Chapter XXV: Antiquity of the River-Drift (3)

Enough has now been said with regard to the manner in which these beds of River-drift were probably deposited; and the irresistible conclusion is, that, owing to the wasting agency of rain, frost, and rivers, there must have been a vast change in the superficial features of the country, since the time when those who fashioned the flint implements found in the high-level gravels were joint occupants of the land with the mammoth and rhinoceros and the other departed members of the Quaternary fauna. A similar change in the surface of the country has also taken place in the neighbourhood of the caves in which the remains of this same fauna occur, associated also with similar relics of human workmanship.

What length of time it must have taken for such changes to be effected, is a question we must now approach; but before doing so it will be well to say a few more words, in addition to what has already been said, on the almost entire absence of human bones in the beds containing those of the associated mammalia.

In the first place, it is well to repeat that whatever may be the case in the brick-earth, or loess, there have not, as has been pointed out by Sir John Lubbock,[2797] been found in the gravel up to the present time any remains of animals so small as man, who, as the same author observes, must of necessity have been few in number in comparison with the animals by the chase of which he must have subsisted. Another cause appears also to have been at work; for however barbarous we may suppose the human race to have been at that remote period, we can hardly believe them to have been so destitute of all natural affection as to deny some rites of sepulture to friends or relatives removed by death. There would, therefore, in all probability, be but few or no human bones exposed on the surface in such a manner as to be carried off by the flooded streams, and imbedded in their gravels; while, in case of any human beings perishing by drowning, their bodies, as I have |703| already shown, would probably either be carried to sea, or left in such a position as to allow of their recovery, at all events before they became disarticulated.

This is, however, a matter of but small importance, as there will be but little difficulty in conceding that an implement fashioned by human agency—and on this point there can be no question, unless we are to assume in ancient times the existence of some other now extinct race of intelligent beings—is as good an evidence of the existence of man, as would be any or all of his bones. Moreover, human bones are reported to have been discovered in these Quaternary beds, both in this country and in France. In England, I have already mentioned a human skull found near Bury St. Edmunds by Mr. Trigg, and the more doubtful skeleton found near Northfleet. I will not, however, insist upon either discovery being beyond all cavil.

Nor will I do more than allude to the too celebrated Moulin Quignon jaw, over which I have already pronounced a _Requiescat in pace_,[2798] but the discovery of portions of the human skeleton by M. Bertrand, and M. Reboux, in the valley of the Seine, at Clichy[2799] and elsewhere near Paris, in the same beds in which implements of true Palæolithic types have been found, seems better substantiated.

Whether the _Pithecanthropus erectus_ of Dr. Dubois was human or simian, and what is the date of the beds in which his remains were found, and whether there is evidence of the existence of Miocene or Pliocene Man[2800] in Burma, Portugal, France, Italy, or California, are questions which want of space compels me to leave on one side. I have, however, more than once elsewhere expressed my opinion on the subject of Tertiary Man.[2801]

I need hardly again repeat that according to my view it is not in Britain, but in some part of the world more favoured by climate that the cradle of the human race is to be sought. And yet the antiquity of Man in Britain seems to extend far beyond any of our ordinary methods of computation. In attempting to estimate it, however vaguely, I must at the outset observe that with our present amount of knowledge, it is hopeless to expect that it can |704| be determined with anything approaching to precision. Not only have we no trustworthy measure of the rate of excavation of the valleys, which might give us an approximate date for the higher deposits in them, but we are at a loss to know at what epoch their excavation in the lower part of their course ceased, and what may be termed the modern alluvial deposits, which to some extent have partially refilled the old channels, began to accumulate.

That the general configuration of the surface of the country, in Neolithic times, when the ordinary forms of polished stone implements were in use, was much the same as it is at present, is proved by the fact of such implements being frequently found in recent superficial deposits. Were we, in defiance of probability, to assume that the use of these polished implements did not date farther back than two thousand years from the period when we are first made acquainted with this country by history, this would give an additional four thousand years beyond the period necessary for the excavation of the valleys for the date of the older River-drift implements. Such a period as two thousand years is in all probability almost ridiculously small to assign for the duration of the Neolithic and Bronze Periods; but however this may be, there appears, in this country at all events, to be a complete gap[2802] between the River-drift and Surface Stone Periods, so far as any intermediate forms of implements are concerned; and here at least the race of men who fabricated the latest of the palæolithic implements may have, and in all probability had, disappeared at an epoch remote from that when the country was again occupied by those who not only chipped out but polished their flint tools, and who were, moreover, associated with a mammalian fauna far nearer resembling that of the present day than that of Quaternary times.

So different, indeed, are the two groups of animals that, as has already been observed, Prof. Boyd Dawkins[2803] has shown that out of forty-eight well-ascertained species living in the Post-glacial or River-drift Period, only thirty-one were able to live on into the Prehistoric or Surface Stone Period. Such a change as this in the fauna of a country can hardly have been the work of a few years, or even of a few centuries; and yet we must intercalate a period of time sufficient for its accomplishment between the remotest date |705| to which we can carry back the Neolithic Period, and the close of the Palæolithic Period as indicated by the low-level gravels. The antiquity, then, that must be assigned to the implements in the highest beds of River-drift may be represented (1) by the period requisite for the excavation of the valleys to their present depth; plus (2), the period necessary for the dying out and immigration of a large part of the Quaternary or Post-Glacial fauna and the coming in of the Prehistoric; plus (3), the Polished Stone Period; plus (4), the Bronze, Iron, and Historic Periods, which three latter in this country occupy a space of probably not less than three thousand years.

A single equation, involving so many unknown quantities, is, as already observed, not susceptible of solution; but various attempts have been made to arrive at some approximate idea of the amount of time it represents. One method has been that of assigning a date for the Glacial Period, deduced from astronomical causes, mainly in connection with the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit, as pointed out by M. Adhémar and Mr. Croll. From data thus obtained, Sir Charles Lyell[2804] inclines to place it at a period of extreme cold about 800,000 years ago, though Sir John Lubbock[2805] would rather accept an epoch of somewhat less severity about 200,000 years removed from our time.

