Chapter M (3)

Observatory, a new Astronomical, at Berne, in Switzerland, vii, 374. ----, letter on, from _Encke_ to _A. D. Bache_, xxxviii, 184. ----, at Cape of Good Hope, xxxviii, 95. ----, near Glasgow, xl, 344. ----, at Geneva, xxiii, 390. ----, at Rome, xliv, 373. ----, at Pulkova, astronomical operations at, xlvii, 88. ----, at St. Petersburg, a new, xxviii, 200. ----, at Havana, xlii, 153. ----, remarks on certain, (Cambridge, Brussels, Calton Hill at Edinburgh,) xxviii, 67, 69. ----, United States, Cambridge, xlv, 224. ----, ----, at Girard College, authorized, xxxviii, 398. ----, ----, in Philadelphia, in Rittenhouse Square, xl, 375. ----, ----, of Hudson, Ohio, Western Reserve College, _E. Loomis_, xxxix, 361. ----, ----, of Yale College, latitude and longitude of, xxxiv, 309. ----, instruments proper for a small, xxxviii, 185. ----, magnetical, at Dublin, xxxiv, 3. ----, ----, establishment of, recommended by the British Association, xxxviii, 108.

_O'Brien, L._, on a case of transpiration, xxxix, 400.

Obsidian, West Indies, i, 237. ----, used for cutting instruments by the Mexicans, xvi, 161.^f

Occultation of Aldebaran, July, 1830, xix, 170.

Ocean, natural history of, v, 128. ----, color of, vi, 198; xxix, 237. ----, ----, cause of, xvii, 170; xxvi, 65.^f ----, depth of, v, 130; xl, 407. ----, ----, not determined from the echo, xxxviii, 160. ----, temperature in different parts v, 129; xxv, 130. ----, ---- and saltness of, at different depths, xxiii, 10. ----, ---- at great depths, xvii, 295. ----, ---- ibid, _Foster's_ observations, xvii, 299. ----, ---- ibid, _Irving's_ observations, xvii, 299. ----, ---- ibid, _Scoresby_ and _Buchan_, xlv, 139, 140. ----, ----, between New York and Rio, 1834, xxix, 237. ----, saltness of, _H. Humphreys_ xlix, 208. ----, ----, remarks on, v, 131. ----, ----, at different depths xxiii, 10. ----, pressure of, at great depths, xiv, 194. ----, deep soundings in, by the French ship Venus, xl, 407. ----, phosphorescence of, v, 133; xvii, 209; xviii, 166, 187; xxxvi, 208. ----, supposed effects of, on the features of western New York, during its elevation, xxxv, 86. ----, see _Sea water_.

Oceanic currents, v, 132.
---- ----, of the Atlantic, iv, 390.
---- ----, of the Gulf Stream, v, 133, 353.
---- ----, general remarks on, _W. C. Redfield_, xxv, 130;
--circuit currents of the Atlantic and Pacific, 130, 131;
cold polar currents flowing beneath the tropical, and carrying
icebergs into the Gulf Stream, 131;
their influence on climate, 133.
---- ----, tidal, course of, in the Atlantic, _W. C. Redfield_,
xxviii, 313.
---- ----, Gulf Stream, relation of, to an opposite current on the
North American coast, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxii, 349.
---- ----, Gulf Stream, icebergs carried into, by the deeper polar
current, _W. C. Redfield_, xxxii, 351, 352;
--lower temperature on shoals and shores due to the submarine
current, 353.
---- ----, prevailing, and observations on tides, _W. C. Redfield_,
xlv, 293.
---- ----, on ancient polar, _W. C. Redfield_, xliii, 152.
---- ----, effects of polar, _W. C. Redfield_, xlv, 326.
---- ----, of the north Atlantic and the drift ice, with a map,
_W. C. Redfield_, xlviii, 373.
---- ----, Gulf Stream, existence of, determined by _B. Franklin_,
xlvii, 162.
---- ----, ---- ----, remarks on, _M. F. Maury_ xlvii, 161;
--warmth of, 162;
course, color, 164;
relation of amount of waters to waters of Mississippi, 165;
causes of, 165;
evidence from bottles thrown overboard, 167;
temperature of, 175;
cold northern currents, 177;
Japan currents, 181.
---- ----, tidal, see farther under _Tides_.

Ochres, in Connecticut, v, 36. ----, in Vermont, iii, 58; iv, 43.

Odessa, notice of, vi, 386.

Odontograph, xxxv, 319.

Odors affected by electricity, xv, 394.

Odor, like Benzoin, from a man's arm, xxii, 368. ---- of wines due to œnanthic ether, xxxii, 381.

Œnanthic ether, xxxii, 381. ---- acid, xxxii, 382.

_Œrsted, H. C._, on water-spouts xxxvii, 250.^f ----, on tornadoes, xxxviii, 82. ----, allusion to discoveries electro-magnetism, v, 388.

Oerstedite, xxx, 179. _Ogden, H. W._, on water-spouts, xxix, 254.

Ohio, notes on, i, 207, 311.
----, Medical College of, i, 311.
----, Belmont Co., scenery, geology, mineralogy, botany, &c., of,
_C. Atwater_, i, 226.
----, winds of, _C. Atwater_, i, 276.
----, vegetable impressions in the coal strata of Zanesville,
_E. Granger_, iii, 5.^f
----, facts relating to certain parts of, _S. P. Hildreth_, x, 1;
--Washington Co., soil, &c., 2;
caverns on the Little Hockhocking, 3;
limestone and coal, salt borings, 4;
gas from springs, 5;
petroleum, 5;
iron ore, 7;
ochres, pyrites, 8.
----, notes on, in reply to inquiries by C. Atwater, _S. P. Hildreth_,
x, 152;
--Marietta, size, manufactures, &c., 152;
county of Washington, statistics, 153;
settlement of different places of Ohio, 153, 154, 155;
attacks of Indians, 154;
escape of R. J. Meigs, 157;
Indian Mounds, &c., 160.
----, ibid, _S. P. Hildreth_, xi, 231;
--on the plants of, climate, &c., 231;
epidemic disorders, influenza, &c., 233;
diseases of cattle, 234;
crimes, suicide, 235;
education, 235;
population of Marietta, 236;
sect of Halcyons, 236;
antiquities, 237;
meteors, 237;
storm of May 28, 1809, 238.
----, on the geology, climate, diseases, &c., of, _C. Atwater_, xi, 224.
----, Washington Co., climate and productions of, _S. P. Hildreth_,
xii, 206.
----, coal and diluvial strata of, _S. P. Hildreth_, xiii, 38.
----, people of, _C. Atwater_, xiii, 200.
----, miscellaneous notices of rocks and minerals of, _S. P. Hildreth_,
xvi, 154.
----, canals, xx, 416.
----, boulders of, _D._ and _I. A. Lapham_, xxii, 300.
----, saliferous rock formation of, _S. P. Hildreth_, xxiv, 46.
----, ten days in, xxv, 217;
--Marietta, notice of, 217;
Waterford, 221;
Morgan Co., 227;
Zanesville, 228;
Putnam, 230;
Muskingum Co., 230;
Perry Co., 232;
Flint ridge, 233;
buhrstone, 233;
Tumuli, 234;
Somerset, 236;
Rushville and Rush Creek, 236;
Lancaster, 237;
Pickaway Co., 238;
Circleville ancient works, 238;
Scioto aqueduct, 240;
Williamsport, 247;
the Barrens, 248;
Westport, 249;
Chilicothe, 251;
Pickaway plains, 255.
----, channels of streams far below the general level, deeply seated,
xxv, 223.
----, on the bituminous coal deposits of the Ohio valley,
_S. P. Hildreth_, xxix, 1^f;
--general topography, 7;
Muskingum valley, 9^f;
Putnam Hill strata, 30^f;
cannel coal, 39;
calcareous breccia, 43;
Hockhocking valley, 46;
buhrstone, 142.
----, miscellaneous notices of, _S. P. Hildreth_, xxxi, 1;
--steamboats, 1;
Sun-fish creek, 2;
grave creek, bituminous coal, Wheeling and Indian attacks, 3;
Wellsburg, Steubenville, 6;
Judge Tappan's cabinet, 7;
ancient Indian sculpture, 8^f;
Mingoes, Logan, Henry Jolly, 10;
Mr. Slack's spring garden, 14;
Lewis Wetzel, 14;
Brady and Brady's Hill, 20, 21;
Connecticut Reserve, 21, 34;
Poland, Dr. Kirtland's collection of shells, 22;
Mahoning valley, tertiary deposits, 24^f;
coal deposits, 27;
natural mounds, fossil plants, 28^f;
massasauga, rattle snakes, 32;
gypsum of Canfield, 34;
ponds of Portage Co., 35;
Lymnæa stagnalis and Helices, &c., 35.^f
----, miscellaneous notices of, _S. P. Hildreth_, xxxi, 1;
--Portage Co., 37;
Ohio and Pennsylvania canal, 40;
Brady's Pond, 42;
Falls of the Cuyuhoga, 45^f;
travertine, 50;
marl beds, 55;
mastodon bones at Massillon, 56;
Fort Lawrence, 57;
village of Zoar, 59;
and great ferruginous deposits, 61;
Newcastle, coal, 63;
Gnadenhutten, 64;
Rev. J. Heckewelder, 66;
Coshocton Co., 69;
narrows of Licking, 70;
rock strata, 71;
trilobites, 72^f;
Delaware sulphur springs, 73;
sulphuret of iron, 74;
Zanesville, 75^f;
cannel coal, 79;
cabinet of the Atheneum at Zanesville, 79;
fossil bones of ovis, &c., 80.^f
----, Geological Reports of, noticed, xxxii, 190; xxxiv, 196, 347^f;
xl, 126.
----, ibid, with extracts, xxxiv, 347;
--extent of coal in, 348, 357;
degradation on Lake Erie, 349;
buhrstone of, 352, 353;
iron ore deposits, 357;
fossil elephant of Salt Creek, 358, 362.^f
----, Indian mounds and relics, _C. Whittlesey_, xxxiv, 361.
----, hurricane in, Oct. 20, 1837, _E. Loomis_, xxxiii, 368.^f
----, prairies of, xxxiii, 230.
----, cannel coal in, xviii, 376; xxix, 39; xxxi, 79.
----, buhrstone in, xxv, 233; xxix, 142; xxxiv, 353.
----, mastodon remains in, ii, 245^f; xxv, 256; xxx, 394; xxxi, 56;
xxxvi, 189.^f
----, heights of various points in,_ C. Whittlesey_, xlv, 12.
----, meteorological observations in, see under _Meteorology_.

