Chapter XI: Section III: (p. 14). Other associations may be accidental (e.g., certain (5)

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under _Callithrix chrysoleucos_.

Family CALLITHRICIDAE

=Callithrix chrysoleucos= (Natterer)

_Synonymy._--_Callithrix chrysolevea_ [Johnson, personal communication, 1957].

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The monkey apparently became infested naturally with _Prosthenorchis elegans_ for which _B. germanica_ was the intermediate host in the monkey house.

=Callithrix jacchus= (Linnaeus)

_Synonymy._--_Simia jacchus._

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under _Lemur coronatus_.

Cockroaches, on board ship (Neill, 1829; also cited by Samouelle, 1841, and Cowan, 1865): "It was quite amusing to see it at its meal. When he had got hold of one of the largest cockroaches, he held it in his fore paws, and then invariably nipped the head off first; he then pulled out the viscera and cast them aside, and devoured the rest of the body, rejecting the dry elytra and wings, and also the legs of the insect, which are covered with short stiff bristles. The smaller cockroaches he eat[s] without such fastidious nicety."

=Leontocebus oedipus= (Linnaeus)

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under _Callithrix chrysoleucos_.

=Leontocebus rosalia= (Linnaeus)

_Synonymy._--_Midas rosalia_ [Simpson, 1945].

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comments under _Lemur coronatus_ and _Callithrix chrysoleucos_.

=Leontocebus ursulus= (E. Geoffroy)

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comments under _Callithrix chrysoleucos_.

Family CERCOPITHECIDAE

=Cercopithecus= sp.

_Experimental prey._--Cockroaches, East Africa (Carpenter, 1921, 1925): The monkey rarely tasted and usually ignored cockroaches offered to it. In one experiment the monkey had to be deprived of food before it would eat the cockroach.

=Macaca mulatta= (Zimmermann)

_Synonymy._--_Macaca rhesus_ [Johnson, personal communication, 1957].

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a): The macaque was fed cockroaches infested with _Prosthenorchis elegans_ and _P. spirula_.

=Macaca sylvanus= (Linnaeus)

_Synonymy._--_Inuus sylvanus_ [Simpson, 1945].

_Common name._--Macaque.

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under _Lemur coronatus_.

=Papio papio= (Desmarest)

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a): This baboon was fed cockroaches infested with _Prosthenorchis elegans_ and _P. spirula_.

Family PONGIDAE

=Pan= sp.

_Common name._--Chimpanzee.

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, Netherlands (Thiel and Wiegand Bruss, 1946): Indirect evidence for this relationship was shown by these workers who found two animals heavily infected with _Prosthenorchis spirula_ in a zoo in Rotterdam; the intermediate host of the worm was shown to be _B. germanica_.

Family HOMINIDAE

=Homo sapiens= Linnaeus

_Natural prey._--Oöthecae of _Blatta orientalis_ and _Neostylopyga rhombifolia_, Thailand (Bristowe, 1932).

_Periplaneta americana_, Formosa (Takahashi, 1924).

_Periplaneta americana_ and _Periplaneta australasiae_, Australia, China, and Japan (Bodenheimer, 1951).

Cockroaches, Annam and French Guinea (Brygoo, 1946).

In addition to the above records of cockroaches being used as food by man these insects have also been eaten for medicinal purposes (see Roth and Willis, 1957a).

Order EDENTATA

Family DASYPODIDAE

=Dasypus novemcinctus= Linnaeus

_Synonymy._--_Tatu novemcinctum_ [Johnson, personal communication, 1958].

_Natural prey._--_Ischnoptera deropeltiformis_, Texas (Hebard, 1917): A specimen of this cockroach in the U. S. National Museum was taken from the stomach of the armadillo.

Order RODENTIA

Family MURIDAE

=Mus musculus= Linnaeus

_Experimental prey._--_Diploptera punctata_, U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958).

=Rattus norvegicus= (Berkenhout)

_Synonymy._--_Mus decumanus; Epimys norvegicus._

_Natural prey._--_Leucophaea maderae_, Venezuela (Brumpt, 1931): Rats infested with _Protospirura bonnei_ presumably ate this cockroach which is the intermediate host of the worm.

_Periplaneta americana_, Brazil (Magalhães, 1898): Remains found in the stomachs of brown rats. Denmark (Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914): This cockroach was found to be the intermediate host of _Gongylonema neoplasticum_, a parasite of rats.

=Rattus rattus= (Linnaeus)

_Natural prey._--_Periplaneta americana_, Denmark (Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914): See comment after these authors under _Rattus norvegicus_.

=Rattus= spp.

_Natural prey._--Cockroaches, India (Maxwell-Lefroy, 1909); Burma (Subramanian, 1927).

Family CAVIIDAE

=Cavia= sp.

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Guinea pigs were fed cockroaches infested with _Physaloptera maxillaris_.

Order CARNIVORA

Family CANIDAE

=Canis familiaris= Linnaeus

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Dogs were fed cockroaches infested with _Physaloptera maxillaris_. U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with _Physaloptera rara_ were fed to a dog.

=Canis latrans= Say

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with _Physaloptera rara_ were fed to a coyote.

=Vulpes= sp.

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A fox was successfully infected when fed cockroaches infested with _Prosthenorchis elegans_ and _P. spirula_.

Family PROCYONIDAE

=Bassariscus astutus= (Lichtenstein)

_Common names._--Cacomistle, ring-tailed cat.

_Natural prey._--Cockroaches, U.S.A., Arizona (Dr. H. Stahnke, personal communication, 1953): The ring-tailed cat enters dwellings located on the desert and feeds on cockroaches and other arthropods.

=Nasua narica= (Linnaeus)

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The coati apparently became infested naturally with _Prosthenorchis spirula_ for which _B. germanica_ was the intermediate host in the laboratory.

=Nasua nasua= (Linnaeus)

_Natural prey._--_Blattella germanica_, on board ship (Myers, 1931): This insect was eaten when other insects were absent.

Cockroach, a small outdoor species, Trinidad (Myers, 1931).

=Nasua= sp.

_Natural prey._--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a).

Family MUSTELIDAE

=Meles= sp.

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A badger was successfully infected when fed cockroaches infested with _Prosthenorchis elegans_ and _P. spirula_.

Family VIVERRIDAE

=Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus= Hodgson

_Natural prey._--_Epilampra wheeleri_, _Eurycotis improcera_, _Panchlora nivea_, _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, and others unidentified to species, St. Croix and Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1953): Based on 37 or more cockroaches obtained from stomachs of 42 mongooses collected in St. Croix (by Seaman) and 56 collected in Puerto Rico (by Pimentel).

Pimentel (personal communication, 1958) has given us the following percentage occurrence of cockroach species in the total number of mongoose stomachs that he examined in Puerto Rico: _Epilampra wheeleri_ 1.8, _Ischnoptera rufa rufa_ 3.6, _Panchlora nivea_ 1.8, _Periplaneta americana_ 1.8, and _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_ 19.6.

=Herpestes= sp.

_Natural prey._--_Periplaneta americana_ and _Periplaneta australasiae_, Hawaii (Perkins, 1913): Large numbers of these cockroaches are devoured.

Cockroach, East Africa (Loveridge, 1923): Cockroach remains found in stomach of mongoose.

Family FELIDAE

=Felis catus= Linnaeus

_Natural prey._--_Periplaneta americana_, Hawaii (Williams et al., 1931).

Cockroaches, U.S.A., Arizona (Stahnke, personal communication, 1953).

_Experimental prey._--_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Cats were fed cockroaches infested with _Physaloptera maxillaris_. U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with _Physaloptera rara_ were fed to a kitten. France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A young cat was fed cockroaches infested with _Prosthenorchis elegans_ and _P. spirula_.

=Felis pardalis mearnsi= J. A. Allen

_Natural prey._--Cockroaches, Panama (Dr. H. L. Sweetman, personal communication, 1958): An ocelot was seen collecting and feeding on cockroaches, possibly _Blaberus_ sp. "The ocelot was quite efficient and seemed to relish the roaches."

XIV. CHECKLIST OF COCKROACHES AND SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATES

Only naturally occurring associations are included in this list. Commensal cockroaches are listed on page 315. Bacteroids are not listed because they undoubtedly occur in all species. The higher plants were excluded because most of the associations may be too casual to constitute symbiosis; however, many of the plant associations were included in the chapter on ecology. The cockroaches and the associates within each category are arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Page references are to citations in the classified sections where details of the associations and/or sources of the records are given.

=Aglaopteryx facies=
Mite: Undetermined, p. 220.
Reptile: _Anolis stratulus_, p. 274.

=Aglaopteryx diaphana=
Nematode: _Protrellus manni_, p. 200.

=Allacta similis=
Insects:
_Dolichurus stantoni_, p. 262.
_Solindenia picticornis_, p. 247.

=Anaplecta= sp.
Fungus: _Herpomyces anaplectae_, p. 134.

=Aptera fusca=
Protozoan: _Gregarina fastidiosa_, p. 182.

=Arenivaga bolliana=
Insect: _Sarcophaga omani_, p. 229.

=Arenivaga roseni=
Insects: Undetermined reduviids, p. 227.

=Balta patula=
Insect: _Rhipidioides ableptus_, p. 230.

=Blaberus atropos=
Bacterium: _Spirochaeta blattae_, p. 125.
Protozoa:
_Endolimax nana_, p. 180.
_Entamoeba coli_, p. 178.
Nematodes:
_Leidynema appendiculata_, p. 197.
_Leidynema cranifera_, p. 198.