Another and more direct method suggested by Sir Archibald Geikie,[2806] following in Mr. A. Tylor’s track, is that of estimating the time required for the excavation of the valleys by the amount of solid matter carried down in suspension by various rivers at the present day. He estimates that this amount, if spread over the whole area drained by the rivers, represents, on an average, an annual loss of about 1∕6000 of a foot; but inasmuch as the erosion of the slopes and watercourses is very much greater than that of the more level grounds, the excavation of the valleys must proceed at a more rapid rate, which he assumes to be about 1∕1200 part of a foot per annum, or one foot in 1,200 years. Such a calculation is, of course, open to various objections, as we may readily conceive the bottom and slopes of a valley to have been so far washed that, under ordinary circumstances, they afford little or no fine earthy matter to be taken up by the rain falling on their surface; and in such a case, the rivers, if turbid, would derive their turbidity from the water delivered from the higher and comparatively |706| unwashed table lands. Or again, the soil may, like the Chalk under ordinary circumstances, be so absorbent that but little of the rainfall flows off from its surface. The calculation has already been made, that a rainfall of 54 inches annually, supposing the whole of it flowed off the land into the sea in a turbid state, containing, like the Mississippi, 1∕1500 part of its weight of solid matter, would lower the surface a foot in 450 years; but as has already been observed, we cannot conceive it possible that with such soils as we have here to do with, the constant turbidity should have been anything like so great. And, in fact, the whole system of calculation is one which may be regarded rather as proving the necessity of valleys being in course of time formed by subaërial action, than as giving any definite guide by which to calculate the period requisite for their formation. There can, indeed, be no doubt that the denuding power of the falling rain is greater on the slopes than on the level surfaces; but it seems impossible to assign any proportions to the effects on land lying at different inclinations, of different characters, and under different circumstances as to any vegetable covering. Were the action uniform over the whole surface exposed, of course no alteration beyond a general lowering of the land-surface would result from this cause, and the valleys would remain of precisely the same depth with regard to the adjacent land as they did at remote epochs. Looking at the quantity of brick-earth still left on the slopes of many of our valleys, I am inclined to think that the lowering of the surface has been more general than has been supposed by Sir Archibald Geikie. The presence of these soft and easily denuded beds is also an argument against the excavation of the valleys having progressed in a uniform manner, by heavy rains falling during the period of the year when such beds were soft and unfrozen; and seems rather significant of the excavation of the valley by floods principally occurring at a time when the upper part of the soil was in a frozen condition.

Certainly the whole character of the deposits is more in accordance with their resulting from the occasional flooding of the streams than from any other cause. If this be so, who shall tell at what intervals such floods occurred, and what was the average effect of each in deepening the valleys? That they were of comparatively rare occurrence, and not so frequent that they were foreseen by the men of those days, seems deducible from the number of their implements found in the gravels. For there is much probability that these must have been washed in from |707| settlements on the banks of the rivers, which, notwithstanding previous catastrophes of the same kind, were constantly placed within reach of the stream when flooded.

Sir Joseph Prestwich[2807] has suggested as a possible gauge of the antiquity of the deposits, the natural funnels eaten into the chalk by the action of water charged with carbonic acid, and has cited one at Drucat, near Abbeville, which has been formed since the deposit of the gravel containing flint implements, and is upwards of 20 feet in diameter at top, and probably 100 feet in depth; but here also it seems impossible to introduce a factor by which the time represented can be ascertained. There are, however, features in connection with this case which can only be reconciled with the former high level of the bottom of the adjacent valley, and with its gradual excavation. It will be remembered that similar pipes of erosion, leading in some cases to caverns above them, occur in the Drift-beds of the valley of the Little Ouse.

There is yet another means at our command for forming, at all events, an approximate idea of the time that has elapsed since the deposit of the beds containing the remains of the old Quaternary fauna, inasmuch as at the time of their introduction into this country, if not for a lengthened period afterwards, Britain had apparently not become an island, but was still connected by an isthmus of greater or less width with the Continent. To estimate the time, however, that would be required for cutting through this isthmus and widening the Channel to its present dimensions, is a work from which the mind almost recoils. Even the wearing away of that tract of land to the south of the present Hampshire coast, which must almost of necessity have existed at the time when the Bournemouth flint implement-bearing gravels were deposited, taking the present rapid inroad of the sea on the unusually soft cliffs at Hordwell as a guide, would seem to involve a period of not less than 10,000 years; but inasmuch as the cliffs during a considerable portion of the time must have been of chalk instead of sand and clay, and as a chalk cliff 500 feet high, instead of being worn away at the rate of a yard each year, is said only to recede at the rate of an inch in a century,[2808] the actual period necessary for the removal of this tract must probably have been many |708| times 10,000 years, and can with certainty be regarded as having been immensely in excess of such a lapse of time.

On the whole, it would seem that for the present, at least, we must judge of the antiquity of these deposits rather from the general effect produced upon our minds by the vastness of the changes which have taken place, both in the external configuration of the country and its extent seaward, since the time of their formation, than by any actual admeasurement of years or of centuries. To realize the full meaning of these changes, almost transcends the powers of the imagination. Who, for instance, standing on the edge of the lofty cliff at Bournemouth, and gazing over the wide expanse of waters between the present shore and a line connecting the Needles on the one hand, and the Ballard Down Foreland on the other, can fully comprehend how immensely remote was the epoch, when what is now that vast bay was high and dry land, and a long range of chalk downs, 600 feet above the sea, bounded the horizon on the south? And yet this must have been the sight that met the eyes of those primeval men who frequented the banks of that ancient river which buried their handiworks in gravels that now cap the cliffs, and of the course of which so strange but indubitable a memorial subsists in what has now become the Solent Sea.

Or again, taking our stand at Ealing, or Acton, or Highbury, and looking over a broad valley fully four miles in width, with the river flowing through it at a depth of 100 feet below its former bed, in which, beneath our feet, are relics of human art deposited at the same time as the gravels; which of us can picture to himself the lapse of time represented by the excavation of a valley on such a scale, by a river larger, it may be, in volume than the Thames, but still draining only the same tract of country? But when, to this long period we mentally add that during which the old fauna, with the mammoth and rhinoceros, and other to us strange and unaccustomed forms, was becoming extinct, so far as Britain was concerned; and also that other, we know not how lengthened period, when our barbarous predecessors sometimes polished their stone implements, but were still unacquainted with metallic tools; and then beyond this, add the many centuries when bronze was in use for cutting purposes; and after all this, further remember that the ancient and mighty |709| city now extending across the valley does not, with all its historical associations, carry us back to the times even of the bronze-using people, the mind is almost lost in amazement at the vista displayed.

So fully must this be felt, that we are half inclined to sympathize with those who, from sheer inability to carry their vision so far back into the dim past, and from unconsciousness of the cogency of other and distinct evidence as to the remoteness of the origin of the human race, are unwilling to believe in so vast an antiquity for man as must of necessity be conceded by those, who however feebly they may make their thoughts known to others, have fully and fairly weighed the facts which modern discoveries have unrolled before their eyes.

FINIS.

|710|

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

1. Simple ridged flake. _Porte Marcadé, Abbeville._

2. Sharp-pointed flake, with several facets on its convex side. _Montiers, near Amiens._

3. Chisel-pointed flake. _Ibid._

4. Large polygonal flake. _Ibid._

5. Round-pointed, tongue-shaped, sub-triangular implement. _Biddenham, near Bedford._

6. Acutely pointed, kite-shaped ditto. _St. Acheul, near Amiens._

7. Sub-triangular ditto, with truncated butt. _Ibid._

8. Ditto, with incurved sides, and butt formed of the natural surface of the flint. _Ibid._

9. Ditto, made from a round-ended nodule of flint. _Ibid._

10. Thick-backed, single-edged implement of wedge-shaped section. _Ibid._

PLATE II.

11. Ovate tongue-shaped implement. _St. Acheul, near Amiens._

12. Ovate-lanceolate ditto, with rough butt. _Ibid._

13. Ditto, with truncated butt. (_Brick-earth_), _St. Acheul, Amiens_.

14. Rough, wedge-shaped implement. _St. Acheul, Amiens._

15. Round-pointed implement with untrimmed butt. _Ibid._

16. Ditto, with naturally rounded butt and side. _Ibid._

17. Thin, ovate, tongue-shaped implement. _Champ de Mars, Abbeville._

18. Ovate implement of intermediate form between the tongue-shaped and sharp-rimmed. _St. Acheul, Amiens._

19. Ovate, thin, sharp-rimmed implement. _Menchecourt, Abbeville._

20. Irregularly ovate ditto. _Moulin Quignon, Abbeville._

_Scale six inches to the foot or half linear measure._]

_Scale six inches to the foot or half linear measure._]

|711|

GENERAL INDEX.