Oils, depuration of, xxiv, 200. ----, action of, on oxygen gas, xxiii, 190. ----, bleaching, xlvii, 196. ----, proportion of, in different oleaginous plants, xviii, 150. ---- of balsam copaiva, xxviii, 384.

Oil of cajeput, xxviii, 384. ---- of the Chené, ii, 264. ---- of cinnamon, xxviii, 385, ---- of the Croton tiglium, xiv, 369. ---- from grape seed, ii, 348. ---- of Indian corn, xliii, 403. ----, inflammable, xii, 388. ---- of juniper, xxviii, 385. ----, olive, impurities in, xix, 76. ----, ----, purification of, for chronometers, xx, 166. ---- from the spirit of wine of potatoes, _J. Dumas_, xxviii, 386. ----, essential, of potatoes, xxxii, 382. ---- of Ricinus communis, impurities in, xix, 77. ---- of roses, on the preparation and analysis of, _R. Blanchet_, xxviii, 383. ---- of turpentine, see _Turpentine_. ---- of sweet almonds, impurities in, xix, 76. ---- of the tutui or candlenut tree of the Sandwich Islands, xxxiv, 209. ---- of wine, destructive distillation of, xxxvi, 76. ---- from white fish, xxxv, 391. ----, essential, adulteration of, with alcohol, xix, 77; xlvii, 197. ----, ----, action of, with sulphurous acid, _R. Hare_, xxxi, 281. ----, watchmaker's, best, ix, 202.

Oil-casks, rendered impermeable by glauber salt, xxx, 173.

Oilstone, of Ohio, xvi, 374. ----, of Georgia, xvi, 185. ----, of Lake Memphremagog, v, 41, 406. ----, of North Carolina, v, 262; xiv, 238.

_Olbers, H. W. M._, obituary of, xxxix, 387.

Old man of the Mountain, xiv, 64.^f

Olea Americana, northern limit of, _H. B. Croom_, xxvi, 315.

Oligostachyum, iv, 58.

_Oliver, B. L._, on prussic acid, iii, 182. ----, letter to, on Otaheite, _J. A. Maerenhaut_, xxix, 283. ----, on the use of iodine in gout, xvi, 176.

Olivine from near Naples, _L. P. Walmstedt_ on, ix, 378. ---- and chrysolite, comparative analyses of, xiii, 184.

_Olmsted, D._, red sandstone of North Carolina, ii, 175. ----, geological survey of North Carolina, in contemplation, v, 202. ----, rocks and minerals of North Carolina, v, 257. ----, on the gold mines of North Carolina, ix, 5. ----, Report on the Geology of North Carolina, noticed, xiv, 230. ----, report on the state of chemical science in 1826, xi, 349; xii, 1.^f ----, on the materiality of heat, xi, 356; xii, 359. ----, notice of illuminating gas, from cotton seed, viii, 294; x, 363. ----, on the excessive use of sulphur, viii, 394. ----, meteorological report, for 1827, xiv, 176. ----, ---- ----, for 1828, xvi, 70. ----, on the phenomena and causes of hail storms, xviii, 1.^f ----, on adjusting lightning rods, xviii, 362. ----, reply to A. T. Christie on hail-storms, xx, 373. ----, on the New Haven tornado, July, 1839, xxxvii, 340.^f ----, on the nature and cause of the meteors of Nov. 13, 1833, xxv, 363; xxvi, 132.^f ----, cause of the meteors of November, xxix, 376; xxx, 370.^f ----, meteors of November, 1836, xxxi, 286. ----, ---- ----, 1837, xxxiii, 379.^f ----, ---- ----, 1838, xxxv, 368. ----, ---- ----, 1839, xl, 202. ----, ---- of different periods, xxvi, 132. ----, on the Aurora Borealis, xxix, 388; xxxii, 176. ----, on the Zodiacal light, xxvii, 416; xxix, 379. ----, on the eclipse of the sun, of Sept. 1838, xxxv, 174. ----, report of observations on the transit of Mercury, May, 1845, xlix, 142. ----, new experiments on the solar spectrum, xlviii, 137. ----, a paralytic affection cured by a stroke of lightning, iii, 100. ----, memoir of Eli Whitney, xxi, 201.^f ----, Natural Philosophy of, noticed, xxiii, 351; xxv, 214; xxxiv, 219. ----, Introduction to Astronomy by, noticed, xxxvi, 203. ----, Life and Writings of E. P. Mason, by, noticed, xl, 407; xliii, 381.

Ontario valley, geological features of, xi, 213.^f ---- lake, level of, xxxiii, 122; xlv, 16. ---- ----, temperature of, xxxiii, 403; xxxvii, 242. ---- ----, ridge of, xxxvi, 40. ---- ----, evidences of changes of level about, xxxv, 104; xxxvi, 41; xlvi, 315. ---- ----, small lakes running into, xxxvi, 42. ---- ----, shore of, and height of water in, xxxvi, 43.

Onyx, in Missouri, iii, 71.

Oolitic formation in America, xl, 41. ---- ---- in New York, Orange Co., xix, 398. ---- ---- ----, in Saratoga Co., _J. H. Steele_, ix, 16.^f ---- ---- in Ohio, xlii, 233. ---- fossils, remarks on, xxxiii, 107.

Oology, notice of _W. Hewitson's_ work on, xxxvii, 166.

Opal at Vienna, a large, xii, 384. ---- from the graphite mine of Pfaffenreith, one-third water, xv, 390.

Opelousas, geological notice of xxxv, 344.

Ophisaurus ventralis, i, 262.

Opiamon, xlix, 205.

Opianic acid, xlvii, 196; xlix, 205.

Opiano-sulphurous acid, xlix, 205.

Opium, constitution of, xxviii, 359. ----, mode of detecting minute quantities of, _R. Hare_, xii, 290. ----, observations and experiments on, _G. W. Carpenter_, xiii, 17. ----, English, viii, 389; x, 194. ----, paramorphine in, xxiv, 374. ----, thebaine in, xxx, 379.

Opossum, remains in the Stonesfield slate, xxvii, 412; xxxvii, 228.

Optics, notice of _D. Brewster's_ Treatise on, xxiv, 389.

Optical amusements, xvi, 398. ---- experiment, exhibiting the blood vessels of the eye, xxi, 166. ---- deception, instrument for exhibiting a certain, _E. S. Snell_, xxvii, 310. ---- instruments, xix, 390. ---- properties of saccharine juice, _Biot_, xxiv, 379. ---- structure of minerals, notice of, ix, 384. ---- surgery, xviii, 179. ---- trap, v, 200.

