Chapter V (40)

Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pic Baumann 986 m

Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble

Land use:
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 4%
forest and woodland: 28%
other: 42%

Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn
agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting
agriculture
natural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in
north during winter; periodic droughts
international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of the
Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Tropical Timber 94

People ------

Population: 4,570,530 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 49% (male 1,116,030; female 1,105,957)
15-64 years: 49% (male 1,085,774; female 1,163,374)
65 years and over: 2% (male 46,089; female 53,306) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 3.56% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 46.23 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 10.66 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 84.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 57.87 years
male: 55.7 years
female: 60.1 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.75 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Togolese

Ethnic divisions: native African (37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and
Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%

Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and
Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Dagomba and
Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye; the two major African languages in
the north)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 51.7%
male: 67%
female: 37%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Togo
conventional short form: Togo
local long form: Republique Togolaise
local short form: none
former: French Togo

Data code: TO

Type of government: republic under transition to multiparty
democratic rule

Capital: Lome

Administrative divisions: 23 circumscriptions (circonscriptions,
singular - circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame
(Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango
(Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara
(Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse
(Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala,
Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)
note: the 23 units may now be called prefectures (singular -
prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are
included in parentheses

Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN
trusteeship)

National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High
Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27
September 1992

Legal system: French-based court system

Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April
1967) reelected for a five-year term by universal suffrage; election
last held 25 August 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); all major
opposition parties boycotted the election; Gen. EYADEMA won 96.5% of
the vote
head of government: Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since April 1994)
appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the
prime minister

Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly: elections last held 6 and 20 February 1994 (next
to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81
total) CAR 36, RPT 35, UTD 7, UJD 2, CFN 1
note: the Supreme Court ordered new elections for three seats of the
Action Committee for Renewal (CAR) and the Togolese Union for
Democracy (UTD), lowering their total to 34 and six seats,
respectively; the remaining three seats have not been filled

Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel); Supreme Court
(Cour Supreme)

Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT),
President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles
(CFN), Joseph KOFFIGOH; Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD), Edem
KODJO; Action Committee for Renewal (CAR), Yao AGBOYIBOR; Union for
Democracy and Solidarity (UDS), Antoine FOLLY; Pan-African
Sociodemocrats Group (GSP), an alliance of three radical parties:
CDPA, PDR, and PSP; Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA),
Leopold GNININVI; Party for Democracy and Renewal (PDR), Zarifou
AYEVA; Pan-African Social Party (PSP), Francis AGBAGLI; Union of
Forces for Change (UFC), Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile); Union of
Justice and Democracy (UJD), Lal TAXPANDJAN
note: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), led by President EYADEMA,
was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was
legalized 12 April 1991

International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,
ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU,
MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIH, UPU, WADB, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kossivi OSSEYI
chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212
FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny YOUNG
embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
telephone: [228] 21 77 17, 21 29 91 through 21 29 94
FAX: [228] 21 79 52

Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom)
alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red
square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Economy -------

Economic overview: This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily
dependent on subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for
more than 60% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton together
generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in
basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector,
phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it
has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and
increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial
and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by
the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures,
encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with
expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and
public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has jeopardized the
reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic
activity. Although strikes had ended in 1994, political unrest and
lack of funds prevented the government from taking advantage of the
50% currency devaluation of 12 January 1994. Resumption of World
Bank and IMF flows will depend on implementation of several
controversial moves toward privatization and on downsizing the
military, on which the regime depends to stay in power.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.1 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $900 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 49.2%
industry: 17.7%
services: 33.1% (1993 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.8% (1995 est.)

Labor force: 1.538 million (1993 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 64%, industry 9%, services 21%.
unemployed 6% (1981 est.)

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $165 million
expenditures: $274 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)

Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement;
handicrafts, textiles, beverages

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 34,000 kW
production: 41.004 million kWh
consumption per capita: 9 kWh (1990)

Agriculture: coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn,
beans, rice, millet, sorghum; meat; annual fish catch of
10,000-14,000 tons

Illicit drugs: increasingly used as transit hub by heroin
traffickers

Exports: $162.2 (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee
partners: EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)

Imports: $212 million (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical
products
partners: EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)

External debt: $1.3 billion (1991)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes

Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 500.56 (January
1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),
282.11 (1991)
note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF
100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since
1948

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 525 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 525 km 1.000-m gauge

Highways:
total: 7,545 km
paved: 1,833 km
unpaved: 5,712 km (1993 est.)