A

Abbeville, hand-mill at, 258

Abbott, Mr. J. W. Lewis, on minute flint tools, 325

Aberdeenshire, flint workshops in, 22

Abnormal peculiarities in celts, 130

Abrasion of flints by fire-producing, 315, 318, 416, &c.;
by hammering, 217, 413, &c.

Abydos, Egyptian arrow-heads from, 393, 395

Achilles, spear of, 4

Adams, Dr. Leith, Guernsey arrow-head factory traced by, 401

Adder-stones, 437

Adhémar, M., as to date of Glacial Period, 705

Admixture of objects of different periods, 210, 475, 479, 487, 492

Adzes,
in Burma and Assam, 59;
of Clalam Indians, 165;
of New Guinea, 162;
Polynesian, of basalt, 69;
bronze, 4;
with carved handle, 166, 167;
celts adapted for use as, 94, 122, 124, 135;
of chalcedonic flint, 138;
hafting of, 164, 165;
for hollowing canoes, 165, 166;
of horn, carved, 435;
of mussel-shell, 182;
perforated, 188–192;
uses of,215

Ælfric’s Glossary on _Stan-æx_, 145

Æneid, mention of bronze arms in, 4

Africa, sacrificial use of stone in, 10;
flint flakes in diamond diggings of, 277

Agate,
arrow-heads of, 406;
chisel of, 40;
gun-flints of, 21

Agatharchides on Egyptian chisels, 6

Ages, Stone, Bronze, and Iron, succession of, 2

Agricola, Georgius, on _Brontia_ and _Ceraunia_, 64

Agriculture, possible use of stone implements in, 71, 205, 645

Ahts of North America,
fern-roots eaten by, 250;
mussel-shell adzes used by, 182

_Aithadh_, or elf-shot, 365

Akerman, Mr., on Lapp burials of needed objects, 283

Alaska, stone hammer from, 25

Albania, gun-flint making in, 21

Albite, chloritic, celts of, 109

Aldrovandus,
his _culter lapideus_, 289;
on the _Glossopetra_, 363;
on Roman stone weapons, 362;
his _securis lapidea_, 157;
on stone implements, 63, 64

Aleppo, threshing instrument from, 284

Aleutian Islanders, thong-drill used by, 48

Alexius Comnenus, celt presented by, to German Emperor, 59

Alger, Mr., on level of Waveney Valley, 683

Algeria, flakes from, 287

Algonquins, form of club used by, 424

_Allée couverte_ of Argenteuil,
perforated pebbles from, 465;
stag’s horn socket from, 160;
worked blade from, 327

Alluvium, beds of, between stalagmitic layers in caverns, 479

Almond-shaped implements, 647

Alteration in structure of flint, 487, 497, 513, 556, 596, 659, 660

Alum, its wood-preserving power, 152

“Amazon axe,” 184

Amber,
beads of, in interment, 429;
cup of, at Hove, 449;
with perforated axe, 185;
with whetstone, 268;
importation of, to Britain, 449;
piece of, in interment, 149;
plates of, for necklaces, 460;
studs or buttons of, 456

America, doubtful evidence of palæolithic remains in, 654

Ammonites
in barrow, 467;
their use as “cramp-stones,” 470

Amulets,
arrow-heads mounted as, 365, 367;
celt probably used as, 145;
of iron-ore in interment, 313;
Portuguese decorated, 470;
of schist, 463;
stones in interment as, 466, 468, 469

_Anchorites_, Dr. Grew’s description of, 364

“Ancient Meols,” Hume’s, referred to, 439

Anderson, Dr. J.,
experiments with flint implements, 320, 408;
on polished stone discs, 440

Andrée, Richard, on beliefs concerning stone weapons, 60

Angelucci, Capt., stone arrow-head factory discovered by, 402

Anglesea, querns in, 259

Anglo-Saxon burial ground, flint and steel in, 283

Animals,
carvings of, on weapons, 215, 435;
engravings of, on Egyptian gold haft, 359;
extinct, their co-existence with man, 513, 524, &c.

Antiquity
of celts, 143, 150;
of man in Britain, 704;
of river-drift implements, 700

Antlers of deer,
celt-sockets made from, 160;
circle of, in barrow, 466;
used as picks at Cissbury, 79;
flat instrument of, 432;
at Grime’s Graves, 33

Anvils, stone,
early use of, 245;
recent use of, 11, 232

Apaches of Mexico,
arrow-head making among, 24;
hammer-hafting, 239

Arabs, arrow-head charms among, 367

Archer, Mr. F., neolithic flakes fitted on to core by, 20

Arctic fauna,
of Crayford beds, 607;
northward retreat of, 486;
of Salisbury beds, 689;
plants, fossil, at Hoxne, 577

Ariantes, his method of numbering the people, 368

Armlet on arm of skeleton, 429;
bronze, in cromlech, 464;
“coal-money” the central disc of, 465;
of jet, lathe-turned, 464

Arrow-flakers, 37, 416

Arrow-flaking,
art of, in America, 42;
experiments on, by author, 41;
use of fossil ivory for, 37

Arrows and arrow-heads,
African and Asiatic, 405;
American, 406, 407;
Arab, 367;
of the Bushmen, 370;
Californian, 39, 40;
Danish, 35, 306;
Egyptian, 368, 369, 395;
Eskimo, 25, 37;
French, 395, 400–402;
Gelderland, 403;
German, 403;
Greek, 368;
Indian, 405;
Irish, 365, 370, 399, 400;
Italian, 359, 402;
Japanese, 405;
from Lake-dwellings, 402;
Lycian, 410;
Mexican, 39;
Patagonian, 400;
Persian, 394, 396;
Peruvian, 407;
Russian, 404;
Scottish, 386;
Scandinavian, 353, 404;
Spanish, 403;
Swiss, 409;
Virginian, 37;
barbed, 380–390;
bone, 210, 361;
bronze, scarce in England, 368;
chisel-ended, 409;
crescent-shaped, 396;
detachable from shaft, 370;
double-pointed, 386;
featherless, 410;
iron-tipped, 394, 396;
leaf-shaped, 373–378, 484;
lozenge-shaped, 378, 484;
manufactories of, 268, 280, 359, 401, 402;
methods of shafting, 408, 410;
modern use of, for fire-producing, 397;
in necklaces, 10, 300;
notched, 372, 396, 406;
poisoned, 361, 370;
single-barbed, 385, 393, 306;
stemmed, 370;
successive developments of, 369;
superstitions concerning, 362–367;
triangular, 390;
in human vertebræ, 375, 396, 400

Arrow-shafts,
concave scrapers for fashioning, 320;
grooved pebbles for straightening, 268;
Irish, 408;
South American, 407

