Chapter XXVI: Appendix: “Rhizopods in Poliomyelitis acuta.” (20)

[This parasite has often been a great pest amongst soldiers during
long campaigns, especially amongst the Russians during the Crimean
War. _Vide_ also notes in Addenda (p. 615) under “Body, Head and
Clothes Lice.”--F. V. T.]

Genus. *Phthirius*, Leach.

*Phthirius inguinalis*, Redi, 1668.

Syn.: _Pediculus pubis_, L.

Male 0·8 to 1·0 mm. in length; female 1·12 mm. in length; colour greyish-white; form subquadrate; the two posterior pairs of legs are strong; the abdomen has nine segments and six pairs of stigmata; and still another pair of stigmata is situated between the two anterior limbs. Eggs pear-shaped, 0·8 to 0·9 mm. in length, 0·4 to 0·5 mm. in breadth, and are deposited in rows of about ten on the hairs.

_Pediculus pubis_, which is found almost exclusively in the Caucasian
race, lives on hairy parts of the body, but hardly ever on the skin
of the head; the pubic region is its favourite place of abode.

[This species reproduces more rapidly than other lice, and is
communicated much more freely. The eggs are often laid singly
attached to the hairs near their apex. It is known as the “crab
louse.”--F. V. T.]

(_b_) RHYNCOTA HEMIPTERA.

Family. *Acanthiadæ.*

Body flattened, antennæ four-jointed, rostrum three-jointed, wings
atrophied.

[This family, the _Cimicidæ_, includes the bed bugs; the proboscis,
which lies in a groove, is of three segments; the front wings are
shown by two small elytra, there is no trace of hind wings. Two
species are known commonly to attack man.--F. V. T.]

Genus. *Cimex*, Linnæus.

*Cimex lectularius*, Linnæus.

Syn.: _Acanthia lectularia_, Fabricius, 1794.

It measures 4 to 5 mm. in length, 3 mm. in breadth; brownish-red; eight abdominal segments. The female deposits fifty whitish eggs at a time (1·12 mm. in length) three or four times a year; the entire development up to complete maturity takes about eleven months. [They will breed all the year round, but less so in cold weather.--F. V. T.]

The bed bugs live in the cracks and fissures of human habitations,
under carpets, behind pictures, in furniture, bedsteads, etc.; hidden
during the day, they attack persons at night to suck their blood.
The alkaline secretion of the salivary glands dropped into the wound
around the separate bites causes the so-called “wheals.”

The bed bugs were known in bygone days by the Greeks (κάριο) and
the Romans (cimex). They were first mentioned from Strasburg in the
eleventh century, and in England about 1500.

[This is the common bed bug of northern latitudes and must not be
confused with the tropical bed bug (_C. rotundatus_). The bed bug can
migrate from one house to another; this especially takes place when a
house is uninhabited. They escape from windows and pass along walls,
water-pipes and gutters, and so reach adjoining houses. This noxious
pest accompanies man wherever he goes; ships and trains become
infested, especially the former.

[A characteristic feature in this animal is the peculiar odour it
produces, like many others in the same group of insects. This odour
comes from a clear, oily volatile liquid secreted by glands in
various parts of the body. Although the normal food is man’s blood,
the bed bug can subsist upon moist wood, dust and dirt that collects
in crevices in floors, walls, furniture, etc. The puncturing mouth
consists of a fleshy under lip, within which lie four thread-like
hard filaments which pierce the flesh, the blood being drawn up
through the beak.

[The eggs are oval, white, with a projecting rim around one end,
with a lid which is pushed off when the young hatch; they are laid
in cracks and crevices in batches of from twelve to fifty. The egg
stage lasts from seven to ten days. The larval stage so gradually
passes into the adult that one scarcely notices the change; during
its growth the skin is cast five times, and at the change the
little wing-pads are seen, showing that the adult stage is reached.
The young larva is at first pale yellowish-white. It resembles
the parent, but has no trace of elytra. Although eleven weeks is
said to be necessary for their development, the stages may be gone
through much more rapidly; Howard and Marlatt[362] give seven weeks
in some instances. It seems pretty certain that these Cimex only
take one meal of blood between each moult and another preceding egg
laying.--F. V. T.]

[362] “Household Insects,” Howard and Marlatt, _Bull._ 4 (N.S.), U.S. Dept. Agric., 1896, p. 37.

