Chapter III: Foreword (2)

_Turkmen S.S.R._--Predominantly found in burrows in sand; all stages "swim" in sand and loess dust (Vlasov and Miram, 1937).

=Blattella vaga=

_Arizona._--Found in small numbers on the dry desert (Flock, 1941a).

=Compsodes schwarzi=

_U.S.A._--Occurs in the Southwest where it is confined to the desert and semidesert mountainous areas, rarely being found on the desert floor (Hebard, 1917). Taken in an ant nest in mountains of Arizona (Ball et al., 1942).

=Cyrtotria capucina=

_Eastern Africa._--"Commonly met with under débris, the apterous females being most frequent." Thorn-bush country (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Derocalymma lampyrina=

_Northern Kenya._--Very abundant; both sexes under débris in desert-grass and thorn-bush country (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Derocalymma porcellio=

_Northern Kenya._--Taken in upland grassland and bush (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Deropeltis autraniana=

_Northern Kenya._--In thorn-bush country (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Deropeltis melanophila=

_Northern Kenya._--"Very commonly found at the base of tufts of grass and other débris, the apterous female particularly in the latter situation"; in upland grassland near forest; in thorn-bush country (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Deropeltis nigrita=

_Northern Kenya._--Taken in upland grassland and bush (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Eremoblatta subdiaphana=

_U.S.A._--Apparently found in greatest abundance in the extreme desert conditions of the southwestern United States (Hebard, 1917). Two small groups of males were observed in the midst of the sandy desert north of Yuma, Ariz.; these insects alternately flew and ran over the sand in the hot sun while headed in a southwesterly direction (Wheeler, 1911).

=Euandroblatta palpalis=

_Northern Kenya._--In desert-grass and thorn-bush country (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Heterogamodes rugosa=

_Northern Kenya._--"All from desert grass and thorn bush (on sand)." It was stated (under discussion of _Tivia fulva_) that _Heterogamodes_ females live more or less buried in the sand (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Namablatta bitaeniata=

_Southwestern Africa._--Limited in distribution to the more arid portions, being peculiar to extreme desert conditions (Rehn, 1937).

=Nauphoeta punctipennis=

_Northern Kenya._--In desert grass and thorn bush; "probably the commonest of all the medium-sized cockroaches occurring in the area under discussion, coming very freely to light" (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Parcoblatta desertae=

_U.S.A._--In the desert and semidesert mountainous areas of the Southwest; it is rarely found on the desert floor (Hebard, 1917). Found under boulder on bare desert (Rehn and Hebard, 1909).

=Polyphaga aegyptiaca=

_Caucasus._--The wingless female was found buried in sand and dust (Burr, 1913).

_Turkmen S.S.R._--Although this species is secondarily encountered in dwellings and courtyards, it is a very characteristic insect of the Trans-Caspian deserts; the females are encountered fairly frequently as inhabitants of sand, where they run slowly over the surface, or dig themselves into the sand to continue their forward motion not far below the surface (Fausek, 1906). Uvarov (_in_ Chopard, 1929b) indicated that females of this genus are found in various desert localities, particularly where vegetative debris occurs, but they are not strictly attached to sandy terrain.

=Polyphaga indica=

_Turkmen S.S.R._--This species prefers sandy soils where the nymphs, alate males, and wingless females "swim" readily through the sand; they can also be found in the burrows of desert animals (Vlasov and Miram, 1937).

=Polyphaga saussurei=

_Turkmen S.S.R._--Its principal habitats are rodent burrows in loess dust and burrows of the desert turtle (Vlasov and Miram, 1937).

=Supella hottentotta=

_Northern Kenya._--Taken in bushes by dry river bed and in desert-grass and thorn-bush country at several stations (Kevan and Chopard, 1954). "...taken with light at night running on bark of a large acacia tree" (Rehn, 1947).

=Symploce kevani=

_Northern Kenya._--In desert grass and thorn-bush country (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Theganopteryx straminea=

_Northern Kenya._--Taken at three stations in desert grass and thorn bush (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Tivia brunnea=

_Northern Kenya._--In open sandy, riverine bush (scanty ground cover among acacia trees and doum palms) (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Tivia fulva=

_Northern Kenya._--In desert grass and thorn bush; distributed in semidesert areas south of Sahara; the apterous females probably live buried in sand (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

=Tivia obscura=

_Northern Kenya._--In desert grass and thorn bush (Kevan and Chopard, 1954).

AQUATIC HABITATS

The so-called aquatic or amphibious cockroaches are all members of the subfamily Epilamprinae (Chopard, 1938). These forms are not nearly as aquatic as water beetles or aquatic Hemiptera, but in their relations to water they behave differently from nonamphibious cockroaches, which tend to avoid water except for drinking. There are apparently no special morphological characteristics that distinguish amphibious cockroaches (Shelford, 1907, 1909a; Chopard, 1938), although Takahashi (1926) listed several characters that he considered made _Opisthoplatia maculata_ adapted for an aquatic life: (1) Back of body easily wetted; (2) long hairs on underside of thorax trap air; (3) terminal abdominal spiracles open into tubes that extend rearward; (4) long hairs on ventral surfaces of cerci "protect" terminal abdominal spiracles. Annandale (1906) also suggested that the position of the posterior abdominal spiracles, at the base of tubes that project rearward from beneath the seventh tergite, are an adaptation to an aquatic life. However, as Shelford (1907) and Chopard (1938) have pointed out, this same feature may be observed in many terrestrial cockroaches. The legs of amphibious cockroaches are similar to those of nonaquatic species and are not modified for swimming (Shelford, 1909a; Takahashi, 1926).

