Chapter XXV: Antiquity of the River-Drift (4)

Fauna,
climatal changes shown by, 486, 584, 631, 689;
mammalian, altered by man, 482;
Brixham, 513;
of the caves, 479, 483–486;
Creswell, 524;
French, 510;
Happaway, 517;
Kent’s Cavern, 507, 508;
Long Hole, Gower, 520;
Palæolithic and Neolithic compared, 485;
Tor Bryan, 517;
Welsh, 521;
Wookey hyæna den, 519;
of the River drift near Aylesford, 611;
Bury St. Edmunds, 542, 543;
changes of, between Drift and Surface Periods, 704;
Fisherton beds, 631;
French, 528;
Hitchin brick-earth, 537;
Lark valley, 543, 550;
Little Ouse valley, 551, 556, 561, 569;
northern character of in high level gravels, 699;
Ouse gravels, 533–538;
Spanish, 529;
Thames valley, 586, 591;
molluscan, at Bury St. Edmunds, 540;
of Cam, 539;
characteristic of brackish water, in Stour valley, 621;
of Fisherton beds, 631;
of Hitchin brick-earth, 536;
at Hoxne, 575;
of Little Ouse valley, 551;
marine, in Fen gravels, 681;
of Milford Hill, 632;
of Ouse gravel, 531–3;
at Stutton, 578;
in Thames valley, 584, 585

Feathering of arrow-shafts, 410

Felsite,
hammer-head of, 230;
ovate implement of, 591

Felstone,
implements of, 66, 96, 116, 119, 124, 135, 521, 566;
spherulitic, celt of, 124

Fenni, use of bone arrow-heads among the, 361

Fens, denudation of the, 680, 681

Fergusson, Mr. James,
on the three Periods of antiquities, 3;
on changes in the Ganges delta, 667

Fern roots used as food by the Ahts, 250

Fibrolite,
traces of sawing on French hatchets of, 43;
Spanish celt of, 44;
hatchet, 144;
stone resembling, celt of, 188

_Fibula_, pins and skewers made from the, 431

Fibula, Roman, found with celt in Saxon grave, 144

“Finger flints,” 416;
-ring, spiral, of bronze, 398

Fire-arms, flints used for, 17

“Fire-drill,” widespread use of, 48

Fire,
early use of flints for procuring, 15;
early modes of producing, 312, 313;
use of pyrites in producing, 15, 315;
traces of, on bones in caves, 510

Fish, scales of, in river drift, 540, 541

Fisher, Rev. Osmond, 538;
on successive Palæolithic Periods, 568

Fishing, mode of twisting lines for, 437

Fishing-hooks of combined flint and bone, 294

Fishing Indians, use of sink-stones by, 236

Flail, military, its nature, 423

“Flail-stones,” 218, 230;
possibly whetstones, 269

Flakes,
bevel-edged, 546, 559;
as borers, 321;
broad, 701;
circular, 341;
in caves, 492, &c.;
classification of Neolithic, 275;
of Palæolithic, 641;
effects of different uses on, 289;
external, 275, 641;
as fish-hooks, 294;
flat, 276, 642;
hafted, 228, 229, 292, 293, 327;
in interments, 279, &c.;
leaf-shaped, 326, &c.;
long, 28, 35, 641, 642;
manufacture, &c., of, 22, 35, 83, 606;
manufacture of for gun-flints, 19, 20;
minute, 325;
modes of fracture of, 272;
notched by use, 642;
on Palæolithic floor, 586, 598, 606;
polygonal, 276, 642, 643;
rarely ground at edge, 290;
relation of cores to, 20, 31, 272;
replacement of, on cores, by Mr. Archer, 20;
by Mr. W. Smith, 20, 586, 598, 599;
by Mr. Spurrell, 20, 606;
ridged, 275, 641;
in River Gravels, 536, 546, 555, 586, &c.;
on Roman sites, 283;
row of, mounted as knives, &c., 293;
row of, as armature of sickles, 297;
sawing by means of, 45;
as scrapers, 298, 312;
serrated, 294–297;
side scrapers, 548, 643;
square-ended, 597;
of Surface Period compared with Palæolithic, 642;
Swiss, mounted, 292;
tools employed for making, 24, 25;
triangular, 340, 343;
trimmed, 326, &c., 642;
wide range of, 283, 288

Flaking tools, 24, 412;
probable uses of, 413;
dagger-hilts used as, 414

Flax,
possible use of stone bats in preparing, 257;
early use of, for weaving, 436

“Flensing-knife,”
Eskimo, 292;
Shetland blades resembling, 347

“Flint Chips” referred to, 234

Flint Jack, arrow-heads made by, 42, 659

Flint-knapping, 17–22

Flint,
alteration in structure of, 494, 489, 497, 498;
ancient workshops of, 22, 606;
as article of barter, 35, 80;
brittle condition of, 558;
cutting powers of, 281, 282;
difficulty of perforating, 223, 224;
durability of, 655;
experiments in shaping, 30, 41;
flakes and cores of, 20, 31, 272, 279;
grinding of, 43;
hardened by exposure, 18, 32, 33;
importation of, 281;
minute tools of, 325;
modern ceremonial use of, 9;
necessity of, in savage life, 282;
ochreous, 536, 553, 597, 602;
pits for extraction of, 33, 35, 78, 79;
prismatic splitting of, 88;
processes for grinding, 43;
result of abundance of, in chalk districts, 677;
scarcity of in Northern Britain, 580;
softening of in red brick-earth, 596;
and steel, early use of, 16, 271, 282;
and steel, meaning of, in interments, 283;
tools for working, 41;
use of, with pyrites, 16, 313, 319;
whitening of, 494, 498, 499, 545, 549, 596, 611, 619;
whitening, cause of, 497;
worn by use, 311, 312, 414, 416

Flints,
accidentally fractured, M. Hardy on, 658;
heaps of, on Palæolithic floor, 598

Flood deposits,
varying nature of, 668, 669;
their removal by subsequent floods, 670

Floods,
their action in valley-erosion, 666, 706;
as caused by ground-ice, 671

“Floor-stone,” gun flints made from, 33

Flora,
temperate, below brick-earth, 537;
recent, in Oxford peat, 593;
of various climates at Hoxne, 577, 697

Flower, the late Mr. J. W.,
on East Anglian flint implements, 551, 556;
on section at Bromehill, 681;
on French and English palæolithic implements, 650;
on Drift-beds of the Fens, 681;
on the Drift-beds of Brandon, 683

Fluting
on arrow-heads, 392;
on axe-hammer, 203;
on Danish dagger-hilts, 42, 393;
on Egyptian blades, 359;
probably effected by pressure, 42, 393

Fluviatile origin of implementiferous beds, 688

Folklore Society referred to as to fairy darts, 365

“Food-vessels” in interments, 224, 462

Fooks, Mr. C. C. S., implement found by, 606

Forbes, the late Mr. David,
Bolivian implements described by, 169, 232, 239

Forel, Dr. F. A., his experiment in stone-working, 36

“Forest Bed,” Norfolk, supposed worked flints from, 572

Forest, submerged, at Bournemouth, 695

Forgeries
of arrow-heads, 42;
of Palæolithic implements, 658, 659

“Fort,” cup found in, 444

Fossils,
ascription of, to diabolical agency, 363;
use of, as ornaments, 470, 657;
in interments, 466, 469

Foster, Dr. C. Le Neve, drift implement found by, 610

Fox, Rev. W., as to origin of Solent Sea, 690

Fracture of flint, natural and artificial compared, 273

Fragments of implements, use of, 223, 242, 339

Frankish Cemeteries, objects found in, 283, 307

Frankland, Prof., on climatal conditions of glacier formation, 698

Franks, Sir A. Wollaston,
on an abraded pyrites nodule, 318;
on hafting of American flint blades, 349;
on perforated discs, 439;
on present use of stone vessels, 450

French, Mr. J., drift implements found by, 578

Frere, Mr. John, his discoveries at Hoxne, 573, 576

Friction, polish of stone saw by, 295

Frost, disintegrating effect of, 672

Fuegians,
their arrow chipping, 39, 406;
their use of arrow-heads as knives, 334;
their mode of fire-producing, 15, 317;
their mode of using scrapers, 299

Fungus, its use as tinder, 16, 317

_Fustibalus_, Roman use of the, 418

Future existence, belief in, implied by objects in interments, 84, 283

G

Gabbro, tools for flint-working made of, 22

Gaillard, M. F., Breton finds of pyrites and flint by, 318

Gallas, form of scraper among the, 299

Games, possible use of stone balls in, 244, 245

Ganges, estimate of detritus carried by, 667

Gastaldi, Prof.,
on arrow-head superstitions, 367;
engravings by, 120, 200, 333, 337

Gatty, Rev. Reginald A., on minute flint tools, 325

Gaudry, M., sections of San Isidro valley by, 529

Gaul, Celtic, importation of amber from, 449

Gaulish coins, stone hatchet found with, 144

Gautier de Bibelesworth quoted as to slickstones, 441

Gaviller, Mr. G. H., oval implement found by, 584

Gay, the late Mr., 178

Geikie, Sir Archibald,
on lowering of river-basins, 668;
on chronology of valley erosion, 705, 706

Gems on hilt of Mexican chalcedony blade, 355

Geological data as to antiquity of man in Britain, 704, &c.