*Cimex rotundatus*, Signoret, 1852.

[This bug is common in warm climates; it is an abundant insect in India, and King has found it in the Sudan, where _C. lectularius_ is, however, the common species. It is usually known as the tropical bed bug. Signoret’s bug can be told from the other common species by the shape of the pronotum. In _C. rotundatus_ it is uniformly convex, whilst in _C. lectularius_ the lateral edges are flat and sometimes even concave. The abdomen of _rotundatus_ is also rather more elongate.

[This species is of considerable importance, as according to Patton it may act partly as the intermediary host of the piroplasma of kala-azar.

[Wenyon found at Bagdad that _Cimex_ sp. would take up Leishmania from Oriental sore, and that the parasite developed into flagellate form. Patton came to the conclusion that the bed bug transmitted Oriental sore in Cambay, India, but Wenyon contests this view (_vide Journ. Lond. School Trop. Med._, 1912, ii, pt. 1, pp. 13–26). Franchini (_Bull. Soc. Path, exot._, 1912, v, No. 10, pp. 817–819) was unable to connect Cimex with this disease. At present nothing seems proved. Besides their possible connection with kala-azar, it has been shown by Howard and Clark (_Journ. Exp. Med._, 1912, xvi, No. 6, pp. 850–859) that they can carry the virus of poliomyelitis.

[This bed bug was originally described from the Island of Réunion in 1852 by Signoret. A similar insect was described from Burma by Fieber, in 1861, as _C. macrocephalus_. This is the same as Signoret’s species.

[The distribution given by Patton[363] is as follows: India, Burma, Assam, Malay, Aden, Islands of Mauritius and Réunion. Patton in this paper refers to an erroneous statement made in a recent edition of this book (the last English edition). As I have personally kept _lectularius_ in moist dirt, wood and refuse for over two years, the statement as far as I am concerned is not erroneous. Moreover, since his doubting this fact the same experiment has been twice repeated with the same results. What they did and do persist on I cannot say.--F. V. T.] whilst collecting them. It is rounder and has shorter antennæ than

[363] _Indian Med. Gaz._, February, 1907, xlii, No. 2.

*Cimex columbarius*, Jenyns.

[This is common in parts of Europe in pigeon nests, and also amongst poultry (_vide Report Econ. Zool._ for year ending September 30, 1913, pp. 142–144, Theobald). It occurs in Britain on the latter and will attack man. I have personally been badly bitten _C. lectularius_. Jenyns also described a more pubescent species from swallows as _C. hirundinis_. I have recently received an account of the swallow bug invading a house in Kent and causing much annoyance.--F. V. T.]

*Cimex ciliatus*, Eversmann, 1841.

3·3 mm. in length, yellowish-red, thickly covered with hair; indigenous in Russia (Kasan).

[From a single specimen seen it is evidently distinct.--F. V. T.]

Family. *Reduviidæ.*

Head long, narrowed behind into a neck; eyes large, prominent;
rostrum thick and curved; antennæ moderately long, slender at the
tip; legs long and stiff; carnivorous.

Amongst the _Reduviidæ_ one genus is of particular importance, namely the genus Conorhinus, which has a long head and the first segment of the beak very much shorter than the second, and the posterior tibiæ longer than the femora.

These large bugs have a wide distribution, the Oriental region, North and South America, and the West Indies, Madagascar and West and Central Africa.

These large bugs may cause very nasty wounds by their bites, but beyond that it has recently been shown that one interposes in the life-cycle of a trypanosome, namely--

Genus. *Conorhinus*, Lap.

*Conorhinus megistus*, Burm.

This large bug has recently been shown by Chagas to be the agent in the development of the trypanosome (_T. cruzii_) which is the cause of the well-known disease in many parts of Brazil called _Barbeiro_ (Barbier). This insect is about 1 in. long, black, with four red spots on the pronotum, and six red lateral lines on the abdomen, black legs, head and beak. The insect is figured in a coloured plate (No. 9) in _Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz_, 1909, i, fasc. 2, pp. 158–218.

A further account is given by Neiva.[364]

[364] _Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz_, 1910, 2, fasc. 2, pp. 206–212.

*Conorhinus sanguisuga*, Lec. (Blood-sucking Cone-nose).