Waterways: 50 km Mono river

Ports: Kpeme, Lome

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 8
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 4 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 12,000 (1987 est.)

Telephone system: fair system based on network of microwave radio
relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean) and 1 Symphonie

Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 795,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 3 (relays 2)

Televisions: 24,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 975,746
males fit for military service: 512,196 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $48 million, 2.9%
of GDP (1993)

======================================================================

@Tokelau -------

(territory of New Zealand)

Map ---

Location: 9 00 S, 172 00 W -- Oceania, group of islands in the
South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New
Zealand

Flag ----

Description: the flag of New Zealand is used

Geography ---------

Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates: 9 00 S, 172 00 W

Map references: Oceania

Area:
total area: 10 sq km
land area: 10 sq km
comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 101 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Natural resources: NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: very limited natural resources and overcrowding are
contributing to emigration to New Zealand
natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
international agreements: NA

People ------

Population: 1,482 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate: -1.35% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population

Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years

Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman

Nationality:
noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan

Ethnic divisions: Polynesian

Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic
28%, other 2%
note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with
the Congregational Christian Church predominant

Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tokelau

Data code: TL

Type of government: territory of New Zealand

Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center

Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)

Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)

National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of
Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand)

Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948,
as amended in 1970

Legal system: British and local statutes

Suffrage: NA

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6
February 1952) is a hereditary monarch; the queen and New Zealand
are represented by Administrator Lindsay WATT (since NA March 1993)
who was appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in
New Zealand
head of government: Official Secretary Casimilo J. PEREZ (since NA),
Tokelau Apia Liaison Office

Legislative branch: unicameral
General Fono: seats - (45 total, 15 chosen by each of the three
atoll's Council of Elders or Taupulega)

Judicial branch: High Court in Niue; Supreme Court in New Zealand

Political parties and leaders: none

International organization participation: SPC, WHO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of New Zealand)

US diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)

Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used

Economy -------

Economic overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of
resources greatly restrain economic development and confine
agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid
from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being
substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue
come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and
handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in
New Zealand.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 est.)

GDP real growth rate: NA%

GDP per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

Labor force: NA

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $430,830
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of
$37,300 (1987 est.)

Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood
work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 200 kW
production: 300,000 kWh
consumption per capita: 180 kWh (1990)

Agriculture: coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs,
poultry, goats

Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts
partners: NZ

Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
partners: NZ

External debt: 0

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5138
(January 1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584
(1992), l.7265 (1991)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

Merchant marine: none

Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from
Western Samoa

Communications --------------

Telephones: NA

Telephone system:
domestic: radiotelephone service between islands
international: radiotelephone service to Western Samoa

Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: each atoll has a radio broadcast station of NA type that
broadcasts shipping and weather reports

Radios: 1,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: NA

Televisions: NA

Defense -------

Defense note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

======================================================================

@Tonga -----

Map ---

Location: 20 00 S, 175 00 W -- Oceania, archipelago in the South
Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Flag ----

Description: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the
upper hoist-side corner

Geography ---------

Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 175 00 W

Map references: Oceania

Area:
total area: 748 sq km
land area: 718 sq km
comparative area: four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 419 km

Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December
to May), cool season (May to December)

Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted
coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: on Kao Island 1,033 m

Natural resources: fish, fertile soil

Land use:
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 55%
meadows and pastures: 6%
forest and woodland: 12%
other: 2%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: deforestation results as more and more land is being
cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs
from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors;
overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations
natural hazards: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and
volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
international agreements: party to - Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea

Geographic note: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited)

People ------

Population: 106,466 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate: 0.82% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 27.33 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate: 40.26 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.04 years
male: 67.03 years
female: 71.4 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.75 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Tongan(s)
adjective: Tongan

Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000
adherents)

Languages: Tongan, English

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write a simple message in
Tongan or English (1976 est.)
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form: Tonga
former: Friendly Islands

Data code: TN

Type of government: hereditary constitutional monarchy

Capital: Nuku'alofa

Administrative divisions: three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu,
Vava'u

Independence: 4 June 1970 (emancipation from UK protectorate)

National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)

Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967

Legal system: based on English law

Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) is
a constitutional monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991)
and Deputy Prime Minister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)
were appointed for life by the king
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the king
Privy Council: consists of the king and the Cabinet

Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea): elections last held 3-4 February
1993 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - percent of vote
NA; seats - (30 total, 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex
officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and
nine for elected people's representatives) 6 proreform, 3
traditionalist

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the king

Political parties and leaders: Tonga People's Party, Viliami
FUKOFUKA

International organization participation: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC,
SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US: Tonga does not have an embassy in
the US; Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London
consulate(s) general: San Francisco

US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in
Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga

Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner

Economy -------

Economic overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which
contributes 40% to GDP. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans
are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of
total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its
food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for
only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency
earnings, but the country also remains dependent on sizable external
aid and remittances to offset its trade deficit. The economy
continued to grow in 1993-95 largely because of a rise in squash
exports, increased aid flows, and several large construction
projects. The government is now turning its attention to further
development of the private sector and the reduction of the budget
deficit.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $228 million (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 4% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $2,160 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 40% (1995 est.)
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1993)

Labor force: 32,013 (1990 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 70% (1995 est.)

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $44 million
expenditures: $86 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)

Industries: tourism, fishing

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 6,000 kW
production: 30 million kWh
consumption per capita: 231 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa,
coffee, ginger, black pepper

Exports: $20.3 million (f.o.b., FY93/94)
commodities: squash, vanilla, fish, root crops, coconut oil
partners: Japan 59%, US 14%, Australia 6%, NZ 6% (FY93/94)

Imports: $57.8 million (c.i.f., FY93/94)
commodities: food products, machinery and transport equipment,
manufactures, fuels, chemicals
partners: NZ 44%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 7% (FY93/94)

External debt: $48.4 million (FY93/94)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti

Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2753 (December 1995),
1.2709 (1995), 1.3202 (1994), 1.3841 (1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961
(1991)

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 432 km
paved: 280 km
unpaved: 152 km (1987 est.)

Ports: Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai

Merchant marine:
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,990 GRT/14,884 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1, liquefied gas tanker 2, roll-on/roll-off
cargo 1 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 6
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 2
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 3,500 (1986 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 66,000 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 0

Televisions: 1,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Tonga Defense Services, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan
Marines, Tongan Royal Guards, Police

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: NA
males fit for military service: NA

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP

======================================================================

@Trinidad and Tobago -------------------

Map ---

Location: 11 00 N, 61 00 W -- Caribbean, islands between the
Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Flag ----

Description: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the
upper hoist side

Geography ---------

Location: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Geographic coordinates: 11 00 N, 61 00 W

Map references: Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total area: 5,130 sq km
land area: 5,130 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 362 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental
margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt

Land use:
arable land: 14%
permanent crops: 17%
meadows and pastures: 2%
forest and woodland: 44%
other: 23%

Irrigated land: 220 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: water pollution from agricultural chemicals,
industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches;
deforestation; soil erosion
natural hazards: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical
storms
international agreements: party to - Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83,
Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity

People ------

Population: 1,272,385 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 30% (male 193,134; female 186,649)
15-64 years: 64% (male 413,426; female 404,175)
65 years and over: 6% (male 33,791; female 41,210) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.08% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 16.25 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 6.9 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -8.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.01 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 18.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.3 years
male: 67.91 years
female: 72.77 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)
adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian

Ethnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian (a local term - primarily
immigrants from northern India) 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese
1%, other 1%

Religions: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%,
other Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%

Languages: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 97.9%
male: 98.8%
female: 97%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago

Data code: TD

Type of government: parliamentary democracy

Capital: Port-of-Spain

Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1
ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint
Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*,
Tobago**, Victoria

Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

Constitution: 1 August 1976

Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March
1987) was elected by an electoral college of members of the Senate
and House of Representatives
head of government: Prime Minister Basdeo PANDAY (since 9 November
1995) was appointed from among the members of Parliament
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed from among the members of Parliament

Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament
Senate: consists of a 31-member body appointed by the president
House of Representatives: elections last held 6 November 1995 (next
to be held by December 2001); results - PNM 52%, UNC 42.2%, NAR
5.2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 17, UNC 17, NAR 2; the UNC formed a
coalition with the NAR

Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, judges are appointed by the
president on the advice of the prime minister; Supreme Court, judges
are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM),
Patrick MANNING; United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY;
National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), A. N. R. ROBINSON;
Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH;
National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA; Republican
Party, Nello MITCHELL; National Development Party (NDP), Carson
CHARLES; Movement for Unity and Progress (MUP), Hulsie BHAGGAN

International organization participation: ACP, C, Caricom, CCC,
CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIH, UNU, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Corinne Averille McKNIGHT
chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490
FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130
consulate(s) general: New York

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Brian J. DONNELLY
embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain
mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain
telephone: [1] (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176
FAX: [1] (809) 628-5462

Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper
hoist side

Economy -------

Economic overview: Trinidad and Tobago's oil- and
petrochemical-dependent economy enjoys a high per capita income,
although living standards have declined since the boom years of
1973-82. The country managed to record a second successive year of
economic growth in 1995, the first period of substantial expansion
since the early 1980s. A broad economic reform program, including
the floating of the exchange rate, trade and capital market
liberalization, and an extensive privatization program by the
previous administration has left the incoming PANDAY government in a
relatively sound economic position. Trinidad and Tobago's economic
prospects continue to depend heavily on world petroleum prices,
however, and further progress toward diversification will be an
important challenge in the medium term.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $16.2 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $12,100 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 4.8%
industry: 44.5%
services: 50.7% (1995 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1995)

Labor force: 404,500
by occupation: construction and utilities 13%, manufacturing,
mining, and quarrying 14%, agriculture 11%, services 62% (1993 est.)

Unemployment rate: 17.8% (December 1995)

Budget:
revenues: $1.65 billion
expenditures: $1.61 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1996 est.)

Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing,
cement, beverage, cotton textiles

Industrial production growth rate: 1% (1994 est.)

Electricity:
capacity: 1,150,000 kW
production: 3.9 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 2,740 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: cocoa, sugarcane, rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables;
poultry

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe and producer of cannabis

Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel
products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers
partners: US 48%, Caricom countries15%, Latin America 9%, EU 5%
(1994)

Imports: $996 million (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured
goods, food, live animals
partners: US 47.7%, Venezuela 10%, UK 8.3%, other EU 8% (1994)

External debt: $2 billion (1994)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993)

Currency: 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 -
5.9412 (January 1996), 5.9192 (1995), 5.9249 (1994), 5.3511 (1993),
4.2500 (fixed rate 1989-1992); note - effective 13 April 1993, the
exchange rate of the TT$ is market-determined as opposed to the
prior fixed relationship to the US dollar

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
note: minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando;
railway service was discontinued in 1968

Highways:
total: 8,352 km
paved: 3,978 km
unpaved: 4,374 km (1987 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural
gas 904 km

Ports: Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Fortin, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain,
Scarborough, Tembladora

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,928 GRT/5,571 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1, oil tanker 1 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 5
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 170,000 (1992 est.)

Telephone system: excellent international service; good local
service
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana

Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0

Radios: 700,000 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 5 (1987 est.)

Televisions: 400,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (includes Ground
Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police
Service

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 351,835
males fit for military service: 252,532 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $83 million, NA%
of GDP (1994)

======================================================================

@Tromelin Island ---------------

(possession of France)

Map ---

Location: 15 52 S, 54 25 E -- Southern Africa, island in the
Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Flag ----

Description: the flag of France is used

Geography ---------

Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of
Madagascar

Geographic coordinates: 15 52 S, 54 25 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 1 sq km
land area: 1 sq km
comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 3.7 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and
Seychelles

Climate: tropical

Terrain: sandy
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100% (scattered bushes)

Irrigated land: 0 sq km

Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: NA

Geographic note: climatologically important location for
forecasting cyclones; wildlife sanctuary

People ------

Population: uninhabited

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tromelin Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Tromelin

Data code: TE

Type of government: French possession administered by Commissioner
of the Republic, resident in Reunion

Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion

Independence: none (possession of France)

Flag: the flag of France is used

Economy -------

Economic overview: no economic activity

Transportation --------------

Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
total: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Communications note: important meteorological station

Defense -------

Defense note: defense is the responsibility of France

======================================================================

@Tunisia -------

Map ---

Location: 34 00 N, 9 00 E -- Northern Africa, bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya

Flag ----

Description: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red
crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and
star are traditional symbols of Islam

Geography ---------

Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea,
between Algeria and Libya

Geographic coordinates: 34 00 N, 9 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 163,610 sq km
land area: 155,360 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries:
total: 1,424 km
border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

Coastline: 1,148 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land
boundary dispute with Algeria settled in 1993; Malta and Tunisia are
discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf
between their countries, particularly for oil exploration

Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
summers; desert in south

Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid
south merges into the Sahara
lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point: Jabal ash Shanabi 1,544 m

Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc,
salt

Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 10%
meadows and pastures: 19%
forest and woodland: 4%
other: 47%

Irrigated land: 2,750 sq km (1989)

Environment:
current issues: toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective
and presents human health risks; water pollution from raw sewage;
limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing;
soil erosion; desertification
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic note: strategic location in central Mediterranean

People ------

Population: 9,019,687 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 34% (male 1,583,636; female 1,489,784)
15-64 years: 61% (male 2,738,013; female 2,719,998)
65 years and over: 5% (male 254,403; female 233,853) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.81% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 24.03 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 5.18 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.09 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.03 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 35.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.6 years
male: 71.27 years
female: 74.03 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.92 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Tunisian(s)
adjective: Tunisian

Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%

Religions: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1%

Languages: Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce),
French (commerce)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 66.7%
male: 78.6%
female: 54.6%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
conventional short form: Tunisia
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form: Tunis

Data code: TS

Type of government: republic

Capital: Tunis

Administrative divisions: 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous,
Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili,
L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou
Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan

Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)

National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)

Constitution: 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988

Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law;
some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in
joint session

Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November
1987) was reelected for a five-year term by universal suffrage;
election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results
- President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition
head of government: Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September
1989) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral
Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab): elections last held 20 March
1994 (next to be held NA 1999); results - RCD 97.7%, MDS 1.0%,
others 1.3%; seats - (163 total) RCD 144, MDS 10, others 9; note -
the government changed the electoral code to guarantee that the
opposition won seats

Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)

Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally
Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of
Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political
parties are legal, including the Communist Party

Other political or pressure groups: the Islamic fundamentalist
party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed

International organization participation: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB,
AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, BSEC (observer), CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAS
(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNAMIR, UNCRO, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Azzouz ENNAIFER
chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY
embassy: 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [216] (1) 782-566
FAX: [216] (1) 789-719

Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent
nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam

Economy -------

Economic overview: Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important
agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors.
Detailed governmental control of economic affairs has gradually
lessened over the past decade, including increasing privatization of
trade and commerce, simplification of the tax structure, and a
cautious approach to debt. Real growth has averaged 4.2% in 1991-95,
and inflation has been moderate. Growth in tourism and IMF support
have been key elements in this solid record. Drought, especially in
the south, held back GDP growth in 1995. Further privatization and
further improvements in government administrative efficiency are
among the challenges for the future.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $37.1 billion (1994 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 4.4% (1994 est.)

GDP per capita: $4,250 (1994 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 15%
industry: 30%
services: 55% (1995 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.5% (1995 est.)

Labor force: 2.917 million (1993 est.)
by occupation: services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995
est.)
note: shortage of skilled labor

Unemployment rate: 16.2% (1993 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $4.3 billion
expenditures: $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures to $NA
(1993 est.)

Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron
ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beverages

Industrial production growth rate: 5% (1989)

Electricity:
capacity: 1,410,000 kW
production: 5.4 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 595 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: olives, dates, oranges, almonds, grain, sugar beets,
grapes; poultry, beef, dairy products

Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and
chemicals
partners: EU countries 75%, Middle East 10%, Algeria 2%, India 2%,
US 1%

Imports: $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%,
food 12%, consumer goods
partners: EU countries 70%, US 5%, Middle East 2%, Japan 2%,
Switzerland 1%, Algeria 1%

External debt: $7.7 billion (1993 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $221 million (1993)

Currency: 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes

Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9635 (January
1996), 0.9458 (1995), 1.0116 (1994), 1.0037 (1993), 0.8844 (1992),
0.9246 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 2,260 km
standard gauge: 492 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,758 km 1.000-m gauge
dual gauge: 10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges (1993 est.)