George, Mr. T., his find at Elton, 573

Georgius Agricola on thunderbolts, 64

Germany, superstitions in, regarding celts, 57, 58

Gesenius, his mention of stone knives in Palestine, 9

Gibb, Dr. G. D., drift implement found by, 617

Gibraltar, objects found in caves of, 177, 182, 252, 287, 428, 433

Gimawong, sacrificial use of stone in honour of, 10

Glacial deposit,
celt found in gravel of, 136;
deposit in Little Ouse valley, 682;
Period, flint-bearing deposits subsequent to, 697;
Period, attempt to date astronomically, 705;
Periods, their relation to Palæolithic periods, 568

Glaciers, heat action indicated by, 698

Gladstone, Dr. J. H., broad flake found by, 606

_Glandes_, the Roman sling-stones, 418

Glass
beads in barrows, 437, 456;
modern ceremonial use of flakes of, 9;
“slickstones” of, 441, 442

Glossiness
of surface of palæolithic implements, 659;
to what cause due, 660

_Glossopetra_, Pliny’s account of the, 363

Glovemakers, recent use of stone nodules by, 416

Godwin-Austen, Mr. R. A. C.,
his exploration of Kent’s Cavern, 489;
on gravels of Wey valley, 594;
on origin of Bournemouth gravels, 694;
on former temperature of English Channel, 701

Gneiss, hammers of, 221, 223, 224

Gnostic inscriptions, Egyptian celt bearing, 60, 61

Goat’s horn, use of, by Mexicans in arrow making, 39

Gog and Magog, their military flail, 423

Gold,
armilla of, 460;
box-like objects of, 460;
circular ornaments of, 427;
cup of, in barrow, 449;
engraved haft of, with Egyptian blade, 359;
on handle of bronze dagger, 227;
perforated studs covered with, 456;
plates of, in barrow, 227, 428

Gold mines of Egypt, bronze chisels in, 6

Gooch, Mr. W. D., on African palæolithic implements, 653

Goose, wild, remains of in Fisherton drift beds, 631

Gordon, Robert, of Straloch, on elf-darts, 364

Gouges,
abundance of, in Scandinavia, 178;
bronze mould for, 269;
Irish, 181;
rare in Britain, 178

Granite,
ball of, in Kent’s Cavern, 503;
blocks of, used as anvils, 245;
celt of, 108;
hammer stone of, in Kent’s Cavern, 503;
hand-mills of, in recent use, 253;
ironing stones of, 443;
perforated axes of, 195, 198;
polished hammer of, 222;
saddle-quern of, 252;
wedge-shaped blades of, 97;
water-worn fragments of, in Bournemouth gravels, 694

Grass, asserted hafting of implement with, 645

Grass-tree, Australian use of gum from the, 170

_Grattoirs_, 298

_Grattoir-bec_, 305

Gravel, pipes of in chalk, 551;
bones of animals smaller than man not found in, 656

Gravel Hill, Brandon, 562–567

Gravels,
French, 526–8, 698;
Spanish, &c., 529;
English, 530 _et seq._;
deposited, transported, and re-laid, 670, 693, 700;
nature of, governed by local causes, 678;
see “Sections”;
relations of to Boulder Clay, 577, 685, 697

Graves, Rev. J., on recent use of a quern, 258

Greece and Italy,
precedence of bronze to iron in, 6;
obsidian cores from, 28;
stone implements as thunderbolts in, 59

Greek language,
priority of bronze and iron shown by, 5;
inscription on celt, 61, 62

Greeks,
their reverence for the hatchet, 62;
use of sling bullets among the, 418

Greenhill, Mr. J. E., on the London gravels, 586

Greenland,
fish-hook in grave in, 294;
harpoon points of chalcedony in, 405

Greenough map, the, referred to, 683

Greenstone celt, sawing of, with flint flake, 45

Greenwell, Canon,
his explorations at Grime’s Graves, 33, 40;
of barrows, _passim_

Gregory, Mr. A. G., on stone-working in Australia, 26

Grew, Dr. Nehemiah, on “the flat Bolthead,” 364

Grewingk, Herr, on stone-boring tools, 47

Griffiths, Rev. Dr., ovate implements found by, 601

Grime’s Graves, explorations by Canon Greenwell at, 33, 40

Grinding implements,
absence of, in palæolithic times, 649;
corn, mediæval litigation as to, 25;
corn in Ireland, 251;
maize, Kaffir mill for, 250

Grinding stones and whetstones, 261–271;
in interments, 83, 84;
fixed, not revolving, 43, 261;
Scandinavian, 43, 261

Grit, from mill-stones, teeth worn by, 253

Grooved hammers, 233–236;
sharpening stone from La Madelaine, 484

Grooves
worked on axes, 168, 169, 211, 212;
for hafting, on hammer stones, 233;
on rocks, due to sharpening tools, 262;
pebbles with, 271

Grottoes, funereal, 160

Ground-ice, formation of, 671

Guanches, obsidian knives used by the, 8

Guernsey, manufactory of arrow-heads in, 401

Gum, Australian implements hafted with, 97,137

Gun-flints, present manufacture of, 14, 18

Gutsmuths on ancient stone-boring, 49

Gutteridge, Mr. William, drift implement found by, 598

H

Habits of Palæolithic Period, 656–658

_Hâches à bouton_ and _à tête_, 135

Hacket, Mr., Indian quartzite implement found by, 651

Hacquet, M., on the manufacture of gun-flints, 18, 21

Hæmatite,
celts made of, 127;
hammer of, 219;
scraped, for personal decoration, 248, 263, 264, 312, 484;
sling bullets of, 418

Haft
of celt, carved, 152;
of Mexican blade, jewelled, 355

Hafts,
club-like, 155;
forked, for hatchets, 163, 164

Hafted celts, discoveries of, 151–155

Hafting,
Carib method of, 155;
contrivances for assisting, 141, 151–172;
of daggers by split wood, 349;
of flakes, 288, 289, 292, 293, 502;
by flexible wooden binding, 167;
of flint blade by moss, 349;
of hammers with small perforations, 217;
of Maori chisels, 178;
by means of growing wood, 155, 218;
of spear-heads, 350, 351

_Hakke_, or hoes, 191

Halberd, meaning of, 146

Halliwell, Mr., on the Stone axe, 146

Hallstatt,
objects from, 460, 464, 465;
ornaments from, 84;
perforated whetstones, 269;
transitional period of cemetery of, 7

Hamard, Abbé, his researches at Hermes, 314

Hammers,
barrel-shaped, 224;
boulders used as, 234;
broken celt converted into, 242;
for chipping flints, 248–258;
conical, 223;
cylindrical, 224;
with depressions of faces, 239, 240;
egg-shaped, 224, 225;
Eskimo, 25;
grooved, 233–236;
from Kent’s Cavern, 503;
ornamented, 226;
horn, in contracted interment, 434;
ovoid pebbles perforated for, 228;
of peculiar forms, 219;
perforated, 217–232;
possible use of, as weapons, 220, 221;
Purgatory, 183;
of stag’s horn, 35, 41, 434;
stone, still used in Iceland, 11