Art, works of, in caves, 484, 523, 657

Arundelian marbles as to date of discovery of iron, 4

“Asbestos,” ligniformed, whetstone of, 352

Ash,
Irish arrow-shaft of, 408;
in brick earth at Hoxne, 537

Ashes of bone in hyæna den, 518

Asia, beliefs in, concerning celts, 59

Asphalte, use of, in mounting Swiss celts, 163

Assagais, Kaffir mode of shafting, 410

Assiut, figures from tomb at, 369

_Astropelekia_, 59

Atkins, Mr. E. Martin, abraded pyrites found by, 318

Atkinson, Rev. J. C, barrows examined by, 211

Attrition of teeth by gritty food, 253

Atys, stone knife used by, 9

Augustus, bronze arms as antiquities in time of, 4

Australians,
celts handled by, with gum, 137, 170, 171;
flint an article of barter among, 80;
flints mounted by, as saws, 277, 293;
grinding nardoo-seeds, 243;
hatchet-hafting among, 233;
pounding-stones of, 243, 245;
tomahawks, mode of mounting by, 166;
tools of, 97

Authenticity of palæolithic implements, 658, 659

Awls,
bone, from Kent’s Cavern, 506;
bone instruments used as, 432;
bronze, in interments, 84, 186;
bronze, with wooden shaft, 462;
flint, 321–325;
perforated, 323;
use of, in sewing leather, 433

Axes, 32, 63, 149;
hafting of, 155–163, 168, 160;
used in the hand, 151;
of Montezuma II., 157;
hieroglyph of Nouter, 62

Axes,
perforated, Brazilian, 157;
in Brittany, 212;
Danish, 32, 186, 205;
French, 186;
German, 145, 186, 191;
Greek, 205;
Kjökken-mödding, 69;
Lake-dwellings, 158;
Mexican, 191;
Scandinavian, 187, 215;
of basalt, 186;
boring of, 46–52;
with carved handles, 167;
classification of, 184;
contemporaneous with bronze, 193, &c.;
cutting at one end, 192, &c.;
double-edged, 184–192;
fluted, 203, 211;
grooved, 168, 169;
hafting of, 151–171;
hollowed on sides, 209;
in interments, 83, 163, &c.;
large and heavy, 198, 199;
little used by modern savages, 215;
lozenge-shaped, 213;
ornamented, 196, 209, 211;
pointed at one end, 188;
single-edged, 184, 192–196;
superstitions concerning, 62, 63, 65, 145, 146;
of ulna of whale, 435

Axe-hammers, 168, 200–205

Aymara Indians, hatchet-hafting among, 169, 239

Ayre, Col., R.A., 78

Aztecs,
their method of stone working, 23;
their stone mortars, 257

B

Babington, Prof. C. C., on flint hammer from Burwell, 538

_Bætuli_, virtues of, 65

Bahia, stone club from, 251

Baines, Mr., on Australian stone-working, 26

Balanus, presence of, in Stour Valley, 621

Ball of Towie, 421

Balls, stone,
carved, 422;
in lead mines, 234;
perforated Peruvian, 232;
possibly used in games, 244;
their use among Eskimos, 219;
in grinding corn, 253;
as hammers, 249;
with channelled surface, 420–423

Ballast for railways, implements found in, 573, 578, 632, 633, 639

Barbers, Mexican, their obsidian razors, 290

Barbs of arrows, various forms of, 380, &c.

Bark, Australian hammers hafted with, 167, 168

Barlow, Mr. F. Pratt, pointed drift implement found by, 619

Barnwell, Rev. E. L., on Welsh hammer-head, 226

Barrows,
bronze and flint found together in, 397, &c.;
chambered, bone chisel in, 433;
cups of shale in, 445;
fossils in, 466, 467, 469;
gold cup in, with bronze dagger, 449;
jet ornaments in, 265, 454, &c.;
long, leaf-shaped arrow-heads in, 377;
necklaces in, 456–463;
pebbles in, 443;
pyrites and flint in, 265, 467;
spindle whorl of clay in, 439;
stag’s horn hammer in, 434

Barry, Mr. F. Tress, 227

Barter,
flint an Australian article of, 80;
flints at Cissbury probably formed for, 80;
finely worked daggers procured by, 414

Bartlett’s “History of Manceter” referred to, 187

Basalt,
axe hammer of, in interment, 467;
heads of, 186, 194, 197, 202, 208, 211, 214;
celts of, 106, 114, 140;
hammers of, 25, 223;
hatchets, 34, 85, 170;
late use of, for anvils, 232;
maul of, 234

Basaltic rock, African flakes of, 288

Bastard gouges, 180–182

Bast-fibre, its use in arrow shafting, 409;
used in weaving, 436

Bate, Mr. Spence, 266, 279

Bateman, Mr., on pebbles in interments, 467

“Bâtons de commandement,” in La Madeleine caves, 484

Bats, stone, possibly used for preparing hemp, 257

“Batting-staff,” 256

Battle axes, 195, 197, 207;
with amber cup in coffin, 449

“Battling-stones,” 257

Baudot, M., on flakes in interments, 283

Bauerman, Mr., on stone hammers in Egyptian mine, 581

Baye, Baron Joseph de, 160

Beads,
amber, 457, 459, 460;
animal fibre used for stringing, 459;
like arrow-heads, 367;
bone, 432, 456, 457;
with spiral pattern, 211;
glass, 437, 456;
jet, 83, 394, 457–462;
Kimmeridge clay, 309, 457;
of peculiar shapes, 463;
quartz, 465;
shale, 463;
various, 457–463

Bear,
chipped tooth of, 503;
bones of, in position at Brixham, 513

Beauty, materials chosen on account of, 224, 227, 406, 466

Beckmann quoted as to date of flint-locks, 17

Bed-stone and rolling pin, 250

Bees-wax and mastic, axes mounted with, 170

|713|

Beetles, elytra of, in brick-earth, 536

Beger, “_celtes_” first named by, 55

Belcher, Sir Edward,
on Eskimo arrow-flaking, 37, 39;
“flensing-knife,” 292;
stone working, 25;
stone planes, 299

Bell, Mr. A. M., discoveries of implements by, 593, 610

_Bellilah_, Australian mode of pounding, 245

Belt, the late Mr. Thomas, on Hoxne deposits, 576

ⲂⲈⲚⲒⲠⲈ, interpretation of, 5

Bennett, Mr. F. G., implements found by, 536, 627

Bernays, Mr. E. A., palæolithic implement found by, 611

Bicarbonate of lime, proportion of, in chalk-streams, 675

“Bill,” meaning of, 146

_Bipennis_, 146

Birds, remains of, in Fisherton beds, 631

Bison, caves of the age of the, 481

Bitumen,
use of, in Swiss Lake-dwellings, 170, 292, 409;
Egyptian arrows secured to shaft by, 369

