Chapter II: Preface: iii

ERRATA xxxii

ON PARASITES IN GENERAL 1
Occasional and Permanent Parasitism 1
Entozoa, Endoparasites, Helminthes, Turbellaria 2
Hermaphroditism 4
Fertility of Parasites 5
Transmigrations 5
Commensals, Mutualists 6
Incidental and Pseudo-parasites 6
The Influence of Parasites on the Host 8
Origin of Parasites 10
Derivation of Parasites 19
Change of Host 20
Literature 22

THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 25
*A. Protozoa* 25

CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROTOZOA.

Class I. SARCODINA 27
Order. _Amœbina_ 27
_Foraminifera_ 27
_Heliozoa_ 27
_Radiolaria_ 28
Class II. MASTIGOPHORA 28
III. SPOROZOA 28
Sub-class 1. TELOSPORIDIA 28
Order. _Gregarinida_ 28
_Coccidiidea_ 28
_Hæmosporidia_ 28
Sub-class 2. NEOSPORIDIA 28
Order. _Myxosporidia_ 28
_Microsporidia_ 28
_Sarcosporidia_ 28
_Haplosporidia_ 29
Class IV. INFUSORIA 29
V. SUCTORIA 29

Class I. SARCODINA, Bütschli, 1882 29
Order. _Amœbina_, Ehrenberg 29
A. Human Intestinal Amœbæ 29
_Entamœba coli_, Lösch, 1875, emend. Schaudinn, 1903 32
_Entamœba histolytica_, Schaudinn, 1903 34
_Entamœba tetragena_, Viereck, 1907 38
Noc’s Entamœba, 1909 41
_Entamœba buccalis_, Prowazek, 1904 43
_Entamœba undulans_, Castellani, 1905 43
_Entamœba kartulisi_, Doflein, 1901 44
_Amœba gingivalis_, _A. buccalis_, _A. dentalis_ 44
Genus. _Paramœba_, Schaudinn, 1896 44
_Paramœba (Craigia) hominis_, Craig, 1906 45
B. Amœbæ from other Organs 45
_Entamœba pulmonalis_, Artault, 1898 45
_Amœba urogenitalis_, Baelz, 1883 45
_Amœba miurai_, Ijima, 1898 46
_Appendix_: “Rhizopods in Poliomyelitis Acuta” 46
Order. _Foraminifera_, d’Orbigny 47
Sub-order. _Monothalamia_ (Testaceous Amœbæ) 47
Genus. _Chlamydophrys_, Cienkowski, 1876 47
_Chlamydophrys enchelys_, Ehrenberg 47
_Leydenia gemmipara_, Schaudinn, 1896 49

Class II. MASTIGOPHORA, Diesing 50
Sub-class. FLAGELLATA, Cohn emend. Bütschli 50
Order. _Polymastigina_, Blochmann 52
Genus. _Trichomonas_, Donné, 1837 52
_Trichomonas vaginalis_, Donné 52
_Trichomonas intestinalis_, R. Leuckart, 1879 =
_Trichomonas hominis_, Davaine, 1854 54
Genus. _Tetramitus_, Perty, 1852 57
_Tetramitus mesnili_, Wenyon, 1910 57
Genus. _Lamblia_, R. Blanchard, 1888 57
_Lamblia intestinalis_, Lambl, 1859 57
Order. _Protomonadina_, Blochmann 60
Family. _Cercomonadidæ_, Kent emend. Bütschli 61
Genus. _Cercomonas_, Dujardin emend. Bütschli 61
_Cercomonas hominis_, Davaine, 1854 61
_Monas pyophila_, R. Blanchard, 1895 62
Family. _Bodonidæ_, Bütschli 63
Genus. _Prowazekia_, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 63
_Prowazekia urinaria_, Hassall, 1859 63
_Prowazekia asiatica_, Castellani and Chalmers, 1910 65
_Prowazekia javanensis_, Flu, 1912 66
_Prowazekia cruzi_, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 66
_Prowazekia weinbergi_, Mathis and Léger, 1910 66
_Prowazekia parva_, Nägler, 1910 66
Family. _Trypanosomidæ_, Doflein 66
Genus. _Trypanosoma_, Gruby, 1843 67
Historical 67
General 69
Morphology 70
_Trypanosoma gambiense_, Dutton, 1902 72
_Trypanosoma nigeriense_, Macfie, 1913 76
_Trypanosoma rhodesiense_, Stephens and Fantham, 1910 76
General Note on Trypanosomes with Posterior Nuclei 83
_Trypanosoma cruzi_, Chagas, 1909 83
_Trypanosoma lewisi_, Kent, 1881 88
_Trypanosoma brucei_, Plimmer and Bradford, 1899 93
_Trypanosoma evansi_, Steel, 1885 95
_Trypanosoma equinum_, Voges, 1901 96
_Trypanosoma equiperdum_, Doflein, 1901 97
_Trypanosoma theileri_, Bruce, 1902 98
_Trypanosoma hippicum_, Darling, 1910 98
_Endotrypanum schaudinni_, Mesnil and Brimont, 1908 99
_Trypanosoma boylei_, Lafont, 1912 99
Monomorphic Trypanosomes 99
_Trypanosoma vivax_, Ziemann, 1905 99
_Trypanosoma capræ_, Kleine, 1910 100
_Trypanosoma congolense_, Broden, 1904 100
_Trypanosoma simiæ_, Bruce, 1912 100
_Trypanosoma uniforme_, Bruce, 1910 101
General Note on Development of Trypanosomes in Glossina 101
Adaptation of Trypanosomes 101
Genus. _Herpetomonas_, Saville Kent, 1881 102
Genus. _Crithidia_, Léger, 1902, emend. Patton, 1908 104
Genus. _Leishmania_, Ross, 1903 104
_Leishmania donovani_, Laveran and Mesnil, 1903 105
_Leishmania tropica_, Wright, 1903 107
_Leishmania infantum_, Nicolle, 1908 109
Genus. _Histoplasma_, Darling, 1906 112
Genus. _Toxoplasma_, Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908 112