Hammer-stones,
in barrows, 235, &c.;
of bronze, 246;
cavities worked in, 238;
definition of, 238;
with depressions of faces, 240–246;
discoidal, 249;
flint, at Cissbury, 32;
grooved for hafting, 233;
made from cores, 248;
North American, 241;
palæolithic, 536;
on Palæolithic floor, 606;
perforated, abundance of in Ireland, 232;
polished by use, 248;
ridges on, 246

Hand, implements adapted for holding in the, 136, 140, 151, 358, 552,
557, 645

Hand-hatchets, 137

Hand-mills of stone,
recent use of, 253;
with rotatory upper stone, 258

Handle,
jewelled, of Mexican blade, 355;
skin, of flint flake, 293;
of turned stone cups, how left, 446, 447;
wooden, of celts, 119, 152;
wooden, of celts, rare in Britain, 151;
wooden, of stag’s horn axe, 434

Handled celt, representation of in dolmen, 153

“Handled wedges,” 205

Hardening of flints by exposure, 32

Hardy, M. Michel, on accidentally fractured flints, 658

Harland, Mr. H. S., grinding tools found by, 266

Harpoon-heads,
of horn or bone, in French caves, 484;
of horn in Kent’s Cavern, 504;
Eskimo, single barbed, 394;
perforated, 410;
of quartz in S. America, 407

Harrison, Mr. Benjamin,
as to drift caps on chalk downs, 608;
implements found and given by, 92, 174, 198, 604, 611

Hastings, stone missiles probably used at Battle of, 147

Hatchets,
Australian, fitted with handles, 70;
bronze, Egyptian, 169;
butt-end roughened for socketing, 46;
of Danish type, 68, 69;
hafting of, 151, 161;
oblique-bladed, 152;
of one piece with handle, 171;
sacred importance of, with Greeks, 62;
stone, form of, affected by bronze influences, 75;
stone, method of forming, 31;
with loop for suspension, 171;
with semicircular cutting edge, 136;
worn, re-chipping of, 102;
nuclei made into, at Spiennes, 35

Hawk, skull of, in interment, 429

Hawkins, Mr. C. E., drift implement found by, 612

Haynes, Prof., Egyptian implements found by, 652

Heaps of flints prepared for slingers, 419

Heathery Burn Cave, bronze and bone objects in, 432

_Hellebarde_, etymology of, 146

Helwing on the true nature of celts, 63

Hemp, absent from Lake Dwellings, 436;
possible use of stone bats in preparing, 257

Hernandez, his account of obsidian-working, 24

Herodotus
on the ritual use of stone, 8;
on the arrows used by the army of Xerxes, 368;
on the featherless arrows of the Lycians, 410

Hesiod,
his mention of the early use of bronze, 4;
as to the feathering of the arrows of Hercules, 410

Hickes, Dr., on the shooting of elf-arrows, 366

Hicks, Dr. H., on date of Welsh caves, 521

Hides,
importance of, in savage life, 311;
present use of stone scrapers in preparing 36, 299;
stone implements possibly hafted by, 217, 235;
stones used for smoothing, 442;
wear of implements by scraping, 332;
wet, assagai-beads bound on by, 410

Hildebrand and Hadubrand, song of, 146

Hill-forts, querns found in, 259

Hilton, Mr. R., 94, 341;
drift implements found by, 622

Hilts of flint daggers, their probable use as flaking tools, 413

Hindoos, pebble superstition among, 568

Hippopotamus, its evidence as to former volume of English rivers, 699,
700

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt,
examination of barrows by, 143, 148, 210, 211,
227, 244, 260, 280, 291, 308, 314, 352;
on pebbles in tumuli, 443;
on whetstones, 268

Hoe,
use of stone implements as, 71, 191;
of stag’s horn with handle attached, 434

Hoe-like implements in Mexico, 216

Holes through stones, natural, utilization of, 225, 226

Hollow scrapers, 319, 320

Hollowing canoes,
stone gouges for, 178;
wapiti horn used for, 434

Holmes, Mr. W. H., on a chert quarry in Missouri, 80

Homer, mention of bronze arms in, 4, 368

Hones, 268, 269;
burial of, 208

Hone-stone,
celts of, 96, 105, 106, 117, 120, 121;
green, hollow adze of, 180

Hornblendes, various, implements of, 125, 128, 206, 224, 230

Horse, representation of, on bone, 523

Horse trappings, late Celtic, pebbles found with, 442

Houghton, Mr. W. H., drift implement found by, 572

Hove, amber cup found at, 449

Hoxne,
brick-field at, 574;
climatal changes shown by, 697;
implements found at, 374

Hughes, Prof. T. McK.,
cave researches by, 521;
drift implements found by, 539, 611;
on production of flint flakes, 272

Human race,
evidence for antiquity of, 658, &c.;
palæolithic evidence for unity of, 654;
probable origin in favourable climate, 703

Human remains
in palæolithic caves, 487, 517;
in gravel pit, 542;
in Thames gravel, doubtful evidence of, 607;
causes of their rarity, 656, 669, 702;
in Seine valley, 703

Huntley, the late Dowager Marchioness, implements found by, 573

Hurons, asserted methods of hafting among, 155, 218

Hut-circles,
hammer-stones found in, 234;
discoidal stones in, 244;
saddle-quern in, 251;
scraper in, 309;
spindle whorls in, 438;
whetstones in, 270;
worn pebbles in, 248

Hyænas,
alternate occupation of caves by man and, 519;
absent from Kent’s Cavern, 508

_Hydrobia marginata_, former presence of, in England, 531, 533, 539,
584, 586

I

Ice,
possible action of, in Darent gravel-bed, 610;
transporting power of, 671, 672

Ice-chisels, possible use of early implements as, 645, 654

Iceland, stone hammers in use in, 11

Ichthyophagi, the, Diodorus on their use of stone, 288

Icklingham, gun-flint factory formerly at, 14

“Imp-stones,” 437

Implements,
palæolithic, chronology of, retrogressive, 473;
from caves and drift compared, 474;
large, rarity of in caves, 475;
with extinct fauna, 481–486, 490, &c., 513, 620, 701;
of caves, classification of, 483, 484;
joined up, 20, 514, 586;
British area of, 524, 580;
of the River Drifts, 526 _et seq._;
of materials other than flint, 565, &c.;
below the Palæolithic floor, 586, 591;
first discovery of in quaternary beds, 581;
beneath mammoth remains, 630;
classification of, 640, 648;
compared with neolithic, 648–650, 657;
from Asia and Africa, 650;
forms of, almond-shaped, 529, 540, 557, 647;
bevel-edged, 546, 559;
broad and short, 594;
circular, 559, 608;
crescent-like, 559, 571, 647;
discoidal, 648;
flat-faced, 645;
kite-shaped, 492, 542, 593, 644;
lanceolate, 554;
large and heavy, 532, 569, 613;
lozenge-shaped, 647;
oblique-edged, 567, 568;
oval, 589, 625, 604, 629;
ovate, 515, &c., 593, &c., 602, 618;
ovoid, 492, 493;
perch-backed, 646, 647;
pointed, 557, 563, 603, 613, 644, &c.;
scraper-shaped, 500, 632;
sharp-rimmed, 642, 647, 701;
shoe-shaped, 537, 554, 593, 645;
tongue-shaped, 539, 572, 644, 649;
triangular, 492;
wedge-shaped, 529

Incantations regarding stones, 469

“Incense-cup” in barrow, 211

Incisions on bone objects, 523, 656

India,
small chalcedony cores in, 23;
superstitious reverence for jade in, 60;
celts in, 88, 89;
ivory wrist-guard used in, 430

Indians,
North American, arrows, 370;
Californian, arrow-chipping by, 39;
Californian, obsidian worked by, 27;
Cloud River, arrow-chipping by, 39;
of Ecuador, axe-mounting among, 170;
flaking tools of, 24;
fleshing instruments, 126;
hatchets, 97;
hatchets, mounting of, 168;
holes drilled by, 50, 52;
lozenge-shaped lance-heads, 372;
pyrites used among, for fire-producing, 317;
quoits, 440;
Snake River, obsidian-working by, 40;
tomahawks made by, 52

Indra, hammer as attribute of, 62

Indus, large nuclei from banks of, 23

Ingram, the Rev. Canon, as to bracers, 429

Interments,
stone and bronze found together in, 123, 143, &c.;
primary and secondary, mixing of, 210, 211;
Saxon, with quern, 259;
late presence of flint in, 282;
objects accompanying, _passim_;
burnt, objects found with, 96, 105, 186, 194, 197, 210, 253, 291, 330,
377, 398, &c.;
contracted, cause of position, 149;
objects found in, 230, 280, 371, 385, 429, &c.