=Blaberus craniifer=
Bacteria:
_Aerobacter aerogenes_, p. 111.
_Alcaligenes faecalis_, p. 111.
_Bacillus cereus_, p. 120.
_Bacillus subtilis_, p. 121.
_Escherichia coli_ var. _communior_, p. 113.
_Escherichia freundii_, p. 113.
_Micrococcus pyogenes_ var. _albus_, p. 106.
_Micrococcus pyogenes_ var. _aureus_, p. 107.
_Proteus vulgaris_, p. 114.
_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, p. 104.
Fungi:
_Herpomyces tricuspidatus_, p. 138.
_Penicillium_ sp., p. 131.
_Rhizopus nigricans_, p. 133.
_Saccharomyces cerevisiae_, p. 133.
Protozoan: _Diplocystis_ (?) sp., pp. 181, 184.
Nematodes:
_Leidynema cranifera_, p. 198.
_Protrelleta floridana_, p. 199.
Mite: _Iolina nana_, p. 219.
Undetermined, p. 220.
Bird: Chicken, p. 278.

=Blaberus discoidalis=
Mite: Undetermined, p. 220.

=Blaberus giganteus=
Hair worm: _Gordius pilosus_, p. 202.

=Blaberus= sp.
Fungi:
_Herpomyces macropus_, p. 136.
_Herpomyces paranensis_, p. 136.
_Herpomyces periplanetae_, p. 137.
_Herpomyces tricuspidatus_, p. 138.
Protozoan: _Leptomonas blaberae_, p. 167.

=Blaptica dubia=
Protozoan: _Pileocephalus blaberae_, p. 184.

=Blatta (Shelfordella) lateralis=
Bacterium: _Shigella paradysenteriae_, p. 119.
Insect: _Ampulex assimilis_, p. 257.

=Blatta orientalis=
Bacteria:
_Aerobacter aerogenes_, p. 111.
_Alcaligenes faecalis_, p. 111.
_Alcaligenes recti_, p. 111.
_Arthromitus intestinalis_, p. 124.
B. aerobio del pseudoedema maligno, p. 125.
_B. alcaligenes beckeri_, p. 125.
B. del pseudoedema maligno, p. 125.
Bacillo proteisimile, p. 126.
Bacillo similcarbonchio, p. 126.
Bacillo similtifo (Bacillo tifosimile), p. 126.
_Bacillus bütschlii_, p. 120.
_Bacillus periplanetae_, p. 121.
_Bacillus stellatus_, p. 121.
_Bacillus subtilis_, p. 122.
_Bacillus tritus_, p. 122.
_Bacteroides uncatus_, p. 119.
_Clostridium lentoputrescens_, p. 122.
_Clostridium novyi_ or _Clostridium sporogenes_, p. 122.
_Enterococcus_ sp., p. 109.
_Escherichia coli_, p. 112.
_Lactobacillus fermenti_, p. 109.
_Micrococcus pyogenes_ var. _albus_, p. 107.
_Micrococcus pyogenes_ var. _aureus_, p. 107.
_Micrococcus_ sp., p. 108.
_Paracolobactrum_ sp., p. 113.
_Pasteurella pestis_, p. 119.
_Proteus_ sp., p. 114.
_Proteus vulgaris_, p. 114.
_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, p. 104.
_Pseudomonas eisenbergii_, p. 105.
_Pseudomonas fluorescens_, p. 105.
_Salmonella typhosa_, p. 117.
_Sarcina alba_, p. 108.
_Sarcina_ sp., pp. 108, 109.
_Sarcina symbiotica_ (host may have been _B. germanica_), p. 108.
_Sarcina ventriculi_, p. 108.
_Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
_Spirillochaeta blattae_, p. 127.
_Spirillum_ α, β and γ, p. 105.
_Spirillum_ sp., p. 105.
_Spirochaeta periplanetae_, p. 125.
_Streptococcus faecalis_, p. 109.
_Streptococcus liquefaciens_, p. 110.
_Streptococcus microapoika_, p. 110.
_Streptococcus pyogenes_, p. 110.
_Streptococcus_ sp., p. 110.
_Treponema parvum_, p. 125.
_Treponema stylopygae_, p. 125.
_Vibrio_ sp., p. 106.
Fungi:
_Aspergillus fumigatus_, p. 130.
_Blastocystis hominis_, p. 133.
_Blastocystis_ sp., p. 133.
_Candida zeylanoides_, p. 129.
_Coccidioides periplanetae_, p. 133.
_Herpomyces periplanetae_, p. 137.
_Herpomyces stylopygae_, p. 137.
_Torula gropengiesseri_, p. 132.
_Torulopsis_ sp., p. 130.
Protozoa:
_Balantidium praenucleatum_, p. 187.
_Bodo blattae_, p. 167.
_Coelosporidium periplanetae_, p. 185.
_Diplocystis schneideri_, p. 181.
_Endamoeba blattae_, p. 177.
_Entamoeba thomsoni_, p. 179.
_Endolimax blattae_, p. 180.
_Endolimax_ sp., p. 180.
_Gregarina blattarum_, p. 181.
_Haplosporidium periplanetae_, p. 185.
_Hartmannella blattae_, p. 177.
_Herpetomonas periplanetae_, p. 167.
_Hexamita periplanetae_, p. 171.
_Lophomonas blattarum_, p. 172.
_Lophomonas striata_, p. 173.
_Monas_ sp., p. 167.
_Monocercomonoides orthopterorum_, p. 169.
_Nyctotherus ovalis_, p. 188.
_Oikomonas_ sp., p. 166.
_Peltomyces periplanetae_, p. 177.
_Plistophora kudoi_, p. 185.
_Plistophora periplanetae_, p. 186.
_Plistophora_ sp., p. 186.
_Retortamonas blattae_, p. 167.
_Stenophora_ sp., p. 181.
_Tetratrichomastix blattidarum_, p. 170.
Helminths:
_Ascaris_ sp., p. 209.
_Enterobius vermicularis_, p. 209.
_Gongylonema neoplasticum_, p. 206.
_Gordius blattae orientalis_, p. 202.
_Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_, p. 195.
_Hammerschmidtiella neyrai_, p. 196.
_Leidynema appendiculata_, p. 197.
_Spirura gastrophila_, p. 207.
_Thelastoma pachyjuli_, p. 201.
_Trichostrongylus_ sp., p. 210.
_Trichuris trichiura_, p. 210.
Mite: Undetermined, pp. 220, 222.
Insects:
_Dermestes ater_, p. 234.
_Dermestes_ sp., p. 234.
_Evania appendigaster_, p. 236.
_Evania dimidiata_, p. 239.
_Prosevania punctata_, p. 240.
_Systellogaster ovivora_, p. 248.
_Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 250.
_Tetrastichus_ sp., p. 254.
Bird: Chicken, p. 278.
Mammal: _Homo sapiens_, p. 286.

=Blatta= sp.
Hair worm: _Gordius aquaticus_, p. 201.
Insects:
_Evania appendigaster_, p. 236.
_Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 250.

=Blattella germanica= and/or =Blattella vaga=
Viruses: Unspecified strains of poliomyelitis virus, p. 103.

=Blattella germanica=
Bacteria:
_Achromobacter_ sp., p. 110.
_Aerobacter aerogenes_, p. 111.
_Aerobacter cloacae_, p. 112.
_Alcaligenes faecalis_, p. 111.
_Alcaligenes viscosus_, p. 111.
_Bacillus circulans_, p. 120.
_Escherichia coli_, p. 112.
_Escherichia freundii_, p. 113.
_Micrococcus aurantiacus_, p. 106.
_Micrococcus epidermidis_, p. 106.
_Micrococcus pyogenes_ var. _albus_, p. 107.
_Micrococcus pyogenes_ var. _aureus_, p. 107.
_Micrococcus ureae_, p. 107.
_Micrococcus_ sp., p. 108.
_Mycobacterium leprae_, p. 123.
_Paracolobactrum aerogenoides_, p. 113.
_Paracolobactrum coliforme_, p. 113.
_Paracolobactrum_ sp., p. 113.
_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, p. 104.
_Sarcina symbiotica_ (host may have been _B. orientalis_), p. 108.
_Salmonella typhimurium_, p. 116.
_Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
_Streptococcus faecalis_, p. 109.
_Streptococcus_ sp., p. 110.
Fungi:
_Aspergillus flavus_, p. 130.
_Aspergillus tamarii_, p. 130.
_Aspergillus_ sp., p. 130.
_Cordyceps blattae_, p. 134.
_Herpomyces ectobiae_, p. 135.
_Memnoniella echinata_, p. 132.
_Saccharomyces_ sp., p. 133.
Protozoa:
_Bodo_ sp. (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 167.
_Coelosporidium periplanetae_, p. 185.
_Dobellina_ sp. (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 177.
_Endamoeba blattae_ (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 177.
_Endolimax_ sp. (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 180.
_Entamoeba coli_ (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 178.
_Entamoeba histolytica_ (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 179.
_Entamoeba thomsoni_, p. 179.
_Eutrichomastix_ sp. (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 169.
_Gregarina blattarum_, p. 182.
_Iodamoeba_ sp. (host may have been _P. americana_), p. 180.
_Lophomonas blattarum_, p. 172.
_Lophomonas striata_, p. 173.
_Nyctotherus ovalis_, p. 188.
_Peltomyces periplanetae_, p. 177.
_Plistophora periplanetae_, p. 186.
_Tetratrichomastix blattidarum_, p. 170.
Helminths:
_Blattelicola blattelicola_, p. 193.
_Blatticola blattae_, p. 193.
_Enterobius vermicularis_, p. 209.
_Galebia aegyptiaca_, p. 195.
_Gongylonema neoplasticum_, p. 206.
_Moniliformis kalahariensis_, p. 203.
_Prosthenorchis elegans_, p. 203.
_Prosthenorchis spirula_, p. 203.
_Tetrameres americana_, p. 207.
_Trichuris trichiura_, p. 210.
Mites:
_Blattisocius tineivorus_, p. 216.
_Caloglyphus_ sp., p. 218.
Undetermined, p. 220.
Insects:
_Brachygaster minutus_, p. 235.
_Eupelmus atriflagellum_, p. 247.
_Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.
_Ripidius pectinicornis_, p. 232.
Mammals:
_Callithrix chrysoleucos_, p. 285.
_Callithrix jacchus_, p. 285.
_Cebus apella_, p. 284.
_Lemur coronatus_, p. 283.
_Lemur fulvus_, p. 283.
_Leontocebus oedipus_, p. 285.
_Leontocebus rosalia_, p. 285.
_Leontocebus ursulus_, p. 285.
_Macaca sylvanus_, p. 286.
_Nasua narica_, p. 288.
_Nasua nasua_, p. 288.
_Pan_ sp., p. 286.
_Perodicticus potto_, p. 284.
_Saimiri sciurea_, p. 285.