“Black balls,” present use of, in ballots, 468

“Black-boy gum,” flints mounted in, 277

Blackmore, Dr. Humphrey P., drift implements found by, 627, 628, 635

Blacksmiths, modern, their mode of hafting chisels, 168, 233

Blades of flint,
crescent-shaped, 355;
Egyptian, 354;
from Kent’s Cavern, 496

Blanford, Mr. W. T., Indian drift implements found by, 651

Blunting of battle-axes, 196, 207

Boars’ teeth in interments, 83, 148, 328, 427

Bodkin of wood in urn, 433

Bodmann, flint manufactory at, 22

Bohemian stone axes, 51

_Bolas_, present mode of using, 422

“Bolthead, the flat,” 364

Bonardo on flint arrow-heads, 364

Bone,
arrow-heads of, 21, 361, 402;
awl, 523;
beads, 211, 432, 456;
blade of, flint flakes inserted in, 277, 294;
chisels, 177;
harpoons of, 277, 394;
instruments in interments, 313, 314, 431, &c.;
needles, 321, 433, 523;
objects of, in caves, 484, 488, 492, 523, &c.;
late Roman, 144;
pins, 34, 40, 83, 186, 431, 432;
plate of, perforated, 428;
rounded piece of, 34;
single-barbed arrow-head of, 409;
tools of, Eskimo, 410;
tube, 268;
used in arrow-chipping, 39, &c.;
wedge for working obsidian, 24

Bones,
crushing of, probably for marrow, 25, 239, 504, 657;
gnawed, 486, 508;
human, with those of extinct animals, 481, &c.;
mineral condition of, in caves, 508

Borers or awls, 321–325

Boring of stone,
methods of, 47, 48, 52;
incomplete, of stone implements, 205, 206, 226

_Bos primigenius_,
celt imbedded in skull of, 91, 92;
_longifrons_ not found in Britain before neolithic times, 486

Botocudo Indians,
their method of hafting, 156;
their use of stone blades, 171

Boulder, cup formed from, 450

Boulder Clay,
anterior to implementiferous deposits, 577, 685, 697;
East Anglian, 683

Boulders, American use of, 235;
used as hammers, 233, 234

Bourgeois, Abbé, on human works in Pliocene times, 658

“Bournes,” causes of intermittence of, 664

Bow, use of, not general among savages, 360

Bows and arrows,
Egyptian carved figures armed with, 369;
myth concerning, 361

Bowen, Mr., as to African “thunderbolts,” 60

Box, stone, containing red pigment, 264

Bracelets (see Armlets)

Bracers, 425–435, 456

Bracken, use of, as food, 250

Brandon, manufacture of gun-flints at, 14, 17

Brazilian stone axe, 157

Breach through the chalk range near Bournemouth, 695

Breccia,
formation of, in caves, 479;
implements from, in Kent’s Cavern, 495;
mace-head made of, 232

Brent, Mr. John, implements found by, at Reculver, 613–620

Briar-wood shaft, arrow-head found with, 408

Brick-earth,
implements from, 530, 536, 542, 548;
old land surface underlying, 598

Bright spots on drift implements, 565, 659

_Briquets_
with flints in graves, 283, 397;
bruising of flints by the use of, 315

Brittany,
superstitions regarding celts in, 57;
early incised drawings of celts in, 62

Brixham Cave,
discovery of, 490;
fauna of, 513;
implements of, 513–516;
section of, 512

Broch of Lingrow, 416, 440

Brochs,
cups in, 414, 440;
querns in, 259;
stone and bronze in, 440;
whetstones in, 269

Bronze Period
in Egypt, 6;
in Greece and Italy, 4, 5;
probable duration of, 704

Bronze,
armlets of, 459;
arms, mention of by Homer, 4;
arrow-heads, 368;
awls, 84;
bucket, 451;
celts, 213, 268, 453;
celts mounted in stag’s horn, 428;
chisels, 6;
dagger with ox-horn hilt, 265;
daggers, 185, 193, 194, 208, 227, 398, 427, &c.;
ear-rings, 207;
Egyptian hatchets, 169;
finger-ring, 398;
“hammer-stone,” 246;
implement found at Ploucour, 340;
knife in interment, 195;
knife, socketed, in Kent’s Cavern, 492;
mining instruments, 6, 233;
moulds for celts, 269;
needle, central-eyed, 433;
palstaves, 163;
pins, 267, 269;
tube, 49;
tweezers, 433;
use of, in Britain, 147;
use of, contemporaneous with that of stone, 84, 143, 211, 331, &c.

Brooch
of metal in interment, 214;
possible use of ring as, 466

Brooke, Mr. J. W., his implements from Fordingbridge, 633

Brown, Mr. J. Allen,
on minute flint tools, 325;
researches at Ealing, &c., 591;
Mr. James, drift implements found by, 622, 625, &c.

Browne, Sir Thomas, on slickstones, 441

Brun, M. V., his explorations at Bruniquel, 296

Brunswick, first use of flint-locks by soldiers of, 17

Buckland, the late Mr. Frank, 291

Buckman, Prof. J., manufactory of celts recorded by, 35

Buschan, Dr. G., on prehistoric spinning, 437

Buick, Dr., on Irish arrow-heads, 365, 370

“Bulb of percussion,” 274

Bunyard, Mr. G., drift implements found by, 618

Burma and Assam, stone adzes in, 59

Burnishers of stone, 103, 139, 442

Burton, Dr. J. Hill, on elf-bolts, 366

Bushmen,
arrows shafted by, with ostrich-bones, 410;
ostrich-egg-shell fragments perforated by, 277;
poisoned arrows of, 370

Bustards, flint arrow-heads abraded by gizzards of, 396

Butt end of celt,
definition of, 66;
roughened for insertion into socket, 128

Buttons,
early use of, 452;
of jet in interments, 453, 455, &c.;
possible use of perforated discs as, 439

C

Cæsar, Julius, Gaulish use of iron in time of, 10

“Caillouteur,” daily production of gun-flints by, 21

Cairns, stones thrown on, 282

Calc-spar, sling-stones of, 418

Calcareous nodule,
celt formed from, 115;
incrustations on palæolithic implements, 659, 660

Caledonians, their early use of iron, 11

Calendering effected by slick-stones, 441

_Calendrine_, in Cotgrave’s Dictionary, 441

Californians,
arrow-head making among the, 423;
grooved stones of the, 268;
knife, 273

Calmucks, use of military flail among the, 423

Calvert, Mr. F., implements found by, near the Dardanelles, 652

Cambodia, superstitions as to celts in, 60

Camenz, bronze tube found at, 49

Cane, possible use of, in stone-drilling, 50

Canoes,
adze for hollowing, 165, 166;
celts found with, 129, 150;
gouges for hollowing, 178;
hollowed by horn chisels, 434

Cantabria, imperial omen in, 65

Carbonic acid, its solvent power on chalk, 477, 675, &c.

Caribbean character of certain implements, 129, 130, 168, 169

Caribs,
axe-hafting among, 155, 218;
their shell gouges, 182

Carreg-y-Saelhau, or stone of the arrows, 262

Cartailhac, M., his sections of San Isidro valley, 529

Carved representation of celt in dolmen, 153

Carvings in caves, 484, 523

Cassava bread, stone slabs for cooking, 440

Catlin, Mr., on American flaking-tools, 24

Cattle,
elf-arrows the cause of disease among, 365, 366;
protection of, by witch-stone, 470;
snake-bitten, how to treat, 437

Cave-bear, age of the, 481

Cave-deposits, rarity of large implements in, 641

Cave-dwellers, their mode of living, 657

“Cave-earth,” 479, 492

Cave-implements, 473, &c.