Intrenchments, old, relation of sling-stones to, 419

Ireland,
abundance of flint arrow-heads in, 399, 408;
arrow-heads relatively larger in, 400;
blades of slaty stone in, 353;
flint celts rare in, 84, 133;
late use of stone implements in, 11;
recent use of stone anvils in, 232;
superstitions in, concerning celts, 57

Iron Age,
Bronze Age succeeded by, 5;
grooved stones with objects of the, 271;
axe-head in barrow, 463;
axes, French, resembling stone types, 205;
blades, Eskimo, skin-hafted, 293;
late use of, in Egypt, 6;
date of discovery as given by Arundelian marbles, 4;
early use of, in Britain, 10;
infrequent mention of by Homer, 4;
knife, 487;
meteoric, probably first used, 5;
-mould, staining of scrapers by, 315;
objects of, in interments, 210, 394, 397, 438, 455;
ore in barrow, 263, 313, 338;
Period, Early, “strike-a-light” stones of the, 241;
pick-axe in old workings of lead mine, 234;
used for pins of querns, 259

Ironing stones of granite, 443

Iron-stone,
Sussex, celt of, 84;
axe-head of, 186;
cave implement of, 522

Iroquois,
the use of pump drill by, 48;
sword of, 294

Isle of Wight,
severance of, from mainland, 690;
former extent of, 693

Italy,
arrow-head superstitions in, 367;
iron preceded by bronze in, 5;
ridged flake in, 327;
stone “thunderbolts” in, 59

Ivory,
articles of, at Paviland, 487;
carved bracers of, 430;
fossil, used by Eskimos for arrow-flaking, 37;
fossil, Eskimo scraper hafted in, 298;
fossil, present use of, in Siberia, 488;
plates of, in necklaces, 457;
rod of, in Brixham cave, 516;
spindle-whorls of, 439;
used for shafting arrows of Bushmen, 410

J

Jacquard, M. Ed., on “Céraunies,” 57

Jade,
adzes, New Zealand, 166, 167;
boring of, in New Zealand, 46;
celts of, 109, 114;
discs of, 216;
Eskimo hammer of, 25;
found in Europe, 110;
Maori chisels of, 178;
sawing of, 45;
wooden-hafted blade of, 299

Jade-like stone, French chisel of, 176

Jadeite,
celt of, worn as charm, 57;
celts of, 58, 107, 129;
celts of, in Brittany dolmens, 109

Japan,
European appearance of arrow-heads from, 405;
stone axes considered as thunderbolts in, 59;
stone blades from, 355

Jasper,
flakes, cutting power of, 6;
hammer-head of, 229;
pendants of, 465;
scraper of, 310;
Spanish flake of, 287

Java, stone axes in, 59

Javelins and arrow-heads, 360–411;
distinction between, 370

Javelin-heads
in interments, 371, 455;
Australian mode of shafting, 288;
Irish, with polished faces, 372;
Italian, 333;
present use of flakes as, 288;
stemmed, 379

Jaw-bone of animal, implement formed from, 434

Jaw, human, from Moulin-Quignon, 703

Jeffreys, the late Mr. J. Gwyn, 345

Jet,
armlets of, 464;
beads, 309;
beads, oblong, 149;
buttons, 265, 398, 453;
cone of, 308, 352;
necklaces of, 456–463;
ornaments of, 332, 385, 394;
rings, 265, 426;
rings associated with studs, 266, 454;
Solinus on the properties of, 464

Jewitt, the late Mr. Llewellynn, on elf-arrows, 366

Jews,
modern, ceremonial use of flint by, 9;
their use of stone-struck fire, 16

Jones, Prof. Rupert, on the London gravels, 586

Joshua,
his ceremonial use of stone knives, 9;
discovery of flint flakes in tomb of, 9

Judd, Prof. J. W., drift implement found by, 611

K

Kaffirs,
their present use of stone implements, 11;
their present use of bed-stone and rolling pin, 250;
their mode of shafting assagais, 410

Kahun, manufacture of stone implements at, 45

Keller, Dr.,
on the tools of Moosseedorf, 22;
on sawing stone implements, 44;
on tube-boring, 49, 50;
referred to, 159, 162, 242, 310, 323;
on weights for weaving, 443

Kemble, Mr., on stones in Teutonic tombs, 468

Kennett, Bishop, quoted as to slickstones, 441

Kentmann, thunderbolts described by, 63, 64

Kent’s Cavern, Torquay,
awl of bone from, 506;
bone, objects of, 504–506;
bones, mineral condition of, 508;
bronze objects in upper layer, 492;
charcoal in, 492, 511;
co-existence of man with extinct animals in, 510;
cores and hammers from, 503;
correlation of, with foreign caves, 511;
deposits of, 491;
examinations of, 488–491;
fauna of, neolithic, 508;
fauna of, palæolithic, 507;
flakes from, 498, &c.;
flint implements from, 492–503;
harpoons, 504;
human remains, 492;
implements below the stalagmite, 489;
implements, neolithic, from upper layers, 492;
needle of bone, 321, 506;
pin, 506;
sabre-toothed tiger, 508;
scrapers, 500, 502;
whetstone, 504

Kerr, Mr. Richard, ovate implement found by, 621

Kilkenny, modern use of quern in, 258

Kimmeridge coal,
beads of, 309;
buttons of, 455;
“coal money,” how made, 465;
shale, bead of, 463;
shale, ring of, 456;
shale, saucer of, 445;
shale, waste pieces of from lathe, 447, 465

King, Mr. C. W., on an engraved Egyptian celt, 60

Kintore, Earl of, battle-axe presented to Edinburgh Museum by, 197

Kioway Indians, stone hammer used by, 235

Kirchner on stone-boring, 51

Kirwan, Rev. R.,
on a worn perforated pebble, 225;
on turned stone cups, 445, 447, 448

Kist-vaen, vessels found in, 450

Kite-shaped palæolithic implements, 542, 592, 644

Kjökken-möddings,
Danish, axes of the, 68;
flakes in, 280, 286;
hatchets from, 32;
motive for their position, 479;
post-Roman, hammer-stones in, 247;
scrapers, 310;
serrated flints in, 296;
sling-stones in, 419

Klah-o-quat Indians, their wapiti-horn chisels, 434

Klebs, Dr. R., on amber ornaments of Stone Age, 450

Knife Gallery, Brixham, 514

Knife-shaped implements, 535, 646

Knives,
blunted at one edge, 335, 336;
bronze, 5;
chipped, not ground, 356;
circular, 341, 342;
curved, 355–358;
Egyptian, 8, 354, 359;
Eskimo, of meteoric iron, 5;
fluted, 359;
flint, 290, 356, &c.;
ground, from Scotland, 338;
hafting of, 346;
horseshoe-shaped, 342;
Japanese, 355;
of mica-schist, 381;
peculiar, in Lake dwellings, 348;
Picts’, perforated, 346;
Picts’, probably handled, 347;
of polished slate, 358;
Scandinavian, of slate, 404;
serrated, 331;
of small flakes continuously mounted, 277, 293;
of stone, ceremonial use of, 8–10;
triangular, 340, 343

“Knockin’-stones” in Scotland, 11

Knowles, the late Rev. Dr., 138

Kotzebue Gulf, arrow-flaker from, 38

Kruse on perforated axes, 184

L

Labour necessary for stone-working, 107, 226, 231

Lafitau on the time required for tomahawk-making, 52

Laing, the late Mr. S., rude implements found by, in Caithness, 281

Lake-dwellings,
arrow-heads of, 402;
axes, socketed, in, 158;
corn-crushers in, 246;
flakes in, 281–287;
grinding-stones in, 262;
handled flakes from, 292;
mealing-stones in, 250;
narrow rubbers in, 267;
perforated hammer, 232;
perforated whetstones, 269;
scrapers, 310, 318;
slings of flax, 417;
spinning and weaving in, 436;
stag’s horn sockets, 43, 136, 161, 177;
wooden spindle-whorls, 439

La Madelaine, characteristics of Age of, 484

_Lamiarum sagittas_, 362

Lamps of stone, 445, 450, 451

Landon, Mr. Joseph, examination of Rea gravels by, 578

Lance-heads,
from barrows, 333;
of bone, 431;
flakes used as, 288;
of flint, 348–351;
fluted, at Sourdes, 43;
lozenge-shaped, 372;
notched, in Norway, 404

Lane-Fox, Col., see Rivers, Gen. Pitt.