THE SPIROCHÆTES 114
The Spirochætes of the Blood 116
_Spirochæta duttoni_, Novy and Knapp, 1906 116
_Spirochæta gallinarum_, Stephens and Christophers, 1905
(= _Spirochæta marchouxi_, Nuttall, 1905) 119
_Spirochæta recurrentis_, Lebert, 1874 120
_Spirochæta rossii_, Nuttall, 1908 122
_Spirochæta novyi_, Schellack, 1907 122
_Spirochæta carteri_, Mackie and Manson, 1907 122
_Spirochæta berbera_, Sergent and Foley, 1910 122
Other Human Spirochætes 122
Some Animal Spirochætes 122

TREPONEMATA 124
_Treponema pallidum_, Schaudinn, 1905 124
_Treponema pertenue_, Castellani, 1905 127

Class III. SPOROZOA, Leuckart, 1879 128
Sub-class. TELOSPORIDIA, Schaudinn 129
Order. _Gregarinida_, Aimé Schneider emend. Doflein 129
Order. _Coccidiidea_ 135
Genus. _Eimeria_, Aimé Schneider, 1875 142
_Eimeria avium_, Silvestrini and Rivolta 142
_Eimeria stiedæ_, Lindemann, 1865 145
(_a_) Human Hepatic Coccidiosis 148
(_b_) Human Intestinal Coccidiosis 148
(_c_) Doubtful Cases 149
Genus. _Isospora_, Aimé Schneider, 1881 149
_Isospora bigemina_, Stiles, 1891 149
Doubtful Species 150
Order. _Hæmosporidia_, Danilewsky emend. Schaudinn 151
The Malarial Parasites of Man 155
Development of the Malarial Parasites of Man 159
The Species of the Malarial Parasites of Man 164
_Plasmodium vivax_, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 164
_Plasmodium malariæ_, Laveran 166
_Laverania malariæ_, Grassi and Feletti, 1890
(= _Plasmodium falciparum_, Welch, 1897) 167
_Plasmodium relictum_, Sergent, 1907 (in birds) 170
Cultivation of Malarial Parasites 170
Differential Characters of the Human Malarial Parasites 171
Family. _Piroplasmidæ_, França, 1909 172
Genus. _Babesia_, Starcovici, 1893 174
Genus. _Theileria_, Bettencourt, França and Borges, 1907 178
_Theileria parva_, Theiler, 1903 178
_Theileria mutans_, Theiler, 1907 180
Genus. _Anaplasma_, Theiler, 1910 180
Genus. _Paraplasm_a, Seidelin, 1911 180
Sub-class. NEOSPORIDIA, Schaudinn 181
Order. _Myxosporidia_, Bütschli 181
Order. _Microsporidia_, Balbiani 184
Order. _Actinomyxidia_, Stolč. 187
Order. _Sarcosporidia_, Balbiani 187
_Sarcosporidia_ observed in Man 193
Order. _Haplosporidi_a, Caullery and Mesnil, 1899 194
_Rhinosporidium kinealyi_, Minchin and Fantham, 1905 195

Class IV. INFUSORIA, Ledermüller, 1763 198
Genus. _Balantidium_, Claparède et Lachmann 200
_Balantidium coli_, Malmsten, 1857 200
_Balantidium minutum_, Schaudinn, 1899 204
Genus. _Nyctotherus_, Leidy, 1849 204
_Nyctotherus faba_, Schaudinn, 1899 205
_Nyctotherus giganteus_, P. Krause, 1906 205
_[Nyctotherus] africanus_, Castellani, 1905 206
THE CHLAMYDOZOA 207
PROTOZOA INCERTÆ SEDIS 210
_Sergentella hominis_, Brumpt, 1910 210

*B. Platyhelminthes (or Flat Worms)* 211

CLASSIFICATION OF THE PLATYHELMINTHES.

Class I. TURBELLARIA (or Eddy Worms) 212
Order 1. _Rhabdocœlida_ 212
2. _Tricladida_ 212
3. _Polycladida_ 212
Class II. TREMATODA (Sucking Worms) 212
III. CESTODA (Tapeworms) 212

Class II. TREMATODA, Rud. 212
Development of the Trematodes 222
Biology 229

CLASSIFICATION OF THE TREMATODES OF MAN.

Order. _Digenea_, v. Beneden, 1858 230
Sub-order. _Prostomata_, Odhner, 1905 230
Group. _Amphistomata_, Rudolphi, 1801, ep., Nitzsch, 1819 230
Family. _Paramphistomidæ_, Fischoeder, 1901 231
Sub-family. _Paramphistominæ_, Fischoeder, 1901 231
_Cladorchiinæ_, Fischoeder, 1901 231
Family. _Gastrodisciidæ_, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 231
Group. _Distomata_, Retzius, 1782 231
Family. _Fasciolidæ_, Railliet, 1895 231
Sub-family. _Fasciolinæ_, Odhner, 1910 231
_Fasciolopsinæ_, Odhner, 1910 231
Family. _Opisthorchiidæ_, Braun, 1901, emend, auctor. 232
Sub-family. _Opisthorchiinæ_, Looss, 1899, emend, auctor. 232
_Metorchiinæ_, Lühe, 1909 232
Family. _Dicrocœliidæ_, Odhner, 1910 232
_Heterophyiidæ_, Odhner, 1914 232
_Troglotremidæ_, Odhner, 1914 232
_Echinostomidæ_, Looss, 1902 233
Sub-family. _Echinostominæ_, Looss, 1899 233
_Himasthlinæ_, Odhner, 1910 233
Family. _Schistosomidæ_, Looss, 1899 233