Cave-remains prior to Neolithic times, 482

Caves,
alternate tenancy of, by man and beasts, 479;
chronological sequence of contents of, 475, 481–485;
deposits of, compared with river gravels, 474;
early use of for habitations, 126;
formation of, 477, 480;
ossiferous, 474, 476;
sepulchral, 126;
stalagmite of, 479

Belgian, 286, 475, 478

Brixham, 512–516

Creswell Crags, 522–524

French, arrow-heads in, 396;
bone and horn objects in, 177, 321;
character of implements of, 53;
flint flakes in, 292;
hammer-stones, 248;
quartzite flakes, 281, 292;
serrated flakes, 296

Gibraltar, bone objects in, 177, 433;
long flake in, 287;
saddle-quern in, 252;
sandstone plate in, 428;
stone chisel-gouge in, 182

Happaway, 517

Kent’s Cavern, 488–511

Long Hole, Gower, and other Welsh Caves, 521

of Palestine, early sepulture in, 9

Tor Bryan, 516

Wookey hyæna-den, 517–520

Cavities in gravel, how formed, 556, 557, 561

_Celte_, occurrence of, in Vulgate, 55

Celts,
suggested etymology of, 55;
superstitions concerning, 56–65;
classification of, 66

chipped or rough hewn, 67–86;
chisel-edged, with curvature of face, 67, 68, 73;
with equal faces, 75;
long and narrow, 81;
tanged, 83;
wedge-shaped, 82;
small, made from fragments of larger, 87, 97;
of stones other than flint, 84

ground at the edge, 90–97

polished, with abnormal peculiarities, 130;
accompanying interments, _passim_;
approximate date of, 147;
broken, conversion of, into other implements, 242, 248, 339;
bronze, from barrows, 213, 268, 309;
chisel-like, 103, 120, 121;
classification of, 98;
with cutting-edge blunted, 138;
with flattened sides, 110–119;
found in canoe, 150;
grooved or notched, 136;
mode of hafting, 151;
oblique-edged, 113, 124;
oval in section, 122, 129;
perforated, 142;
range of, in time, 147, 150;
recent use of, by Irish weavers, 440;
rectangular in section, 119–122;
sharpened at both ends, 118;
stag’s-horn sockets for, 163;
for use in hand, 133, 136, 171;
various uses of, 171, 172

Cembro pine, Siberian stones for crushing nuts of, 245

Cements
used in hafting implements, 170, 171;
bituminous, in Swiss hafting, 292, 409

Cemetery, Frankish, of Samson, 397

_Cerauniæ_,
old German authors concerning, 63;
Sotacus on the, 64, 480;
Pliny concerning, 65

Cereals, absence of, among cave-dwellers, 657

Ceremonial stone-adze, 167

Chafing-dish of stone, 445

Chalcedonic flint,
celts of, 92, 138;
Egyptian blades of, 359;
serrated arrow-head of, 385

Chalcedony,
American lance-head of, 337;
Chilian arrow-heads of, 406;
gun-flints of, 21;
harpoon-points of, in Greenland, 405;
implements of, their French provenance, 80;
Mexican dagger-blade of, 354;
ornamental hammer of, 226;
small Indian cores of, 23

Chaldæans, their reverence for the hatchet, 62

Chalk,
absorbent nature of, 663;
carved cylinders of, 421;
cups of, 34;
cup-shaped vessels of, 450;
districts, implementiferous gravels in, 663;
mining in, for flints, 33, 79, 172;
solution of, by carbonic-acid-charged water, 477, 557, 675;
“subterranean reservoir” in, 664

Chamacocos, socketed axes among the, 157

Champignolles, pit for extraction of flint at, 35

Changes, geological,
in cave regions, 521, 525;
affecting the River Drift, 662, &c.;
coast-line affected by, 695

Chantre, M., 133;
on hafting of celts by savages, 164, 244;
drift implement found by, in Euphrates valley, 653

Charms, arrow-heads used as, 364–366;
hereditary custody of, 469;
perforated pebbles as, 231

Charruas, the, lenticular sling-stones used by, 418

Charters-White, Mr., on the attrition of teeth by grit, 253

Chert,
balls of, 249;
British celt of, 65;
cores of, in Welsh caves, 521;
Eskimo use of, for arrow-heads, 25;
implements of, in Welsh caves, 581;
Irish tool of, 175

Chester, the late Rev. Greville J., barrow examined by, 463

Chieftainship, decorative weapons a mark of, 226

Children, quartz pebbles in interments of, 467

Chinese, use of military flail among the, 423

Chipping flints, relation of, to grinding, 85, 86, 290

Chisels,
blacksmiths’ present mode of hafting, 168, 233;
bone, 177, 433;
bronze, in Egyptian gold-mines, 6;
of deer’s horn, 434;
distribution of, 177;
Maori hafting of, 178;
and picks, 173–177

Chlorite,
whetstone of, 269;
slate, plates of, in interment, 398

Chloritic albite,
celts of, 109;
stone, hatchet and haft made of one piece of, 171

Chronology
of Neolithic Period, difficulty of ascertaining, 471;
of the River Drift attempted, 705, &c.;
of stone implements, purely retrogressive, 473

_Cidares_, fossil, in interments, 469

Cilix, myth of, 313

Circles, concentric, on stones, 463

Circular habitation, stone cup in, 450

Circumcision, use of stone knives in, 9

Cissbury,
flint manufactory at, 33;
objects found at, 32, 81;
Neolithic fauna at, 80;
General Pitt Rivers’ explorations at, 78–82

Cists in barrows, objects found in, 248, 330, 453–456, &c.

Civilization
of maritime tribes in time of Cæsar, 10;
degree of, among the cave-dwellers, 657

_Clach-nathrach_, 437

Clalam Indians, 105, 166

Clan Chattons, stone charm in the possession of the, 469

Claudian,
_religiosa silex_ of, 10;
flint and steel mentioned by, 16;
on the _ceraunia_ of Pyrenean caves, 481

Clavigero
on the rate of obsidian working, 24;
on metal Mexican axes, 155

Clay,
burnt, loom weights of, 443
ironstone, celt of, 120
pipe, implement found in, 602
slate, celts of, 65, 106, 114, 136
valley-forming in, 677
vessels, instruments possibly used in shaping, 266, 432, 434

Climate, zoological evidences as to change of, 584, 699

Clinch, Mr. G., 248;
ovate implement found by, 604

Clod-crusher of stone, 239

Cloth, Irish, celt used for giving gloss to, 440

Cloud River Indians, use of bone punch by, 25

Clouston, Mr., drift implements found by, 597

Club, so-called, of hone slate, 118

“Coal money,” 447, 448;
traces of lathe on, 465

“Coast finds,” so-called sling-stones in, 419

Coast line, variations in, 617, 695

Cochet, Abbé, on flints in Merovingian interments, 314

Cocks, metallic, pole lathe still used for making, 447, _note_

Codrington, Mr. T.,
on Southampton drift, 626;
on Hampshire deposits, 687, 688;
on origin of Solent, 690, 692;
his section across Isle of Wight, 693