_Langues-de-chat_, 644

_Lapis lydius_, celt of, 114

Lapps,
the, divination by stones among the, 470;
flint and steel buried with the, 283;
their use of sinews for thread, 507

Lark River, older representative of the, 682

Lartet, Prof. E.,
on boring with flint flakes, 321;
his chronological classification of caves, 481;
experiments with flint tools, 507;
on _grattoirs_, 298

Lartet, Prof. Louis, his Spanish finds, 529

Lasham, Mr. Frank, on the gravels of the Wey valley, 595

Lastic, Vicomte de, his cave at Bruniquel, 296

Latchmore, Mr. Frank, drift implements found by, 536, 602, 604

“Late-Celtic” Period, stone ornamentation of, 260

“Lateritic” beds in Madras, implements found in, 651, 654

Lathe,
amber cup turned in, 449;
use of, probably pre-Roman, 446;
for turning cups, 446;
for turning spindle-whorls, 438;
“coal money” the waste product of, 465

Lauth, Prof., on the origin of iron in Egypt, 5

Lavers, Mr. Edward, ovate implement found by, 578

Lawrence, Mr. G. F., implements found by, 111, 604

Layton, Mr. T., Thames finds in possession of, 74, 161

Lead, present use of for Bolas, 422;
sling bullets of, 418;
spindle-whorls of, 439

Lead-mines, implements found in, 234

Leather,
celts buried in case of, 109;
method of sewing, 433;
scrapers for preparing, 311;
stones used in preparation of, 440;
stones used for smoothing seams in, 443

Leech, Mr. Thomas, implements found by, at Reculver, 613

Left-handedness, early evidence as to, 429

Leg-bones of animal,
chisels of, 434;
implements made from, 431;
used as net-sinkers, 237

Lehaie, M. A. Houzeau de, on the flint factory at Spiennes, 34

Lemming,
remains of, at Wookey, 519;
remains of in Fisherton beds, 631;
remains of, as indicative of climate, 699

Le Moustier, Age of, implements of, 483, 496

Leonora Christina, Princess, flint used by for cutting, 348

Lepic, Vicomte, his suggestions as to mounting stone implements, 162

Lepsius on Egyptian flakes, 287

Lewis and Clarke quoted as to _pogamoggon_, 424

Lightning,
connection of stone implements with, 63;
stone implements as safeguards against, 145, 361

Lightning-teeth, stone axes known as, in Java, 59

Lignite,
rings of, in urn, 465;
pendant of, 466

Limestone,
buttons of, 453;
celt of, 122;
oolitic, knife of, 345;
rocks, caves in, 520, 522

Lindenschmit,
on stone-boring, 49;
referred to, 163, 177, 191, 194, 232

Lindsay, Dr. W. Lauder, on Maori hatchets, 172

Linen, polishing of, by slickstones, 441

_Lingue di San Paolo_, 367

Lisch on stone-boring, 49

Lithuania, central core from tube-boring found in, 47

Little, Mr. W. C., on the development of flint arrows, 369

_Livres de beurre_, 27

Loadstone, sling bullets of, 418

Loams, red, in caves, 479

Loir et Cher, manufacture of gun-flints in, 15

Londesborough, objects found by the late Lord, in barrows, 148, 160,
290, 328

Long barrows,
flakes in, 280;
leaf-shaped arrow-heads peculiar to, 399

Long Hole, Gower, fauna of and flints from, 520

Longman, Mr. C. J., his series of early bracers, 430

Longpérier, M., on hatchet worship, 62

Looms, early, use of weights in, 443

Lorraine, Prince François de, Turkish stone hatchet presented to, 59

Lottin, Dr., on the manufacture of gun-flints, 18

Lower Tertiary conglomerate,
flakes of, 281;
querns of, 259;
pebble, palæolithic implement made from, 613

Lubbock, Sir John,
Algerian implement found by, 652;
on the comparative numbers of men and objects of chase, 656;
as to date of Glacial Period, 705;
names of Neo- and Palæolithic due to, 12, 474;
referred to, 272, 299, 310;
on sling-stones, 419;
on the uses of stone implements, 655

Luco, Abbé, pyrites and flint found by, in dolmen, 318

“Lucky Stones,” virtues of, 469

Lucretius as to successive Periods of culture, 4

Lukis, Capt., polished celt found by, with skeleton, 149

Lukis, the late F. C., M.D.,
on the connection between celts and
lightning, 57;
on elf-arrows and elf-darts, 365;
on the handling of celts, 171;
oval armlet found by, 464;
referred to, 127, 141

Lukis, the late Rev. W. C., of Wath, referred to, 188, 204, 240, 268

Lycians, the, their arrows featherless, 410

Lydian stone,
celt of, 115, 167;
Irish flakes of, 281, 291

Lye, his dictionary referred to as to stone bill, 145

Lyell, Sir Charles,
on the Fisherton beds, 630;
on the formation of caverns, 480;
on geological changes near Wookey, 519;
as to Glacial Period, 705;
on rhinoceros in Gower, 520;
on river action, 663;
on the Shasta method of arrow-chipping, 40

Lyme Regis, manufactory of flint implements at, 35

Lyon, Mr. Caleb, on Shasta arrow-head making, 40

Lysons, Mr. Samuel, excavations at Witcombe, 144

Lyttelton, Bishop, on stone hatchets, 3, 202, 204

M

Mace-head, lenticular, of breccia, 232

Maces, flints naturally perforated used for, 184

Maces, see Hammers

MacEnery, the Rev. J., his researches in Kent’s Cavern, 488, 495

_Machairodus_, the, 508, 524

Maghara,
copper mines of, 6;
stone hammers at, 230;
flint arrow-head from, 405

Mahanuddy, small nuclei from banks of, 23

Mahudel, on the early use of stone, 3

Maize, Kaffir mill for grinding, 250;
stone pestles for crushing, 257

Mallet, Indian mode of hafting, 239

_Malleus fulmineus_, 63

Mammoth, caves of the Age of the, 481

Man,
antiquity of in Britain, 703;
his co-existence with extinct animals, 474, 508, 513, 524, 700, &c.;
early occupation of caves, 475, 480, &c.;
mammalian fauna altered by, 482

Mandingoes, single-barbed arrows of the, 394

Manethonian dynasty, the third, use of grooved hammers in, 235

Manganese, dendritic markings due to presence of, 660

Mangles, Mr. H. A., drift implements found in Wey valley by, 595

Manning, Mr. Percy, implements found by, near Oxford, 594

Mantell, the late Dr., 84, 148, 308

Manufactories of flint implements, 34, 268, 280, 359, 401, 402;
at Cissbury, 79;
at Crayford, 606;
in Guernsey, 401;
at the Lake of Varese, 402;
at Lyme Regis, 35;
at Massingham Heath, 83;
at Moosseedorf, 22;
“wasters” found at, 80, 649

Maoris,
bows unknown among the, 360;
their jade chisels, 178;
uses of the “Toki” among the, 172

Marathon, source of stone arrow-heads at, 368, 403

Marbodæus quoted as to the _ceraunius_, 64

Marcou, M., on N. American mauls, 235

Marine deposits in Fen gravels, 681

Marmot
in Crayford beds, 607;
in Fisherton beds, 631;
presence of, indicative of climate, 699

Marrow of bones, a primitive delicacy, 504, 657

Marten, Mr. John, drift implement found by, 620

Martha’s Hof, celt kept in a granary at, 58

Martin, Mr. C. Wykeham, scraper found by, 309

Mas d’Azil, painted pebbles in cave of, 484, 485

Mason, Mr. Otis T., “on aboriginal skin-dressing,” 299

Massagetæ, their bronze arrow-heads, 368

Materials of which British celts are made, 65, 66, &c.;
relative durability of, 655

Matter, solid, amount of in turbid water, 667

Mauls, stone, method of hafting, 169;
in old copper workings, 233

Mealing-stones,
absent in palæolithic times, 657;
and muller, 251;
from Swiss Lake-dwelling, 246, 250;
on the site of Troy, 253

