Chapter V (35)

Location: 14 00 N, 14 00 W -- Western Africa, bordering the North
Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania

Flag ----

Description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side),
yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the
yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Geography ---------

Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania

Geographic coordinates: 14 00 N, 14 00 W

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 196,190 sq km
land area: 192,000 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota

Land boundaries:
total: 2,640 km
border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau
338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km

Coastline: 531 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: short section of the boundary with The
Gambia is indefinite; boundary with Mauritania in dispute

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April)
has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated
by hot, dry, harmattan wind

Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in
southeast
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location in the Futa Jaldon foothills 581 m

Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore

Land use:
arable land: 27%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 30%
forest and woodland: 31%
other: 12%

Irrigated land: 1,800 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
overfishing
natural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Marine Dumping

Geographic note: The Gambia is almost an enclave of Senegal

People ------

Population: 9,092,749 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 48% (male 2,188,338; female 2,197,015)
15-64 years: 49% (male 2,111,330; female 2,336,987)
65 years and over: 3% (male 128,939; female 130,140) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 3.37% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 45.46 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 11.76 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.95 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 56.49 years
male: 53.75 years
female: 59.3 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.31 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Senegalese

Ethnic divisions: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%,
Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%

Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly
Roman Catholic)

Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 33.1%
male: 43%
female: 23.2%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
conventional short form: Senegal
local long form: Republique du Senegal
local short form: Senegal

Data code: SG

Type of government: republic under multiparty democratic rule

Capital: Dakar

Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region);
Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis,
Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor

Independence: 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal
signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation
of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the
agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)

National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)

Constitution: 3 March 1963, revised 1991

Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the
government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) was
elected for a seven-year term by universal suffrage; election last
held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 2000); results -
Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%
head of government: Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)
was appointed by the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president

Legislative branch: unicameral
National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 9 May
1993 (next to be held NA May 1998); results - PS 70%, PDS 23%, other
7%; seats - (120 total) PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT 3, Let Us Unite
Senegal 3, PIT 2, UDS-R 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), President
Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE;
Democratic League-Labor Party Movement (LD-MPT), Dr. Abdoulaye
BATHILY; Independent Labor Party (PIT), Amath DANSOKHO; Senegalese
Democratic Union-Renewal (UDS-R), Mamadou Puritain FALL; Let Us
Unite Senegal (coalition of African Party for Democracy and
Socialism and National Democratic Rally); other small uninfluential
parties

Other political or pressure groups: students; teachers; labor;
Muslim Brotherhoods

International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, UNAVEM III,
UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK
chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540, 0541

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mark JOHNSON
embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone: [221] 23 42 96, 23 34 24
FAX: [221] 22 29 91

Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow,
and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow
band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy -------

Economic overview: In 1994 Senegal embarked on its most concerted
structural adjustment effort yet to exploit the 50% devaluation of
the currencies of the 14 Francophone African nations on 12 January
of that year. After years of foot-dragging, the government has
passed a liberalized labor code which should lower the cost of labor
and improve the manufacturing sector's competitiveness. Inroads also
have been made in closing tax loopholes, eliminating monopoly power
in several sectors, and privatizing state owned firms. At the same
time, the government is holding the line on current fiscal
expenditure under the watchful eyes of international organizations
on which it depends for substantial support. The IMF, in mid-1995,
announced that the government met most economic targets as called
for in its Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility agreement and
released the second $50 million tranche. The country's narrow
resource base, environmental degradation, and untamed population
growth will continue to hold back improvement in living standards
over the medium term.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $14.5 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 4.5% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $1,600 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (1995)

Labor force: 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence
farming; 175,000 wage earners)
by occupation: private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $876 million
expenditures: $197.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1996 est.)

Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,
petroleum refining, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 230,000 kW
production: 720 million kWh
consumption per capita: 79 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,
tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish catch of
409,000 metric tons in 1992

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast
Asian heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator
of cannabis

Exports: $940 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products,
phosphates, cotton
partners: France, other EU countries, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali

Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods,
petroleum
partners: France, other EU countries, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire,
Algeria, China, Japan

External debt: $3.8 billion (1993)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $439 million (1993)

Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes

Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 500.56 (January
1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),
282.11 (1991)
note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF
100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since
1948

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 904 km
narrow gauge: 904 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track) (1995)

Highways:
total: 13,850 km
paved: 3,900 km
unpaved: 9,950 km (1990 est.)

Waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 km
on the Saloum

Ports: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard-Toll, Saint-Louis,
Ziguinchor

Merchant marine:
total: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT
(1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 17
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 8
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 1
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 4
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 55,000 (1993 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay and
cable trunk system
international: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 850,000 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 1

Televisions: 61,000 (1993 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National
Police (Surete Nationale)

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,864,239
males fit for military service: 973,170
males reach military age (18) annually: 90,154 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $82 million, 2.1%
of GDP (1996 est.)

======================================================================

@Serbia and Montenegro ---------------------

Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation.

Map ---

Location: 44 00 N, 21 00 E -- Southeastern Europe, bordering the
Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Geography ---------

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map references: Europe

Area:
total area: 102,350 sq km
land area: 102,136 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Kentucky
note: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making
it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938
sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than
Connecticut

Land boundaries:
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with
Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215
km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km,
Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km

Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Maritime claims: NA

International disputes: disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo
seeks independence from Serbian republic

Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot,
humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion,
continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic
climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively
cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to
the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient
mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with
no islands off the coast
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc,
nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome

Land use:
arable land: 30%
permanent crops: 5%
meadows and pastures: 20%
forest and woodland: 25%
other: 20%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets,
especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution
around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from
industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
international agreements: NA

Geographic note: controls one of the major land routes from
Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along
the Adriatic coast

People ------

Population:
total population: 10,614,558 (July 1996 est.)
Montenegro: 635,442 (July 1996 est.)
Serbia: 9,979,116 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
Montenegro - 0-14 years: 22% (male 71,075; female 67,402)
Montenegro - 15-64 years: 67% (male 215,889; female 213,290)
Montenegro - 65 years and over: 11% (male 27,868; female 39.918)
(July 1996 est.)
Serbia - 0-14 years: 21% (male 1,104,274; female 1,026,994)
Serbia - 15-64 years: 66% (male 3,332,809; female 3,293,788)
Serbia - 65 years and over: 13% (male 515,001; female 706,250) (July
1996 est.)

Population growth rate:
Montenegro: 0.39% (1996 est.)
Serbia: 0.39% (1996 est.)

Birth rate:
Montenegro: 11.86 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia: 13.98 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate:
Montenegro: 7.76 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia: 10.25 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate:
Montenegro: -0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Serbia: 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
Montenegro - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
Montenegro - under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
Montenegro - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
Montenegro - 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
Montenegro - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Serbia - at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
Serbia - under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
Serbia - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
Serbia - 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
Serbia - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
Montenegro: 27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Serbia: 22.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
Montenegro - total population: 74.88 years
Montenegro - male: 70.86 years
Montenegro - female: 79.11 years (1996 est.)
Serbia - total population: 71.98 years
Serbia - male: 68.97 years
Serbia - female: 75.22 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate:
Montenegro: 1.53 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Serbia: 2 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin

Ethnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%,
Hungarians 4%, other 13%

Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant
1%, other 11%

Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%

Literacy: NA

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of
the successor republics represents its continuation

Data code:
Serbia: SR
Montenegro: MW

Type of government: republic

Capital: Belgrade

Administrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular -
pokajina); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*,
Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed
as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia - SFRY)

National holiday: St. Vitus Day, 28 June

Constitution: 27 April 1992

Legal system: based on civil law system

Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993) was
elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly; note -
Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990);
Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990);
Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993
head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December
1992) was nominated by the president; Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan
ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros KLIKOVAC (since 15 September
1994), and Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council

Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly
Chamber of Republics: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to
be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40
total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA; note - seats
are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the
legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia
Chamber of Citizens: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to
be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats -
(138 total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20,
DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3

Judicial branch: Savezni Sud (Federal Court), judges are elected
by the Federal Assembly; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by
the Federal Assembly

Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party (SPS,
former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party
(SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk
DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC;
Democratic Party of Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic
Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC,
president; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal
Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of
Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Andras AGOSTON; League of
Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI;
Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president;
Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic Alliance
of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party of
Montenegro (SP), leader NA

Other political or pressure groups: NA

Diplomatic representation in US: the US and Serbia and Montenegro
do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in
the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires
ad interim Zoran POPOVIC
chancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-6566

US diplomatic representation: the US and Serbia and Montenegro do
not maintain full diplomatic relations
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Rudolf V.
PERINA
embassy: address NA, Belgrade
mailing address: Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310
telephone: [381] (11) 645655
FAX: [381] (11) 645332

Economy -------

Economic overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation
in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the
destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important
interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major
economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993.
Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister
republics for large amounts of energy supplies and manufactures.
Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of
technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as
did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output
in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade
links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers
and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting
all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics.
One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and
Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government
that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not
economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a
new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in
1994. Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of
$2,000 per capita is extremely rough. The economy is recovering
extremely slowly following the suspension of UN sanctions in
December 1995.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 4% (1995 est.)

GDP per capita: $2,000 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1994 est.)

Labor force: 2,640,909
by occupation: industry, mining 40% (1990)

Unemployment rate: more than 40% (1994 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles;
armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural
machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc,
chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite,
nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles,
footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products,
chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity:
capacity: 10,400,000 kW
production: 34 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1994 est.)

Agriculture: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle,
sheep, goats

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route

Exports: $NA
commodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia
exported machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
partners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners
were the other former Yugoslav republics, Italy, Germany, other EC,
the FSU countries, East European countries, US

Imports: $NA
commodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslavia
imported machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,
manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
including coking coal for the steel industry
partners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners
were the other former Yugoslav republics, the FSU countries, EC
countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US

External debt: $4.2 billion (1993 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras

Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - official
rate: 1.5; black market rate: 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 3,960 km
standard gauge: 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km electrified) (1992)

Highways:
total: 46,019 km
paved: 26,949 km
unpaved: 19,070 km (1990 est.)

Waterways: NA km

Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural
gas 2,110 km

Ports: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat

Merchant marine:
Montenegro: total 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 326,133
GRT/544,600 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)
ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 8, container 3, short-sea passenger
ferry 1
note: ships operate under the flags of Malta, Panama, and Cyprus; no
ships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)
Serbia: total 2 bulk ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,916
GRT/77,103 DWT (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)
note: all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no
ships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 44 (Serbia 39, Montenegro 5)
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
with paved runways under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 14, Montenegro 0)
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 14 (Serbia 12, Montenegro 2)
(1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 700,000

Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0

Radios: 2.015 million

Television broadcast stations: 18

Televisions: 1 million

Defense -------

Branches: People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal and
border troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), Civil
Defense

Manpower availability:
Montenegro - males age 15-49: 173,942
Montenegro - males fit for military service: 140,728
Montenegro - males reach military age (19) annually: 5,226
Serbia - males age 15-49: 2,546,549
Serbia - males fit for military service: 2,041,239 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: 245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992
est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars
using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results

======================================================================

@Seychelles ----------

Map ---

Location: 4 35 S, 55 40 E -- Eastern Africa, group of islands in
the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar

Flag ----

Description: five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red,
white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side

Geography ---------

Location: Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean,
northeast of Madagascar

Geographic coordinates: 4 35 S, 55 40 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 455 sq km
land area: 455 sq km
comparative area: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 491 km

Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

International disputes: claims Tromelin Island

Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)

Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky,
hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m

Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees

Land use:
arable land: 4%
permanent crops: 18%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 18%
other: 60%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: no natural fresh water resources, catchments collect
rain water
natural hazards: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are
rare; short droughts possible
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Desertification

Geographic note: 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands

People ------

Population: 77,575 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 31% (male 12,005; female 11,835)
15-64 years: 63% (male 24,003; female 24,946)
65 years and over: 6% (male 1,669; female 3,117) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.76% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 21.02 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 7.31 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: -6.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 12.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.24 years
male: 64.23 years
female: 74.39 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.09 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)
adjective: Seychelles

Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans,
Europeans)

Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%

Languages: English (official), French (official), Creole

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971 est.)
total population: 58%
male: 56%
female: 60%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles
conventional short form: Seychelles

Data code: SE

Type of government: republic

Capital: Victoria

Administrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse aux
Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie
Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade,
Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on Praslin
Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri,
Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka

Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)

National holiday: National Day, 18 June (1993) (adoption of new
constitution)

Constitution: 18 June 1993

Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and
customary law

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President France Albert RENE
(since 5 June 1977) was elected for a five-year term by popular
vote; election last held 20-23 July 1993 (next to be held NA 1998);
results - President France Albert RENE (SPPF) reelected with 59.5%
of the vote, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 36.72%
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president

Legislative branch: unicameral
People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple): elections last held 20-23
July 1993 (next to be held NA); results - SPPF 82%, DP 15%, UO 3%;
seats - (33 total, 22 elected, 11 awarded) seats elected - SPPF 21,
DP 1; seats awarded - SPPF 6, DP 4, UO 1
note: the 11 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share of
each party in the total vote

Judicial branch: Court of Appeal; Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: ruling party - Seychelles People's
Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP),
Sir James MANCHAM; United Opposition (UO), Wavel RAMKALAWAN - a
coalition of the following parties: Seychelles Party (PS), Wavel
RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL;
Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS; New Democratic
Party , Christopher GILL (former member of DP)

Other political or pressure groups: trade unions; Roman Catholic
Church

International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Marc Michael R. MARENGO
chancery: (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY
10017
telephone: [1] (212) 687-9766, 9767
FAX: [1] (212) 922-9177

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Carl Burton STOKES
embassy: 4th Floor, Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe
mailing address: Box 148, Victoria; Unit 62501, APO AE 09815-2501
telephone: [248] 225256
FAX: [248] 225189

Flag: five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white,
and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side

Economy -------

Economic overview: Since independence in 1976, per capita output
has grown to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level, led
by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force
and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings. In recent
years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to
upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the government
has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting the
development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The
vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp
drop in 1991-92 due largely to the Gulf war. Although the industry
has rebounded, the government recognizes the continuing need for
upgrading the sector in the face of stiff international competition.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $430 million (1993 est.)

GDP real growth rate: -2% (1993 est.)

GDP per capita: $6,000 (1993 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1993 est.)

Labor force: 27,700 (1985)
by occupation: industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government
20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)

Unemployment rate: 9% (1987)

Budget:
revenues: $227.4 million
expenditures: $263 million, including capital expenditures of $54
million (1993 est.)

Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
coir (coconut fiber) rope factory, boat building, printing,
furniture, beverage

Industrial production growth rate: 4% (1992)

Electricity:
capacity: 30,000 kW
production: 110 million kWh
consumption per capita: 1,399 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla, sweet potatoes, cassava
(tapioca), bananas; broiler chickens; expansion of tuna fishing
under way

Exports: $50 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities: fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products
(re-exports)
partners: France 43%, UK 22%, Reunion 11%, (1992)

Imports: $261 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities: manufactured goods, food, petroleum products, tobacco,
beverages, machinery and transportation equipment
partners: Singapore 16%, Bahrain 16%, South Africa, 14%, UK 13%
(1992)

External debt: $181 million (1993 est.)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 4.9257 (January
1996), 4.7620 (1995), 5.0559 (1994), 5.1815 (1993), 5.1220 (1992),
5.2893 (1991)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Transportation --------------

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 269 km
paved: 187 km
unpaved: 82 km (1988 est.)