This bug is also known as the Texas or Mexican bed bug, also as the big bed bug. It is particularly troublesome in the Mississippi Valley in bedrooms. The bite is very severe and results in more pronounced swelling and inflammation than that of the Cimex. Normally this genus feeds upon the blood of mammals and insects. Its fondness for human blood appears to be quite a new habit, and appears limited to the mature insect only. It is nearly an inch long, flat, head very narrow and long, the rostrum short and thick. In colour it is dark brown with pink markings. They are fully winged when adult, and they fly with ease, entering houses on the wing, especially being attracted by lights in windows; they also run swiftly. Like the bed bug they conceal themselves during the day and come out at night and bite the sleeper. The effect of the bite is very varied, but as a rule a sore, itching wound, accompanied by burning pain and swellings, which may extend over a good deal of the body, occur. A specific poison is undoubtedly injected into the puncture; but no doubt serious results are also due to the beak being contaminated through the insects feeding upon foul carrion. Mr. Lembert, when bitten by a _Conorhinus_ sp. (?) on the Pacific slope, exhibited the following symptoms: an itching sensation extending up the leg, large blotches manifesting themselves on the upper part of the limb and extending up to the hands and arms; his lips swelled and the itching and swelling extended over the head; there was also much nausea. Similar results are recorded from other regions.[365]

[365] “Household Insects,” p. 42.

The eggs of the _C. sanguisuga_ are at first white, then become yellow, then pink; the young hatch in twenty days. There are two larval and two pupal stages, the latter showing wing-pads. The eggs are laid and the young feed out of doors, chiefly upon insects. It is particularly abundant in April and May indoors.

*Conorhinus*, _sp. novum_ (Monster Bug).

Another species; acts in a very similar way in California, the bite being very poisonous.

*Conorhinus rubrofasciatus*, de Geer[366] (Malay Bug).

[366] [_First Report Econ. Zool._, 1903, p. 130.--F. V. T.]

This large bug attacks man in Malaysia and elsewhere. It is recorded as inflicting “a very nasty sting, which is done by the huge proboscis.” Acute pain and inflammation follow in a few minutes. In one case the whole leg became swollen. This species occurs over the whole Oriental region, in Madagascar and Sierra Leone. It is dark brown in colour with dusky yellow or brick-red markings on the pronotum and elytra. Donovan suggests that it may be connected with the kala-azar piroplasma.

*Conorhinus renggeri*, Herr-Schäff

(Great Black Bug of Pampas).

This large black bug is mentioned by Darwin,[367] who states as follows: “At night I experienced an attack (for it deserves no less a name) of the benchuca, a species of Reduvius, the great black bug of the Pampas. It is most disgusting to feel soft wingless insects, about an inch long, crawling over one’s body. Before sucking they are quite thin, but afterwards they become round and bloated with blood, and in this state are easily crushed. One which I caught at Iquique (for they are found in Chili and Peru) was very empty. When placed on a table, and though surrounded by people, if a finger was presented the bold insect would immediately protrude its sucker, make a charge and, if allowed, draw blood. No pain was caused by the wound. It was curious to watch its body during the action of sucking, as in less than ten minutes it changed from being flat as a wafer to a globular form. This one feast, for which the benchuca was indebted to one of the officers, kept it fat during four whole months, but after the first fortnight it was quite ready to have another suck.” Mr. Kirby[368] also refers to this species.

[367] Charles Darwin, “A Naturalist’s Voyage” (Voyage of the _Beagle_), 1888, p. 330.

[368] “Text-book of Entomology,” 1885, p. 205.

*Conorhinus variegatus* (Variegated Cone-nose).

Occurs in Florida in houses, and chases bugs (Cimex) and flies; not definitely known to bite man.

*Conorhinus nigrovarius.*

This species occurs in South America. It is one of the forms known as bichuque. Its bite makes a troublesome swelling.

*Conorhinus protractus.*

also attacks man in Utah.[369] It has been called the “big bed bug.”

[369] “The Big Bed Bug of the Far West,” _Bull._ 18 (N.S.), _U.S. Dept. Agric._, 1898, p. 101.

Genus. *Reduvius, etc.*

*Reduvius personatus*, Linné.

Syn.: _Reduvius personatus_, Leconte, 1855.