Medicinal powers, supposed, of stone implements, 271, 365, 437

Meillet, M.,
referred to, 327;
on the causes of alteration in flint, 497

“Mell” for preparing barley, 451

Memnon, bronze sword of, 4

Mentone, intermediate age of deposits in caves near, 475, 487

Mercati, his suggestion as to the origin of celts, 62

_Meres_, New Zealand,
difficulty of boring, 52;
mode of using, 118;
as denoting chieftainship, 226

Merewether, the late Dean, implements found by, 309

Meriones, bronze arrow of, 4

Merovingian interments,
flint chips in, 283;
flint implements in, 144, 145;
iron arrow-heads in, 394;
iron-mounted scrapers in, 314;
stone objects in, 470

Mesolithic, use of term deprecated, 702

Metal-working,
possible use of, small hammers for, 223;
stone discs perhaps connected with, 257

Meteoric iron, probably the first used, 5

Mexican arrow-heads, 24, 39;
English appearance of, 406;
blade with original handle, 355;
flakes of obsidian, 288;
hafting of metal axes, 155, 156;
obsidian cores, 23;
obsidian razors, 290;
obsidian swords, 294

Meyer, Dr. A. B., his catalogue of jade objects, 110

“Meyrick’s Armour” referred to, 200

Mica schist,
with garnets, celt of, 97;
battle-axe of, 197;
hammer of, 225

Micaceous grit,
axe-head of, 195;
celt of, 97;
perforated adze of, 189

Mid-Pleistocene character of Crayford beds, 607

Mildenhall, recent arrow-heads made by workman of, 42

Mill,
bed-stone and rolling pin as, 250;
rotatory, 254

“Mill-bill” of present day, 146

Mill-dues of St. Albans, 258

Mills and balls in barrows, 253

Milner, Col., his celt with Gnostic inscriptions, 60

Mine de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest, mauls found in, 235

“Miners’ hammers,” Irish, 234

Mining,
in chalk, 33, 79, 172;
stone mauls used for, 233, 234

Mining instruments of bronze, 233

Miocene Age, evidence doubtful as to existence of man in the, 374

Mirrors, possible use of polished stone discs as, 440

Missiles, possible use of discoidal implements as, 655

Mississippi, estimated amount of detritus carried by, 667

Missouri, chert quarry in, 80

Mitchell, Sir A., on the spindle and whorl, 437

Mitten, Mr., on the fossil mosses from Hoxne, 577

Mongols, use of military flail among the, 423

Monkman, Mr. C, on sling-stones and intrenchments, 419

Montelius, Prof., referred to, 154, 261

Montezuma, arrow-making in palace of, 406;
stone axe of, 157

Moraines of glaciers, boulder-clay mainly derived from, 697

Morison, Fynes, on Irish corn-grinding, 251

Morlot, M., his suggestions as to grinding flints, 43

“Morning star,” a modification of the staff-sling, 423

Morse, Miss, her assistance with fossil plants from Hoxne, 577

Mortars, 245, 257, 450

Mortillet, M. A. de,
on celt with haft-mark, 154;
M. Gabriel de, on boring of Swiss axes, 51;
on the chronological sequence of cave deposits, 475;
classification of caves by, 483;
on a cubical grindstone, 245;
on early cruciform ornaments, 454;
on Greek inscribed celt, 62;
his subdivisions of Palæolithic Period, 528;
on tube-boring, 47;
referred to, 194, 232, 278, 296

Moscardo on the _Pietre ceraunie_, 364

Moseley, Mr. H. N., worked jade brought by, from New Zealand, 46

Moss, flint blade handled with, 349

Mosses, fossil, at Hoxne, 577

Moulds,
bronze, for celts, &c., 269;
stone, for bronze implements, 443

Mound in Tennessee, hatchet from, 171

Moustérien Age, characteristics of, 483

Much, Dr., on the Hellebarde, 146

Müller, Dr. Sophus,
on the burial of axes, 76;
referred to, 261

Mullers,
present use of, 248;
various forms of, 244, 252

Mumford, Rev. George, celt fixed in a tree found by, 150

Munro, his “Lake Dwellings” referred to, 45, 297

Mur de Barrez, flint pit at, 35

Museums of—Antiquaries,
Soc. of, England, 78, 126, 141, 150, 196, 229,
346, 377, 405;
Berlin, 188, 191, 294;
Blois, 187;
Bonn, 136;
Brighton, 449, 518;
British, _passim_;
Brunswick, 191;
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 73, 74, 88, 92, 100, 104, 178, 191,
251, 336, 390, 538;
Fitch, 100;
Woodwardian, 92, 100, 538, 595;
Canterbury, 353;
Castleton, 342;
Charterhouse School, 596;
Clermont Ferrand, 286, 465;
Copenhagen, Ethnological, 167, 183, 191, 226, 245, 246, 286, 292, 347;
Derby, 225;
Devizes, 428;
Douai, 169;
Dresden, Ethnological, 111;
Historical, 157;
Economic Geology, Jermyn Street, 84, 174, 357, 583, 613;
Edinburgh, National, _passim_;
Exeter, Albert, 192, 407, 445, 639;
Geneva, 113, 185;
Ghizeh, 359, 369;
Grierson, at Thornhill, 200;
Kelso, 119;
Keswick, Crosthwaite collection, 106, 117;
Kirkcudbright, 442;
Königsberg, 403;
Lausanne, 185, 292, 327;
Leeds, Bateman collection, _passim_;
Philosophical Society, 187, 191, 221;
Leicester, 103, 230, 254, 470;
Leipzig, 191, 220;
Le Puy, 101, 296, 411;
Leverian, 212, 441, 575, &c.;
Lewes, 101, 174;
Leyden, 114, 128, 205, 403, 405;
Egyptian, 174, 354;
Liverpool, Mayer collection, 96, 151, 235, 354;
Lund, 418;
Lyons, 109;
Madras, Central, 569;
Mainz, 109, 160, 268;
Montrose, 224, 421;
Morbihan, Société Polymathique de, 109;
Namur, 402;
Nancy, Musée Lorrain, 59;
Naples, 354;
Neuchâtel, 232;
Newcastle, Soc. Ant., 104, 123, 124, 126, 128, 193, 200, 383;
Northampton, 110, 124;
Norwich, 91, 100, 150, 202, 223, 229, 240, 440;
Fitch collection, _passim_;
Over Yssel, 157;
Oxford, 337, 341, 518, 593;
Ashmolean, 104, 354, 357;
Paris, Musée d’Artillerie, 327;
Perth, 421;
Peterhead, Arbuthnot, 425, 463;
Plymouth Institute, 200, 495;
Powysland, 208, 342;
Royal Irish Academy, 43, 85, 215, 308;
St. Germain, 109, 160, 187, 262;
Salisbury, Blackmore, _passim_;
Scarborough, 207;
Southampton, Hartley Institute, 293, 294;
Stockholm, 418, 435;
Stourhead Collection, 427;
Sussex Archæological Society, 185, 242, 249;
Swansea, Royal Institution, 187;
Toulouse, 559;
Troyes, 262;
Truro, 187;
Turin, Arsenal of, 379;
Turin, Egyptian, 354;
Upsala, 58;
Vannes, 109;
Vienna, Ambras, 157;
Warrington, 234;
Weimar, 109;
Wilts Archæological Society, 268;
Zurich, 269

Musk ox,
remains of, in Cray Valley, 604, 607;
remains of, in Fisherton beds, 631;
as indicative of climate, 699

Mussel-shell adzes, present use of, 182

Mycenæ,
earthenware spindle-whorls at, 439;
obsidian arrow-heads at, 403

N

Nardoo, Australian stones for grinding, 243

Necklaces,
of arrow-heads, as charms, 367;
Greek or Etruscan, 10;
of jet, and other materials, 455–463

Needles,
bone, in cave deposits, 433;
in Creswell caves, 523, 524;
drilled with flint, 321;
in French caves, 484, 506;
in Kent’s Cavern, 506;
bronze, central-eyed, 433;
copper, 440

Needs, identical, like results produced by, 325

Neolithic Period,
characteristics of, 54;
difficulties of chronology of, 471;
its range in time, 147;
sepulchres, frequent disappearance of bones in, 656