THE TREMATODES OBSERVED IN MAN 234

Family. _Paramphistomidæ_, Stiles and Goldberger,
emend. 1910 234
Sub-family. _Cladorchiinæ_, Fischoeder, 1901 234
Genus. _Watsonius_, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 234
_Watsonius watsoni_, Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 234
Family. _Gastrodisciidæ_ 236
Genus. _Gastrodiscus_, Lkt., 1877 236
_Gastrodiscus hominis_, Lewis and McConnell, 1876 236
Family. _Fasciolidæ_, Railliet, 1895 237
Sub-family. _Fasciolinæ_, Odhner, 1910 237
Genus. _Fasciola_, L., 1758 237
_Fasciola hepatica_, L., 1758 237
Halzoun 242
_Fasciola gigantica_, Cobbold, 1856 244
Sub-family. _Fasciolopsinæ_, Odhner, 1910 245
Genus. _Fasciolopsis_, Looss, 1898 245
_Fasciolopsis buski_, Lank., 1857 245
_Fasciolopsis rathouisi_, Ward, 1903 246
_Fasciolopsis goddardi_, Ward, 1910 247
_Fasciolopsis fülleborni_, Rodenwaldt, 1909 247
Family. _Troglotremidæ_, Odhner, 1914 249
Genus. _Paragonimus_, Braun, 1899 249
_Paragonimus ringeri_, Cobb., 1880 249
Family. _Opisthorchiidæ_, Braun, 1901 252
Sub-family. _Opisthorchiinæ_, Looss, 1899 252
Genus. _Opisthorchis_, R. Blanch., 1845 252
_Opisthorchis felineus_, Riv., 1885 252
Genus. _Paropisthorchis_, Stephens, 1912 255
_Paropisthorchis caninus_, Barker, 1912 255
Genus. _Amphimerus_, Barker, 1912 (?) 257
_Amphimerus noverca_, Barker, 1912 (?) 258
Genus. _Clonorchis_, Looss, 1907 258
_Clonorchis sinensis_, Cobbold, 1875 258
_Clonorchis endemicus_, Baelz, 1883 259
Sub-family. _Metorchiinæ_, Lühe, 1909 261
Genus. _Metorchis_, Looss, 1899, emend. auctor. 261
_Metorchis truncatus_, Rud., 1819 261
Family. _Heterophyiidæ_, Odhner, 1914 262
Genus. _Heterophyes_, Cobbold, 1866 262
_Heterophyes heterophyes_, v. Sieb., 1852 262
_Metagonimus_, Katsurada, 1913; Yokogawa,
Leiper, 1913 264
_Metagonimus yokogawai_, Katsurada, 1913 264
Family. _Dicrocœliidæ_, Odhner, 1910 265
Genus. _Dicrocœlium_, Dujardin 265
_Dicrocœlium dendriticum_, Rud., 1819 266
Family. _Echinostomidæ_, Looss, 1902 267
Sub-family. _Echinostominæ_, Looss, 1899 267
Genus. _Echinostoma_, Rud., 1809; Dietz, 1910 267
_Echinostoma ilocanum_, Garrison, 1908 267
_Echinostoma malayanum_, Leiper, 1911 268
Sub-family. _Himasthlinæ_, Odhner, 1910 269
Genus. _Artyfechinostomum_, Clayton-Lane, 1915 269
_Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex_, Clayton-Lane, 1915 269
Family. _Schistosomidæ_, Looss, 1899 269
Genus. _Schistosoma_, Weinl., 1858 269
_Schistosoma hæmatobium_, Bilharz, 1852 270
_Schistosoma mansoni_, Sambon, 1907 277
_Schistosoma japonicum_, Katsurada, 1904 277

Class III. CESTODA, Rud., 1808 282
Anatomy of the Cestoda 284
Development of the Tapeworms 297
Biology 306

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CESTODA OF MAN.

Order. _Pseudophyllidea_, Carus, 1863 308
Family. _Dibothriocephalidæ_, Lühe, 1902 308
Sub-family. _Dibothriocephalinæ_, Lühe, 1899 308
Order. _Cyclophyllidea_, v. Beneden 308
Family. _Dipylidiidæ_, Lühe, 1910 309
_Hymenolepididæ_, Railliet and Henry, 1909 309
_Davaineidæ_, Fuhrmann, 1907 309
Sub-family. _Davaineinæ_, Braun, 1900 309
Family. _Tæniidæ_, Ludwig, 1886 309

THE CESTODES OF MAN 309
Family. _Dibothriocephalidæ_ 309
Sub-family. _Dibothriocephalinæ_ 309
Genus. _Dibothriocephalus_, Lühe, 1899 309
_Dibothriocephalus latus_, L., 1748 310
_Dibothriocephalus cordatus_, R. Lkt., 1863 315
_Dibothriocephalus parvus_, Stephens, 1908 316
Genus. _Diplogonoporus_, Lönnbrg., 1892 316
_Diplogonoporus grandis_, R. Blanch., 1894 316
_Sparganum_, Diesing, 1854 317
_Sparganum mansoni_, Cobb., 1883 317
_Sparganum proliferum_, Ijima, 1905 318
Family. _Dipylidiidæ_, Lühe, 1910 320
Genus. _Dipylidium_, R. Lkt., 1863 320
_Dipylidium caninum_, L. 1758 320
Family. _Hymenolepididæ_, Railliet and Henry, 1909 323
Genus. _Hymenolepis_, Weinland, 1858 323
_Hymenolepis nana_, v. Sieb., 1852 323
_Hymenolepis diminuta_, Rud., 1819 326
_Hymenolepis lanceolata_, Bloch, 1782 328
Family. _Davaineidæ_, Fuhrmann, 1907 329
Sub-family. _Davaineinæ_, Braun, 1900 329
Genus. _Davainea_, R. Blanch., 1891 329
_Davainea madagascariensis_, Davaine, 1869 329
_Davainea_ (?) _asiatica_, v. Linst., 1901 330
Family. _Tæniidæ_, Ludwig, 1886 331
Genus. _Tænia_, L., 1758 331
_Tænia solium_, L., _p. p._, 1767 331
_Cysticercus acanthotrias_, Weinland, 1858 336
_Tænia bremneri_, Stephens, 1908 337
_Tænia marginata_, Batsch., 1786 338
_Tænia serrata_, Goeze, 1782 338
_Tænia crassicollis_, Rud., 1810 338
_Tænia saginata_, Goeze, 1782 338
_Tænia africana_, v. Linst., 1900 342
_Tænia confusa_, Ward, 1896 343
_Tænia echinococcus_, v. Sieb., 1853 344
Structure and Development of Echinococcus(Hydatid) 347
_Echinococcus multilocularis_ (Alveolar Colloid) 356
Serum Diagnosis of Echinococcus 359