=Blattella humbertiana=
Fungus: _Herpomyces gracilis_, p. 135.
Nematode: _Protrellus phyllodromi_, p. 200.
Mite: _Uropoda_ sp., p. 217.

=Blattella lituricollis=
Insect: _Dolichurus stantoni_, p. 262.

=Blattella= sp.
Reptile: _Anolis cristatellus_, p. 273.

=Cariblatta delicatula=
Insect: _Hyptia_ sp., p. 240.
Reptile: _Anolis cristatellus_, p. 273.

=Cariblatta lutea lutea=
Plants:
_Sarracenia flava_, p. 154.
_Sarracenia purpurea_, p. 154.

=Chorisoneura= sp.
Insects:
_Stylogaster_ sp., p. 228.
_Tachysphex blatticidus_, p. 264.

=Choristima= sp.
Insect: _Rhipidioides rubricatus_, p. 231.

=Choristimodes= sp.
Insect: _Rhipidioides rubricatus_, p. 231.

=Cryptocercus punctulatus=
Bacterium: _Bacillus subtilis_, p. 122.
Protozoa:
_Adelina cryptocerci_, p. 184.
_Barbulanympha estaboga_, p. 173.
_Barbulanympha laurabuda_, p. 174.
_Barbulanympha ufalula_, p. 174.
_Barbulanympha wenyoni_, p. 174.
_Eucomonympha imla_, p. 176.
_Hexamita cryptocerci_, p. 171.
_Idionympha perissa_, p. 174.
_Leptospironympha eupora_, p. 172.
_Leptospironympha rudis_, p. 172.
_Leptospironympha wachula_, p. 172.
_Macrospironympha xylopletha_, p. 172.
_Monocercomonoides globus_, p. 169.
_Notila proteus_, p. 170.
_Oxymonas doroaxostylus_, p. 170.
_Oxymonas nana_, p. 170.
_Prolophomonas tocopola_, p. 173.
_Rhynchonympha tarda_, p. 174.
_Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylus_, p. 170.
_Saccinobaculus lata_, p. 170.
_Trichonympha acuta_, p. 174.
_Trichonympha algoa_, p. 174.
_Trichonympha chula_, p. 176.
_Trichonympha grandis_, p. 176.
_Trichonympha lata_, p. 176.
_Trichonympha okolona_, p. 176.
_Trichonympha parva_, p. 176.
_Urinympha talea_, p. 174.
Undetermined gregarine, p. 184.
Amphibian: _Plethodon glutinosus_, p. 269.

=Cutilia soror=
Insects:
_Dolichurus stantoni_, p. 262.
_Evania appendigaster_, p. 236.
_Szepligetella sericea_, p. 242.
Bird: _Phasianus_ sp., p. 277.

=Cutilia= sp.
Nematode: Undetermined, p. 201.
Insects:
_Riekella australis_, p. 231.
Undetermined strepsipteron, p. 234.

=Diploptera punctata=
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
Fungus: _Herpomyces diplopterae_, p. 135.
Mites:
_Iolina nana_, p. 219.
_Locustacarus_ sp., p. 219.
Insect: _Nauphoeta cinerea_, p. 324.
Amphibian: _Bufo marinus_, p. 270.
Bird: _Phasianus_ sp., p. 277.

=Ectobius lapponicus=
Protozoa:
_Gamocystis tenax_, p. 184.
_Monocercomonoides orthopterorum_, p. 169.
Nematode: _Blatticola blattae_, p. 193.
Insects:
_Brachygaster minutus_, p. 235.
_Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.
_Tachysphex lativalvis_, p. 264.

=Ectobius pallidus=
Protozoan: _Gamocystis tenax_, p. 184.
Helminths:
_Blatticola blattae_, p. 193.
Undetermined mermithid, p. 192.
Insects:
_Ampulex fasciata_, p. 259.
_Aphaenogaster picea_, p. 267.
_Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.
_Lasius alienus_, p. 268.
_Ripidius boissyi_ (presumptive record), p. 231.
_Ripidius denisi_ (presumptive record), p. 232.
_Tachysphex lativalvis_, p. 264.

=Ectobius panzeri=
Centipede: _Scolopendra_ sp., p. 224.
Insects:
_Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.
_Tachysphex lativalvis_, p. 264.

=Ectobius= sp.
Insects:
_Brachygaster minutus_, p. 235.
_Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.
_Tachysphex lativalvis_, p. 264.

=Ellipsidion affine=
Insect: _Rhipidioides fuscatus_, p. 230.

=Ellipsidion australe=
Insects:
_Agamerion metallica_, p. 243.
_Cheiloneurus viridiscutum_, p. 244.
_Mestocharomyia oophaga_, p. 248.

=Epilampra abdomen-nigrum=
Insect: _Podium flavipenne_, p. 265.
Amphibian: _Bufo marinus_, p. 270.

=Epilampra conferta=
Insect: _Podium_ sp., p. 266.

=Epilampra= sp.
Fungus: _Herpomyces tricuspidatus_, p. 138.
Insect: _Podium haematogastrum_, p. 266.
Bird: _Gymnasio nudipes_, p. 279.

=Epilampra wheeleri=
Reptiles:
_Ameiva exsul_, p. 275.
_Anolis cristatellus_, p. 273.
Mammal: _Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus_, p. 289.

=Escala= (?) sp.
Insect: _Rhipidioides adynatus_, p. 230.

=Eurycotis floridana=
Fungi:
_Aspergillus flavus_, p. 130.
_Aspergillus sydowi_, P. 130.
Helminths:
_Euryconema paradisa_, p. 194.
_Leidynema appendiculata_(?), p. 198.
_Protrelloides paradoxa_, p. 200.
Undetermined gordian worm, p. 202.
Insects:
_Anastatus floridanus_, p. 245.
Undetermined tachinid, p. 228.

=Eurycotis improcera=
Mammal: _Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus_, p. 289.

=Eurycotis manni=
Fungus: _Herpomyces zanzibarinus_, p. 138.

=Graptoblatta notulata=
Insect: _Tachysphex fanuiensis_, p. 264.

=Gromphadorhina portentosa=
Protozoan: Undetermined gregarine, p. 184.
Mite: _Coleolaelaps_ ? sp., p. 216.

=Gyna= sp.(?)
Fungus: _Herpomyces zanzibarinus_, p. 138.

=Holocompsa fulva=
Insect: _Pheidole megacephala_, p. 268.

=Hololampra punctata=
Insect: _Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.

=Ischnoptera deropeltiformis=
Plant: _Sarracenia flava_, p. 154
Amphibian: _Hyla cinerea_, p. 270.
Mammal: _Dasypus novemcinctus_, p. 287.

=Ischnoptera rufa rufa=
Fungus: _Spicaria prasina_, p. 130.
Mammal: _Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus_, p. 289.

=Ischnoptera= sp.
Fungus: _Herpomyces arietinus_, p. 134.
Insects:
_Ampulex canaliculata_, p. 257.
_Syntomosphyrum ischnopterae_, p. 249.

=Karnyia discoidalis=
Spider: _Latrodectus indistinctus_, p. 215.

=Kuchinga hemerobina=
Hair worm: _Parachordodes raphaelis_, p. 202.

=Leucophaea maderae=
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
Fungus: _Herpomyces tricuspidatus_, p. 138.
Protozoa:
_Gregarina rhyparobiae_, p. 183.
_Hexamita_ (?) sp., p. 171.
_Retortamonas_ (?) sp., p. 167.
Undetermined gregarine, p. 184.
Nematodes:
_Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_, p. 195.
_Leidynema delatorrei_, p. 198.
_Protospirura bonnei_, p. 206.
_Protospirura muricola_, p. 206.
Mite: _Chaetodactylus_ sp., p. 218.
Mammals:
_Aotes zonalis_, p. 284.
_Ateles dariensis_, p. 284.
_Cebus capucinus_, p. 284.
_Rattus norvegicus_, p. 287.

=Leucophaea= sp.
Nematode: _Cephalobellus brevicaudatum_, p. 194.

=Leurolestes pallidus=
Fungus: _Herpomyces leurolestis_, p. 136.

=Loboptera decipiens=
Insects:
_Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.
_Zeuxevania splendidula_, p. 243.

=Loboptera= sp.
Fungus: _Herpomyces lobopterae_, p. 136.

=Lobopterella dimidiatipes=
Insect: _Ampulex canaliculata_, p. 257.
Bird: _Coturnix coturnix japonica_, p. 277.

=Melanosilpha capensis=
Protozoa:
_Gregarina impetuosa_, p. 183.
_Gregarina sandoni_, p. 183.

=Monastria= sp.
Insect: _Triatoma arthurneivai_, p. 227.

=Nauphoeta cinerea=
Bacteria:
_Salmonella typhimurium_, p. 116.
_Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
Fungus: _Herpomyces tricuspidatus_, p. 138.
Mites:
_Blattilaelaps nauphoetae_, p. 216.
_Locustacarus_ sp., p. 219.
Insect: _Pheidole megacephala_, p. 268.

=Neostylopyga rhombifolia=
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
Insects:
_Evania appendigaster_, p. 237.
_Szepligetella sericea_, p. 242.
_Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 250.
Mammal: _Homo sapiens_, p. 286.

=Nyctibora obscura=
Fungus: _Herpomyces amazonicus_, p. 134.

=Nyctibora= sp.
Fungus: _Herpomyces nyctoborae_, p. 136.

=Nyctibora tomantosa=
Fungus: _Herpomyces nyctoborae_, p. 136.

=Oniscosoma granicollis=
Insect: _Paranephrites xenus_, p. 230.

=Panchlora exoleta=
Protozoan: _Gregarina panchlorae_, p. 183.