Orang Outang, account of, xv, 161.

Orange County of New York, natural history of, _J. Van Rensselaer_, xiii, 224. ----, mineral notices of, _C. U. Shepard_, xxi, 321.^f ----, ---- ----, _J. Fowler_, ix, 242.

Orangeries, v, 190.

Orchis tribe, synonymy of some species of, _A. Gray_, xxxviii, 306. ---- spectabilis, monstrous flower of, _J. W. Bailey_, xxxv, 117.^f

_Ordinaire, J. J._, method of teaching Latin used by, v, 182; vii, 383. ----, on public instruction, vii, 199, 383.

Oregon, fossil bones from, _H. C. Perkins_, xlii, 136.^f ----, fossil bones from, orycterotherium, &c., _R. Harlan_, xliv, 79. ----, geological and miscellaneous remarks on, _J. Ball_, xxviii, 1. ----, climate of, and a meteorological register kept at Fort Vancouver, 1832, 1833, J. Ball, xxviii, 8.

Orenburg, salt steppe of, xliv, 205.

Orford brown tourmaline, xxxiv, 204.

Organic remains, see _Fossil_.

_Oriani, B._, death of, xxv, 186.

Orientals, style of, v, 181.

Oriental minerals, _F. Hall_, xxxiii, 249.

Ornithichnites, see _Footprints_.

Ornithological terms, improved, xxi, 162.

Ornithology, work on, by _T. Nuttall_, noticed, xx, 154; xxii, 178; xxv, 424. ----, see farther under _Zoology_.

_Orr, I._, on the process of memory, xxiii, 278. ----, on the formation of the universe, vi, 128.^f ----, on infinites, v, 326. ----, mathematical propositions by, xxiv, 395.

Orthite, ix, 376.

Orthocerata, see ZOOLOGY, _Mollusca_.

Orthography, English, proposals for improving, xxxix, 197.

Orycterotherium, xlii, 136^f, 392; xliv, 69^f; xlv, 210. ---- Missouriense, xliv, 69^f; xlv, 210. ---- Origonense, xlii, 136^f; xliv, 79.

_Osborn, M. W._ and _N. S._, on a vibrating dam, xliv, 366.

_Osler, F._, on indications of his anemometer, xxxviii, 103.

Osmelite, xv, 388.

Osmium, atomic weight and compounds of, _E. Fremy_, xlix, 199. ----, method of obtaining, from the platinum residue, _F. Wöhler_, xxvi, 371. ----, means of obtaining pure, _E. Fremy_, xlviii, 185.

Ossification of the vitreous humor, xvii, 186.

Ostræa edulis, remarks on, xxxii, 241. ----, see farther under ZOOLOGY, _Mollusca_.

Ostrich toes, xxxv, 312.

Otaheite, letter on, by _J. A. Maerenhaut_, xxix, 283. ----, contents of _J. A. Maerenhaut's_ work on, xxix, 290.

_Otto_, on the separation of zinc from manganese, xlvii, 194.

Oval arches, tracing of, _E. Miller_, xxii, 303.^f

_Owen, D. D._, on fossil palm trees in Indiana, xlv, 336. ----, on geological coloring and symbols, xlv, 351. ----, on geological paintings and illustrations, xlv, 136. ----, geology of the Western States, xliv, 365; xlv, 151, 163. ----, report on Indiana, notice of, xxxiv, 193; xl, 133. ----, on human footprints in limestone, xliii, 14.^f ----, review of New York Geological Reports, xlvi, 143; xlvii, 354^f; xlviii, 296.^f ----, meteorological notices in Indiana, xxix, 294.

_Owen, Richard, Wollaston_ medal, presented to, xxxv, 197. ----, on the fossil bones collected by C. Darwin, xxxv, 196. ----, structure of fossil teeth, xxxv, 307. ----, on the Megatherium, xxxvii, 371. ----, on R. Harlan's notice of new fossil mammalia, xliv, 341. ----, reply of _R. Harlan_ to, xlv, 208. ----, on the Dinornis, and the Connecticut valley fossil footprints, xlv, 185; xlviii, 194. ----, on the bird's nests of New Holland, xlviii, 61. ----, Report on the Fossil Mammalia of Great Britain, xlvii, 186.

_Owen, Robert_, establishment at New Harmony, x, 165; xi, 188. ----, Plans of Education, &c., ix, 161, 383.

Owhyhee, see _Sandwich Islands_--also under _Geology_ and _Volcanoes_.

Oxahverite, xv, 387, [Apophyllite.]

Oxalates, experiments on certain, xiii, 188.

Oxalate of lime, crystallized in plants, xxi, 372.

Oxalic acid, _Gay Lussac_, xxvii, 400. ---- ether, new product from, _Malaguti_, xl, 215. ---- ---- and chlorine, compound of, xl, 215.

Oxygen, absorption of, by water, ii, 349. ----, abstraction of, from the atmosphere, xii, 91. ----, specific gravity of, xxxv, 298. ----, delicate test of, in a gaseous mixture, xvi, 397. ----, a means of resuscitating from drowning, xvi, 250. ----, respiration of, i, 95. ----, action of oils upon, xxiii, 190.

Oxygenized water, iii, 369.

Oxy-hydrogen blowpipe, see under _Blowpipe_. ---- - ---- illumination in light-houses, xxviii, 355.

Oxyria reniformis, xlv, 29.

Oysters, ancient and modern history of, xxxii, 211. ----, fishery of, xxxii, 245. ----, habits of, xxxii, 244. ----, uses, xxxii, 246.

Ozocerite, new mineral species, xxvi, 388.

Ozone, the cause of the electro-chemical odor, _C. F. Schönbein_, xli, 44. ----, nature and properties of, _F. de Moleyns_, xiii, 318. ----, notice of, xlix, 195.

P.

Pachuca silver mines, xxiv, 231.

Pacific, Caroline Islands, some account of, xxviii, 115. ----, currents of, xxv, 131; xlv, 299.

Packfong, composition of, xv, 396.

Paddle fish, Ohio, xii, 201.^f

Paddle wheel and screw, propulsion of vessels by, xlii, 336.

Padua, v, 177.

Pæstum, on the stone of which the temple of, is built, xxxvii, 366.

_Page, C. G._, movements on the surface of water produced by the vibration of glass, xxx, 192. ----, echo in Virginia, xxxvi, 174. ----, new electrical instruments, xxvi, 110.^f ----, method of increasing shocks with J. Henry's apparatus for obtaining sparks and shocks from the calorimotor, xxxi, 137.^f ----, iron, lead and other metals, a substitute for copper in galvanic apparatus, xxxii, 197. ----, on the use of the dynamic multiplier, xxxii, 354.^f ----, musical tones from magnets, xxxii, 396; xxxiii, 118; xlviii, 401. ----, electro-magnetic apparatus and experiments, xxxiii, 190.^f ----, ---- - ---- experiments on the application of electro-magnetism as a moving power, xxxiii, 118, 190^f; xxxv, 106. ----, rotary multiplier, or astatic galvanometer, xxxiii, 376.^f ----, new form of electrepeter, xxxiii, 377.^f ----, new magnetic electrical machine of great power, with two parallel horse-shoe magnets and two straight rotating armatures, with experimental researches, xxxiv, 163.^f ----, ibid, fusion of iron filings by, xxxiv, 169. ----, compound electro-magnets for the magnetic electrical spark, shock and decomposition, xxxiv, 364. ----, magneto-electric multiplier convertible into an electro-magnetic engine, xxxiv, 368.^f ----, magneto-electric and electro-magnetic apparatus, xxxv, 252.^f ----, magnetic electrepeter and electrotome to be used with flat spirals, xxxv, 112.^f ----, compound electro-magnet and electrotome, xxxv, 253.^f ----, circular galvanometers, xxxv, 259.^f ----, revolving armature machine, xxxv, 262^f; xxxvi, 350.^f ----, reciprocating armature engine, xxxv, 263.^f ----, vibrating armature engine, xxxv, 267.^f ----, double helix for inducing magnetism, xxxv, 261.^f ----, on the benefit of fresh immersion in galvanic batteries, xxxvi, 137.^f ----, the galvanoscope, a means of detecting the failure of water in steam boilers, xxxvi, 141.^f ----, observations on electricity, xxxvi, 353. ----, magneto-electric multiplier, xxxvii, 275.^f ----, an improved form of Saxton's magneto-electric machine, xlviii, 392. ----, new electro-magnetic machine, xlix, 131.^f ----, new axial galvanometer, xlix, 136.^f ----, double axial reciprocating engine, xlix, 139.^f ----, entomological cabinet of, for sale, xxxix, 211. ----, mode of preserving Lepidoptera, xlvii, 131.