European, but also found in the United States. The bite causes intense pain. It bites when caught or handled, but does not seem to do so voluntarily. Swelling and irritation result which may last a week, and may even cause death.[370] In 1899 it was very abundant at Washington and elsewhere; other species occurred, and so no definite opinion existed as to the actual biter, but some people took _R. personatus_ actually biting. It was first described as a parasite of man in America by Walsh and Riley.[371]

[370] “Insects to which the name ‘Kissing-bug’ became applied during the summer of 1899,” _Bull._ 22 (N.S.), _U.S. Dept. Agric._, 1900, p. 24.

[371] _American Entomologist_, 1869, i, pp. 84–88.

A popular name for this bug is the wheel or masked bug--a black insect, three-fourths of an inch long. The larva of this bug is carnivorous and covers its body with dust so as to conceal itself from its prey. The adult is active on the wing.

*Coriscus subcoleoptratus*, Kirby, 1837.

Syn.: _Nabicula subcoleoptrata_, Kirby, 1837; _Nabis
subcoleoptratus_, Reuter, 1872; _Coriscus subcoleoptratus_, Stål,
1873.

Northern United States. Howard was bitten by one between the fingers--the pain was intense, like a needle prick, but the swelling was small.[372] No other case known.

[372] R. Blanchard, “Sur la Piqûre de quelques Hémiptères,” _Arch, de Par._, 1902, p. 145.

*Rasahus biguttatus*, Say, 1831.

Syn.: _Pirates biguttatus_, Stål, 1862; _Callisphodrus biguttatus_,
Stål, 1866; _Rasahus biguttatus_, Stål, 1872.

Common in southern United States, and found in Cuba, Panama and Pará, etc. Known as the two-spotted corsair on account of the great spot on the hemielytra. Frequently found in houses, where it chases the bed bug. It also bites man frequently. From 1869 Walsh and Riley placed it amongst the parasites of man. In the United States Davidson[373] is of opinion that all cases attributed to spider bites are due to this insect.

[373] “So-called Spider-bites and their Treatment,” _Therap. Gaz._, February 19, 1875.

*Melanolestes morio*, Erichson, 1848 (Non-walker).

Syn.: _Pirates morio_, Erichson, 1848; _Melanolestes morio_, Stål,
1866; _Pirates picipes_, Herrich-Schäffer, 1848; _Melanolestes
picipes_, Howard, 1900.

Guiana and Mexico and eastern and southern United States. Length 20 mm., hides under stones and logs during daylight, and flies at night. Attracted by lights into houses. Very abundant in 1899 at Washington. Howard cites cases where it was proved to bite man.

*Melanolestes abdominalis*, Herrich-Schäffer, 1848.

Syn.: _Pirates abdominalis_, Herrich-Schäffer; _Melanolestes
abdominalis_, Uhler, 1875.

Allied to the former; some say similar, but can be told by the shorter wings on the female. It occurs in the same localities as _M. morio_.

*Phonergates bicoloripes.*

This reduvid attacks man in Africa.

Family. *Aradidæ.*

Broad and very flat bugs, with antennæ of four segments and the beak
of three; scutellum short, no cuneus to elytra and the tarsi of two
segments. They normally live under the bark of trees, etc., and are
found in most parts of the world.

*Dysodius lunatus*, Fabr. (Pito Bug).

A large species which is found in South America, frequenting houses, and bites very severely.

THE OCHINDUNDU.

The bug is described by Wellman (_Journ. Trop. Med._, April 2, 1906, p. 97) as not only feeding on ticks, such as _Ornithodorus moubata_, but as also attacking man. It is called by the Angola Bantus the ochindundu. It is black in colour; the first two pairs of legs are of a bright red hue. It has curious paddle-like structures on the front four legs, which seem to be designed for securely holding the ticks. It infects native kraals for the sake of preying on ticks. The natives also state that it inflicts a bite which far exceeds in painfulness that of the tick. They compare the bite with that of a poisonous snake.

Family. *Lygæidæ.*

Scutellum short; antennæ four-jointed; ocelli present; membranous
part of hemielytra with never more than five nervures. Nearly all
vegetable feeders. A few are recorded here as biting man.

*Lyctocoris campestris*, Fabricius.

Syn.: _Acanthia campestris_, Fabr. (_Lyctocoris domesticus_).