Coffin
of oak in barrow, 185;
at Hove, contents of, 449

_Coin de foudre_, 57

Collections
of Aymard, M., of Le Puy, 114, 202, 402;
Banks, late Rev. S., 103, &c.;
Beloe, Mr. E. M., 142;
Borgia, 62;
Bourgeois, Abbé, 322;
Braybrooke, the late Lord, 144, 173;
Brent, the late Mr. J., 102, 613, 618, &c.;
Brooke, Mr., of Marlborough, 18, 107, 227, &c.;
Chaplain Duparc, 43;
Christy, _passim_;
Cursiter, Mr., of Kirkwall, 124, 171, 190, 221, 224, 252;
Clément, Dr., 161;
Courvale, M. de, 161;
Duke, the late Rev. E., 267;
Durden (in Brit. Mus.), 69, 93, 125, 126, 174, 176, 230;
Evans, _passim_;
Finlay, late Dr., of Athens, 114, 205;
Flower, the late J. W., 74, 93, 107, 125, 175, 247–255, 291, 295, 309;
Foresi, 367;
Greenwell, _passim_;
Jewitt, the late Mr. Llewellynn, 198, 202, 352;
Klemm, 49, 157, 163, 165, 252, 294;
Litchfield, Mr., 326;
Lucas, the late Mr. J. F., 96, 107, 136, 343, 352, 463;
Meyrick, 195, 351, 423, 575, &c.;
Monkman, the late Mr. C., 92, 121, 122, 188, 191, 319, 333, 334, 342;
Mortimer, Messrs., of Driffield, _passim_;
Neuberg, Baron de, 51;
Perthes, Boucher de, 226, 327;
Poley, the late Rev. W. Weller, 341;
Ransom, Mr. W., 196;
Reboux, M., 187;
Rivers, General Pitt, 88, 140, 144, 155, 231, 247, 277, 278, 279, 309,
332, 334;
Sturge, Dr. Allen, see Greenwell;
Warren, the late Mr. Joseph, of Ixworth, 88, 110, 113, 192, 229, 539

Comb-like instruments in Kent’s Cavern, 489, 492

Commerce in amber, 449

Commodus, the Emperor, his skill in archery, 396

Cone of percussion, 273, 274

Congarees, stone implements of the, 241

Continent, British connection with, in Drift Period, 698

Contracted position in interments, 149

Conyers, Mr., “British weapon” found by, 581, 582

Cooking vessels of steatite, 451

Copeland, Colonel A. J., 173;
pointed drift implement obtained by, 613

Copiapo, human vertebra, with arrow-head embedded, found near, 406

Copper, bracelet of, 405;
needle, 440;
smelted, in Kent’s Cavern, 492

Copper mines,
American, stone hammers in, 235;
of Maghara, 6;
objects found in old workings of, 233;
Spanish, &c., mauls found in, 234

_Corbicula fluminalis_,
former presence of, 578, 584, 586;
found above worked flints, 606;
found below drift implements, 621

Cores or nuclei, 20, 23, 276;
boat-shaped, 27;
and flakes, their mutual relation, 31, 272;
possibly resulting from tube-boring, 47;
flint, used as hammers, 248;
occasionally used as sling-stones, 419;
palæolithic, from Kent’s Cavern, 503;
flakes refitted to, 20, 598, 606;
long, their absence from River Drift, 648

_Corisco_, Portuguese name for stone axe, 59

Corn-crushers
from Swiss Lake-dwellings and others, 246, 250;
-grinding, Irish, 251, 258;
-mills, stone spindles for, 242

_Coscinopora globularis_, possible use of, as beads, 657

Cotton, Mr., his gift of flint arrow-heads to Dr. Plot, 362

“Cramp-stones,” ammonites used as, 470

Crannog,
possible hatchet-haft found in, 155;
ridged hammer stones in, 247;
scraper from, 310;
polished stone discs in, 440

Craveri, Signor, on Mexican arrow-making, 39

Crawshay, Mr. de B., palæolithic implements found by, 605, 608

Crayford beds, Arctic fauna of, 607

Crescent-like implements, 559, 571

Crinkling of flint dagger-handles, 359

Croll, Mr., as to date of Arctic Period, 705

Cross-bow, use of by Romans, 411

Cross-chipping,
practice of, in Scandinavia, 28;
shewn by Greek obsidian cores, 28

Crystal,
balls of, in Merovingian graves, 470;
arrow-heads of, 406;
quartz, modern use of as pick, 235;
used as drill, 322

_Culter lapideus_, 289

Cuming, Mr. Syer,
as to so-called club, 118;
on slickstone, 442

_Cuneus fulminis_, 63

Cunnington, Mr. W.,
barrows examined by, 83, 460;
celt belonging to, 91

Cup-shaped
marks on stones, 245;
vessels of chalk, 450, 451

Cups
in interments, of hollow flints, 83;
ornamented, 148;
earthenware, 149;
rude, 266;
with pyrites, 313;
with jet objects, 352;
containing arrow-heads, 399, 432;
with gold ornaments, 427;
with amber beads, 429;
handled, 444, 449;
turned in lathe, 446–449;
wooden, 448;
of amber, 449;
of gold, 449

“Curing-stones,” 469

Currier’s tool, perforated stone used as, 442

Carved edge
to implements, 576, 624;
knives, 355–358;
recess in palæolithic flake, 555

Cushing, Mr., arrow-head made by, 39

Custom House rates, “slick-stones” in table of, 441

Cutting powers of flint, 289

Cutting tools of slaty stone, 344;
for holding in hand, 247;
modern use of, 348

D

Dacotahs, pump-drill used by, 48

D’Acy, M. E., on implements of the French caves, 511

Daggers,
bronze, in interments, 185, 193, 194, 208, 211, 212, 214, 268,
269, 331, 398, 448;
with gold on handle, 227;
fluted, 331

flint, in interments, 208, 313, 353, &c.;
for holding in hand, 348;
leaf-shaped, 352;
leaf-shaped, unknown in Ireland, 353;
notched, 353;
square-handled, 353;
Egyptian and Danish, with crinkled handles, 359;
handles of, used for re-chipping, 414

bone, 431

Dagger-knives,
bronze, in interments, 265, 309, 313;
flint, 208, 313;
highly worked Danish, 413, 414

Damour, M. A., on materials of celts, 66

Dana on the malleability of meteoric iron, 5

Danish flint daggers,
ornamentation of, 42;
perforated celts, 114;
celts of great size, 118;
tumuli, iron found in, 144;
handled scrapers, 308;
graves, needles in, 433

Darbishire, Mr. R. D., finds of celts, 84, 152, 236

Darwin, Mr. W. E., 624

Daubrée and Roulin, M.M., on Mexican razors, 290

David, possible nature of his sling, 417

Dawkins, Prof. Boyd,
on flints upon Roman sites, 283;
on the fauna of British caves, 485;
on human skull in Cheddar cave, 486;
on condition of bones from cave-earth, 508;
on Brixham cave, 512;
on Welsh caves, 521;
on Crayford beds, 607;
ovate implement found by, 611;
on possible glaciation of N. Britain in Mammoth period, 697;
on the extinction of some Post-Glacial animals, 704

Dawson, Mr. W. C., on a supposed hafted celt, 153

_Débâcle_, results of, on the Rhine, 672

De Bonstetten, 287, 470

Decorations, personal, 452–472

Deer, representations of on stag’s horn adze, 434, 435

Deer’s horn, see Stag’s horn.