*C. Nemathelminthes* 360
Class. NEMATODA 360
Anatomy of the Nematodes 360
Development of the Nematodes 371

CLASSIFICATION OF THE NEMATODA.

Family. _Anguillulidæ_, Gervais and van Beneden, 1859 374
_Angiostomidæ_, Braun, 1895 374
_Gnathostomidæ_ 374
_Dracunculidæ_, Leiper, 1912 374
_Filariidæ_, Claus, 1885 374
_Trichinellidæ_, Stiles and Crane, 1910 375
_Dioctophymidæ_ 375
_Strongylidæ_, Cobbold, 1864 375
_Physalopteridæ_ 375
_Ascaridæ_, Cobbold, 1864 375
_Oxyuridæ_ 375

THE NEMATODES OBSERVED IN MAN 376
Family. _Anguillulidæ_ 377
Genus. _Rhabditis_, Dujardin, 1845 377
_Rhabditis pellio_, Schneider, 1866 377
_Rhabditis niellyi_, Blanchard, 1885 378
_Rhabditis_, sp. 378
Genus. _Anguillula_, Ehrenberg, 1826 379
_Anguillula aceti_, Müller, 1783 379
Genus. _Anguillulina_, Gervais and Beneden, 1859 379
_Anguillulina putrefaciens_, Kühn, 1879 379
Family. _Angiostomidæ_, Braun, 1895 379
Genus. _Strongyloides_, Grassi, 1879 379
_Strongyloides stercoralis_, Bavay, 1877 380
Family. _Gnathostomidæ_ 384
Genus. _Gnathostoma_, Owen, 1836 384
_Gnathostoma siamense_, Levinson, 1889 384
_Gnathostoma spinigerum_, Owen, 1836 385
Family. _Dracunculidæ_, Leiper, 1912 385
Genus. _Dracunculus_, Kniphoff, 1759 385
_Dracunculus medinensis_, Velsch, 1674 386
Genus (of _Crustacea_). _Cyclops_, Müller, 1776 390
Family. _Filariidæ_ 390
Sub-family. _Filariinæ_ 390
Genus. _Filaria_, O. Fr. Müller, 1787 390
_Filaria bancrofti_, Cobbold, 1877 390
_Filaria demarquayi_, Manson, 1895 403
_Filaria taniguchi_, Penel, 1905 404
_Filaria_ (?) _conjunctivæ_, Addario, 1885 404
Group. _Agamofilaria_, Stiles, 1906 406
_Agamofilaria georgiana_ 406
_Agamofilaria palpebralis_, Pace, 1867
(_nec_ Wilson, 1844) 406
_Agamofilaria oculi humani_, v. Nordmann, 1832 406
_Agamofilaria labialis_, Pane, 1864 407
_Filaria (?) romanorum-orientalis_, Sarcani, 1888 407
_Filaria (?) kilimaræ_, Kolb, 1898 407
_Filaria_ (?) sp. ? 407
Genus. _Setaria_, Viborg, 1795 407
_Setaria equina_, Abildg., 1789 408
Genus. _Loa_, Stiles, 1905 409
_Loa loa_, Guyot, 1778 409
Genus. _Acanthocheilonema_, Cobbold, 1870 414
_Acanthocheilonema perstans_, Manson, 1891 414
Genus. _Dirofilaria_, Railliet and Henry, 1911 416
_Dirofilaria magalhãesi_, R. Blanchard, 1895 417
Sub-family. _Onchocercinæ_, Leiper, 1911 417
Genus. _Onchocerca_, Diesing, 1841 417
_Onchocerca volvulus_, R. Leuckart, 1893 417
Family. _Trichinellidæ_, Stiles and Crane, 1910 419
Sub-family. _Trichurinæ_, Ransom, 1911 419
Genus. _Trichuris_, Röderer and Wagler, 1761 419
_Trichuris trichiura_, Linnæus, 1761 419
Sub-family. _Trichinellinæ_, Ransom, 1911 421
Genus. _Trichinella_, Railliet, 1895 421
_Trichinella spiralis_, Owen, 1835 421
History of the Development of _Trichinella spiralis_ 423
Family. _Dioctophymidæ_ 431
Genus. _Dioctophyme_, Collet-Megret, 1802 431
_Dioctophyme gigas_, Rudolphi, 1802 431
Family. _Strongylidæ_ 432
Sub-family. _Metastrongylinæ_, Leiper, 1908 432
Genus. _Metastrongylus_, Molin, 1861 432
_Metastrongylus apri_, Gmelin, 1789 432
Sub-family. _Trichostrongylinæ_, Leiper, 1908 433
Genus. _Trichostrongylus_, Looss, 1905 434
_Trichostrongylus instabilis_, Railliet, 1893 434
_Trichostrongylus probolurus_, Railliet, 1896 435
_Trichostrongylus vitrinus_, _Looss_, 1905 435
Genus. _Hæmonchus_, Cobb., 1898 436
_Hæmonchus contortus_, Rudolphi, 1803; Cobb., 1898 436
Genus. _Nematodirus_, Ransom, 1907, emend. Railliet, 1912 438
Sub-genus. _Mecistocirrus_, Railliet, 1912 438
_Mecistocirrus fordi_, Daniels, 1908 438
Sub-family. _Ancylostominæ_, Railliet, 1909 438
Group. _Œsophagostomeæ_, Railliet and Henry, 1909 439
Genus. _Ternidens_, Railliet, 1909 439
_Ternidens deminutus_, Railliet and Henry, 1905 440
Genus. _Œsophagostomum_, Molin, 1861 441
_Œsophagostomum brumpti_, Railliet and Henry, 1905 441
_Œsophagostomum stephanostomum_ var. _thomasi_,
Railliet and Henry, 1909 443
_Œsophagostomum apiostomum_, Willach, 1891 444
Group. _Ancylostomeæ_, Railliet and Henry, 1909 445
Genus. _Ancylostoma_, Dubini, 1843, emend. Looss, 1905 445
_Ancylostoma duodenale_, Dubini, 1843 445
_Ancylostoma ceylanicum_, Looss, 1911 456
_Ancylostoma braziliense_, Gomez de Faria, 1910 456
Group. _Bunostomeæ_, Railliet and Henry, 1909 456
Genus. _Necator,_ Stiles, 1903 457
_Necator americanus_, Stiles, 1902 457
_Necator exilidens_, Cummins, 1912 459
Ancylostomiasis 459
Group. _Syngameæ_, Railliet and Henry, 1909 459
Genus. _Syngamus,_ von Siebold, 1836 459
_Syngamus kingi_, Leiper, 1913 459
Family. _Physalopteridæ_ 460
Genus. _Physaloptera_, Rudolphi, 1819 460
_Physaloptera caucasica_, v. Linstow, 1902 461
_Physaloptera mordens_, Leiper, 1907 461
Family. _Ascaridæ_, Cobbold, 1864 461
Sub-family. _Ascarinæ_ 461
Genus. _Ascaris_, L., 1758 461
_Ascaris lumbricoides_, L., 1758 463
_Ascaris_ sp. 465
_Ascaris texana_, Smith et Goeth, 1914 465
_Ascaris maritima_, Leuckart, 1876 465
Genus. _Toxascaris_, Leiper, 1907 465
_Toxascaris limbata_, Railliet and Henry, 1911 466
Genus. _Belascaris_, Leiper, 1907 466
_Belascaris cati_, Schrank, 1788 466
_Belascaris marginata_, Rudolphi, 1802 466
Genus. _Lagocheilascaris_, Leiper, 1909 466
_Lagocheilascaris minor_, Leiper, 1909 467
Family. _Oxyuridæ_ 467
Genus. _Oxyuris_, Rudolphi, 1803 467
_Oxyuris vermicularis_, Linnæus, 1767 467
Family. _Mermithidæ_ 469
Genus. _Mermis_, Dujardin, 1845 469
_Mermis hominis oris_, Leidy, 1850 469
_Agamomermis_, Stiles, 1903 470
_Agamomermis restiformis_, Leidy, 1880 470
TECHNIQUE 471