Rare in habitations, lives on human blood. Found by Blanchard in a bed at an hotel at Liverpool. The bite is undoubtedly worse than that of Cimex; cosmopolitan. In colour it is ferruginous, shining, legs testaceous; hemielytra slightly shorter and narrower than the abdomen; membranous portion transparent, the apex broadly fuscous. Length 3·8 to 4·8 mm.

*Rhodinus prolixus*, Stål, 1859.

Sometimes attacks man, and the bite is very painful. It is 25 mm. long and 8 mm. broad, and occurs in Colombia. It is found also in Cayenne and Venezuela. This like other species is known in South America as bichuque or benchuca.

[A few other unimportant species are also recorded as biting man, such as _Harpactor cruentas_, in the South of France; _Eulyes amœna_, from Borneo and Java; _Arilus carinatus_, Forster, from Brazil. The latter appears to be the same as the _Acanthia serratus_, Fabricius.--F. V. T.]

Order. *Orthoptera.*

[The only _Orthoptera_ recorded as doing actual harm to man are
certain wingless locusts found in Africa. The cysticercus stage of
a small tapeworm found in rats and man has been found in an earwig
(Alcock).

[The strange _Hemimeridæ_ found in West Africa, resembling wingless
cockroaches, are parasitic on rats (_Cricetomys_). _Phasmidæ_, or
stick insects, are said to be able to eject a fluid which may cause
blindness if it comes in contact with the eyes.

LOCUSTS INJURIOUS TO MAN.

[A wingless locust--_Enyaliopsis durandi_, Luc--is recorded by
Wiggins[374] as injurious to man in Uganda. “The bite of this
insect,” it is said, “gives rise to a very nasty eruption, which
may extend over the whole body, with high temperature and general
malaise. The skin at the site of the bite sloughs away, and generally
leaves a large deep cavity, which heals very slowly.”

[374] _Bull. Ent. Res._, 1910, i, pt. 3, p. 227.

[An allied species--_E. petersi_, Schaum--emits a clear yellow fluid,
but according to Marshall this does no harm.[375] Stannus writes
that “for some years I have been cognizant of the fact that among
the natives of Nyasaland an allied if not the same species is held
to cause skin lesions by the emission of a fluid on the bare skin
surface of the body. I have seen cases of ulcers on various parts of
the body, for which the ‘nantundua’ was assigned as the cause.” He
then describes the destruction of the superficial layers of the skin
which he observed after the yellow fluid had been on the skin twelve
hours.--F. V. T.]

[375] _Ibid._, 1911, ii, pt. 2, p. 180.

Order. *Coleoptera.*

The larvæ of beetles, similarly to those of some other _Arthropoda_
(myriapods and the larvæ of gnats), have sometimes been observed
in man as purely accidental guests. In one case or another, such
accounts may have originated through a mistake of the observer. Thus
English doctors report the presence of the larvæ of _Blaps mortisaga_
in the stools of human beings, Sandberg of the larva of _Agrypnus
murinus_ in his ten year old son, and Blanchard mentions the larva of
a beetle that was vomited by a child. All these cases, however, do
not represent actual parasitism, although there are beetles living
parasitically.[376]

[376] [Dr. Daniels has sent me a small coleopterous larva found in an abscess on a man in British Guiana.--F. V. T.]

*Silvanus surinamensis*, Linnæus (Saw-toothed Grain Beetle).

[Taschenberg records this beetle as having invaded some sleeping apartments adjoining a brewery where stores were kept, and annoying the sleepers at night by nipping them when in their beds.

[This beetle is common in many parts of the world amongst groceries, corn, meal, seeds, dried fruits, etc. It is about 1/10 in. long, much flattened and chocolate-brown in colour. The thorax has two shallow grooves and bears six minute teeth on each side. The jaws are strong, but the bite cannot be very serious.--F. V. T.]

Order. *Diptera* or *Siphonaptera*.

*Aphaniptera* (Fleas).

Wingless, the thoracic rings distinct and free; antennæ of three
segments; legs very powerful; abdomen with nine segments. [Ten
segments are present, but only nine are visible.--F. V. T.] The
mandibles transformed into serrated puncturing organs, which are
situated in the split sheath of the rostrum; the maxillæ are
laminated and have palpi, and more or less conceal the other parts.

The importance of fleas lies mainly in the fact that they act as
plague carriers. About 150 species have already been described. The
only ones of importance for this work are those found on man and
those on rats and mice. The two families in which these are found are
known as _Pulicidæ_ and _Sarcopsyllidæ_.