Deluge, stone implements taken as evidence of, 526

Dendritic-markings
on implements, 558;
as testimony to authenticity of implements, 659;
to what cause due, 660

Denmark,
approximate dates of Periods in, 2, 23;
bracers in, 430;
cores of boat-shaped form from, 27;
square-sided hatchets from, 32;
grinding stones, 43;
mode of testing thunderbolts in, 57;
general use of flint for celts in, 85;
comparative rarity of arrow-heads in, 404

Denudation,
opening of caves by, 478;
of the Fen country, 680, 681;
of Hampshire gravels, 688

Deposits,
implementiferous, due to river action, 696;
marine, in Fen gravels, 681, 686;
ossiferous, in caves, 478;
in valleys, varying with the elevation, 699, 701

Depressions for holding, worked in cutting tool, 344

Desor, Professor,
on method of boring stone, 51;
referred to, 159, 161, 310

Detritus, amount of, brought down by rivers, 667, 705

Deventer, modern use of stone axe at, 157

Devonian limestone, caverns in, 491, 512

Dickinson, the late Mrs.,
on collective burial of celts, 75;
her collection referred to, 93, 465

Diodorus Siculus
on the use of stone in embalming, 8;
on the implements of the Ichthyophagi, 288

Diorite,
axe-hammer of, 205;
axe-head of, 213;
bastard-gouge of, 182;
polished celt of, 107;
ring of, 465

Discs,
imperforate, 440
perforate, of dolerite, 230;
as fly-wheels of drilling-sticks, 231;
of jet, 455;
ovoid, in Kent’s Cavern, 493;
possible uses of, 244, 439;
quoit-like, 440;
sharp-rimmed, 216

Discoidal implements possibly used as missiles, 648

Discoloration of flints, evidence afforded by, 659, 660, 661

Dish with lid, 451

Dishes,
stone, 440;
with handles, 451

Distaff and spindle, recent use of, 436, 437

Divining, grooved stone used in, 470

Dog,
bones of in cist, 426;
first appearance of, in Neolithic times, 486

Dolmens of Brittany,
arrow-heads in, 385, 400;
axe-hammer in, 212;
carved illustration of celt in, 153;
jadeite celts in, 109;
chisel-ended implement from, 395;
long whetstone from, 268;
pyrites and flint in, 318

of other parts of France, lance-heads from, 352, 354;
polished chisel from, 176;
stag’s horn sockets from, 160;
worked flakes, 327;
Danish, stone bracer in, 430;
Spanish, arrow-heads in, 430

Dolomieu,
on French gun-flint making, 18;
his estimate of work of _Caillouteur_, 21

Dolomitic conglomerate, cave in, 517

Domestic use, instruments for, 436, 599

_Donderbeitels_ and _Donnerstein_, 58, 63

Dordogne caves,
objects from, 262, 292, 296, 312, 329;
nature of, 476;
deposits in, 478, 480

Doughty, Mr. Charles M., his finds at Hoxne, 376

Douglas, Mr., suggestion as to celt in interment, 145

Downes, Mr. W., chert implement found by, 639

Drainage area of ancient Solent River, 691, 692

Drift-stages of the Darent Valley, 690

Drill,
antiquity of use of, 48;
hollow, probable use of in America, 50

Drilling
by flint-flakes, 321;
by quartz crystals, 322

“Drinking cups.” See Cups.

“Druidical circle,” 149;
objects found in, 197

_Druten-stein_, as charm against witches, 469

Dubois, Dr., his _Pithecanthropus_, 703

Dugdale, Sir William, on stone celts, 3

“Dug-out” canoes hollowed by stag’s horn chisels, 434

Dunn, Mr. E. J., African drift-implement found by, 653

Dupont, Dr. E.,
on a worn nodule of pyrites, 318;
his investigation of Belgian caves, 481;
his classification of cave deposits, 482

D’Urban, the late Mr. W. S. M., on the ballast pit at Broom, 639

E

Ear-rings, bronze, in interment, 207

Earthenware,
cup of, in interment, 149;
spindle whorls of, 439

East Anglia, relations of palæolithic deposits in, 577

_Eben_, double meaning of, 443

_Echini_, fossil, in interments, 468, 469

Edkins, Mr. Joseph, on stone hatchets in China, 114

Eggs of wild goose, portions of in Fisherton beds, 631

Egypt,
boring by tubes in, 51;
drill and bow used in, 48;
early use of sling in, 417;
evidence as to date of iron in, 6;
flakes from, replaced on each other, 20;
meteoric origin of iron used in, 5

Egyptian arrows,
chisel-shaped, 368, 395, 409;
blades, leaf-shaped, 8, 354;
flint flakes, 287;
knives, leaf-shaped, 8;
knives of polished stone, 6, 348;
knives, ripple-marked, 359;
mode of mounting adzes and hatchets, 167, 169;
notched hammer, 169;
sickle, mounting of flakes in, 297, 358;
soldiers, carved wooden, 360;
wrist-guards, 430

Elagabalus, the Syrian god, 10

Elephant-bed at Brighton, 622

Elf-arrows, 302–366;
-bolts, 387;
probable interment of as charms, 397;
-darts, mounted as amulets, 365;
-shot, arrow-heads as protection against, 365

Elissa, bronze sickle of, 5

Embalming, use of stone implement in, 8

Emery-powder, alleged use of in drilling _meres_, 52

Encampments, ancient, presence of flakes in, 280, 281

Engelhardt, M. C., his method of preserving wood, 152

Engelhardt, M., on the formation of ground-ice, 671

Engravings on bone by cave-dwellers, 484, 523, 657

Enniskillen, late Earl of, on Irish gun-flints, 397

“Eolithic,” use of term deprecated, 702

Erosion of valleys, 665–671;
chronological data from, 707

Eskimos,
their arrow-flakers, 25, 37, 412, 414;
ball-weapon, 219;
bone harpoons, 394, 505;
bone tool for straightening arrow-shafts, 410;
flail stone, 219;
“flensing knife,” 292;
hammer of jade or nephrite, 25;
iron knife of, 293;
meteoric iron used by, 5;
mode of hafting knives, 347;
pyrites, their use of for producing fire, 15, 317;
steatite cooking vessel, 451;
stone scrapers, 39, 208, 299, 344;
stone scrapers used as planes, 299;
weighted throw-strings, 422;
whetstones for bone implements, 268;
wrist-guard, 430

Etruscan necklaces,
arrow-heads as charms in, 65, 366;
tombs, gold wreaths for, 84

Euphotide or Gabbro, hatchet chipped of, 36

Europe, early use of the bow in, 360

Evans, Mr. Arthur John,
implement found by, 72;
Dr. Philip Norman, drift implements found by, 518, 617, 635, 636

Evolution of arrow-heads, 369

Experiments
on arrow-flaking by pressure, 39;
on arrow-shaft forming, 320, 408;
on fashioning a hatchet, 36;
on drilling bone, 321, 322;
on drilling stone, 48, 50;
on sawing stone, 45;
on tree-cutting, 69, 162;
on the wearing of flint flakes, 504;
on woodcutting, 297

External flakes defined, 641

F

Fabricators and flaking-tools, 412–416;
dagger-hilts used as, 413, 414

Faces of celts, definition of, 66

Fairy darts, effect of on cattle, 365, 366;
mill-stones, 437

Falconer, the late Dr. Hugh,
on the “bulb of percussion,” 274;
his work at Brixham cave, 512;
on tooth found at Wookey, 520;
on worked flints at Abbeville, 527