=Panchlora nivea=
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
Fungus: _Herpomyces panchlorae_, p. 136.
Mammal: _Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus_, p. 289.

=Panesthia angustipennis=
Protozoa:
_Clevelandella constricta_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella contorta_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella elongata_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella hastula_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella panesthiae_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella parapanesthiae_, p. 189.
_Endamoeba javanica_, p. 178.
_Endamoeba philippinensis_, p. 178.
_Hexamita cryptocerci_, p. 171.
_Monocercomonoides panesthiae_, p. 170.
_Nyctotherus uichancoi_, p. 188.
_Paraclevelandia brevis_, p. 190.
_Paraclevelandia simplex_, p. 190.
Undetermined amoeba, p. 181.
Nematodes:
_Aorurus philippinensis_, p. 193.
_Blattophila sphaerolaima_ var. _javanica_, p. 194.
_Leidynema nocalum_, p. 198.
_Leidynemella fusiformis_, p. 198.
_Leidynemella paracranifera_, p. 198.
_Thelastoma palmettum_, p. 201.

=Panesthia australis=
Fungus: _Metarrhizium anisopliae_, p. 131.
Mite:
_Hypoaspis_ sp., p. 217.
Undetermined diplogyniid, p. 217.
Insect: Undetermined tachinid, p. 228.

=Panesthia laevicollis=
Nematode: _Blattophila sphaerolaima_, p. 194.

=Panesthia laevicollis= (?)
Nematode: _Leidynemella fusiformis_, p. 198.

=Panesthia lobipennis=
Fungus: _Herpomyces panesthiae_, p. 136.

=Panesthia spadica=
Protozoa:
_Clevelandella constricta_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella contorta_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella nipponensis_, p. 189.
_Clevelandella panesthiae_, p. 189.
_Endamoeba javanica_, p. 178.
_Nyctotherus uichancoi_, p. 188.
_Paraclevelandia brevis_, p. 190.
_Paraclevelandia simplex_, p. 190.

=Panesthia= sp.
Nematode: _Leidynemella panesthiae_, p. 198.

=Parahormetica bilobata=
Helminths:
_Agamospirura parahormeticae_, p. 205.
Undetermined gordian worm, p. 202.

=Parcoblatta lata=
Plant: _Sarracenia flava_, p. 154.
Protozoan: _Leptomonas_ sp., p. 167.
Nematode: _Protrellus aurifluus_, p. 199.

=Parcoblatta pensylvanica=
Protozoa:
_Gregarina blattarum_, p. 182.
_Gregarina illinensis_, p. 183.
_Gregarina parcoblattae_, p. 183.
_Gregarina thomasi_, p. 184.
_Leptomonas_ sp., p. 167.
_Nyctotherus ovalis_, p. 188.
Nematode: _Rictularia coloradensis_, p. 205.
Scorpion: _Centruroides vittatus_ (?), p. 212.
Insects:
_Camponotus pennsylvanicus_, p. 267.
_Hyptia dorsalis_, p. 239.
_Hyptia harpyoides_, p. 239.
_Hyptia reticulata_, p. 240.
_Hyptia thoracica_, p. 240.
_Podium carolina_, p. 265.
_Systellogaster ovivora_, p. 248.
Amphibian: _Rana_ (?) sp., p. 272.

=Parcoblatta uhleriana=
Fungus: _Herpomyces arietinus_, p. 134.
Protozoan: _Gregarina parcoblattae_, p. 183.
Nematode: _Protrellus aurifluus_, p. 199.
Mite: Undetermined, p. 220.
Insect: _Hyptia harpyoides_, p. 239.

=Parcoblatta virginica=
Fungus: _Herpomyces arietinus_, p. 134.
Protozoa:
_Gregarina ohioensis_, p. 183.
_Leptomonas_ sp., p. 167.
Nematode: _Rictularia coloradensis_, p. 205.
Insects:
_Hyptia harpyoides_, p. 239.
_Podium luctuosum_, p. 266.

=Parcoblatta= sp.
Fungus: _Herpomyces arietinus_, p. 134.
Plant: _Sarracenia flava_, p. 154.
Mite: _Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus_, p. 219.
Insects:
_Coenosia basalis_, p. 229.
_Dolichurus greenei_, p. 261.
_Hyptia_ sp., p. 240.
_Megaselia_ sp., p. 227.
_Syntomosphyrum blattae_, p. 248.
_Systellogaster ovivora_, p. 248.
_Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 250.

=Periplaneta americana=
Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus
(host may have been _P. brunnea_), p. 103.
Bacteria:
_Achromobacter hyalinum_, p. 110.
_Aerobacter aerogenes_, p. 111.
_Aerobacter cloacae_, p. 112.
_Aerobacter_ sp., p. 112.
_Alcaligenes faecalis_, p. 111.
_Bacillus cereus_, p. 120.
_Bacillus megaterium_, p. 121.
_Bacillus subtilis_, p. 122.
_Bacterium alkaligenes_, p. 119.
_Clostridium_ sp., p. 122.
_Eberthella oedematiens_, p. 112.
_Escherichia coli_, p. 112.
_Escherichia freundii_, p. 113.
_Escherichia intermedium_, p. 113.
_Mycobacterium friedmannii_, p. 123.
_Mycobacterium lacticola_, p. 123.
_Mycobacterium leprae_, p. 123.
_Mycobacterium phlei_, p. 123.
_Mycobacterium piscium_, p. 124.
_Mycobacterium_ sp., p. 124.
_Nocardia_ sp. (?), p. 124.
_Paracolobactrum aerogenoides_, p. 113.
_Paracolobactrum coliforme_, p. 113.
_Paracolobactrum_ sp., p. 113.
_Proteus mirabilis_, p. 114.
_Proteus morganii_, p. 114.
_Proteus rettgeri_, p. 114.
_Proteus vulgaris_, p. 114.
_Proteus_ sp., p. 114.
_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, p. 104.
_Pseudomonas fluorescens_, p. 105.
_Salmonella anatis_, p. 114.
_Salmonella morbificans_, p. 115.
_Salmonella schottmuelleri_, p. 115.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Bareilly), p. 115.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Bredeny), p. 115.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Kentucky), p. 115.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Meleagris), p. 116.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Newport), p. 116.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Oranienburg), p. 116.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Panama), p. 116.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Rubislaw), p. 116.
_Salmonella_ sp. (Type Tennessee), p. 116.
_Sarcina_ sp., p. 108.
_Serratia marcescens_, p. 118.
_Shigella alkalescens_, p. 118.
_Spirillum periplaneticum_, p. 105.
_Streptococcus faecalis_, p. 109.
_Streptomyces leidynematis_, pp. 196, 197.
_Tetragenous_ sp., p. 127.
_Veillonella parvula_, p. 109.
Fungi:
_Aspergillus flavus_, p. 130.
_Aspergillus niger_, p. 130.
_Aspergillus_ sp., p. 131.
_Cephalosporium_ sp., p. 131.
_Herpomyces chaetophilus_, p. 135.
_Herpomyces periplanetae_, p. 137.
_Metarrhizium anisopliae_, p. 131.
_Mucor guilliermondii_, p. 132.
_Mucor_ sp., p. 132.
_Penicillium_ sp., p. 131.
_Rhizopus_ sp., p. 133.
_Syncephalastrum_ sp., p. 133.
_Torula acidophila_, p. 132.
Protozoa:
_Balantidium blattarum_, p. 187.
_Balantidium ovatum_, p. 187.
_Balantidium_ sp., p. 187.
_Bodo_ sp. (host may have been _B. germanica_), p. 167.
_Coelosporidium periplanetae_, p. 185.
_Diplocystis schneideri_, p. 181.
_Diplocystis_ sp., p. 181.
_Dobellina_ sp. (host may have been _B. germanica_), p. 177.
_Endamoeba blattae_, p. 177.
_Endolimax blattae_, p. 180.
_Endolimax_ sp. (host may have been _B. germanica_), p. 180.
_Entamoeba coli_ (host may have been _B. germanica_), p. 178.
_Entamoeba histolytica_ (host may have been _B. germanica_), p. 179.
_Entamoeba_ sp., p. 179.
_Entamoeba thomsoni_, p. 179.
_Eutrichomastix_ sp. (host may have been _B. germanica_), p. 169.
_Gregarina blattarum_, p. 182.
_Gregarina légeri_, p. 183.
_Gregarina neo-brasiliensis_, p. 183.
_Hexamita periplanetae_, p. 171.
_Iodamoeba_ sp. (host may have been _B. germanica_) p. 180.
_Isotricha caulleryi_, p. 187.
_Lophomonas blattarum_, p. 172.
_Lophomonas striata_, p. 173.
_Monocercomonoides orthopterorum_, p. 169.
_Nyctotherus ovalis_, p. 188.
_Plistophora periplanetae_, p. 186.
_Protomagalhaesia serpentula_, p. 184.
_Tetratrichomastix blattidarum_, p. 170.
Helminths:
_Ancylostoma duodenale_, p. 209.
_Ascaris lumbricoides_ or _Ascaris suum_, p. 209.
_Binema mirzaia_, p. 193.
_Gongylonema neoplasticum_, p. 206.
_Gongylonema_ sp., p. 206.
_Gordius_ sp., p. 202.
_Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_, p. 195.
_Hymenolepis_ sp., p. 208.
_Leidynema appendiculata_, p. 197.
_Moniliformis dubius_, p. 203.
_Moniliformis moniliformis_, p. 204.
_Necator americanus_, p. 210.
_Protrellus künckeli_, p. 199.
_Schwenkiella icemi_, p. 200.
_Spirura gastrophila_, p. 207.
_Thelastoma pachyjuli_, p. 201.
_Trichuris trichiura_, p. 210.
Mites:
_Caloglyphus_ sp., p. 218.
_Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus_, p. 219.
_Rhizoglyphus tarsalus_, p. 218.
_Tyrophagus noxius_, p. 218.
Undetermined, p. 220.
Spiders:
_Avicularia avicularia_, p. 214.
_Avicularia_ sp., p. 214.
Centipedes: Undetermined, p. 222.
Insects:
_Ampulex amoena_, p. 256.
_Ampulex compressa_, p. 259.
_Anastatus tenuipes_, p. 246.
_Calodexia_ (?) _venteris_, p. 228.
_Evania appendigaster_, p. 237.
_Melittobia chalybii_, p. 248.
_Prosevania punctata_, p. 241.
_Ripidius pectinicornis_, p. 232.
_Spiniger domesticus_, p. 227.
_Szepligetella sericea_, p. 242.
_Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 250.
_Tetrastichus periplanetae_, p. 253.
_Tetrastichus_ sp., p. 254.
_Trirhogma caerulea_, p. 262.
Amphibian:
_Hyla cinerea_, p. 270.
Reptiles:
_Ameiva exsul_, p. 275.
_Anolis cristatellus_, p. 273.
Birds:
Chicken, p. 278.
Sparrow, p. 282.
Mammals:
_Felis catus_, p. 289.
_Herpestea javanicus auropunctatus_, p. 289.
_Herpestes_ sp., p. 289.
_Homo sapiens_, p. 286.
_Rattus norvegicus_, p. 287.
_Rattus rattus_, p. 287.