Highways:
total: 29,183 km
paved: 17,510 km (including 52 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,673 km (1989 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas
742 km

Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis

Merchant marine:
total: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 125,840 GRT/164,277 DWT
ships by type: bulk 6, cargo 4, chemical tanker 3, oil tanker 2,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 3, short-sea passenger 1 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 29
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 3
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 6
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3
with paved runways under 914 m: 6
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 6 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 233,000 (1987 est.)

Telephone system: the system is above the African average; key
centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis
domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial
cable, and microwave radio relay
international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat with back-up control
station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and
Libya; participant in Medarabtel

Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 8, shortwave 0

Radios: 1,693,527 (1991 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 19

Televisions: 670,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National
Guard

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 2,354,513
males fit for military service: 1,349,728
males reach military age (20) annually: 91,866 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $535 million,
2.8% of GDP (1995)

======================================================================

@Turkey ------

Map ---

Location: 39 00 N, 35 00 E -- Southwestern Asia (that part west of
the Bosporus is sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Black
Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and
the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Flag ----

Description: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed
portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star
centered just outside the crescent opening

Geography ---------

Location: Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is
sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between
Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Geographic coordinates: 39 00 N, 35 00 E

Map references: Middle East

Area:
total area: 780,580 sq km
land area: 770,760 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 2,627 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,
Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km

Coastline: 7,200 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only - to the maritime
boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea,; 12 nm in the Black Sea and
in the Mediterranean Sea

International disputes: complex maritime, air and territorial
disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question
with Syria; dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over
water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
harsher in interior

Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central
plateau (Anatolia)
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m

Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper,
borate, sulfur, iron ore

Land use:
arable land: 30%
permanent crops: 4%
meadows and pastures: 12%
forest and woodland: 26%
other: 28%

Irrigated land: 22,200 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: water pollution from dumping of chemicals and
detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation
natural hazards: very severe earthquakes, especially in northern
Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Hazardous
Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,
Desertification, Environmental Modification

Geographic note: strategic location controlling the Turkish
Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and
Aegean Seas

People ------

Population: 62,484,478 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 32% (male 10,192,195; female 9,836,045)
15-64 years: 62% (male 19,859,717; female 19,187,769)
65 years and over: 6% (male 1,571,451; female 1,837,301) (July 1996
est.)

Population growth rate: 1.67% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 22.26 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
all ages: 1.02 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.92 years
male: 69.53 years
female: 74.43 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.58 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish

Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%

Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and
Jews)

Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 82.3%
male: 91.7%
female: 72.4%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye

Data code: TU

Type of government: republican parliamentary democracy

Capital: Ankara

Administrative divisions: 79 provinces (iller, singular - il);
Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya,
Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,
Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum,
Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Iggdir,
Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars,
Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli,
Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt, Sinop,
Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova,
Yozgat, Zonguldak
note: Karabuk, Kilis, and Yalova are three new Turkish provinces
mentioned in the 24 December 1995 election results

Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman
Empire)

National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic,
29 October (1923)

Constitution: 7 November 1982

Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) was
elected for a seven-year term by the National Assembly
head of government: Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 12 March
1996) and Deputy Prime Minister Nahit MENTESE (since 12 March 1996)
were appointed by the president
National Security Council: advisory body to the president and the
cabinet
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president on
nomination of the prime minister

Legislative branch: unicameral
Grand National Assembly of Turkey: (Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi)
elections last held 24 December 1995 (next to be held by December
2000); results - RP 21.38%, DYP 19.18%, ANAP 19.65%, DSP 14.64%, CHP
10.71%, independent 0.48%; seats - 550 total) RP 158, DYP 135, ANAP
133, DSP 75, CHP 49
note: seats held by various parties are subject to change due to
defections, creation of new parties, and ouster or death of sitting
deputies; current seats by party are as follows: RP 158, DYP 135,
ANAP 126, DSP 75, CHP 49, BBP 7

Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, judges appointed by the
president; Court of Appeals, judges are elected by the Supreme
Council of Judges and Prosecutors