*D. Acanthocephala*, Rud 475
_Echinorhynchus gigas_, Goeze, 1782 477
_Echinorhynchus hominis_, Lambl, 1859 478
_Echinorhynchus moniliformis_, Bremser, 1819 478

*E. Gordiidæ* 479

*F. Hirudinea s. Discophora* (Leech) 480
Family. _Gnathobdellidæ_ (Leeches with Jaws) 481
Genus. _Hirudo_, L., 1758 481
_Hirudo medicinalis_, L., 1758 481
_Hirudo troctina,_ Johnston, 1816 482
Genus. _Limnatis_, Moq.-Tandon, 1826 482
_Limnatis nilotica_, Savigny, 1820 482
Genus. _Hæmadipsa_, Tennent, 1861 482
Family. _Rhynchobdellidæ_ (Leeches with Rostrum) 482
Genus. _Hæmentaria_, de Filippi, 1849 482
_Hæmentaria officinalis_, de Filippi 482
Genus. _Placobdella_, R. Blanchard 482
_Placobdella catenigera_, Moq.-Tandon 482

*G. Arthropoda* (Jointed-limbed Animals) 483
_A._ ARACHNOIDEA (Spiders, Mites, etc.) 483
Order. _Acarina_ (Mites) 484
Family. _Trombidiidæ_ (Running Mites) 485
Genus. _Trombidium_, Latreille (and Leptus) 485
_Leptus autumnalis,_ Shaw, 1790 485
_Trombidium tlalsahuate_, Lemaire, 1867 486
_Akamushi_ or _Kedani_ 487
Family. _Tetranychidæ_ (Spinning Mites) 488
Genus. _Tetranychus_, Dufour 488
_Tetranychus molestissimus_, Weyenbergh, 1886 488
_Tetranychus telarius_, L., 1758, var. russeolus, Koch 488
Family. _Tarsonemidæ_ 488
Genus. _Pediculoides_ 489
_Pediculoides ventricosus_, Newport, 1850 489
Genus. _Nephrophages_ 490
_Nephrophages sanguinarius_, Miyake and Scriba, 1893 490
Family. _Eupodidæ_ 491
Genus. _Tydeus,_ Koch 491
_Tydeus molestus_, Moniez, 1889 491
Family. _Gamasidæ_ (Coleopterous or Insect Mites) 491
Genus. _Dermanyssus_, Dugès 492
_Dermanyssus gallinæ_, de Geer, 1778 492
_Dermanyssus hirundinis_, Hermann, 1804 492
Genus. _Holothyrus_ 493
_Holothyrus coccinella_, Gervais, 1842 493
Family. _Ixodidæ_ (Ticks) 493
Classification of _Ixodidæ_ 496
Synopsis of Genera 496
Genus. _Ixodes_, Latreille 497
_Ixodes reduvius,_ L., 1758 497
_Ixodes holocyclus_, Neumann, 1899 499
_Ixodes hexagonus_, Leach, 1815 500
Genus. _Amblyomma_, Koch 500
_Amblyomma cayennense_, Koch, 1844 500
_Amblyomma americana_, Linnæus 501
_Amblyomma maculatum_, Koch 501
Genus. _Hyalomma_, Koch 501
_Hyalomma ægyptium_, L., 1758 501
Genus. _Hæmaphysalis_, Koch 502
_Hæmaphysalis punctata_, Canestrini and Fanzago,
1877–1878 502
Genus. _Dermacentor_, Koch 502
_Dermacentor reticulatus_, Fabricius, 1794 502
_Dermacentor venustus_, Banks 503
_Dermacentor occidentalis_, Neumann 504
_Dermacentor variabilis_, Say 505
Genus. _Margaropus_, Karsch 505
_Margaropus annulatus australis_, Fuller 505
_Margaropus microplus_, Canestrini 505
Genus. _Rhipicephalus_, Koch 505
_Rhipicephalus sanguineus_, Latreille, 1804 505
Neumann’s Table of Species of _Argas_ 505
Genus. _Argas_, Latreille 506
_Argas reflexus_, Fabricius, 1794 506
_Argas persicus_, Fischer de Waldheim, 1824 506
_Argas brumpti_, Neumann 507
_Argas chinche_, Gervais, 1844 508
Genus. _Ornithodorus_, Koch 508
_Ornithodorus moubata_, Murray, 1877 508
_Ornithodorus savignyi_, Audouin, 1827 509
_Ornithodorus coriaceus_, Koch 509
_Ornithodorus talaje_, Guerin, 1849 509
_Ornithodorus turicata_, Dugès, 1876 509
_Ornithodorus tholozani_, Laboulbène and Mégnin, 1882 510
_Ornithodorus mégnini, Dugès_, 1883 510
Family. _Tyroglyphidæ_ 511
Sub-family. _Tyroglyphinæ_ 511
Genus. _Aleurobius_, Canestrini 511
_Aleurobius (Tyroglyphus) farinæ_, de Geer (part), Koch 511
Genus. _Tyroglyphus_, Latreille 511
_Tyroglyphus siro_, L., 1756 511
_Tyroglyphus longior_, Gervais, 1844 512
_Tyroglyphus minor_ var. _castellani_, Hirst 513
Genus. _Glyciphagus_, Hering, 1838 513
_Glyciphagus prunorum_, Hering, and
_G. domesticus_, de Geer 513
_Glyciphagus cursor_, Gervais 513
_Glyciphagus buski_, Murray 513
Genus. _Rhizoglyphus_, Claparède, 1869 514
_Rhizoglyphus parasiticus_, Dalgetty, 1901 514
Genus. _Histiogaster_, Berlese, 1883 515
_Histiogaster_ (_entomophagus_ ?)
_spermaticus_, Trouessart, 1900 515
Genus. _Cheyletus_ 516
_Cheyletus mericourti_, Lab. 516
Family. _Sarcoptidæ_ (Itch Mites) 516
Sub-family. _Sarcoptinæ_ 518
Genus. _Sarcoptes_, Latreille 518
_Sarcoptes scabiei_, de Geer, 1778 518
_Sarcoptes minor_, Fürstenberg, 1861 520
Family. _Demodicidæ_ (Mites of the Hair-follicles) 522
Genus. _Demodex_, Owen 522
_Demodex folliculorum_, Simon, 1842 522
Order. _Pentastomida_ 523
Family. _Linguatulidæ_ 523
Genus. _Linguatula_, Fröhlich_ 524
_Linguatula rhinaria_, Pilger, 1802 524
Genus. _Porocephalus_ 526
_Porocephalus constrictus_, v. Siebold, 1852 526

_B._ INSECTA (_Hexapoda_) 529

CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEXAPODA.