=Periplaneta australasiae=
Bacteria:
_Mycobacterium leprae_, p. 123.
_Serratia marcescens_, p. 118.
Fungus: _Herpomyces periplanetae_, p. 137.
Plant: _Sarracenia minor_, p. 154.
Protozoa:
_Endamoeba blattae_, p. 177.
_Endolimax blattae_, p. 180.
Nematodes:
_Gongylonema neoplasticum_, p. 206.
_Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_, p. 195.
_Moniliformis dubius_, p. 203.
_Protrellus australasiae_, p. 199.
_Protrellus künckeli_, p. 200.
Centipedes: Undetermined, p. 222.
Insects:
_Ampulex amoena_, p. 256.
_Ampulex compressa_, p. 259.
_Evania appendigaster_, p. 237.
_Szepligetella sericea_, p. 242.
_Tetrastichus australasiae_, p. 249.
_Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 250.
_Tetrastichus_, sp., p. 254.
_Trirhogma caerulea_, p. 262.
Reptiles:
_Anolis cristatellus_, p. 273.
_Chrysemys picta_, p. 272.
Bird: _Gallus_ sp., p. 277.
Mammals:
_Herpestes_ sp., p. 289.
_Homo sapiens_, p. 287.

=Periplaneta brunnea=
Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus
(host may have been _P. americana_), p. 103.
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 118.
Fungus: _Herpomyces periplanetae_, p. 137.
Nematode: _Schwenkiella icemi_, p. 200.
Insect: _Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 251.

=Periplaneta fuliginosa=
Insect: _Ampulex amoena_, p. 256.

=Periplaneta= sp.
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 118.
Fungi:
_Herpomyces chaetophilus_, p. 135.
_Herpomyces periplanetae_, p. 137.
Protozoan: _Lophomonas blattarum_, p. 172.
Helminths: _Thelastoma riveroi_, p. 201.
_Moniliformis moniliformis_, p. 204.
Insects:
_Ampulex compressa_, p. 259.
_Evania subspinosa_ (presumptive record?), p. 239.
_Szepligetella sericea_, p. 242.
Amphibian: _Bufo marinus_, p. 270.
Reptiles:
_Anolis grahami_, p. 274.
_Anolis leachi_, p. 274.
Bird: _Vireo latimeri_, p. 281.

"=Phyllodromia=" sp.
Fungus: _Herpomyces phyllodromiae_, p. 137.
Insects:
_Dicarnosis alfierii_, p. 245.
_Dolichurus stantoni_, p. 262.

=Platyzosteria castanea=
Insect: _Riekella_ sp., p. 231.

=Platyzosteria novae seelandiae=
Protozoan: _Monocercomonoides melolonthae_, p. 169.

=Platyzosteria scabra=
Fungus: _Herpomyces appendiculatus_, p. 134.

=Platyzosteria= sp.
Insect: _Riekella nitidioides_, p. 231.

=Plectoptera= sp.
Bird: _Todus mexicanus_, p. 279.

=Polyphaga aegyptiaca=
Nematodes:
_Blatticola blattae_, p. 193.
_Galebia aegyptiaca_, p. 195.
_Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_, p. 195.
_Oxyuris_ (?) _heterogamiae_, p. 199.

=Polyphaga saussurei=
Helminths:
_Hymenolepis_ sp., p. 208.
Undetermined tapeworm ova, p. 208.
Insects: Undetermined reduviids, p. 227.

=Polyzosteria melanaria= (?) or =Platyzosteria analis=
Nematode: _Protrellus aureus_, p. 199.

=Pycnoscelus surinamensis=
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
Fungus: _Mucor_ sp., p. 132.
Protozoa:
Undetermined ciliate, p. 190.
Undetermined flagellate, p. 176.
Undetermined gregarine, p. 184.
Nematodes:
_Oxyspirura mansoni_, p. 204.
_Severianoia severianoi_, p. 200.
Mites:
_Caloglyphus spinitarsus_, p. 217.
_Histiostoma feroniarum_, p. 217.
_Tyrophagus lintneri_, p. 218
Undetermined, p. 220.
Insects:
_Pheidole megacephala_, p. 268.
Undetermined ants, p. 350.
Amphibian: _Bufo marinus_, p. 270.
Reptile: _Anolis sagrei_, p. 274.
Birds:
_Acridotheres tristis_, p. 281.
Ducks, p. 277.
_Melanerpes portoricensis_, p. 280.
_Meleagris gallopavo_, p. 278.
_Passer domesticus_, p. 282.
_Phasianus_ sp., p. 277.
_Streptopelia chinensis_, p. 278.
Mammal: _Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus_, p. 289.

=Robshelfordia circumducta= or =Robshelfordia longiuscula=
Insects:
_Neorhipidius neoxenus_, p. 230.
_Rhipidioides helenae_, p. 230.
_Rhipidioides mollis_, p. 231.

=Steleopyga= (?) =sinensis=
Nematode: _Suifunema caudelli_, p. 200.

=Supella supellectilium=
Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus, p. 103.
Bacterium: _Serratia marcescens_, p. 117.
Fungus: _Herpomyces supellae_, p. 138.
Nematode: _Blattophila supellaima_, p. 194.
Insects:
_Anastatus tenuipes_, p. 246.
_Comperia merceti_, p. 244.

=Symploce flagellata= or =Symploce ruficollis=
Reptile: _Anolis cristatellus_, p. 273.

=Symploce parenthesis=
Hair worm: _Parachordodes raphaelis_, p. 202.

=Temnopteryx phalerata=
Protozoan: _Gregarina gibbsi_, p. 182.