Ports: Victoria

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 14
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5
with paved runways under 914 m: 6
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 8,300 (1982 est.)

Telephone system:
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands in the
archipelago
international: direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent
island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth
station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0

Radios: 34,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 2

Televisions: 8,200 (1991 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Coast Guard, Marines, National Guard, Presidential
Protection Unit, Police Force

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 21,547
males fit for military service: 10,883 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP

======================================================================

@Sierra Leone ------------

Map ---

Location: 8 30 N, 11 30 W -- Western Africa, bordering the North
Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Liberia

Flag ----

Description: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top),
white, and light blue

Geography ---------

Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Guinea and Liberia

Geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 11 30 W

Map references: Africa

Area:
total area: 71,740 sq km
land area: 71,620 sq km
comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:
total: 958 km
border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

Coastline: 402 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

International disputes: none

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to
December); winter dry season (December to April)

Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country,
upland plateau, mountains in east
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m

Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore,
gold, chromite

Land use:
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 2%
meadows and pastures: 31%
forest and woodland: 29%
other: 13%

Irrigated land: 340 sq km (1989 est.)

Environment:
current issues: rapid population growth pressuring the environment;
overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and
slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil
exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing
natural hazards: dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the
Sahara (November to May); sandstorms, dust storms
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Whaling; signed, but not ratified -
Desertification, Environmental Modification

People ------

Population: 4,793,121 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 45% (male 1,057,824; female 1,092,291)
15-64 years: 52% (male 1,197,547; female 1,298,834)
65 years and over: 3% (male 75,066; female 71,559) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 4.14% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 47.13 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 18.24 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 12.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.05 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.95 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 135.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 47.47 years
male: 44.56 years
female: 50.47 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.36 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective: Sierra Leonean

Ethnic divisions: 13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende
30%, other 39%), Creole, European, Lebanese, and Asian 1%

Religions: Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%

Languages: English (official, regular use limited to literate
minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne
(principal vernacular in the north), Krio (the language of the
re-settled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua
franca)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write in English, Mende,
Temne, or Arabic (1995 est.)
total population: 31.4%
male: 45.4%
female: 18.2%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form: Sierra Leone

Data code: SL

Type of government: constitutional democracy

Capital: Freetown

Administrative divisions: 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern,
Northern, Southern, Western*

Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK)

National holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961)

Constitution: 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times

Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous
to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH
(inaugurated 29 March 1996); election held 26-27 February 1996 (next
to be held NA 2000)
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the
approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible
to the president

Legislative branch: unicameral
House of Representatives: elections last held NA February 1996 (next
to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats (80
total, 68 elected, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate
elections) SLPP 27, UNPP 17, PDP 12, APC 5, NUP 4, DCP 3; note -
first elections since the former House of Representatives was shut
down by the military coup of 29 April 1992

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: 15 parties registered for the
February 1996 elections; National Peoples Party (NPP), Andrew TURAY;
Democratic Center Party (DCP), Abu KOROMA; Peoples Progressive Party
(PPP), Edward KAMARA, chairman; Coalition for Progress Party (CPP),
Geredine WILLIAMS-SARHO; National Unity Movement (NUM); United
National Peoples Party (UNPP); Peoples Democratic Party (PDP),
Thaimu BANGURA, chairman; All Peoples Congress (APC), S. A. T.
KOROMA, chairman; National Republican Party (NRP); Social Democratic
Party (SDP); Peoples National Convention (PNC), I. B. KARGBO,
chairman; National Unity Party (NUP), A. O. D. GEORGE, chairman;
Sierra Leone Peoples Party (SLPP), Paul DUNBAR, chairman; National
Democratic Alliance (NDA); National Alliance for Democracy Party
(NADP)