(1) _Aptera_ 531
(2) _Neuroptera_ 531
(3) _Orthoptera_ 531
(4) _Thysanoptera_ 531
(5) _Hemiptera_ 531
(6) _Diptera_ 532
(7) _Lepidoptera_ 532
(8) _Hymenoptera_ 532
(9) _Coleoptera_ 532
Order. _Rhyncota_ 532
(_a_) _Rhyncota aptera parasitica_ 532
Family. _Pediculidæ_ (Lice) 532
Genus. _Pediculus_, Linnæus 532
_Pediculus capitis_, de Geer, 1778 532
_Pediculus vestimenti_, Nitzsch, 1818 533
Genus. _Phthirius_, Leach 534
_Phthirius inguinalis_, Redi, 1668 534
(_b_) _Rhyncota hemiptera_ 534
Family. _Acanthiadæ_ 534
Genus. _Cimex_ , Linnæus 534
_Cimex lectularius_ , Linnæus 534
_Cimex rotundatus_, Signoret, 1852 536
_Cimex columbarius_, Jenyns 536
_Cimex ciliatus_, Eversmann, 1841 537
Family. _Reduviidæ_ 537
Genus. _Conorhinus_, Lap. 537
_Conorhinus megistus_, Burm. 537
_Conorhinus sanguisuga_, Lec. (Blood-sucking Cone-nose) 537
_Conorhinus, sp. novum_ (Monster Bug) 538
_Conorhinus rubrofasciatus_, de Geer (Malay Bug) 538
_Conorhinus renggeri_, Herr-Schäff (Great Black Bug
of Pampas) 539
_Conorhinus variegatus_ (Variegated Cone-nose) 539
_Conorhinus nigrovarius_ 539
_Conorhinus protractus_ 539
Genus. _Reduvius_, etc. 539
_Reduvius personatus_, Linné 539
_Coriscus subcoleoptratus_, Kirby, 1837 540
_Rasahus biguttatus_, Say, 1831 540
_Melanolestes morio_, Erichson, 1848 (non-Walker) 540
_Melanolestes abdominalis_, Herrich-Schäffer, 1848 540
_Phonergates bicoloripes_ 541
Family. _Aradidæ_ 541
_Dysodius lunatus_, Fabr. (Pito Bug) 541
The Ochindundu 541
Family. _Lygæidæ_ 541
_Lyctocoris campestris_, Fabricius 541
_Rhodinus prolixus_, Stål, 1859 541
Order. _Orthoptera_ 542
Locusts Injurious to Man 542
Order. _Coleoptera_ 542
_Silvanus surinamensis_, Linnæus (Saw-toothed
Grain Beetle) 542
Order. _Diptera_ 543
_Aphaniptera_ or _Siphonaptera_ (Fleas) 543
Family. _Sarcopsyllidæ_ (Jiggers) 543
Genus. _Dermatophilus_, Guérin 544
_Dermatophilus cæcata_, Enderl. 544
_Dermatophilus penetrans_, L., 1758 (Jigger, Chigoe) 544
Genus. _Echidnophaga_, Olliff 544
_Echidnophaga gallinacea_, Westwood (Chigoe of Fowls) 544
Family. _Pulicidæ_ (True Fleas) 545
Genus. _Pulex_, Linn. 545
_Pulex irritans_, L., 1758 545
Genus. _Xenopsylla_, Glink 546
_Xenopsylla cheopis_, Rothschild 546
_Xenopsylla brasiliensis_, Baker 547
Genus. _Ctenocephalus_, Kolenati 547
Genus. _Hoplopsyllus_, Baker 547
_Hoplopsyllus anomalus_, Baker 547
Genus. _Ceratophyllus_, Centis 547
_Ceratophyllus fasciatus_, Bosc 547
Genus. _Ctenopsylla_, Kolenati 548
Genus. _Hystrichopsylla_, Taschenberg 548
_Pulex pallipes_ 548
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL REMARKS ON MOSQUITOES 548
CULICIDÆ OR MOSQUITOES 555
_The Classification of Culicidæ_ 561
_Notes on the Different Genera_ 566
Sub-family. _Anophelina_ 566
Genus. _Anopheles_, Meigen 566
Genus. _Myzomyia_, Blanchard; _Grassia_, Theobald 567
Genus. _Neomyzomyia_, Theobald 567
Genus. _Cycloleppteron_, Theobald 567
Genus. _Feltinella_, Theobald 567
Genus. _Stethomyia_, Theobald 567
Genus. _Pyretophorus_, Blanchard; _Howardia_,
Theobald 567
Genus. _Myzorhynchella_, Theobald 568
Genus. _Manguinhosia_, Cruz (in Peryassu) 568
Genus. _Chrystya_, Theobald 568
Genus. _Lophoscelomyia_, Theobald 568
Genus. _Arribalzagia_, Theobald 568
Genus. _Myzorhynchus_, Blanchard; _Rossia_, Theobald 568
Genus. _Nyssorhynchus_, Blanchard; _Laverania_, Theobald 569