Nephrite,
traces of sawing on celt of, 43;
engraved celt of, 60

Net-sinkers, 236, 237

Netting, possible use of bone instruments for, 432

New Caledonians, sling-stones of, 418, 419

Neuwied, Prinz, on Australian stone blades, 171

Newton, Mr. E.T., on human remains in Thames valley gravel, 607

New Zealand,
jade adzes of, 166, 167;
sawing of jade in, 45;
thong-drill used in, 48

Nickel, presence of, in meteoric iron, 5

Nightmare, perforated stones good against, 469

Nilsson, Prof.,
on the date of certain axes, 52;
on the obliquity of celt edges, 113;
on perforated discs, 439;
on rude sling-stones, 419;
suggestion as to David’s sling, 417;
referred to, 184, 204, 241, 261, 271, 293, 294, 296, 297, 339, 350,
450

Nodule of flint, bludgeon-shaped, in grave, 277

Nodules of pyrites, their use in producing fire, 313–319

Norman, Mr. H. G., palæolithic implements found by, 604

Norway, method of testing celts in, 57

Notches on axes,
for hafting, 169;
on hammer-stones, 246, 247;
worn on flakes, 642

Nouter, axe personified by, 62

Nuclei,
their relation to flakes, 272;
French, 277;
small, 23

O

Oak,
coffin, gold cup in, 449;
trees, bark removed by bone chisels, 435;
trees, experimental felling of, 162;
trunks, hollowed, interments in, 398, 448

Oaks, present in brick-earth at Hoxne, 537

Obsidian,
arrow-heads of, in California, 37;
arrow-heads at Mycenæ, 403;
arrow-heads from the Caucasus, 405;
arrow-heads made in the Palace of Montezuma, 406;
cores of, from Greek sites, 28, 278;
Easter Island tool of, 289;
flakes of, in Greece, 278, 284, 286;
jade bored by, in New Zealand, 46;
knives of, skin-hafted, 293;
knives of, in Teneriffe, 8;
methods of working, 23–25, 39;
Mexican dagger-blades of, 354;
scrapers of, 310

Ochre, red,
in interment, 149;
use of as cosmetic, 263

Ochreous tinting of gravel implements, 617, &c.

_Ofai ara_, Polynesian sling-stones, 420

Ohio Valley, steatite tubes from, 50

Ojibway Indians, 168

Oliver, Lieut., R.E., drift implement found by, 626

Ophthalmia, Burmese treatment of, 60

Ore, iron, in interment, 313, 317

Ornament, cruciform, early occurrence of, 453

Ornaments,
funereal, 84;
perforated for suspension, 321;
personal, 452–472, 484, 657;
pulley-like, of jet, 398

Ornamentation
on axes, 196–198, 211;
on baking stones, 440;
on balls, 420;
on beads, 457, 458;
on cups, 444, 448;
on cylinders of chalk, 421;
on hammer, 226;
on jet ring, 454;
on lamp, 445;
on querns, 259, 260;
on spindle-whorls, 438;
on stone vessel, 451

Ostrich,
egg-shell, discs of, worn by Bushmen, 277;
bone used by Bushmen for arrow-shafting, 410

Otter-skin, Californian knives hafted with, 293

Out-door and in-door use, varying implements for, 641

Ouvry, late Mr. F., Egyptian implement found by, 652

Overlapping of the three Ages, 11, 227

Ovid,
his mention of the sickle of Medea, 5;
his mention of the stone used by Atys, 9;
on the wearing action of water, 477

Oviedo on sawing with sand and string, 44

Ox, African, sacrifice of, with stone implement, 10

Ox horn,
possible use of, in tube-boring, 50;
dagger-hilt of, 265

P

Paint,
red, early use of, 149, 263, 264;
from hæmatite, 312;
stone mullers used for grinding, 248

Palæolithic deposits,
their relation to Boulder clay, 577, 685, 697

floors, buried under “trail,” 698;
discovery of, 586, 591;
flint workshop on, 606;
heaps of flint lying on, 598;
implements from, 587;
preservation of delicate flakes in, 643;
replacement on original cores of, flakes from, 598;
under brick-earth, 598;
under Wey valley gravels, 595

implements, compared with neolithic, 12, 648, 657

man, evidence for unity of races of, 654

Palæolithic Period,
characteristics of implements of, 53;
grindstones apparently unknown in, 85;
conditions of human life in, 657

Palestine, ceremonial use of stone knives in, 9

Palstaves, bronze, hafting of, 163

Patagonians,
arrow-heads of, 406;
varieties of Bolas among, 422

Patination of flints, 187, 660

Patroclus, prize at funeral games of, 5

Paulus Jovius on bone bracers in England, 430

Pausanias on the use of metals in the heroic times, 4, 7

Peale, Mr. T. R., on the use of bone in arrow-chipping, 39

Peat,
injurious effect of, on wood, 152;
moss, hafted hatchet found in, 151;
moss, sling-stones in, 419;
moss, stone knives arranged in, 593;
Oxford, recent flora in, 593;
palæolithic implements at base of, 539

Pebbles,
as amulets, 466, 469;
cheese-shaped, 244;
with depressions worked, 241, 244, 270;
flint, disintegration of, 497;
grooved, 271;
in interments, 467, &c.;
naturally perforated, 469, 470;
painted, in the cave of Mas d’Azil, 484;
perforated, for hammers, 217;
perforated, for net-sinkers, 439;
polished, in tumuli, 214, 443, 467;
as pounders, 244;
of quartz, battered by use, 25;
of quartzite, hammers of, 228;
sacred, 468;
for slinging, 419

Pemberton, American inscribed axe from, 58

Pendants
of amber, 460;
of bone, 463;
of bronze at Hallstatt, 464;
of jasper and callais, 465;
of jet, 461, &c., 466;
of serpentine, 470

Pengelly, Mr.,
exploration of Brixham cave by, 512;
of Kent’s Cavern, 488, 491

Pennacooks,
mode of using pestle among the, 257;
their scrapers, 299

Pennant, Mr., on querns in the Hebrides, 258

Penning, Mr. W. H.,
on African palæolithic implements, 653;
palæolithic implements found by, 602, 603

Pennington, Mr. Rooke, barrow opened by, 467

Perceval, Mr. Spencer G., drift implement found by, 624

Perforations
in celts, 142;
incomplete, of axe-heads, 205, 226;
natural, in flints, 184, 225;
in pebbles, 217, 470;
in stone, how effected, 46, 47;
in stone, possible use of in cord-making, 428;
in whetstones, 268;
in wooden handle of flake, 292

Perrault, M., researches in the Camp de Chassey, 159

Persian arrows, iron, 394, 396

Persians, myth as to their skill in archery, 361

Personal ornaments, amulets, &c., 452–472

Perthes, M., Boucher de,
discoveries in Somme valley, 12, 490;
on celt handle, 160;
on uses of pointed implements, 655;
on worked flints at Abbeville, 526

Peru, obsidian working in, 24

Pestle and mortar, 252, 254

Pestle-like implements, 135, 149

Petrie, Prof. Flinders,
on Egyptian blades, ripple-marked, 359;
on fibre-hafted knife, 293;
flint hatchets, hafting of, 169, 170;
lance-head, 354;
palæolithic implements found by, 652, 653;
on sickles, 297;
on tube-boring, 51

Pfahl-bauten,
Swiss, flint workshop in the, 22;
sawing on celts of, 43

Philip II. of Macedon, imitations of coin of, found with arrow-head, 397

Phillips, Mr. B., on softening amber, 449

Pickel, Conrad, his name Latinized into _Celtes_, 56

Picks of red deer horn used for flint extraction, 33

Picks and chisels, 173–182

“Picts’ Castle,” 138

“Picts’ houses,” see Brochs.

“Picts’ knives,”
flakes resembling, 281, 292;
not of flint, 345;
recent use of, 348;
possible use of in whaling, 348

_Pierre de tonnerre_, 57

Pig, Roman sacrifice of, with flint weapon, 10

“Pikelet stones” now made of iron, 440

Pins or awls, 433;
bone, in interments, 83;
from Kent’s Cavern, 488, 506;
bronze, 214;
possible use of, in interments, 432

Pipes of erosion, 548, 602, 707

Pisander, bronze axe of, 4

“Pisky grinding-stones,” 437

Pitcairn on the diabolical origin of elf-arrows, 366

Pitch, Scandinavian use of, for mounting bronze implements, 170

_Pithecanthropus erectus_, Dr. Dubois’, alluded to, 703

Pits for the extraction of flints, 33, 35, 78

Pivot stones, 242

Planes, Eskimo, use of scrapers as, 299

“Plateau type,” doubtful character of flints of, 609, 643, 658

Plate of gold in barrow, 227

Plates
of amber for necklaces, 460;
of jet, 457, &c.