_Paine, M._, Medical Commentaries, notice of, xxxix, 209.

_Paine, R. T._, on barometric minima of Feb. 16-19, 1842, xlii, 403. ----, on the solar eclipse of July 8, 1842, xlii, 175.

Paint, fine scarlet, for the pallet, xvi, 174. ----, a new green, for artists, xxviii, 148. ----, use of alumina with, for the pallet, xvi, 173. ---- Rock, Virginia, i, 67.

Painting in fresco, means of detaching, iv, 384. ---- on ivory, color of carmine, how produced by red lead, xxvi, 74. ---- of a Parthian archer, by D. Scott, xlii, 215. ---- of porcelain, iii, 217. ---- of the Declaration of Independence, by Col. Trumbull, i, 200.

Paintings, historical, by J. Trumbull, xvi, 163. ----, Trumbull Gallery of, at Yale College, xxxix, 213.^f ----, transparent, by Kœnig, ii, 348. ----, remarks on colors for, xxvi, 74, 75.

Palæonisci found in New Jersey, xliv, 135.

Palæontology, _W. Whewell's_ remarks on, xxxvii, 227.

Palæozoic rocks, classification and nomenclature of, _H. D._ and
_W. B. Rogers_, xlvii, 111, 154.

Palermo, iii, 396.

Palestine, on minerals from, _F. Hall_, ix, 337. ----, ----, _I. Bird_, x, 21. ----, various facts relating to, _I. Bird_, xii, 145. ----, notices of, in a letter by _I. Bird_, xv, 374. ----, climate of, xxxi, 183. ----, account of, _J. D. Sherwood_, xlviii, 2.

Palisades, ii, 182.

Palms, _C. F. P. von Martius_ on, noticed, viii, 383.

Palm trees, fossil, Indiana, _D. D. Owen_, xlv, 336. ----, seed of, Mariner's Mill, Ohio, xxxi, 28.^f ----, leaf of, Ohio, xxxi, 35.^f

Palmacites, fossil plants, generic characters of, vii, 182.

Palmetto, used as food in Florida, xxxv, 59.

Paludina, see Zoology, _Mollusca_.

Pantology, of _R. Park_, noticed, xli, 389; xlii, 192.

_Pantoppidan's_ account of the sea serpent, ii, 163.

Paper from the bark of willow, &c., x, 387. ---- from the beach grass, xxxvi, 386. ---- from husks of corn, xxvi, 193. ---- made from marine plants, xv, 169. ----, ivory, iii, 370. ----, lithographic, iii, 370. ----, rice, xxiv, 207. ---- for drawing, a new mode of preparing, xiv, 373. ---- covered with pumice, for removing rust, xv, 169. ---- making, a discovery in, made, x, 193.^f ---- hangings, how protected from injury by dampness of walls, vi, 396.

Papyrus, made from plants, at Syracuse, xxvii, 80.

Paradoxides, _J. Hall_ on, xxxiii, 139.^f

Paragrèles in France, x, 196; xii, 398. ----, efficacy of, xiv, 37.

Parallax of the star 61 Cygni, xxxvi, 200.

Paralysis, cured by lightning, iii, 100.

Paramorphine and Pseudomorphine, xxx, 179.

Parasite tree, _G. W. Long_, xxvi, 106.^f ---- of the honey bee, xxv, 213. ---- of the eggs of the canker worm, xxxviii, 385; xl, 211.

Parasitical plants, xii, 21.

Parhelion, singular, with theory of halos, _E. S. Snell_, xlix, 73.^f

Pargasite, in Massachusetts, x, 11. ----, in New York, xxv, 347.

Parhelia, seen at Otisco, _W. Gaylord_, xxxix, 61.^f ----, seen at Green Bay, _R. E. Clary_, xxviii, 304.^f

Parietin, _R. D. Thomson_, xlix, 195.

_Paris, J. A._, on sandstone, i, 234.

Paris, France, statistics of, iv, 376; ix, 202. ----, suicides in, x, 386. ----, table of punishments in, iv, 386. ----, table of epidemics in, during the past and present centuries, xxv, 197. ----, disinfection of the dead bodies at the Morgue, xxi, 149. ----, fresh water formations, notice of, vi, 381. ----, Linnæan Society of, v, 382. ----, Tract Society of, v, 383. ----, Conservatory of Arts and Trades, v, 383.

Paris, Maine, minerals of, x, 14; xviii, 293.

_Parker, P._, meteorological observations at Canton, August, 1839, xxxviii, 301. ----, on volcanic ashes, xl, 198.

_Parker_, on volcano of Hawaii, xl, 117.^f

_Parkes's_ Chemical Catechism, v, 398. ----, Essays, noticed, viii, 190.

_Parkinson_ and _Frodsham_, on the sea and land rates of chronometers, xxvi, 121. ---- ----, on chronometers, xxix, 297.

_Parnell_, on rare British fishes, xxxv, 310.

_Parnell, E. A._, Elements of Chemical Analysis, xliv, 190.

_Parrot_, on the temperature of the globe, xxvi, 10.

_Parry, Capt. W. E._, observations on the Aurora, notice of, xvi, 148.

Parthian archer, picture of, xlii, 215.

_Partridge, W._, on the manufacture of indigo in the United States,
xviii, 237.

_Pascalis, F._, remarks on hail-rods, x, 196. ----, on the small pox, x, 208. ----, upward forces of fluids, xi, 110, 339.^f ----, on the culture of silk in the United States, xvii, 202; xviii, 278. ----, obituary of, xxv, 216.

Pasco silver mines, xvii, 43^f; xxiv, 232.

_Pasquier, A. du_, iodine a reagent for hydrosulphuric acid, xl, 123.

Passeres, new species of, xxxi, 192.

Passiflora Warei, v, 297.

Paste, mode of preserving, vii, 379.

Pasteboard roofs, xxiv, 381.

Pastils, use and preparation of alkaline, for calculus, xi, 388.

Pasture, spring, _E. Ives_, iii, 355.

Patagonia fossil bones, _R. Owen_, xxxiii, 208; xxxv, 196. ---- fossil remains, _C. Darwin_, xxxiii, 105.

Patents, number of new, in different countries in 1822, ix, 198. ----, agency for, at Washington, xxxi, 411.

Patent claims in Piedmont and Sardinia, remark on, xvii, 193.

_Patten, J. H._, air pump of, viii, 143.^f ----, ---- ----, gazometer and balance beam of, ix, 92^f, 327. ----, ---- ----, J. F. Dana, remarks on, viii, 275; ix, 327.

_Patterson_, on electricity from steam, xl, 382.

_Pattinson, H._, new mode of extracting silver from lead, xxxv, 299.

_Patton, J. H._, hurricane in India, xxxvi, 71.

_Paulding, N._, on shells, ii, 371.

Pavia, v, 177.

Paving with wood, xxxviii, 136.

_Payen_, means of employing dead animals, xxiv, 326. ----, on the woody tissue of plants, xl, 176. ----, on the bleaching of oils, xlvii, 196.

Peach trees, cause of decay in, xi, 194.

Peaches on an almond tree, ii, 363.

Pearl ashes, method of manufacturing, _G. A. Rogers_, viii, 304.

Pearls and pearl fishery, xxxii, 56, 68. ----, in fluviatile shells, xxv, 257.

_Pearson's_ Domestic Telegraph, iv, 314.^f

Peat, on the use and mode of formation of, _E. North_, xi, 67. ----, on the origin, preparation and uses of, from a memoir by _Ribaucourt_, xv, 250. ----, gas light from, xxx, 189. ----, instance of bituminization of, in Maine, _C. T. Jackson_, xxxiv, 73. ----, in Massachusetts, xxii, 38. ----, in New York, i, 139; v, 8; xxxvi, 16. ----, moss, mode of determination of age of, xxix, 349.

Peat-bogs, observations on, _G. H. Adams_, xxxviii, 127.

_Peck, J._, geology of the mining districts in Georgia, western North
Carolina and East Tennessee, with a map, xxiii, 1.

Pecten, uses and economical notice of, xxxii, 248, 219.

Pectic acid, converted to oxalic, xvii, 179.

_Peirce, B._, elements of the third comet of 1845, xlix, 220.

_Peligot, E._, on tea, xlviii, 187.

_Pelletier_, on guaiac resin, xlix, 194.

Peloconite, new mineral species, xxii, 387; xxvi, 386.

Pelopium, new metal, xlviii, 400.

_Pelouze, J._, on tannin, xxviii, 124. ----, on the atomic weights of simple bodies, xlvii, 188. ----, on the solubility of chlorine in water, xlvii, 191.