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,
IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: (vacant)
chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador John L. HIRSCH
embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [232] (22) 226481 through 226485
FAX: [232] (22) 225471

Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white,
and light blue

Economy -------

Economic overview: Sierra Leone has substantial mineral,
agricultural, and fishery resources. However, the economic and
social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social
disorders continue to push down production, exports, and the value
of the leone. Agriculture employs about two-thirds of the working
population, with subsistence agriculture dominating the sector.
Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and
of light manufacturing for the domestic market. The mining of
diamonds, bauxite, and rutile is the major source of hard currency.
The government has worked hard to meet its IMF- and World
Bank-mandated stabilization targets, holding down fiscal deficits,
and retiring much of its domestic debt - but at a steep cost in
terms of forgone capital investments and social spending. Moreover,
the economic infrastructure has nearly collapsed due to neglect and
war-related disruptions in the mining and agricultural export
sectors. The continuing civil war in Liberia has led to a large
influx of refugees, who place additional burdens on Sierra Leone's
fragile economy.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.4 billion (1994 est.)

GDP real growth rate: -4% (1994 est.)

GDP per capita: $960 (1994 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 40%
industry: 17%
services: 43% (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 24% (1994 est.)

Labor force: 1.369 million (1981 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981
est.)
note: only about 65,000 wage earners (1985)

Unemployment rate: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $75 million
expenditures: $128 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(FY94/95 est.)

Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile); small-scale
manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum
refining

Industrial production growth rate: $NA

Electricity:
capacity: 130,000 kW
production: 220 million kWh
consumption per capita: 44 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts;
poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish catch was 65,000 metric tons in
1994

Exports: $115 million (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: rutile 51%, bauxite 20%, diamonds 16%, coffee 6%, cocoa
7%, fish (1989)
partners: US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western Europe

Imports: $150 million (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: foodstuffs 38%, machinery and equipment 44%, fuels and
lubricants 18% (1989)
partners: US, EU countries, Japan, China, Nigeria

External debt: $1.4 billion (yearend 1993)

Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA

Currency: 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: leones (Le) per US$1 - 951.63 (January 1996),
755.22 (1995), 586.74 (1994), 567.46 (1993), 499.44 (1992), 295.34
(1991)

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 84 km used on a limited basis because the mine at Marampa is
closed
narrow gauge: 84 km 1.067-m gauge

Highways:
total: 11,674 km
paved: 1,284 km
unpaved: 10,390 km (1992 est.)

Waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round

Ports: Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel

Merchant marine: none

Airports:
total: 5
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 17,526 (1991 est.)

Telephone system: marginal telephone and telegraph service
domestic: national microwave radio relay system made unserviceable
by military activities
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0

Radios: 980,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 1

Televisions: 45,000 (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Police, Security Forces

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,019,093
males fit for military service: 494,451 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $14 million, 2.6%
of GDP (FY92/93)

======================================================================

@Singapore ---------

Map ---

Location: 1 22 N, 103 48 E -- Southeastern Asia, islands between
Malaysia and Indonesia

Flag ----

Description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white
crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially
enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle

Geography ---------

Location: Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia

Geographic coordinates: 1 22 N, 103 48 E

Map references: Southeast Asia

Area:
total area: 632.6 sq km
land area: 622.6 sq km
comparative area: slightly more than three times the size of
Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 193 km

Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as
defined in treaties and practice
territorial sea: 3 nm

International disputes: two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry
seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in
April)

Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water
catchment area and nature preserve
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m
highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m

Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports

Land use:
arable land: 4%
permanent crops: 7%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 5%
other: 84%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water
resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change

Geographic note: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes

People ------

Population: 3,396,924 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 22% (male 379,076; female 358,739)
15-64 years: 72% (male 1,220,131; female 1,219,412)
65 years and over: 6% (male 97,882; female 121,684) (July 1996 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.9% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 16.28 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 4.56 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 7.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.13 years
male: 75.07 years
female: 81.39 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.65 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Singaporean(s)
adjective: Singapore