Genus. _Cellia_, Theobald 569
Genus. _Neocellia_, Theobald 569
Genus. _Kertészia_, Theobald 569
Genus. _Manguinhosia_, Cruz 569
Genus. _Chagasia_, Cruz 570
Genus. _Calvertina_, Ludlow 570
Genus. _Birónella_, Theobald 570
Sub-family. _Megarhininæ_ 570
Genus. _Megarhinus_, Robineau Desvoidy 570
Genus. _Toxorhynchites_, Theobald 570
Sub-family. _Culicinæ_ 571
Genus. _Mucidus_, Theobald 571
Genus. _Psorophora_, Robineau Desvoidy 571
Genus. _Janthinosoma_, Arribalzaga 571
Genus. _Stegomyia_, Theobald 571
_Stegomyia fasciata_, Fabricius (Yellow Fever Mosquito) 574
_Stegomyia scutellaris_, Walker 575
Genus. _Theobaldia_, Neveu-Lemaire 575
_Theobaldinella_, Blanchard 575
_Theobaldia annulata_, Meigen 575
Genus. _Culex_, Linnæus 575
Genus. _Melanoconion_, Theobald 576
Genus. _Grabhamia_, Theobald 576
Genus. _Pseudotæniorhynchus_, Theobald; _Tæniorhynchus_,
Theobald, non-Arribalzaga 576
Genus. _Tæniorhynchus_, Arribalzaga; _Mansonia_,
Blanchard; _Panoplites_, Theobald 577
Genus. _Chrysoconops_, Goeldi 577
_Other Nematocera_ 577
Family. _Simulidæ_ 577
Family. _Chironomidæ_ (Midges) 579
Sub-family. _Ceratopogoninæ_ 580
Family. _Psychodidæ_ (Owl Midges) 581
_Brachycera_ (Flies) 582
Family. _Phoridæ_ 582
_Aphiochæta ferruginea_, Brun 583
_Phora rufipes_, Meig. 583
Family. _Sepsidæ_ 583
_Piophila casei_, L. 583
Family. _Syrphidæ_ (Hover and Drone Flies) 583
Family. _Drosophilidæ_ 584
_Drosophila melanogaster_, Br. 584
Family. _Muscidæ_ 584
_Teichomyza fusca_, Macq. 584
_Homalomyia canicularis_, L., etc. 584
_Homalomyia scalaris_, Fabr. 585
_Anthomyra desjardensii_, Macq. 585
_Hydrotæa meteorica_, L. 585
_Cyrtoneura stabulans_ 585
_Musca domestica_, Linn. (Common House-fly) 585
Genus. _Chrysomyia_, Rob. Desv. 587
_Chrysomyia_ (_Compsomyia_) _macellaria_, Fabr.; _Lucilia
macellaria_, Fabr. 587
_Chrysomyia viridula_, Rob. Desv. 588
Genus. _Lucilia_, Rob. Desv. 588
_Lucilia nobilis_, Meig. 588
Genus. _Pycnosoma_, Brauer and v. Bergenstamm 588
Genus. _Sarcophaga_, Mg. 589
_Sarcophaga carnaria_, L., 1758 589
_Sarcophaga magnifica_, Schiner, 1862 589
_Sarcophaga chrysotoma_, Wied 590
_Sarcophaga plinthopyga_, Wied 590
_Ochromyia anthropophaga_, E. Blanch.; _Cordylobia
arthrophaga_,Grünberg 590
_Auchmeromyia_ (_Bengalia_) _depressa_ (Walker) 591
Genus. _Cordylobia_, Grünberg, 1903 591
_Cordylobia grünbergi_, Dönitz 591
_Cordylobia anthropophaga_, Grünberg 592
_Lund’s Larva_ 593
_Auchmeromyia luteola_, Fabricius 593
Family. _Oestridæ_ 594
_Cutaneous Oestridæ_ 595
Genus. _Hypoderma_, Latreille 595
_Hypoderma bovis_, de Geer 595
_Hypoderma lineata_, de Villers 596
_Hypoderma diana_, Brauer 596
Genus. _Dermatobia_, Brauer 596
_Dermatobia cyaniventris_, Macq. 596
_Cavicolous Oestridæ_ 598
Genus. _Oestrus_, Linnæus 598
_Oestrus_ (_Cephalomyia_) _ovis_, L. 598
_Gastricolous Oestridæ_ 599
Genus. _Gastrophilus_, Leach 599
_Biting-mouthed and other Noxious Diptera which may be
Disease Carriers_ 600
Family. _Tabanidæ_ (Gad Flies) 600
Family. _Asilidæ_ (Wolf Flies) 602
Family. _Leptidæ_ 603
_Blood-sucking Muscidæ_ 603
Genus. _Glossina_, Westwood 603
_Glossina palpalis_, Rob. Desv. 607
_Glossina morsitans_, Westwood 608
Genus. _Stomoxys_, Geoffroy 609
Genus. _Lyperosia_, Rondani 610
_Pupipara_ or _Eproboscidæ_ 611
_Insects and Epidemic Poliomyelitis_ 612