_Peltier_, on tornadoes, xxxviii, 401.

Pendulum, new compensating, _W. G. Jones_, xxxviii, 274.^f ----, experiments on the vibrations of, with different suspending springs, _W. J. Frodsham_, xxxvii, 278. ----, _W. J. Frodsham's_ improved compound, xxviii, 107. ----, portable mercurial, _E. J. Dent_, xxxv, 289. ----, vibrations of a mercurial, _G. Baker_, xlviii, 156. ----, barometric compensation of, xlvi, 393. ----, oscillations in the plane of the meridian and at right angles with the same, different, xxviii, 62. ----, simultaneous motions of the surrounding air and, _S. D. Poisson_, xxiii, 391. ----, _E. Sabine's_ experiments with, and conclusions, xvii, 364. ----, on the reduction to a vacuum of the vibrations of an invariable, xvii, 365.

Penetrativeness of fluids, xix, 360.

Penguins, habits of, xlix, 151.

_Pennant, Thos._, life and writings of, xxxvii, 146.

Pennatule flèche, iv, 87.^f

Pennine, form and analysis of, xlvii, 216.

Pennsylvania, coal beds of Wyoming, _Z. Cist_, iv, 1.^f ----, ---- ---- ----, rocks accompanying, vii, 260. ----, ----, remarks on the properties and economical uses of anthracite, _B. Silliman_, x, 331; --characters, 332; experiments on, 333; uses of, in the arts, 337; mode of burning, 338, 341; comparative value of Lehigh and Schuylkill, 339; price in New York, 340; general qualities of, 343; documents relating to the value of, 346. ----, ----, characters of anthracite, _B. Silliman_, xi, 91; --analysis of the Lehigh by _L. Vanuxem_, 93; directions as to burning, 94; remarks on _M. Bull's_ memoir on the healing power of fuels, 98. ----, coal; value, position, extent, &c., of anthracite, _J. Pierce_, xii, 54. ----, ----, Mauch Chunk, _J. Pierce_, xii, 56; yield of Mauch Chunk beds in 1825, and statistics relating to, 57; navigation of the Lehigh, 58; rations to laborers, 61; Mount Carbon or Pottsville, 63; price of coal, 64; Peter's Mountain, 65; Wyoming beds, 66; Lackawanna, 67. ----, ----, on the bituminous, _J. Pierce_, xii, 69; --use of, in making iron, 73. ----, ---- mines of Belmont on the Lackawanna, _T. Ritter_, xii, 301. ----, ---- on Tioga river, chemical analysis and description of, _W. Meade_, xiii, 32; --the two great coal districts of the state, 35. ----, ---- region of the valley of the Lackawanna and Wyoming, _B. Silliman_, xviii, 308.^f ----, ---- ---- of Mauch Chunk, &c., _B. Silliman_, xix, 1^f, 11; --mine, 12; new mines, 17; Beaver Meadow mine, 19; xx, 163. ----, ---- region between Cumberland and Pittsburg, _S. W. Pomeroy_, xxi, 342. ----, ---- vegetable fibres apparent in the anthracite, _B. Silliman_, xxiv, 173. ----, ---- region of the Monongahela valley, xxix, 60^f, 61, 64.^f ----, ---- ---- of the Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas, xxix, 73, 74.^f ----, ----, remarks on the extent and characters of the bituminous, _S. P. Hildreth_, xxix, 77. ----, ---- field of Carbon Creek, (Bradford coal field) with analyses, _W. R. Johnson_, xxxix, 137. ----, ----, southern, _M. C. Lea_, xl, 370; --various analyses, 373. ----, ----, ----, model of, with notices of geological features, &c., _R. C. Taylor_, xli, 80.^f ----, ----, on the general character, limits, and relations of the beds, _J. Hall_, xlii, 52. ----, ---- formation, _H. D. Rogers_, xli, 177. ----, Beaver Meadow mine, xix, 19. ----, Bethlehem, catalogue of plants near, _J. Wolle_ and _A. L. Hübener_, xxxvii, 310. ----, Blue ridge gap, xix, 6. ----, Carbon Creek, region, _W. R. Johnson_, xxxix, 137. ----, Chester Co., mineralogy of, _G. W. Carpenter_, xiv, 1. ----, Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas regions, xxix, 71.^f ----, diluvial scratches in, _H. D. Rogers_, xliii, 180. ----, Easton, notice of, _B. Silliman_, xix, 5. ----, ----, rare plants of, _L. de Schweinitz_, viii, 267. ----, ----, geology of the country near, and list of minerals, _J. Finch_, viii, 236.^f ----, geological survey of, proposed, xii, 173. ----, ---- report of _H. D. Rogers_, noticed, xxxii, 192; xxxiv, 188; xxxvii, 380; xli, 385. ----, internal improvements in, xxv, 84; xxvi, 108. ----, iron furnace at Mauch Chunk, xii, 61. ----, iron ores of Center and Huntingdon Cos., xii, 73; --mode of manufacturing, 74. ----, ---- ---- of Belmont coal mines, xii, 302. ----, ---- ----, analysis of, _W. R. Johnson_, xxxviii, 383; xxxix, 142. ----, Lackawanna region and coal, _J. Pierce_, xii, 67. ----, ---- ibid, Belmont, _T. Ritter_, xii, 301. ----, Laurel Mountains, xxi, 346. ----, Lehigh coal and navigation company, xxiv, 173. ----, Lehigh coal, analysis of, xl, 373. ----, Lehigh river, character of, _J. Pierce_, xii, 59. ----, Mauch Chunk and vicinity, xii, 56, 60. ----, ---- ----, _B. Silliman_, xix, 7;--canal, 7, 8; scenery, 8; railroad, 9, 16; cost of main railway, 11; mines, &c., 11; public house, 16. ----, mineral resources of, _J. Pierce_, xii, 54. ----, Monongahela valley, rocks and coal, xxix, 58, 60^f, 63.^f ----, Fort Pitt remains, _W. B. Weed_, xxi, 197. ----, Pittsburgh coal strata, xxix, 68.^f ----, ----, amount of coal consumed at, xxix, 79. ----, ----, manufactures of, xxix, 79. ----, Pottsville or Mount Carbon, _J. Pierce_, xii, 63, 65. ----, ----, descent from, to Philadelphia, xii, 64. ----, ----, Carbondale, xviii, 313, 319, 324. ----, salt wells of Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas, xxix, 72, 74. ----, ---- ---- ----, coal consumed in the manufacture, xxix, 79. ----, ---- springs of Conemaugh and Kiskiminitas, and manufacture, xii, 70. ----, ---- ---- near Pittsburgh, xii, 72. ----, ---- ---- in Mercer Co., xii, 72. ----, scenery from Harrisburg, westward, _W. B. Weed_, xxi, 197. ----, Schuylkill, passage of, and of canal, through the Blue Ridge, _J. Pierce_, xii, 64; navigation of, 65. ----, soil of the counties near Ohio, xii, 73. ----, trap dikes in, _H. D. Rogers_, xli, 173. ----, Westmoreland Co., footprints in, _A. T. King_, xlviii, 217, 343^f; xlix, 216.^f ----, Wyoming region and coal beds, iv, 1^f; vii, 260. ----, ---- ---- ----, _J. Pierce_, xii, 66. ----, ---- ---- ----, _B. Silliman_, xviii, 309^f; --disputed title, 315; scenery and surface, 316; people, forts, battle ground, 317.

Pentremites, see ZOOLOGY, _Radiata_.

Pepper, analysis of, iv, 390.

_Pepys, W. H._, electro-magnetic apparatus, vii, 195.

Perca nobilis, dissection of the eye of, xxvii, 216.^f

Perchloric ether, xlii, 63.

_Percival, J. G._, minerals of Berlin, v, 42.^f ----, analysis of _Ad. Brongniart_ on fossil vegetation, vii, 178. ----, on the geology and mineralogy of Sicily, viii, 201. ----, on the zoological characters of formations, viii, 213. ----, curious effect of solar light, xii, 169, 180. ----, Report on the Geology of Connecticut, notice of, xliv, 187. ----, crescent form of dikes first observed by, xlvi, 205.

Percussion powder, xviii, 156.

_Perdicaris, G. A._, on the revival of letters in Greece, xxxvi, 192.

_Perkins, G. R._, interesting properties of numbers, xl, 112. ----, solution of a functional equation, xlii, 69. ----, new method of computing interest, xlvii, 51.