Ethnic divisions: Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other
2.3%

Religions: Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu,
Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist

Languages: Chinese (official), Malay (official and national),
Tamil (official), English (official)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 91.1%
male: 95.9%
female: 86.3%

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Singapore
conventional short form: Singapore

Data code: SN

Type of government: republic within Commonwealth

Capital: Singapore

Administrative divisions: none

Independence: 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)

National holiday: National Day, 9 August (1965)

Constitution: 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence
State of Singapore Constitution)

Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President ONG Teng Cheong (since 1 September 1993)
was elected for a six-year term by popular vote; election last held
28 August 1993 (next to be held NA August 1999); results - ONG Teng
Cheong was elected with 59% of the vote in the country's first
popular election for president
head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November
1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November
1990) and Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995) were appointed by
the president
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president, responsible to
Parliament

Legislative branch: unicameral
Parliament: elections last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held by
31 August 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81
total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, chief justice is appointed by the
president with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are
appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice

Political parties and leaders:
government: People's Action Party (PAP), GOH Chok Tong, secretary
general
opposition: Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), CHEE Soon Juan;
Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; National Solidarity Party
(NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA;
Singapore People's Party (SPP), SIN Kek Tong

International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C,
CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
Mekong Group, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Sellapan Rama NATHAN
chancery: 3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100
FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876

US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Timothy A. CHORBA
embassy: 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617
mailing address: FPO AP 96534
telephone: [65] 3380251
FAX: [65] 3384550

Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the
hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent
(closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five
white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle

Economy -------

Economic overview: Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy
with strong service and manufacturing sectors and excellent
international trading links derived from its entrepot history. The
economy registered 8.9% growth in 1995, with prospects for 7%-8%
growth in 1996. In 1995, the manufacturing and financial and
business services sectors led economic growth. Rising labor costs
continue to be a threat to Singapore's competitiveness, and the
government's strategy to address this problem includes increasing
productivity, improving infrastructure, and encouraging higher
value-added industries. In applied technology, per capita output,
investment, and labor discipline, Singapore has key attributes of a
developed country.

GDP: purchasing power parity - $66.1 billion (1995 est.)

GDP real growth rate: 8.9% (1995)

GDP per capita: $22,900 (1995 est.)

GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: NEGL%
industry: 28%
services: 72%

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.7% (1995)

Labor force: 1.649 million (1994)
by occupation: financial, business, and other services 33.5%,
manufacturing 25.6%, commerce 22.9%, construction 6.6%, other 11.4%
(1994)

Unemployment rate: 2.6% (1995 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $17.3 billion
expenditures: $12.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.5
billion (FY95/96 est.)

Industries: petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling
equipment, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and
beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, financial services,
biotechnology

Industrial production growth rate: 10% (1995)

Electricity:
capacity: 4,510,000 kW
production: 17 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 5,590 kWh (1993)

Agriculture: rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables; poultry

Illicit drugs: transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to
the US, Western Europe, and the Third World; also a money-laundering
center

Exports: $119.6 billion (1995)
commodities: computer equipment, rubber and rubber products,
petroleum products, telecommunications equipment
partners: Malaysia 20%, US 19%, Hong Kong 9%, Japan 7%, Thailand 6%
(1994)

Imports: $125.9 billion (1995)
commodities: aircraft, petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs
partners: Japan 22%, Malaysia 16%, US 15%, Taiwan 4%, Saudi Arabia
4% (1994)

External debt: $3.2 million (1994)

Economic aid: $NA

Currency: 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.4214 (January
1996), 1.4174 (1995), 1.5274 (1994), 1.6158 (1993), 1.6290 (1992),
1.7276 (1991)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Transportation --------------

Railways:
total: 38.6 km
narrow gauge: 38.6 km 1.000-m gauge

Highways:
total: 2,989 km
paved: 2,905 km (including 111.6 km of expressways)
unpaved: 84 km (1994 est.)

