 tons in 1995; government
considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; intermediate coca
products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to
the US and other international drug markets; alternative crop
program aims to reduce illicit coca cultivation

Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: metals 39%, natural gas 9%, soybeans 11%, jewelry 11%,
wood 8%
partners: US 26%, Argentina 15% (1993 est.)

Imports: $1.21 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
commodities: capital goods 48%, chemicals 11%, petroleum 5%, food 5%
(1993 est.)
partners: US 24%, Argentina 13%, Brazil 11%, Japan 11% (1993 est.)

External debt: $4.4 billion (November 1995)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $362 million (1993)

Currency: 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates: bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 4.9137 (December 1995),
4.8003 (1995), 4.6205 (1994), 4.2651 (1993), 3.9005 (1992), 3.5806
(1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 3,691 km (single track)
narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km 0.760-m gauge (13 km
electrified) (1995)

Highways:
total: 46,311 km
paved: 1,940 km (including 27 km of expressways)
unpaved: 44,371 km (1991 est.)

Waterways: 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways

Pipelines: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural
gas 1,495 km

Ports: none; however, Bolivia has free port privileges in the
maritime ports of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Merchant marine:
total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,214 GRT/6,390 DWT
(1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 1,017
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 750
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 69
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 186 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 144,300 (1987 est.)

Telephone system: new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties;
most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities
domestic: microwave radio relay system being expanded
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 129, FM 0, shortwave 68

Radios: NA

Television broadcast stations: 43

Televisions: 500,000 (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval Boliviana,
includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National
Police Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,685,572
males fit for military service: 1,098,948
males reach military age (19) annually: 76,035 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $145 million;
1.9% of GDP (1996)

======================================================================

@Bosnia and Herzegovina ----------------------

On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the former Yugoslavia's three warring parties signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt over three years of interethnic civil strife in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Agreement, signed by Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC, Croatian President TUDJMAN, and Serbian President MILOSEVIC, divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serbs while maintaining Bosnia's currently recognized borders. An international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops began to enter Bosnia in late 1995 to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement and is scheduled to depart the country within one year. A High Representative appointed by the UN Security Council is responsible for civilian implementation of the accord, including monitoring implementation, facilitating any difficulties arising in connection with civilian implementation, and coordinating activities of the civilian organizations and agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian conflict began in the spring of 1992 when the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence and the Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement in Washington creating their joint Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Map ---

Location: 44 00 N, 18 00 E -- Southeastern Europe, bordering the
Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Flag ----

Description: white with a large blue shield; the shield contains
white fleurs-de-lis with a white diagonal band running from the
upper hoist corner to the lower outer side

Geography ---------

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and
Croatia

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E

Map references: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe

Area:
total area: 51,233 sq km
land area: 51,233 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
total: 1,459 km
border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312
km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro)

Coastline: 20 km

Maritime claims: NA

International disputes: none

Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation
have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy
winters along coast

Terrain: mountains and valleys
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests,
copper, chromium, lead, zinc

Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 2%
meadows and pastures: 25%
forest and woodland: 36%
other: 17%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for
disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread casualties, water
shortages, and destruction of infrastructure because of civil strife
natural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakes
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection

Geographic note: as of January 1996, Bosnian Serb leaders
continued to demand revisions to the territorial aspects of the
Dayton Agreement, especially in Sarajevo - designated to be under
Federation control - and the Brcko/Posavina corridor area; members
of the Bosnian Croat community also reject several territorial
aspects of the agreement, citing that historically Bosnian Croat
lands are to be transferred to Bosnian Serb control; despite
disagreements, initial implementation of the agreement as of January
1996 appeared on course with the warring parties meeting the
deadline for withdrawal of forces from the front lines in Sarajevo

People ------

Population: 2,656,240 (July 1996 est.)
note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable
error because of the dislocations caused by military action and
ethnic cleansing

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20% (male 276,530; female 248,519)
15-64 years: 68% (male 892,807; female 915,686)
65 years and over: 12% (male 133,081; female 189,617) (July 1996
est.)

Population growth rate: -2.84% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 6.34 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 15.92 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -18.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.96 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 56.11 years
male: 51.16 years
female: 61.39 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Ethnic divisions: Serb 40%, Muslim 38%, Croat 22% (est.)