Political parties and leaders: True Path Party (DYP), Tansu
CILLER; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Welfare Party (RP),
Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;
Nationalist Action Party (MHP), Alparslan TURKES; New Party (YP),
Yusuf Bozkurt OZAL; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL;
Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; Nation Party (MP), Aykut
EDIBALI; Democrat Party (DP), Murat UZMAN; Grand Unity Party (BBP),
Muhsin YAZICIOGLU; Rebirth Party (YDP), Hasan Celal GUZEL; People's
Democracy Party (HADEP), Murat BOZLAK; Main Path Party (ANAYOL),
Gurcan BASER; Democratic Target Party (DHP), Abdulkadir Yasar TURK;
Liberal Party (LP), Besim TIBUK; New Democracy Movement (YDH), Cem
BOYNER; Labor Party (EP), Abdullah Levent TUZER; Democracy and Peace
Party (DBP), Refik KARAKOC; Freedom and Solidarity Praty (ODP), Ufuk
URAS

Other political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor
(Turk-Is), Bayram MERAL; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers
Unions (DISK), Ridvan BUDAK; Moral Rights Workers Union (Hak-Is),
Salim USLU; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association
(TUSIAD), Halis KOMILI; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and
Commodity Exchanges (TOBB), Ali Osman ULUSOY; Turkish Confederation
of Employers' Unions (TISK), Refik BAYDUR; Independent
Industrialists and Businessmen's Association (MUSIAD), Erol YARAR

International organization participation: AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC,
CE, CERN (observer), EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC,
NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR
chancery: 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 659-8200
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Marc GROSSMAN
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
telephone: [90] (312) 468-6110
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana

Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is
toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just
outside the crescent opening

Economy -------

Economic overview: The Turkish economy consists of a mixture, on
the one hand, of modern industry and commerce, and, on the other
hand, of time-honored village agriculture and crafts. Since World
War II, it has become increasingly integrated into the West European
economic arena, for example, as a member of OECD. The economy has
improved significantly since the 1994 crisis, when the economy
experienced a sharp drop and inflation hit triple digits. The crisis
- sparked by the downgrading in January 1994 of Turkey's
international credit rating by two US rating agencies - stemmed from
years of loose monetary and fiscal policies that had exacerbated
inflation and allowed the public debt, money supply, and current
account deficit to explode. In April 1994, then Prime Minister
CILLER introduced a stabilization package that paved the way for a
$950 million IMF standby loan. However, because the government
missed key macroeconomic targets in 1995 and the December national
election produced months of political wrangling, the IMF put the
agreement - and release of remaining funds - on hold. The new
center-right minority government that finally has emerged will find
it difficult to balance the need for new austerity measures and
tough structural reforms with the pressure for continued buoyant
growth. Ankara is also likely to face internal opposition to
policies it must implement as part of the Turkey-EU customs union
agreement - which came into force on 1 January 1996 - because many
industries are unfit for EU competition and much-needed revenues
will decline with the elimination of import tariffs and surcharges.
Meanwhile, Ankara's heavy debt repayment schedule in 1996 makes it
necessary for Turkish leaders to bolster the confidence of both
domestic and foreign investors.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $345.7 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 6.8% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $5,500 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 15.5%
industry: 33.2%
services: 51.3% (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 94% (1995)

Labor force: 20.9 million
by occupation: agriculture 46%, services 31%, industry 23%
note: about 1.5 million Turks work abroad (1994)

Unemployment rate: 10.2% (1995 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $30.2 billion
expenditures: $35 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.8
billion (1995)

Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite,
copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Industrial production growth rate: 8.8% (1995)

Electricity:
capacity: 18,710,000 kW
production: 71 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,079 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses,
citrus; livestock

Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and
hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes;
major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey
as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw
concentrate

Exports: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: textiles and apparel 37%, steel products 12%, fruits
and vegetables 11% (1994)
partners: Germany 22%, Russia 8%, US 8%, Italy 6% (1994)

Imports: $32.6 billion (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: machinery 25%, fuels 17%, raw materials 11%, foodstuffs
5% (1994)
partners: Germany 16%, US 10%, Italy 9%, Russia 8% (1994)

External debt: $73.8 billion (1995 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $195 million (1993)
note: aid for Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1
billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion

Currency: Turkish lira (TL)

Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 60,502.1 (January
1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4
(1992), 4,171.8 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 10,386 km
standard gauge: 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,088 km electrified)

Highways:
total: 386,704 km
paved: 45,683 km (including 862 km of expressways)
unpaved: 341,021 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: about 1,200 km

Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km;
natural gas 708 km

Ports: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Izmit, Mersin,
Samsun, Trabzon