Ports: Singapore

Merchant marine:
total: 646 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,915,788
GRT/20,292,580 DWT
ships by type: bulk 110, cargo 118, chemical tanker 18, combination
bulk 3, combination ore/oil 8, container 92, liquefied gas tanker
13, multifunction large-load carrier 4, oil tanker 234, refrigerated
cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 13, short-sea passenger 1,
specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 24
note: a flag of convenience registry; includes ships from 22
countries among which are Japan 39, Hong Kong 27, Denmark 24,
Germany 20, Sweden 14, Thailand 14, Belgium 12, Norway 9, Indonesia
7, and US 7 (1995 est.)

Airports:
total: 8
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 3
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1
with paved runways under 914 m: 1 (1995 est.)

Communications --------------

Telephones: 1.23 million (1993 est.)

Telephone system: good domestic facilities; good international
service
domestic: NA
international: submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular
Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations
- 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat
(Pacific Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 13, FM 4, shortwave 0

Radios: NA

Television broadcast stations: 2 (1987 est.)

Televisions: 1.05 million (1992 est.)

Defense -------

Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police
Force

Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 1,025,300
males fit for military service: 752,382 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $3.9 billion,
4.3% of GDP (1995 est.)

======================================================================

@Slovakia --------

Map ---

Location: 48 40 N, 19 30 E -- Central Europe, south of Poland

Flag ----

Description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue,
and red superimposed with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on
the hoist side; the cross is white centered on a background of red
and blue

Geography ---------

Location: Central Europe, south of Poland

Geographic coordinates: 48 40 N, 19 30 E

Map references: Europe

Area:
total area: 48,845 sq km
land area: 48,800 sq km
comparative area: about twice the size of New Hampshire

Land boundaries:
total: 1,355 km
border countries: Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 515
km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 90 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

International disputes: Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Hungary;
unresolved property issues with Czech Republic over redistribution
of former Czechoslovak federal property

Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain: rugged mountains in the central and northern part and
lowlands in the south
lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
highest point: Gerlachovka 2,655 m

Natural resources: brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron
ore, copper and manganese ore; salt

Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
meadows and pastures: NA%
forest and woodland: NA%
other: NA%

Irrigated land: NA sq km

Environment:
current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants presents
human health risks; acid rain damaging forests
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling; signed,
but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Law of the Sea

Geographic note: landlocked

People ------

Population: 5,374,362 (July 1996 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 22% (male 605,379; female 579,232)
15-64 years: 67% (male 1,777,100; female 1,812,555)
65 years and over: 11% (male 234,377; female 365,719) (July 1996
est.)

Population growth rate: 0.34% (1996 est.)

Birth rate: 12.62 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Death rate: 9.35 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.95 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.01 years
male: 69.01 years
female: 77.21 years (1996 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.65 children born/woman (1996 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Slovak(s)
adjective: Slovak

Ethnic divisions: Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.7%, Gypsy 1.5% (the
1992 census figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which
could reach 500,000 or more), Czech 1%, Ruthenian 0.3%, Ukrainian
0.3%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.3%

Religions: Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%,
Orthodox 4.1%, other 17.5%

Languages: Slovak (official), Hungarian

Literacy: NA

Government ----------

Name of country:
conventional long form: Slovak Republic
conventional short form: Slovakia
local long form: Slovenska Republika
local short form: Slovensko

Data code: LO

Type of government: parliamentary democracy

Capital: Bratislava

Administrative divisions: 4 departments (kraje, singular - kraj)
Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, Vychodoslovensky

Independence: 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)

National holiday: Slovak Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)

Constitution: ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January
1993

Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to
comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal
theory

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993) was
elected for a five-year term by the National Parliament; election
last held 8 February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir MECIAR (since 12
December 1994) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the president on recommendation of
the prime minister