=Undetermined Cockroaches=
Bacteria:
_Arthromitus intestinalis_, p. 124.
_Bacillus subtilis_, p. 122.
_Clostridium perfringens_, p. 122.
_Escherichia coli_, p. 112.
_Fusiformis lophomonadis_, p. 119.
_Micrococcus citreus_, p. 106.
_Micrococcus pyogenes_ var. _aureus_, p. 107.
_Mycobacterium leprae_, p. 123.
Paracolon bacilli, p. 113.
_Proteus morganii_, p. 114.
_Proteus vulgaris_, p. 114.
_Spirillum_ sp., p. 105.
_Spirochaeta periplanetae_, p. 125.
_Streptococcus_ sp., p. 110.
_Vibrio_ Types I and II Heiberg, p. 106.
Fungi:
_Amphoromorpha blattina_, p. 139.
_Amphoromorpha_ sp., p. 139.
_Blastocystis_ sp., p. 133.
_Cordyceps amazonica_, p. 134.
_Herpomyces anaplectae_, p. 134.
_Herpomyces chilensis_, p. 135.
_Herpomyces diplopterae_, p. 135.
_Herpomyces forficularis_, p. 135.
_Herpomyces grenadinus_, p. 136.
_Herpomyces macropus_, p. 136.
_Herpomyces paranensis_, p. 136.
_Herpomyces periplanetae_, p. 137.
_Herpomyces platyzosteriae_, p. 137.
_Herpomyces tricuspidatus_, p. 138.
_Herpomyces zanzibarinus_, p. 138.
_Metarrhizium anisopliae_, p. 131.
Plants:
_Nepenthes ampularia_, p. 154.
_Nepenthes gracilis_, p. 154.
_Nepenthes_ sp., p. 154.
Protozoa:
_Diplocystis_ sp., p. 181.
_Endamoeba blattae_, p. 177.
_Entamoeba histolytica_, p. 179.
_Giardia_ sp., p. 172.
_Gregarina blattarum_, p. 182.
_Hexamita periplanetae_, p. 171.
_Lophomonas blattarum_, p. 172.
_Lophomonas striata_, p. 173.
_Monas_ sp., p. 167.
_Monocercomonoides orthopterorum_, p. 169.
_Nyctotherus buissoni_, p. 188.
_Nyctotherus ovalis_, p. 188.
_Nyctotherus viannai_, p. 189.
_Oikomonas blattarum_, p. 166.
_Oikomonas_ sp., p. 166.
_Paramecium_ sp., p. 186.
_Trichomonas_ sp., p. 171.
Helminths:
_Cephalobellus magalhãesi_, p. 194.
_Chordodes morgani_, p. 201.
_Gordius_ sp., p. 202.
_Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_, p. 195.
_Leidynema appendiculata_, p. 197.
_Moniliformis moniliformis_, p. 204.
_Protrellus galebi_, p. 199.
_Schwenkiella icemi_, p. 200.
_Severianoia magna_, p. 200.
_Severianoia severianoi_, p. 200.
_Spirura gastrophila_, p. 207.
Undetermined gordian worms, p. 202.
Scorpion: _Heterometrus longimanus_, p. 213.
Spiders:
Ctenid, p. 214.
_Heteropoda venatoria_, p. 215.
_Latrodectus mactans_, p. 216.
Mite: _Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus_, p. 219.
Centipedes:
_Allothereua maculata_ (circumstantial evidence), p. 223.
_Scolopendra morsitans_, p. 223.
_Scolopendra subspinipes_, p. 224.
_Scutigera coleoptrata_ (circumstantial evidence), p. 222.
Insects:
_Acanthinevania princeps_, p. 235.
_Agamerion metallica_, p. 243.
_Ampulex compressa_, p. 259.
_Ampulex ruficornis_, p. 259.
_Ampulex sibirica_, p. 260.
_Ampulex sonnerati_, p. 260.
_Anastatus blattidifurax_ p. 245.
_Anastatus tenuipes_, p. 246.
_Blatticida pulchra_, p. 243.
_Blatticidella ashmeadi_, p. 243.
_Calodexia_ spp., p. 228.
_Clerada apicicornis_, p. 226.
_Dicarnosis alfierii_, p. 245.
_Diestrammena apicalis_, p. 226.
_Diestrammena japonica_, p. 226.
_Dolichurus bicolor_, p. 260.
_Dolichurus corniculus_, p. 261.
_Dolichurus gilberti_, p. 261.
_Dolichurus ignitus_, p. 261.
_Dolichurus_ sp., p. 262.
_Dorylus nigricans sjöstedi_, p. 267.
_Dorylus_ sp., p. 267.
_Dorylus wilverthii_, p. 267.
_Eciton burchelli_, p. 268.
_Eupelmus_ sp., p. 247.
_Eutrichosomella blattophaga_, p. 245.
"_Formica omnivora_," p. 268.
_Iridomyrmex humilis_, p. 268.
_Neonephrites partiniger_, p. 230.
_Podium abdominale_, p. 265.
_Podium dubium_, p. 265.
_Podium rufipes_, p. 266.
_Pompilus bracatus_, p. 256.
_Pompilus_ sp., p. 256.
_Salius verticalis_, p. 256.
_Ripidius scutellaris_, p. 233.
_Solindenia picticornis_, p. 247.
_Stylogaster_ spp., p. 228.
_Stylogaster stylata_, p. 228.
_Syntomosphyrum blattae_, p. 248.
_Systellogaster ovivora_, p. 248.
_Tachysphex blatticidus_, p. 264.
_Tachysphex coriaceus_, p. 264.
_Tachysphex fanuiensis_, p. 264.
_Tetrastichus hagenowii_, p. 251.
_Tetrastichus periplanetae_, p. 253.
_Trirhogma_ sp., p. 264.
Undetermined tachinid, p. 229.
Fish:
_Chalceus macrolepidotus_, p. 269.
_Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis_, p. 269.
_Potamotrygon humboldti_, p. 268.
_Rhamdia sebae_, p. 268.
Amphibians:
_Arthroleptis variabilis_, p. 270.
_Bufo ictericus_, p. 270.
_Bufo funereus_, p. 270.
_Bufo marinus_, p. 270.
_Hyla cinerea_, p. 270.
_Hyperolius picturatus_, p. 271.
_Leptodactylus albilabris_, p. 271.
_Leptodactylus pentadactylus_, p. 271.
_Leptopelis calcaratus_, p. 271.
_Leptopelis rufus_, p. 271.
_Megalixalus fornasinii_, p. 271.
_Rana catesbeiana_, p. 271.
_Rana mascareniensis_, p. 271.
Tree frogs, p. 351.
Reptiles:
_Ameiva exsul_, p. 275.
_Ameiva_ sp., p. 275.
_Anolis cristatellus_, p. 273.
_Anolis grahami_, p. 274.
_Anolis leachi_, p. 274.
_Anolis pulchellus_, p. 273.
_Anolis_ sp., p. 274.
_Anolis stratulus_, p. 274.
_Cnemidophorus_ sp., p. 275.
Geckos, p. 273.
_Gekko gecko_, p. 272.
_Hemidactylus frenatus_, p. 272.
_Leiolopisma laterale_, p. 274.
Lizards, p. 275.
Skinks, p. 274.
_Sphaerodactylus_ sp., p. 273.
_Thecadactylus_ sp., p. 273.
_Tropidophorus grayi_, p. 274.
Birds:
_Acridotheres tristis_, p. 281.
_Agelaius xanthomus_, p. 282.
_Bambusicola thoracica_, p. 277.
Chickens, p. 278.
_Coturnix coturnix japonica_, p. 277.
_Dendrocopus mahrattensis_, p. 279.
Ducks, p. 277.
_Gymnasio nudipes_, p. 279.
_Gymnopithys leucaspis_, p. 280.
_Holoquiscalus brachypterus_, p. 282.
_Icterus portoricensis_, p. 280.
Owl, p. 351.
Partridge, p. 278.
_Phasianus_ sp., p. 277.
Sparrow, p. 282.
_Tiaris bicolor omissa_, p. 282.
_Tockus birostris_, p. 279.
_Troglodytes aedon_, p. 281.
_Troglodytes audax_, p. 281.
Mammals:
_Bassariscus astutus_, p. 288.
_Callithrix jacchus_, p. 285.
_Erinaceus_ sp., p. 283.
_Felis catus_, p. 289.
_Felis paradalis mearnsi_, p. 290.
_Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus_, p. 289
_Herpestes_ sp., p. 289.
_Homo sapiens_, p. 287.
_Loris tardigradus_, p. 284.
_Molossus_ sp., p. 283.
_Monodelphis_ sp., p. 283.
_Nasua nasua_, p. 288.
_Nasua_ sp., p. 289.
_Rattus_ sp., p. 287.

XV. COCKROACHES AS COMMENSALS

These particular associations may well have been accidental and due
to a predilection for the same type of nesting site. But this fact
in no way detracts from the interest of such records. Chance must
play a very considerable part in first bringing symbiotic or
commensal partners together. Once such a partnership between
species has been firmly established, it is on the whole, fairly
obvious, ... On the other hand, in the early stages before the
relationship has become fixed as a specific habit, individual cases
are generally dismissed as coincidences. It is, however, unwise to
disregard such isolated observations or dismiss them lightly.

ROTHSCHILD AND CLAY (1957)

The following social insects have been found harboring cockroaches in a state of commensalism in which the cockroaches presumably benefit by acquiring food from their hosts. Benefits accruing to the hosts are not apparent. Unfortunately, biological details are not always sufficient to substantiate the suspected association. However, it seems significant that the cockroach commensals of the insects listed below have been found only in association with their hosts and, so far as we know, have never been found apart from them. Chopard (1938) has pointed out that the myrmecophilous cockroaches are all small, being only a very few millimeters long; they are apterous or subapterous; their eyes are reduced; and they are all of American origin.

HOSTS OF COMMENSAL COCKROACHES

Order ISOPTERA

Family RHINOTERMITIDAE

=Coptotermes ceylonicus= Holmgren

_Commensal._--_Sphecophila ravana_, Ceylon (Fernando, 1957): Six females, 50 males, and nymphs of both sexes were found among decaying timber in the ground in association with a colony of this termite. The antennae of most specimens were mutilated unsymmetrically.

Family TERMITIDAE

=Macrotermes barneyi= Light

_Commensal._--_Nocticola sinensis_, Kowloon (Silvestri, 1947): Among specimens of termites collected from a nest.

=Macrotermes bellicosus= (Smeathman)

or

=Macrotermes natalensis= (Haviland)

_Synonymy._--_Termes bellicosus_ [Snyder, 1949].

_Commensal._--_Sphecophila termitium_, Kibonoto, East Africa (Shelford, 1910): Two males were collected in a termite mound.

=Macrotermes malaccensis= (Haviland)

_Synonymy._--_Termes malaccensis_ Haviland [Snyder, 1949].

_Commensal._--_Nocticola termitophila_, Tonkin (Silvestri, 1946): The cockroach was found in the termite nest.

=Odontotermes= sp.

_Commensals._--_Nocticola sinensis_, Kowloon (Silvestri, 1946): In termite nest.

_Nocticola termitophila_, Penang (Silvestri, 1946): In termite nest.

=Termes= sp.

_Commensal._--_Nocticola sinensis_, Repulse Bay, Australia(?) (Silvestri, 1946): In a termite gallery.

=Termites=

_Commensal._--_Ergaula capensis_ [= _Dyscologamia wollastoni_] French Equatorial Africa, Brazzaville (Rehn, 1926; Chopard, 1949).

Order HYMENOPTERA

Family FORMICIDAE

Subfamily FORMICINAE

=Camponotus femoratus= (Fabricius)

_Commensal._--_Phorticolea boliviae_, Bolivia, Cachuela Esperanza (Caudell, 1923): Three males collected in the joint nests of _C. femoratus_ and _Crematogaster limata_.

=Camponotus maculatus= (Fabricius)?

_Note._--Dr. W. L. Brown (personal communication, 1957) states that this ant is an Old World species only. So presumably Mann's record pertains to a different species.

_Commensal._--_Myrmecoblatta rehni_, Mexico (Mann, 1914): "They were very abundant, several occurring in almost every nest, where they are no doubt very efficient scavengers."

=Camponotus rufipes= (Fabricius)

_Commensals._--_Atticola mortoni_, _Nothoblatta wasmanni_, and _Phorticolea testacea_, Brazil, San Leopoldo (Bolívar, 1905): Found in the formicaries of _C. rufipes_.

=Formica rufibarbis= Fabricius

and

=Formica subcyanea= Wheeler

_Commensal._--_Myrmecoblatta rehni_, Mexico (Mann, 1914): "They were very abundant, several occurring in almost every nest."

Subfamily MYRMICINAE

=Acromyrmex lobicornis= Emery

_Commensal._--_Attaphila bergi_, or possibly a variety of this species, Huasán, Argentina? (Bruch, 1916).

=Acromyrmex lundi= (Guérin)

_Synonymy._--_Atta lundi_ [Brown, personal communication, 1957].

_Commensal._--_Attaphila bergi_, Argentina and Uruguay (Bolívar, 1901): The cockroach was found in the nests of the ants sitting on the back, neck, or head of sexual individuals. It remains attached to the ant during swarming. The antennae seem always to be mutilated. Bruch (1916) stated that in La Plata _A. bergi_ is encountered by hundreds in every nest of _A. lundi_.