Religions: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%,
other 10%

Languages: Serbo-Croatian 99%

Literacy: NA

Government ----------

Government note: The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, formed by the
Muslims and Croats in March 1994, remains in the implementation
stages.

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form: Republika Bosna i Hercegovina
local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
note: under the new constitution initialed in Dayton, Ohio, on 21
November 1995, the name of the country will be changed from Republic
of Bosnia and Herzegovina to simply Bosnia and Herzegovina and will
be made up of the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serb
entity now called Republika Srpska

Data code: BK

Type of government: emerging democracy

Capital: Sarajevo

Administrative divisions: 109 districts (opstinas, singular -
opstina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska
Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski
Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac,
Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac,
Citluk, Derventa, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc,
Gorazde, Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak,
Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj,
Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica,
Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar,
Mrkonjic-Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje,
Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo,
Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza,
Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale,
Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender
Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac, Sekovici,
Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla,
Ugljevik, Vares, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez, Vlasenica,
Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice
note: administrative reorganization is currently under negotiation
with the assistance of international mediators; spellings not yet
approved by the US Board on Geographic Names

Independence: NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday: NA

Constitution: first promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists),
amended 1989, 1990, and 1991; constitution of Muslim/Croat
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina ratified April 1994; under the
Dayton Agreement signed 21 November 1995, the Muslim/Croat
Federation and the Serb republic government agreed to accept new
basic principles in their constitutions

Legal system: based on civil law system

Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990)
was elected by a collective (seven-member) presidency (of which he
is a member); other members of the collective presidency are: Ejup
GANIC (since NA November 1990), Nijaz DURAKOVIC (since NA October
1993), Stjepan KLJUJIC (since NA October 1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NA
October 1993), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA June 1992), Tatjana
LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992); the collective presidency
is elected from among the National Assembly with at least two
members drawn from each of the three main ethnic groups
head of government: Prime Minister Hasan MURATOVIC (since 30 January
1996) was elected by the collective presidency and the National
Assembly
cabinet: there is an executive body of ministers with no formal name
who are members of, and responsible to, the National Assembly
note: the president of the Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina is Kresimir ZUBAK (since 31 May 1994); Vice President
Ejup GANIC (since 31 May 1994); elections for the Presidency of
Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Presidency of the Republika Srpska
will take place between six and nine months after the entry into
force of the Dayton Agreement (14 December 1995)

Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly
Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina): elections last held
November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by
party NA; seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party
of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1
Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo): elections last held
November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by
party NA; seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party
of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, LBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1
note: the new constitution signed as part of the Dayton agreement on
21 November 1995 provides for a new bicameral Parliamentary assembly
which will consist of a House of Peoples with 15 delegates,
two-thirds from the Muslim/Croat Federation and one-third from the
Serbian republic, and a House of Representatives with 42 members,
two-thirds from the Muslim/Croat Federation and one-third from the
Serbian republic; elections are scheduled to be held six to nine
months after the entry into force of the Dayton Agreement

Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders: Civic Democratic Party (GDS),
Ibrahim SPAHIC; Party for Bosnia, Haris SILAJDZIC; Croatian
Democratic Union of BiH (HDZ), Bozo RAJIC; Croatian Peasants' Party
of BiH (HSS), Stanko STISKOVIC; Independent Serbian Democratic Party
(NSDS), Petar DODIK; Liberal Bosniak Organization (LBO), Muhamed
FILIPOVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president;
Muslim-Bosniac Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC; Party of
Democratic Action (SDA), Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Republican Party of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Stjepan KLUJIC; Serb Democratic Party (SDS),
Radovan KARADZIC, president; Serbian Civic Council (SGV), Mirko
PEJANOVIC; Serbian Consultative Council, Ljubomir BERBEROVIC; Social
Democratic Party (SDP - formerly the Democratic Party of Socialists
(DSS)), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Socialist Party of Republika
Srpska, Zivko RADISIC; Union of Social Democrats (SSDB), Salim
BESLAGIC; United Left of the Bosnian Serb Republic (ULRS), Mile
IVOSEVIC; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC, note -
this party participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist
now; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA, note - this party
participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now; Alliance
of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ
BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president, note - this party
participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now;
Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen PETROVIC, note - this
party participated in the 1990 elections, but may not exist now;
Yugoslav United Left (JUL), CAREVIC; Serb Liberal Party, Miodrag
ZIVANOVIC; Serb Radical Party; Serb Patriotic Party, Slavko
ZUPLJANIN; Serb Homeland Party