ADDENDA 613
Akamushi or Kedani Sickness 613
Ticks.--African Tick Fever 613
Tick Paralysis 613
_Diptera._--_Psychodidæ_ 613
_Pulicidæ._--_Dermatophilus_ (_Sarcopsylla_) _penetrans_,
or the “Jigger” 613
_Brachycera._--_Leptidæ_ 613
Myiasis 615
Auricular Myiasis 615
Body, Head, and Clothes Lice 615

SUPPLEMENT: CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTICAL NOTES 617
*Protozoa* 617
Introduction 617
I.--AMŒBIC DYSENTERY 618
II.--TRYPANOSOMIASES 620
African Sleeping Sickness 620
South American Trypanosomiasis 623
III.--FLAGELLATE DIARRHŒA AND DYSENTERY 623
IV.--LEISHMANIASES 626
A. Kala-azar 626
Indian 626
Infantile 627
B. Oriental Sore, due to _Leishmania tropica_ 627
Naso-oral (Espundia) 628
V.--SPIROCHÆTOSES 629
A. Relapsing Fevers 629
B. Yaws or Frambœsia tropica 632
C. Syphilis 632
D. Bronchial Spirochætosis 632
VI.--MALARIA 633
VII.--BALANTIDIAN DYSENTERY 637
*Plathelminthes* (Flat Worms) 638
FASCIOLIASIS 638
_Fasciola hepatica_ 638
_Fasciolopsis buski_ 638
PARAGONIMIASIS 639
_Paragonimus ringeri_ 639
_Clonorchis sinensis_ 640
BILHARZIASIS 641
_Schistosoma hæmatobium_ 641
CESTODES 644
General 644
_Dibothriocephalus latus_ 658
_Sparganum mansoni_ 659
_Dipylidium caninum_ (_Tænia cucumerina_) 659
_Hymenolepis nana_ 661
_Tænia solium_ 662
_Tænia saginata_ 667
NEMATODES 674
_Strongyloides stercoralis_ 674
_Dracunculus medinensis_ (Dracontiasis) 675
_Filaria bancrofti_ 676
_Loa loa_ 678
_Trichuris trichiura_ 678
_Trichinella spiralis_ 680
_Eustrongylus gigas_ 681
_Ancylostoma duodenale_ (Ancylostomiasis) 682
_Ascaris lumbricoides_ (Ascariasis) 687
_Oxyuris vermicularis_ (Oxyuriasis) 694
*Hirudinea* (Leeches) 699
*Arthropoda* 702
ARACHNOIDEA 702
_Leptus autumnalis_ (Grass, Harvest, or Gooseberry Mite) 702
_Kedani, Akaneesch_ (The Japanese River or Inundation
Disease) 703
_Dermanyssus gallinæ_ (_avium_) 703
_Ixodes reduvius_ (_ricinus_ ) 704
_Sarcoptes scabiei_ (Scabies) 704
_Demodex folliculorum_ 708
_Demodex folliculorum canis_ 709
INSECTA 709
_Pediculus capitis_ (Head Louse) 709
_Pediculus vestimenti_ (Clothes Louse) 710
_Phthirius inguinalis_ (_Pediculus pubis_) (Crab Louse) 711
_Cimex_ (_Acanthia_) _lectularia_ (_Cimex lectularius_)
(Bed Bug) 713
_Pulex irritans_ (Human Flea) 714
_Dermatophilus_ (_Sarcopsylla_) _penetrans_ (Sand Flea) 714
_Myiasis_ 715
_Myiasis externa_ 715
_Gastricolous Oestridæ_ (Creeping Disease) 729