The eggs of fleas are laid on the ground, on rugs, etc., and in
birds’ and rodents’ nests. They hatch rapidly in warm weather and in
warm climates, varying from two to five days; in cold countries they
may take two or three weeks to incubate.

The larva is a footless creature, pearly white in colour, the head
sometimes being darkened, composed of fourteen segments including
the head, and although apodal can move with considerable agility. It
lives amongst dust and dirt, and feeds upon any organic matter it can
find. In about two weeks it is said to become mature, and then spins
a cocoon in which pupation takes place.

The cocoons of the common human flea and the fowl flea become covered
with dust and dirt. The period of pupal life seems varied, for I have
had the fowl flea hatch out in ten days, and others in three weeks at
the same time of year.

The adults are blood suckers and cause considerable irritation as
well as acting as disease carriers, and in the _Sarcopsyllidæ_ the
females attach themselves permanently to their hosts, embedding
themselves under the skin, where they become pregnant. Some kinds
harbour the cystic stage of tapeworms, and the rat trypanosome passes
certain stages in the rat flea. Most fleas have definite hosts, but
some, like the rat and fowl fleas, attack man.

The fleas which can carry the bacillus of plague are _Xenopsylla
cheopis_, _Pulex irritans_, _Ceratophyllus fasciatus_ and
_Hoplopsyllus anomalus_.

The two families, _Pulicidæ_ and _Sarcopsyllidæ_, can be
distinguished as follows:

Thoracic segments much foreshortened, coxæ and
femora of hind legs very slightly enlarged _Sarcopsyllidæ_.

Thoracic segments normal, coxæ and femora of all
the legs much enlarged _Pulicidæ_.

Family. *Sarcopsyllidæ* (Jiggers).

The members of this family are not confined to one host.

Three genera are known and tabulate as follows:--

α. Hind coxa without a patch of spines on
the inside.

α^1. Hind femur simple 1. _Dermatophilus._
α^2. Hind femur with a large tooth-like
projection near the base 2. _Hectopsylla._

β. Hind coxa with a patch of short spines on
the inside 3. _Echidnophaga._

Genus. *Dermatophilus*, Guérin.

*Dermatophilus cæcata*, Enderl.

The eyes of the female vestigial. Taken on and behind the ears of
_Mus rattus_ in Brazil.

*Dermatophilus penetrans*, L., 1758 (Jigger, Chigoe).

Syn.: _Sarcopsylla penetrans_.

About 1 to 1·2 mm. in length; brown in colour. Eyes distinct. The males only occasionally visit man to bite; the fertilized female, on the other hand, bores into the skin with her head, particularly about the toes of the host, and then attains considerable dimensions. The eggs develop on the soil with a metamorphosis similar to that of the common flea.

The sand flea (nigua) particularly infests Central and South America,
and, in 1873, was carried by ships from Brazil to the West Coast of
Africa. In a comparatively short time it has become disseminated
throughout Africa and has also appeared in Madagascar; recently also
it has been reported from China.

Besides attacking man, it also settles on mammals, for instance, on
dogs, pigs, etc. According to Jullien the wound or little swelling
caused by the female has no particular significance, as children
infested with ten or eleven sand fleas quietly proceeded with their
games. It will be understood, however, that the wound easily affords
the opportunity for the setting up of inflammation or even septic
processes, as is the case in any kind of wound.

[The jigger is also well known in the West Indies.--F. V. T.]

Genus. *Echidnophaga*, Olliff.

Four species found on rats, etc.

*Echidnophaga gallinacea*, Westwood (Chigoe of Fowls).

[This flea is a native of tropical Asia and Africa. It lives on the fowl chiefly, attacking the neck and around the eyes. Specimens were sent me from Texas, where they not only attack poultry but also children, the latter somewhat severely. It also occurs on cats, and is found on rats in Africa. It has been introduced into North America.

[Three other species are found on rats, _viz._: _E. myrmecobii_, Rothsch., from Australia; _E. murina_, Tirah, from Southern Europe; and _E. liopus_, Rothsch., India and Western Australia.--F. V. T.]

Family. *Pulicidæ* (True Fleas).

ROTHSCHILD’S CLASSIFICATION is as follows:--