Other political or pressure groups: NA

International organization participation: CE (guest), CEI, ECE,
FAO, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,
IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ
chancery: Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-3612, 3613, 3615
FAX: [1] (202) 833-2061
consulate(s) general: New York

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador John K. MENZIES
embassy: 43 Ul. Djure Djakovica, Sarajevo
mailing address: use street address
telephone: [387] (71) 645-992, 445-700, 659-743

Flag: white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white
fleurs-de-lis with a white diagonal band running from the upper
hoist corner to the lower outer side

Economy -------

Economic overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the
old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in
private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the
republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has
been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of
communist central planning and management. TITO had pushed the
development of military industries in the republic with the result
that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. The
bitter interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet,
unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No
economic statistics for 1992-95 are available, although output
clearly has fallen substantially below the levels of earlier years
and almost certainly is well below $1,000 per head. The country
receives substantial amounts of humanitarian aid from the
international community.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $1 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: NA%

GDP per capita: $300 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

Labor force: 1,026,254
by occupation: NA%

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries: steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite,
vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank
and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining; much of
capacity damaged or shut down (1995)

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 3,800,000 kW
production: NA kWh
consumption per capita: NA kWh (1993)

Agriculture: wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Illicit drugs: NA

Exports: $NA
commodities: NA
partners: NA

Imports: $NA
commodities: NA
partners: NA

External debt: $NA

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held
area, presumably to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new
Serbian dinars used in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably
supplanting local currencies in areas held by Bosnian Government

Exchange rates: NA

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 1,021 km (electrified 795 km)
standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (1991)

Highways:
total: 21,168 km
paved: 11,436 km
unpaved: 9,732 km (1991 est.)

Waterways: NA km

Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note -
pipelines now disrupted

Ports: Bosanski Brod

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 24
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 7
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 9 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 727,000

Telephone system: telephone and telegraph network is in need of
modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average when
compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics
domestic: NA
international: no satellite earth stations

Radio broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 2, shortwave 0

Radios: 840,000

Television broadcast stations: 6

Televisions: 1,012,094

Defense -------

Branches: Army

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 654,326
males fit for military service: 524,963
males reach military age (19) annually: 22,902 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP

======================================================================

@Botswana --------

Map ---

Location: 22 00 S, 24 00 E -- Southern Africa, north of South
Africa

Flag ----

Description: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe
in the center

Geography ---------

Location: Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Geographic coordinates: 22 00 S, 24 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 600,370 sq km
land area: 585,370 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 4,013 km
border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe
813 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: short section of boundary with Namibia is
indefinite; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in
disagreement; dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Kasikili
(Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River remained unresolved in
January 1996 and the parties have agreed to refer the matter to the
ICJ

Climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Terrain: predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari
Desert in southwest
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m
highest point: Tsodilo Hill 1,489 m

Natural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash,
potash, coal, iron ore, silver

Land use:
arable land: 2%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 75%
forest and woodland: 2%
other: 21%

Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: overgrazing, primarily as a result of the expansion
of the cattle population; desertification; limited natural fresh
water resources
natural hazards: periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from
the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can
obscure visibility
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection; signed, but not ratified - Desertification

Geographic note: landlocked; population concentrated in eastern
part of the country

People ------

Population: 1,477,630 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42% (male 317,254; female 309,617)
15-64 years: 54% (male 374,572; female 419,991)
65 years and over: 4% (male 22,314; female 33,882) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.63% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 33.34 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 17.01 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 54.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 46.01 years
male: 44.94 years
female: 47.11 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 4.26 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Ethnic divisions: Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi
4%, white 1%

Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%

Languages: English (official), Setswana

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 69.8%
male: 80.5%
female: 59.9%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Botswana
conventional short form: Botswana
former: Bechuanaland

Data code: BC

Type of government: parliamentary republic

Capital: Gaborone