_Perkins, H. C._, notices of fossil bones from Oregon, xlii, 136.^f

_Perkins, J._, compressibility of water, iii, 347.^f ----, engraving on steel, iii, 353. ----, new steam engine, vii, 111.^f ----, mode of applying his method of generating steam to the boilers of ordinary steam engines, vii, 116, 332.^f ----, on steam engines, xiii, 40. ----, on the cutting of steel by soft iron, vii, 390.

_Perkins, T._, salting of ship timber, ii, 117.

_Perkins's_ Algebra, noticed, xliii, 380.

_Peron_, on the temperature of the ocean, xvii, 295.

_Perrine, H._, on the Agave and other plants used for cordage, xxv, 330.

_Perry, T. H._, magnetic dip in different regions, xlvii, 84. ----, method of adjusting the dipping needle, xxxvii, 277. ----, on some of the probable effects of a resisting medium, xxxviii, 246.

_Persoon_, obituary notice of, xxxii, 215.

Peru, Andes of, xviii, 182. ----, ----, highest elevations of, xviii, 184. ----, ----, highest habitations of men in, xviii, 183. ----, ----, trachytes of, xviii, 183. ----, ----, the mining regions of, xvii, 43. ----, mines of, xvii, 43^f; xxiv, 232. ----, physical features, xvii, 47. ----, antiquities of, xvii, 116.^f ----, ancient and modern races of, _S. G. Morton_, xxxviii, 360^f, 365.^f ----, ancient race of men in the Andes, xxix, 358. ----, Atacama, nitrate of soda of, xii, 385. ----, province of Tarapaca, _J. H. Blake_, xxxix, 375; xliv, 1.^f

Peruvian bark, on, _G. W. Carpenter_, ix, 363; xvi, 28. ---- ----, on a new variety of, _G. W. Carpenter_, xx, 52. ---- ----, adulterations in, xix, 81.

_Pestalozzi, H._, death of, xiii, 183.

Pestalozzian system, ix, 163; x, 145.

Pestum, stone of the temples at, xxxvii, 366.

Petalite in Canada, viii, 69.

Petersburg, St., Russia, libraries of, v, 177. ----, Botanic Garden, xx, 175.

Petrified, see _Fossil_.

Petrifying springs in New York, xxxvi, 11.

Petroleum in the salt springs of the Ohio valley, xxiv, 63. ---- in the valley of the little Kenawha, xxix, 86. ---- in the Kenawha valley, xxix, 121. ---- in the valley of the Sandy river, Virginia, xxix, 129. ---- or oil spring of Allegany Co., N. Y., xxiii, 97. ----, well of, near Burksville, Ky., xxxix, 195.

_Pettengill, A._, on floating islands, xii, 122. ----, stellarota of, xvi, 363.

_Pettenkoffer, M._, test for bile, xlix, 206.

Peucedanum ternatum, xxviii, 165.

_Pfaff_, theory of voltaic electricity, xix, 178.

Phacelia, species of, xlv, 171, 172.

Phalæna devastator, i, 154.

Phalangium esculentum, iv, 60.

Pharmaceutical preparations, ii, 373.

Phascolatherium, xxxvii, 230.

Phenacite, xxx, 177. ----, supposed locality at Goshen, Mass., _C. U. Shepard_, xxxiv, 329. ----, not at Goshen, Mass., xliii, 366.

Phi Beta Kappa Society of New York, xxvii, 388.

Philadelphia water works, vi, 375; viii, 193. ----, population of, xxi, 194. ---- College of Pharmacy, Journal of, xxi, 173. ---- Academy of Science, see _Academy_.

_Phillips, J._, on the principles of geology, from the geology of
Yorkshire, xxi, 2.

_Phillips, R._, on certain chemical equivalents, xxxvii, 368. ----, on the state of iron in soils, xlix, 394.

_Phillips, W._ and _W. D. Conybeare's_ Outlines of Geology, &c., noticed, vii, 203. ---- ---- Geological arrangement, viii, 261. ----, mineralogical collection of, xvi, 379; xlviii, 219. ----, mineralogy of, _F. Alger's_ edition, noticed, xlvi, 203; xlvii, 333 (reviewed). ----, obituary of, xv, 160.

_Phillips, W._, essay on the Georgia gold mines, xxiv, 1.^f

Philology, origin of the languages of Europe, iv, 379. ----, _F. Adelung's_ conclusion as to the number of languages on the earth, iii, 376; x, 383.

Philosophers, morality of the Greek and Roman, ix, 365.

Philosophical instruments, _Gambey's_, vii, 374. ---- apparatus, xxiv, 175. ---- ----, American, xxvii, 292.

Philosophy of the human voice, _J. Rush_ on, xxv, 425.

Phloridzin, discovery of, announced, xxviii, 383. ----, notice of, xxx, 377.

Phlox, species of, xi, 169, 170; xlv, 177.

Phormium tenax, used for cordage, xxi, 37.

Phosphates of alkalies, action of, on carbonate of lime, &c.,
_J. L. Smith_, xlviii, 97.

Phosphate of lime in the teeth of infusoria, xxviii, 386. ---- ----, eupyrchroite identical with, xlvi, 32. ---- ----, see _Apatite_. ---- of soda, impurities in, xix, 82.

Phosphorescence of the ocean, v, 133; xvii, 209; xviii, 166, 187. ---- ----, observations on, in the Bonite, xxxvi, 208. ---- ----, _Ehrenberg_, xxxv, 372. ---- of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, xviii, 187. ---- of fluor spar, ii, 142. ---- of several sub-resins, x, 189. ---- communicated by means of electricity, xxi, 378.

Phosphorescent plants, xv, 170.

Phosphori, solar, xvii, 170.

Phosphoric acid in plants, and all vegetable extracts, ii, 358. ---- ----, use of, in jaundice, iv, 162. ---- ----, precipitation of albumen by, xvi, 396. ---- ----, _J. Pelouze_, xxviii, 129.

Phosphorus, fuels connected with the history of, xlix, 197. ----, preparation of, xix, 382. ----, impurities of, xlix, 197. ----, density of vapor of, xxiii, 383; xxxv, 298. ---- in kelp, xiii, 187. ----, combustion of, in nitrous oxide, _R. Hare_, xxxii, 290.^f ----, in vacuo, xviii, 147. ----, inflammation of, in a rarefied medium, xxiv, 390. ----, explosion of, with nitric acid, xvi, 366. ----, mode of powdering, xx, 194. ----, hydrate of, _H. Rose_, xxviii, 140. ----, oxide of, _Berzelius_, xlix, 193. ----, isomeric acids of, xlvi, 64.

Phosphurets, apparatus for deflagrating, in vacuo, xxxix, 366.

Phosphuret of lime, on the preparation of, xvii, 349. ---- ----, xlix, 193. ---- of nitrogen, xxviii, 140.

Phosphuretted hydrogen, on the formation of, _L. C. Beck_, xii, 294. ---- ----, a new, _P. Thenard_, xlviii, 184. ---- ----, effect of, on metallic decompositions, xviii, 403.

Photogenic power of light from burning coke, xxxvii, 368.

Photography, Daguerre's process in, xxxvii, 374; xxxviii, 97. ---- and photogenic drawings, by Daguerre and Talbot, xxxvii, 169. ----, processes in, _A. Fyfe_, xxxvii, 175. ----, perfection of the art of, _J. Robison_, xxxvii, 183. ----, daguerrotype and its applications, _W. H. Goode_, xl, 137. ----, improvement in the daguerrotype process of, _F. A. P. Barnard_, xli, 352. ----, daguerrotype experiment by galvanic light, _B. Silliman, Jr._ and _W. H. Goode_, xliii, 185. ----, daguerrotype pictures, mode of fixing, engraving and painting from, _Berres_, xxxix, 385. ----, copies of engravings by, xlii, 164.

Photographic delineation of nebulæ; at Rome, _P. F. de Vico_, xliv, 375. ---- impression of the solar spectrum, _J. W. Draper_, xliv, 204. ---- impressions obtained on silver, &c., without previous preparation, xliv, 159. ---- preparation made with ferro-cyanate of potash, _R. Hunt_, xlii, 317. ---- paper, mode of preparing, xxxvii, 171, 175, 361. ---- ----, action of the different rays of the spectrum on, producing colors, _J. F. W. Herschel_, xxxviii, 111. ---- ----, intensity of light in diffuse daylight measured by, _A. Ure_, xxxviii, 107. ---- process, observations on, _W. F. Channing_, xliii, 73. ---- ---- called Chromatype, _R. Hunt_, xlvi, 396. ---- ----, by which dormant pictures are made, which the breath or moisture will develop, xlvi, 393.