=Acromyrmex niger= (F. Smith)

_Synonymy._--_Atta nigra_ Schupp [Brown, p.c., 1957].

_Commensal._--_Attaphila schuppi_, Brazil, Porto Alegre (Bolívar, 1905): Found outside the nest of the ant and mixed in the columns of ants on the march.

=Acromyrmex octospinosus= (Reich)

_Synonymy._--_Atta octospinosa_ [Brown, p.c., 1957].

_Commensals._--_Attaphila fungicola_, Panama (Wheeler, 1928): Taken in the fungus gardens of the ant.

_Attaphila aptera_, Esperanza, Dibulla, Colombia (Bolívar, 1905).

=Acromyrmex silvestrii= Emery

_Commensal._--_Attaphila bergi_, or possibly a variety of this species, San Luis Province, Argentina (Bruch, 1916): According to Bruch, the behavior of this species of _Attaphila_ is identical with the one encountered in Huasán in the nests of _Acromyrmex lobicornis_ Emery; it differed from _A. bergi_ in size and color.

=Atta cephalotes= (Linnaeus)

_Commensal._--_Attaphila fungicola_, British Guiana (Wheeler, 1928): Taken in the fungus gardens of the ant.

_Attaphila_ sp., British Guiana (Beebe, 1921): 7 of 12 queens in one nest had cockroaches hanging on them.

=Atta sexdens= (Linnaeus)

_Commensal._--_Attaphila sexdentis_, Brazil, San Leopoldo (Bolívar, 1905): Found in nests of the ant.

=Atta texana= (Buckley)

_Synonymy._--_Atta fervens_ Say [Wheeler, 1910].

_Commensal._--_Attaphila fungicola_, U.S.A., Texas (Wheeler, 1900, 1910): The cockroach does not feed on the fungus in the ants' nest, as Wheeler (1900) first supposed, but mounts the back of the soldiers and licks their surfaces. It is tolerated by the ants with no signs of hostility. The antennae of the cockroach are clipped short. Although Wheeler (1910) stated that this is probably accidental or unintentional, it is peculiar that Bolívar (1905) noticed the same invariable mutilation of the antennae of _Attaphila bergi_. Wheeler (1900) had originally suggested that the antennae were probably clipped off by the ants which are continuously trimming the fungus hyphae. Louisiana (Moser, personal communication, 1959): Numerous specimens were encountered in some nests of _A. texana_. This cockroach is the most closely associated inquiline in the nest and maintains very intimate terms with the ants. It is found living in the fungus cavities and tunnels.

=Crematogaster limata parabiotica= Forel

_Commensal._--_Phorticolea boliviae_, Bolivia, Cachuela Esperanza (Caudell, 1923): Collected in joint nests of _C. limata_ and _Componotus femoratus_.

=Solenopsis geminata= (Fabricius)

_Commensal._--_Myrmecoblatta wheeleri_, Guatemala (Hebard, 1917a): Collected from a colony of this ant under a stone on the shores of Lake Atitlan, altitude 11,719 feet.

=Unknown host=

_Cockroach._--_Attaphila flava_, British Honduras (Gurney, 1937): Because the known hosts of the other five species of _Attaphila_ are ants, we presume that this species also lives in the nest of some myrmecine ant.

Subfamily PONERINAE

=Odontomachus affinis= (Guérin)

_Commensal._--_Myrmeblattina longipes_, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Chopard, 1924, 1924a; Hancock, 1926): Originally described as _Phileciton longipes_ by Chopard (1924) from the nest of an ant mistakenly identified as _Eciton_ sp.

Family VESPIDAE

=Polybia pygmaea= Fabricius

_Commensal._--_Sphecophila polybiarum_, French Guiana (Shelford, 1906a): Shelford stated that it was probable that the cockroaches living on the floor of the paper nest fed on small fragments of insects and spiders that were dropped by the wasp larvae feeding in the cells above.

Family MEGACHILIDAE

=Melipona nigra= Lepeletier

_Commensal._--_Oulopteryx meliponarum_, Brazil (Hebard, 1921): According to Hebard, this cockroach is the first one to be known to inhabit the nests of bees. Nothing is known of the relationship between the cockroach and the bees. [See comment by Sonan (1924) on page 318.]

CHECKLIST OF COMMENSAL COCKROACHES WITH THEIR HOSTS

The cockroaches are arranged alphabetically by genus and species. The page references are to citations in the classified section above, where details and/or sources of the records are given.

=Attaphila aptera=
Ant: _Acromyrmex octospinosus_, p. 313.

=Attaphila bergi=
Ants: _Acromyrmex lobicornis_, p. 312.
_Acromyrmex lundi_, p. 312.
_Acromyrmex silvestrii_, p. 313.

=Attaphila flava=
Host unknown, presumably an ant, p. 314.

=Attaphila fungicola=
Ants: _Acromyrmex octospinosus_, p. 313.
_Atta cephalotes_, p. 313.
_Atta texana_, p. 313.

=Attaphila schuppi=
Ant: _Acromyrmex niger_, p. 312.

=Attaphila sexdentis=
Ant: _Atta sexdens_, p. 313.

=Attaphila= sp.
Ant: _Atta cephalotes_, p. 313.

=Atticola mortoni=
Ant: _Camponotus rufipes_, p. 312.

=Ergaula capensis=
Termites, p. 311.

=Myrmeblattina longipes=
Ant: _Odontomachus affinis_, p. 314.

=Myrmecoblatta rehni=
Ants: _Camponotus maculatus_(?), p. 312.
_Formica rufibarbis_, p. 312.
_Formica subcyanea_, p. 312.

=Myrmecoblatta wheeleri=
Ant: _Solenopsis geminata_, p. 314.

=Nocticola sinensis=
Termites: _Macrotermes barneyi_, p. 311.
_Odontotermes_ sp., p. 311.

=Nocticola termitophila=
Termites: _Macrotermes malaccensis_, p. 311.
_Odontotermes_ sp., p. 311.
_Termes_ sp., p. 311.

=Nothoblatta wasmanni=
Ant: _Camponotus rufipes_, p. 312.

=Oulopteryx meliponarum=
Bee: _Melipona nigra_, p. 314.

=Phorticolea boliviae=
Ants: _Camponotus femoratus_, p. 311.
_Crematogaster limata parabiotica_, p. 312.

=Phorticolea testacea=
Ant: _Camponotus rufipes_, p. 312.

=Sphecophila polybiarum=
Wasp: _Polybia pygmaea_, p. 314.

=Sphecophila ravana=
Termite: _Coptotermes ceylonicus_, p. 310.

=Sphecophila termitium=
Termite: _Macrotermes bellicosus_ or _Macrotermes natalensis_, p. 311.

OBSCURE ASSOCIATIONS

Cockroaches that are sometimes found in the nests of, or in association with, other animals are not necessarily commensals. This is particularly true of cockroaches that normally are found unassociated with other animals or that merely occupy the same habitat with the other animals because of similar microclimatic requirements (see Chopard, 1924c).

McCook (1877) excavated in February a nest of _Formica rufa_ in Pennsylvania. A hundred or more lively cockroaches occupied a part of the nest that contained few ants. Near the cockroaches McCook also found a colony of _Termes flavipes_. _Ischnoptera deropeltiformis_ has been found in the company of ants, but it is probably not myrmecophilous (Donisthorpe, 1900). Mann (1911) found an "_Ischnoptera_" sp. (probably a species of _Parcoblatta_) abundant in the nests of, and tolerated by, _Camponotus maccooki_ Forel in California. Dead and mutilated specimens of this cockroach were common in the nests of "Formicas." "_Ischnoptera_" sp. was also common in the nests of _Veromessor andrei_ (Mayr) [= _Stenamma andrei_]. Hebard (1917) reported that W. M. Wheeler collected _Eremoblatta subdiaphana_ in Arizona as an ant guest. Rehn (1906a; Rehn and Hebard, 1927) reported that _Pholadoblatta inusitata_ had also been taken by Wheeler from the galleries of a jumping ant, _Odontomachus clarus_ Roger [= _O. haematodes insularis_ Guérin var. _pallens_ Wheeler; Brown (personal communication, 1958)], on Andros Island, Bahamas; Rehn and Hebard (1927) stated that "This genus and species is the only blattid, which is presumably a myrmecophile, known from the West Indies." Rehn (1932a) reported _Dendroblatta sobrina_ as taken in an ant nest in a tree in the Amazon Basin. _Tivia australica_ was taken in an ant nest in Australia (Princis, 1954). The male of _Compsodes schwarzi_ was taken in an ant nest in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona (Ball et al., 1942). A male and female of _Stilpnoblatta minuta_ were taken in a migrating column of the ant _Myrmicaria natalensis_ Sm. subsp. _eumenoides_ Gerst. in Nyasaland (Princis, 1949). Princis cautioned that it is premature to derive any inference from this, possibly accidental, association. Four females of _Parcoblatta desertae_ were taken about a nest of an ant, _Ischnomyrmex_ sp. (Hebard, 1943a). A nymph of _Parcoblatta virginica_ was found in a nest of _Formica_ sp. (Hauke, 1949).

_Chorisoneura texensis_ has been found in nests of webworm in Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). Karny (1924) in Malaya found an oötheca of _Aristiger histrio_ (sp.?) between leaves (_Costus_ sp.) that had been stuck together by a thysanopteron, _Anaphothrips_ sp. He pointed out that the oötheca would not adhere to leaves that were not stuck together but would fall to the ground.