Pleistocene fauna,
association of worked flints with, 606, 700, 701, &c.;
implements, European, similarity of those of Somaliland with, 653

Pliny
as to _Cerauniæ_, 64, 481;
on the _Glossopetra_, 363;
on the _ovum anguinum_, 437;
on pyrites, 16

Plot, Dr.,
on the true character of stone axes, 63;
on flint arrow-heads, 362

Ploughshare, bronze, ceremonial use of, by the Tuscans, 5

Plowright, Dr. C. B., on a Norfolk flint factory, 83

Plutarch on the bronze weapons of Theseus, 4

“Pluvial Period,” Mr. Tylor on the, 698

Poem, early German, referred to, 146

_Pogamoggon_, its use by Shoshone Indians, 424

Poison, etymological testimony to its use on arrows, 362

Pole-lathe, mechanism of, 447

Polished patches on celts due to hafting, 89, 337

Polishers of stone, 266, 267;
in Kent’s Cavern, 492

Polishing,
absence of from palæolithic implements, 649;
processes for, 43

“_Polissoirs_,” 262

Polygonal flakes, abundance of, in River-Drift, 642

Poppe, Mr. A., doubtful discoveries of hafted hatchets by, 163

Porphyritic greenstone,
axes of, 193, 198;
celts of, 104, 116, 124, 125, 129, 130, 136;
chisel-like implement of, 176;
knife of, 346;
perforated adze of, 189

Porphyry,
rolled fragments of, in Bournemouth gravels, 694;
Spanish implements of, 529;
slate, polished pebble of, 467

Pottery,
absence of, from palæolithic deposits, 658;
association of, with celts, 152;
fragment of, from Cissbury, 79;
in interments, 160, 248, 464;
materials pounded for making, 257;
possible use of bone instruments in making, 432;
Roman, flint flakes with, 283;
serrated flints for decorating, 296

“Pot-stone,” or steatite, 444;
why so called, 451

Poulton, Prof. E. B., drift implements found by, 626

Pounders,
pebbles used as, 244–248;
ridged by use, 246;
spherical, 250

Pounding-stones, palæolithic, probable uses of, 657

Pourtalès, M. F. de, on the use of bone in arrow-chipping, 39

Pressigny-le-Grand,
cores from, 27, 28;
long flakes at, 29

Prestwich, the late Sir Joseph;
researches with author in Somme valley, 490, 527;
at Icklingham, 539;
at Reculver, 613;
his report on Brixham Cave, 512;
section of Ouse valley, 531;
section of Lark valley, 543;
section of Reculver Sands, 617;
on drift deposits at Hoxne, 574;
on drift deposits capping chalk downs, 608;
implements found by, 593, 632;
on Fisherton beds, 630;
on uses of pointed implements, 645, 654;
on river action, 663;
on transporting power of ground-ice, 671;
on disintegrating effect of frost, 672;
on materials of drift gravels, 678;
on level of Waveney valley, 683;
old sea-beach found by at Waterbeach, 687;
on valley erosion, 697;
on difference between high and low level valley deposits, 699;
on time needed for forming pipes of erosion, 707

Probert, Mr. C. K., drift implement found by, 538

Prometheus as to cave-dwelling men, 480

_Promptorium Parvulorum_ quoted as to slickstones, 441

Ptahmes, his name on stone knife, 8

Pudding-stone, Hertfordshire, querns of, 259

Pulley-beads, 560

Pulley-shaped rings,
of jet, 352, 398, 455;
of cannel-coal, 456

“Pump-drill” for producing fire by friction, 48, 49

Punches,
probable uses of in flint-flaking, 23, 25, 278;
in making axes, 32

“Purgatory Hammer,” 183

“Pygmy flints,” 325

Pyrenees, Claudian on worked flints of the caves of, 480

Pyrites,
association of, with worked flints, 5, 313, 314, 316;
in Belgian bone caves, 15, 318;
in interments, 265, 313, &c., 467;
scored, in Trou de Chaleux, 318, 501;
use of with flint for fire-producing, 5, &c.;
its use evidenced by its name, 16

Pyrodes, myth as to his introduction of fire, 16, 313

Q

Quarries of stone for implements, 80

Quartz,
American arrow or harpoon heads of, 407;
Australian hafting of flakes of, 293;
beads of, 465;
celt of, 136;
crystals of, used for boring, 322;
Egyptian celt of, 113;
flat disc of, 244;
pebbles, association of, with flint flakes, 25;
hammers of, 243, 248;
pebbles in interments, 467;
slickstones of, 442;
Swiss arrow-head of, 402;
implements, African, 653;
implements from Portugal, 529

Quartzite,
axe-hammer of, 207;
celt of, 113;
flakes of, 281;
hammer-heads of, 225, 228, 229;
implements of, 587, 593, 650, 651, 654;
implements from Somaliland, 653;
mauls of, 234;
pebbles of, battered glacial, 561;
pebbles, implements of, 566, 579, 594;
pebbles in Little Ouse valley, 682;
plano-convex disc of, 231;
qualities of, for implement making, 581;
Scotch arrow-head of, 377;
spherical implement of, 244

Quaternary beds,
freshwater origin of, 679;
first discovery of implements in, 581;
in Portugal, 529;
reported human remains in, 703;
fauna, continental conditions of in England, 707;
gravel, character of flint implements from, 12

Queen Charlotte Islands, basalt hammer from, 25

Querns, 258–260;
from Brochs, 463

Quoit, disc resembling, 440

R

Rabut, M., hammer-stone found by, in the Lac du Bourget, 246

Rain, proportion of, that reaches chalk springs, 675

Rainfall,
dependence of height of saturation of chalk on, 664;
valley erosion dependent on amount of, 666, 668

Rats, perforated discs for guarding against, 439

Rau, Prof.,
his experiments on boring stone, 48;
referred to, 237, 241

_Rayos_ or _Centellos_, 58

Razors, Mexican, of obsidian, 290

Read, Mr. C. J., on Milford Hill finds, 632

Read, Mr. C. H., on Bolas, 423

Read, Mr. W., C.E., drift implements found by, 623

Red deer,
antlers of, used in flint digging, 33;
found at Cissbury, 79;
flat instrument made from, 432;
circle of in barrow, 466;
sockets made from, 160

“Red woman of Paviland,” 487

Reeds, use of, for shafting arrows, 369, 409, 410

Refuse heaps in Dordogne caves, 478

“Regenbogen-schüsseln,” with flint arrow-head, 397

Reid, Mr. Clement,
on the Arctic flora of Hoxne, 577;
on the Hoxne deposits, 685

Reindeer or Cavern Period,
arrow-heads of, 361;
cave-dwellers of, in S. of France, 277;
characteristics of, 53;
characteristics of caves of the, 482;
objects found in caverns of, 321;
scrapers of, 311;
toothed flakes of, 296;
use of red paint in, 264;
worked stones in caves of, 245

Reindeer horn,
Eskimo flaking-tool tipped with, 37;
harpoon-heads of, 484;
rows of holes bored in, 321

Religious rites, survival of ancient customs in, 5, 7

“Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,” Dean Buckland’s, 487

Resin, its use in mounting flakes, 293, 409

Rhinoceros,
bones of leg of, in apposition, 701;
hemitœchus, remains of, in Wales with human works, 520

Rib, with incised horse on it, 523

Rib-like bone, marks of sawing on, 539

“Ribbon-sling,” 417

Richard, Abbé,
flint flakes found by, in tomb of Joshua, 9;
Syrian drift implements shewn by, 652

Rickard, Mr. J. C., on palæolithic African implements, 653

Ridged flakes defined, 641

Ridges worn on hammer stones, 246

Ridley, Messrs. E. P. & H. N., on fossil plants at Hoxne, 577

Rigollot, Dr., on implements at St. Acheul, 526, 527