Photometer, _X. de Maistre_, xxiv, 378.^f ----, new, _C. Daubeny_, xxxviii, 96.

Phrenology, notice of _Gall's_ and _Spurzheim's_ views, xxiii, 357. ----, _G. Combe's_ lectures on, in New Haven, xxxviii, 391. ----, remarks on, xxxix, 65.

Phthisis in Paris in 1828, xix, 193.

Phyllites, fossil plants, generic characters of, vii, 182.

Phyllite in Massachusetts, xvi, 207.

Physa, see ZOOLOGY, _Mollusca_.

Physalis pubescens, xi, 170.

_Physick, P. S._, notice of, xxxviii, 155.

Physics, _N. Arnott's_ Elements of, noticed, xx, 155.

Physical Geography, effects of, on the boundaries of empires,
_J. Finch_, xiv, 18.

Physiology, some of the principles of, _A. Fourcault_, xix, 391. ----, animal, xxiv, 382. ----, vegetable, xix, 393; xxiii, 138; xxxiii, 290.

_Pickering, C._, description of the Caligus americanus, xxxiv, 225.^f

_Pickering, J._, notice of life of _N. Bowditch_, xxxv, 386.

Pickeringite, analysis of, _A. A. Hayes_, xlvi, 360.

Picropharmacolite of Rügelsdorf, vii, 368.

_Pictet, M. A._, death of, x, 179.

Pictured rocks of Lake Superior, composition of, v, 220.

Pictures, transparent, ii, 348.

_Pierce, E._, on meteoric iron from Otsego Co., N. Y., xlvi, 402.

_Pierce, J._, native carbonate of magnesia on Staten Island, i, 142. ----, geology, mineralogy, scenery, &c. of the secondary region of a part of New York, New Jersey, and the adjacent regions, ii, 181. ----, on mineral waters, &c., iii, 235, 236. ----, on the geology, mineralogy, &c. of the Highlands of New York and New Jersey, v, 26. ----, geology, scenery, &c. of the Catskill Mountains, vi, 86. ----, notice of the alluvial district of New Jersey, with remarks on the marl, vi, 237. ----, an excursion among the White Mountains and up Mount Washington, viii, 172. ----, agriculture, geology, &c. of the Floridas, ix, 119. ----, topography, resources, &c. of Michigan, x, 304. ----, Virginia, shell marl and coal regions of, xi, 54. ----, mineral resources of Pennsylvania, xii, 54.

_Pierce, L._, notice of a halo, x, 369.^f

_Pierpont, J._, meteorological notes in 1692, xlii, 399.

Pig, anecdote of, xlvi, 243.

Pigeons, flight of, in Ohio, _S. P. Hildreth_, xxiv, 134, 136; xl, 348. ----, roosts of, in Ohio, xl, 348. ----, mode of decoying, xvi, 373.

Pigment for the pallet, xvi, 174.

Pilatus, Mount, slide of, iii, 368.

Pimelite in Vermont, viii, 234.

Pine timber, strength of, xix, 228.^f

Pinguite, new mineral species, xx, 197.

Pinite in Massachusetts, ix, 48. ---- (chlorophyllite) in Connecticut, vi, 219; xli, 354. ---- not at Bellows Falls, Vt., xi, 384.

Pink dye, from the flower of the sweet balm, xxv, 413.

Pipa, xi, 271.

Piperine, use of, _G. W. Carpenter_, xiii, 326. ----, notice of, _T. G. Clemson_, xviii, 352.

Piper leptostachyum, v, 287.

Pipes, iron conduit, vi, 173.

Pipestone, red, of the Côteau des Prairies, xxxvii, 393; xxxviii, 138.

_Pirira_, on salicine, xlix, 392.

Pisa, notice of, iv, 383.

Pisolite in Massachusetts, ii, 238.

Pisolitic balls, xliv, 283.^f

Piston, Cooper's rotative, xvi, 313.^f

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, account of, _S. P. Hildreth_, xxix, 68, 79.

_Pixii_, rotating magnetic machine, xxiv, 144, 146^f, 196.

Plague in Constantinople, remarks on, xxxiv, 32.

Planes, inclined, in the construction of rail roads, _J. Thomson_,
xxiii, 107.

Planera, or Siberian elm, notice of, xx, 377.

Planet, supposed new, beyond Herschel, _Cacciatore_, xxxi, 158. ---- Jupiter and his satellites, _Struve_, xiii, 173. ---- Saturn, xiii, 172; xvii, 162; xxv, 191; xxxvii, 373; xliv, 383. ---- ----, sixth satellite of, xxxiv, 207. ---- Venus, _P. F. de Vico_, xliv, 377, 383. ---- ----, rotation of, xxiv, 204.

Planets moving in a resisting medium, examination of the theory of, _R. W. Haskins_, xxxiii, 1. ----, ibid, remarks on, xvii, 389. ----, sizes of, xxxiii, 17. ----, motion of, represented, xii, 103. ----, comparative oblateness of, xxxi, 222.

Planetarium, Russell's, xlii, 400.

Planetary spaces, temperature of, xxxii, 1; xxxiv, 57.

Planorbis, see ZOOLOGY, _Mollusca_.

Plants, number of known species, xlix, 172. ---- of New York, number of indigenous, _J. Torrey_, xl, 77. ----, classification of, according to a natural system, _Robert Brown_, i, 435. ----, grand division, into exogens, endogens and acrogens, xxxii, 295. ----, other subdivisions, xxxii, 296, 299. ----, soul or spiritual life of, _C. F. P. von Martius_, xl, 170. ----, ammonia disengaged by growing, x, 190. ----, carbonic acid disengaged by the roots of, xlv, 227. ----, non-decomposition of carbonic acid by, xxxiv, 44. ----, circulation in, _E. Emmons_, xxvi, 99. ----, ---- of sap in, xix, 393. ----, chemistry of, _J. Liebig_, xl, 177. ----, chemical constitution of cellular and woody tissue in, xl, 176. ----, cultivation of, in moss, xiii, 189. ----, crystalline substances from the juice of, xi, 391. ----, crystals in, _Turpin_, xix, 177; xx, 382. ----, crystals of oxalate of lime in, xx, 383; xxi, 372. ----, crystals in the tissues of, _J. W. Bailey_, xlv, 149; xlviii, 17.^f ----, effect of light on the color and movements of, _D. P. Gardner_, xlvi, 1.^f ----, effect of light on the germination of the seeds of, xliv, 352. ----, ---- ---- on the growth of, xliv, 352; xlvi, 397; xlvii, 194. ----, experiments on inorganic elements of, xlvii, 194. ----, effect of climate on geography of, xlvii, 221. ----, effect of frost of the winter of 1837-8 in England, upon, _J. Lindley_, xxxix, 18. ----, ---- of chemical solutions on, xvii, 388. ----, excrementitious matter from, _J. Buel_, xxviii, 267. ----, experiments on garden, _J. T. Plummer_, xl, 197. ----, growth of, in closely glazed cases, xliii, 383. ----, growing under glass, _C. Daubeny_, xxxiv, 11. ----, ---- ibid, _N. B. Ward_, xxxiv, 11. ----, ---- ibid, _J. Yates_, xxxiv, 13. ----, growing on animals, _S. L. Mitchill_, xii, 21. ----, on the development of the external organs of, xxxvii, 187. ----, on the leafing of, xliv, 419. ----, indicators of seasons, ii, 255. ----, phosphorescent, xv, 170. ----, phosphoric acid in, ii, 358. ----, poisoning of, xv, 169. ----, respiration in, xxii, 363. ----, sleep of, xxii, 375. ----, used for cordage, xxi, 27; xxv, 330; xxviii, 371; xli, 200.^f ---- and mosses, iodine in, xlv, 227. ----, fossil, accompanying anthracite coal, ix, 165. ----, ----, at Mariner's Mill, Ohio, xxxi, 28.^f ----, ----, in coal strata of England, iii, 389; xxxiii, 87, 270. ----, ----, of the coal formations, _A. Brongniart_, iv, 266.^f ----, ----, analysis of _Ad. Brongniart's_ work on, vii, 178. ----, see farther under _Botany_ and _Vegetable_.

Plaster, on the setting of, xvii, 371. ---- of Paris, see _Gypsum_.

Plastic clay of the southeast of England, xxxiii, 92. ---- ---- and sand formation of New Jersey, Massachusetts coast, and elsewhere, vii, 34, 214, 244.

Plate electrical machine, _R. Hare_, vii, 108^f; xxxii, 272.^f ---- ---- ----, viii, 378.