Seín (_in_ Rehn and Hebard, 1927) in Puerto Rico found _Aglaopteryx facies_ in abandoned cocoons of _Megalopyge krugii_ (Dewitz) and in leaves webbed together by caterpillars and in abandoned spiders nests. Wolcott (1950; and _in_ Rehn and Hebard, 1927) also found _A. facies_ in the empty cocoons of _M. krugii_ and in the larval tents of _Tetralopha scabridella_ Ragonot on _Inga vera_ (coffee shade tree); and "Where there are no butterfly-nests, it lives in abandoned spider-nests on the leaves of other forest trees." Cotton (_in_ Wolcott, 1950) found the type of _Aglaopteryx absimilis_ also living in the abandoned cocoon of _M. krugii_ on bucare trees in Puerto Rico. Wolcott (1950) reported that _Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptera infulata_, and _Plectoptera rhabdota_ have been found living in trees between leaves or in "butterfly-nests" of _Tetralopha scabridella_ in leaves of _Inga vera_, or nests of _Pilocrocis secernalis_ (Möschler) in the leaves of _Petitia domingensis_ in the mountains of Puerto Rico. Seín (_in_ Rehn and Hebard, 1927) had collected _P. rhabdota_ in the nest of larvae of _T. scabridella_.

Wolcott (1950) reported that _Nyctibora lutzi_ had been found in a large rotten stump associating with "'comején' termites [_Nasutitermes costalis_ (Holmgren)], yellow wood-ants and rhinoceros beetle grubs." Rehn and Hebard (1927) found _Simblerastes jamaicanus_ in numbers in the debris of an abandoned termites' nest in Jamaica: "To what extent the species is dependent upon the protection of the termite or other structures remains to be determined."

In Virginia _Cryptocercus punctulatus_ has been found living in the same galleries with _Reticulitermes_ sp., and on the Pacific Coast it has been found occupying the same log with _Termopsis_ sp. (Cleveland et al., 1934).

Shelford (1909) found one male and one female of _Balta platysoma_ in a nest of a spider of the genus _Phryganoporus_ and assumed a symbiotic association. Chopard (1924) recorded _Mareta acutiventris_ from empty nests of spiders on Barkuda Island, India; nothing is known of the relationships, if any, between these cockroaches and spiders.

Chopard (1924c) found _Margattea_ sp. in the nest of the ant _Acropyga acutiventris_ Roger; he also found _Margattea_ sp., _Periplaneta_ sp., _Polyphaga indica_, and _Temnopteryx obliquetruncata_ in deserted termite mounds in India. However, he believed that none of these species were more than accidental associates of the host insects; he considered them hygrophilous cockroaches which had found a retreat in the nests.

McClure (1936) obtained a large nest of _Vespula maculata_ (Linnaeus) [= _Vespa maculata_] in March in Illinois. In it were living 65 nymphs of _Parcoblatta pensylvanica_, 3 spiders (_Philodromus pernix_ Blackwall), 2 immature spiders (_Drassus_ sp.), and 6 mites. Balduf (1936) observed four individuals of _Parcoblatta pensylvanica_ in a nest of _Vespula maculata_; he suggested that they probably fed on dead bodies and organic wastes of the wasps. However, Rau (1940) has observed this cockroach devour a _Polistes_ larva in its cell. Although we do not imply that a commensal relationship exists between _Parcoblatta_ and the wasp, it is well to recall a statement by Rothschild and Clay (1957): "A commensal relationship is potentially even more dangerous than a merely social tie, for by nature it is more intimate. The closer the association, the more easily is the balance upset. One partner can then suddenly take a mean advantage of the other."

Cockroach nymphs may enter bees' nests where, according to Imamura (_in_ Sonan, 1924), they do not feed on honey or pollen but presumably feed on excreta of bees or anything scattered by bees in their nest; the bees are not disturbed by the cockroaches.

Cockroaches that have been found in the burrows of vertebrates are listed on pages 23-25.

Paulian (1950) found immature cockroaches in the nests of birds (Ploceinae) in Madagascar and Ivory Coast. All nests of _Fondia_ sp. examined in Madagascar contained many cockroaches, and Paulian believed that the blattid was a species peculiar to the nests of birds. Three nests of _Ploceus_ sp. in Ivory Coast yielded one or two cockroaches each in association with more numerous mites, Psocoptera, Heteroptera, beetles, and lepidopterous larvae (Delamare, Deboutteville and Paulian, 1952). These last cited workers also found four cockroaches in a nest of _Estrildine_ sp., and two in a nest of an undetermined bird, all in association with other arthropods. Moulton (1912) observed large numbers of _Symploce cavernicola_ and _Periplaneta australasiae_ swarming in soft bird guano on the floor of caves in Borneo. Abdulali (1942) found in India many _Periplaneta americana_ in caves containing the edible-nest swift; there was no indication of association of the cockroaches with the birds. Danforth (_in_ Wolcott, 1950) reported finding large numbers of _Aglaopteryx facies_ "in the nests of the grey kingbird, in the region of the Cartagena Lagoon [Puerto Rico], 'living among the twigs.'" In Trinidad, Kevan found a male of _Blaberus discoidalis_ in a bird's nest (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

Davis (_in_ Rehn and Hebard, 1914a) stated that "At Punta Gorda [Florida] there was a vacant house at the end of the town frequented at night by a Nanny and Billy goat, and on warm evenings many _Periplaneta australasiae_ would run about on the piazza floor and on the sides of the house. They were seen feeding on the excrement of the goats and were no doubt to a great degree dependent upon them." This is another example of a coprophagous insect that has taken advantage of a particular situation favorable to its survival. Similar associations exist in which many of the domiciliary cockroaches feed on the feces of man and domestic and other animals (Roth and Willis, 1957a).

XVI. COCKROACHES AS PREDATORS

INTERSPECIES PREDATION

Tepper (1893) made the broad statement that the majority of Australian and Polynesian cockroaches appear to be wholly carnivorous, eating other insects, eggs, and larvae. He stated that, because of their voracity and cannibalistic tendencies, the carnivorous species lead more or less solitary lives so that one rarely meets several in close proximity; they are never very numerous at any time because the stronger devour the weaker in the absence of other prey. Tepper stated that Australian species of _Ischnoptera_ hunt for their prey among the foliage of shrubs, and that Australian species of _Cutilia_ [= _Drymaplaneta_, Hebard (1943)] run about actively on the surface, or ascend shrubs and trees in quest of living insects and therefore are highly beneficial. Tepper (1894) also stated that _Geoscapheus robustus_ ate earthworms, grubs, and caterpillars. Froggatt (1906) and Marlatt (1915) attributed to Tepper the statement that cockroaches, like _Epilampra notabilis_, which are found out-of-doors in Australia, are carnivorous and feed on caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects; but Froggatt (1907) believed that this alleged behavior needed confirmation.

A number of observations have been recorded which indicate that sometimes cockroaches may be predatory. According to Ealand (1915), nymphs of the cockroach _Pseudomops cincta_ fed on the Argentine ant _Iridomyrmex humilis_. In the laboratory, _Eurycotis floridana_ has been observed to catch and devour the wasp _Anastatus floridanus_ which parasitizes the eggs of _Eurycotis_ (Roth and Willis, 1954a). _Parcoblatta pensylvanica_ was observed devouring a larva of _Polistes_ sp. in its cell in a deserted wasps' nest (Rau, 1940). Brigham (1866) saw a cockroach kill and eat a centipede four or five inches long. Annandale (1910) described the destruction in Calcutta of termites by _Periplaneta americana_. During a heavy rain storm many termites flew into the dining room and were set upon by the cockroaches which seized them with their mandibles and began to gnaw their abdomens. If disturbed, the cockroaches carried the termites away in their mandibles without using their legs to seize, hold, or carry the prey. Sometimes only the abdomen, but other times the whole body with the exception of the wings, was devoured. Perhaps this observation led Allyn (Anonymous, 1937) to theorize that, first, cockroaches could eradicate termites from houses, and then the blattids in turn could be eliminated. Falls (1938) has pointed out the unfeasibility of this idea. _Blattella vaga_ has shown some tendency to eat plant lice (Flock, 1941a). Certain small cockroaches found beneath cane leaf-sheaths, in the Philippine Islands, preyed in part upon leafhoppers (Uichanco, _in_ Williams et al., 1931).

Takahashi (1924) stated that the American cockroach will eat the eggs of the hemipteron _Cantao ocellatus_ (Thunberg). Cunliffe (1952) observed mite-infested cockroaches (_Blatta orientalis_, _Blattella germanica_, and/or _Periplaneta americana_) dislodge and eat the mite _Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus_. Sonan (1924) reported that cockroaches (_P. americana_ and _P. australasiae_) devoured the egg clusters and first instar larvae of _Prodenia litula_ and the first instar larvae of _Attacus atlas_ which were being reared in the laboratory. Lederer (1952) stated that _Periplaneta americana_ ate reptile eggs in the aquarium at Frankfurt am Main. Pettit (1940) stated that cockroaches "are said to have destroyed a large colony of dermestids used to skeletonize carcasses at the University of Kansas."

DeFraula (1780) believed that his silent "gryllon" [obviously _Blatta orientalis_ from his drawings; see Willemet (1784)] was the enemy of the chirping species of cricket, because after the cockroach became established in his home he no longer heard crickets chirping. Gilbert White (1905 ed.), writing in England in the late 18th century, stated that "Poda says that these [_Blatta orientalis_] and house crickets will not associate together; but he is mistaken in that assertion"; however, in August 1792 White noted that "Since the _blattae_ have been so much kept under, the crickets have greatly increased in number." For several years Jolivet (1950) had observed changes in a mixed population of _Blatta orientalis_ and _Acheta domesticus_ in an old kitchen in France. He suggested that the cyclical fluctuations in the relative abundance of the cockroaches and crickets might be caused by reciprocal predatism with one species more susceptible than the other at certain stages. Mallis (1954) has stated that crickets prey on other insects as well as on one another. Lhéritier (1951) had also observed crickets becoming rare in bakeries in France, having been superseded everywhere by _B. orientalis_; however, he doubted that Jolivet's hypothesis was the correct explanation and suggested that the higher optimum temperature requirements of crickets might be the regulating factor. Lederer (1952) stated that the number of crickets decreased in the aquarium buildings at Frankfurt am Main as the population of American cockroaches increased.

_Platyzosteria novae seelandiae_ was found under the bark of trees in New Zealand devouring bugs (Walker _in_ Shelford, 1909b).