Platinum, size of grains of, xvi, 389. ----, price of, (1833,) xxvi, 210. ----, imitation of, xxii, 383. ----, on the fusion of, _R. Hare_, ii, 295; xxxiii, 195; xxxv, 328; xxxviii, 155, 163. ----, test for, vi, 376. ----, amalgam of, xxvii, 363. ----, action of, on combustible gases mixed with oxygen, xii, 181. ---- mines, found in the Ural, Russia, xii, 384; xiv, 204; xviii, 190; xxviii, 395. ---- of Russia, large masses, xvi, 389; xlvi, 212. ----, large mass of, from Peru, iv, 28; xvi, 389. ----, analysis of the Russian, _J. J. Berzelius_, xviii, 162. ----, in France, xxvi, 389. ---- boilers, at Paris, xvii, 179. ---- lamp, xx, 385. ---- wire, ignited, i, 309. ---- ----, action of heated, on combustible gases, _W. Henry_, xii, 181. ----, spongy, combustion with, discovered by _J. W. Döbereiner_, vii, 387. ----, ----, _J. W. Döbereiner's_ researches on, xviii, 151. ----, ----, _J. Liebig_, xviii, 398. ----, ----, action of, prevented by certain gases, xxxi, 348. ----, ----, ----, _Kuhlmann_, xxxvii, 198. ----, on the dark precipitate of, _J. Liebig_, xviii, 398. ----, new compounds of, _J. W. Döbereiner_, xxviii, 130. ----, a bichloride of, combined with deutoxide of nitrogen, _H. D. Rogers_, xxxviii, 186; xxxix, 369. ----, a property of asbestus imbued with chloride of, xx, 160. ----, chloriodide of, _W. W. Mather_, xxvii, 258. ---- and hydrogen, no combination of, _J. W. Döbereiner_, xxxiv, 207. ---- and soda, a double sulphite of the protoxide of, _A. Litton_ and _Schnederman_, xliv, 274. ----, iodide of potassium and, _W. W. Mather_, xxvii, 257.

Plesiosaurus, from north of Whitby, England, xxix, 364. ----, notice of, xvii, 289.

_Plessy_, on the hydrosulphite of soda, xlix, 200.

Pleurodon, _R. Owen_, xliv, 342.

_Pliny_, on the influence of the ash on reptiles, xxx, 268.

Plough, American, compared with French, vii, 190.

Plumbagine, a new vegetable substance, xvii, 385.

Plumbago formed by pressure, xlix, 227. ----, see _Graphite_.

Plumbago floridana, v, 290.

Plumbocalcite, new mineral species, xxvi, 386.

_Plummer, J. T._, miscellaneous observations on insects, xl, 146. ----, motion of particles of melted spermaceti of a burning candle, xl, 148. ----, suburban geology, (Indiana) xliv, 281.^f ----, fucoids in Indiana, xliv, 290.^f ----, scraps in natural history, xlvi, 236; xlviii, 93. ----, horticultural experiments, xl, 197. ----, on the dry-rot, xlii, 197. ----, combustibility of wood ashes, xlii, 167.^f ----, on a dangerous property of wood ashes, xliii, 80.

Plumose mica, ii, 141.

Pluranium, announced as a new metal, from the Ural, xvi, 384.

Pluviometrical observations, see under _Rain_ and _Meteorological_.

Pneumatic cistern of _R. Hare_, xiv, 200^f; xxxiii, 246.^f ---- paradox, on the true theory of, _J. H. Abbot_, xxxix, 296^f; xl, 144.^f

Poa modesta, xlv, 45.

Poacites, fossil plants, generic characters of, vii, 182.

Poem, geological, v, 272.

Poison of the Argas persicus, xxxiii, 271. ----, Senecio obovatus poison to sheep, xv, 358. ---- of the common toad, xiv, 373.

Poisons, animal, ii, 168. ----, ----, antidotes for, ii, 358. ----, ----, salt a remedy for, xxi, 158. ---- ----, ammonia an antidote against, xvi, 182. ----, ----, the Uvularia perfoliata a remedy for, _B. H. Coates_, xxxv, 270. ----, action of, on vegetables, xii, 196; xv, 169.

Poisonous confectionary, xviii, 157.

_Poisson, S. D._, on the temperature of the earth, atmosphere and of space, xxxiv, 57. ----, death of, xl, 220.

Poland, a history of, published by N. Rosenfield, vi, 390.

Polanisia, i, 378.

Polar, north, fogs of, xiv, 378. ----, ----, account of explorations, i, 101; xvi, 124.

Polariscope, for polarized light, xv, 369.^f ----, natural, of tourmaline in mica, _B. Silliman, Jr._, xlvii, 418.

Polarity, new kind of, in light, _D. Brewster_, xxxv, 292. ---- of molecules in crystallization, _J. D. Dana_, xxx, 275.^f ----, electric, see under _Electricity_.

Polarization of heat, xxviii, 366, 397. ---- ----, remarks on, _J. D. Forbes_, xl, 317. ---- of light by reflection, _D. Brewster_, xxii, 277.^f ---- by refraction, laws of, _D. Brewster_, xxiii, 28^f, 227.^f ----, use of mica in, _J. D. Forbes_, xxxviii, 101. ----, elliptical, of reflected light, _B. Powell_, xliv, 171; xlvi, 390. ----, auroral light without, _J. Henry_, xxxix, 366.

Polarized rings produced in specimens of decomposed glass, _D. Brewster_, xl, 325. ---- light, exhibited by means of oxy-hydrogen microscope, xxxviii, 102.

Polarizing rocks, xx, 198.

Pole, north, attempts to discover, i, 101.

Polishing of granite, iv, 246; viii, 185.

Pollen, analysis of, _M. Prinsep_, xviii, 402. ----, yellow showers of, xxxix, 399; xlii, 195. ----, ---- ----, examined by _J. W. Bailey_, xlii, 196.^f

Polycrase, a new mineral species, xlix, 394.

Polygons, on the measure of, _G. C. Whitlock_, xlvii, 380.^f

Polyhydrite, xlii, 386.

Polynesian Islands, new work on, xxix, 290.

Polynomials, involution of, _W. J. Lewis_, xlii, 239.

Polyps, a group of, v, 46.

Polytechnic Institute of Vienna, x, 379. ---- Society of Paris, xxiv, 191.

Polythalamia, American, xli, 400.^f ----, fossil, in the United States, _J. W. Bailey_, xlviii, 102, 340.^f ----, ----, from Petersburg, Va., _J. W. Bailey_, xlv, 313. ----, ----, from the Upper Mississippi, _J. W. Bailey_, xli, 400.^f

_Pomeroy, S. W._, remarks on the coal formation of Pennsylvania,
xxi, 343.

Pompeii, how covered, iii, 374. ----, excavation of, iv, 384.

Pompton Mountains, N. J., rocks of, v, 241.

Pond, a fermenting, v, 199.

_Ponton, M._, on paper for photography, xxxvii, 361.

Poor, education of, iii, 379.

Popocatepetl, ascent of, xxviii, 220.

Population of France, xv, 397. ---- of Glasgow, proportion of males to females, xxviii, 80. ---- of Great Britain, xxiv, 211. ---- of Manchester, England, xxviii, 80. ---- of Prussia, ix, 184. ---- of Russia, iv, 389. ---- and religion of Russia, xv, 397. ---- of Sweden, in 1816, 17, 18, ii, 347. ---- of the United States at the earliest census, xxxiii, 278. ---- ----, rate of increase since first census, xxxiii, 278, 279. ---- of New York city, in 1826, x, 398.

Populine, xix, 380.

Porcelain and porcelain clays, i, 57.
---- and earthenware, on the art, xxvi, 233^f;
--history of, 233;
Egyptian, 234;
Roman, 234;
Phenicia, 235;
Indian mounds, 237;
Chinese, 237;
European, 238;
Wedgewood ware, 242;
kinds of, 259;
materials used for, 245;
processes, 249;
mode of glazing, 254.
----, mode of coloring, iii, 217; xxvi, 256.
----, enamel for, v, 189.
----, manufactory at Philadelphia, xiv, 198; xviii, 384.
----, difference between the English, and that of the continent,
xxxiii, 407.
---- clay, from Granby, Ct., xviii, 199.
---- ----, of Pennsylvania and Delaware, xviii, 384.
---- ----, in Maryland, xxvii, 19.

Porosity of glass and siliceous bodies, vii, 192.

Porphyry of the Chinese frontier, xvii, 32. ---- in Nova Scotia, xv, 203, 213. ---- of Peru, xvii, 57.

Portable gas, xv, 189. ---- ---- lamp, iii, 371.

_Porter, A. L._, edition of Gray's Operative Chemist, by, noticed,
xix, 362.