Biological observations have been made on relatively few species, but representatives of at least six genera occur in quasi-aquatic habitats. Strictly speaking, these cockroaches live on land at the edges of streams or pools and spend relatively brief periods in the water. A few species are found in water-filled bromeliads. The behavior of the known amphibious species of cockroaches in relation to their habitats is discussed below.

AMPHIBIOUS COCKROACHES

=Audreia bromeliadarum=

_Panama._--These insects when disturbed would dive into the water that had collected in the base of the bromeliad; they would disappear beneath the surface and remain submerged for some considerable time (Caudell, 1914).

=Dryadoblatta scotti=

_Trinidad._--This species was taken from the leaf bases of _Tillandsia_ sp. at 3,100 feet; water had collected between the leaves and the insect was presumed to be more or less amphibious (Scott, 1912). Subaquatic in the bromeliad _Glomeropitcairnia erectiflora_: "This large and handsome species [_D. scotti_] is very common in the larger, water-filled, epiphytic bromeliads of the rain forest. Within these plants it is usually to be found, often in considerable numbers, just above the surface of the water or partly immersed in it. The cockroaches will descend rapidly into the water when alarmed and probably obtain their nourishment from the accumulated organic matter in the water. Floating material is probably taken and it seems less likely that they feed below the surface. They appear to be ovoviviparous." (Princis and Kevan, 1955.)

=Epilampra abdomen-nigrum=

_Puerto Rico._--Abundant in wet "malojillo" meadows. The nymphs swim easily and remain under water for long periods, as do the adults (Seín, 1923; Wolcott, 1950).

_Panama._--A swimming nymph, captured in a dipper with mosquito larvae in a lagoon of the Rio Chilibre, was kept under observations in an aquarium. If disturbed, the insect dived into the water from floating vegetation and swam rapidly below the surface for a minute or two. Finally becoming quiescent, the cockroach would then cling to submerged roots; twice it remained still for 15 minutes before climbing to the surface, where it remained for five or more minutes before emerging completely (Crowell, 1946).

=Epilampra annandalei=

_Lower Burma._--One male and three nymphs were collected in the Dawna Hills by Annandale who made the following observations: "The wingless specimens were under stones in a jungle stream and behaved just as the one I obtained in Chota, Nagpur, did [Annandale, 1906]. The winged specimen was under a stone at the edge of the stream, but swam readily. It did not seem so much at home in the water, however, and apparently could not, owing to the wings, raise the tip of its abdomen above the surface." (Shelford, 1909a.)

=Epilampra= sp.

_Siamese Malay States._--Wingless females rested on floating logs from which they would dive into the water upon the least disturbance; they remained under water for several minutes, then surfaced beneath the shelter of the log. In the jungle all females were taken either in the water or among matted roots on the sides of the stream. Winged males were seen rising from the surface of the water (Annandale, 1900).

_Sarawak._--All specimens were immature; they swam and dived well, but were soon drowned if prevented from rising to the surface to breathe. "When at rest the body of the cockroach is almost entirely submerged, the tip of the abdomen alone projecting above the surface of the water; the abdomen moves gently up and down and every 30-40 seconds a bubble of air issues from the prothoracic spiracle on each side." (Shelford, 1901, 1916.)

_India._--A nymphal female, found in a jungle stream at Chota Nagpur, could swim with belly or back upward. When held under water it drowned in a few minutes. The tip of the abdomen was held out of water (Annandale, 1906).

Shelford (1907) has suggested that the immature stages of terrestrial species of _Epilampra_ may well be amphibious. This is an area that could profit by more field observations.

=Opisthoplatia maculata=

_Formosa._--Invariably found under or between rocks near mountain streams. The wingless adult and the nymph have similar habits. Normally the cockroach lives on land, and when it goes into the water it returns to land within a few minutes. This cockroach rarely swims, but when it does, it maintains its body in a horizontal position just below the surface of the water. Ordinarily, it walks on the river bottom or on water-covered rocks. This insect feeds on decayed leaves and, according to Shikano, it will eat human feces. (Takahashi, 1926.)

This species has a large number of long hydrophobic hairs on the ventral sides of the thorax and anterior abdominal segments. When the insect submerges, air is trapped in these hairs. The thoracic and one pair of abdominal spiracles open into the bubble of trapped air. However, the insect apparently does not use this plastron of air to replenish its tracheal air supply, but, like _Rhicnoda natatrix_ (see below), it inspires air while at the surface through its posterior abdominal spiracles and expires air into the bubble under the thorax. While the insect is submerged, the air bubble increases in volume until part of it breaks away and floats to the surface. (Takahashi, 1926.)

=Opisthoplatia orientalis=

_Formosa._--Lives on or in swampy ground (Takahashi, 1924).

=Rhicnoda natatrix=

_Sarawak._--Immature cockroaches were found in sodden leaves at the edge of a pool, where they rested for hours at a time. Generally the fore part of the body was in the water but the tip of the abdomen was always in air. When disturbed the insects dived into the water and hid under sticks and stones on the bottom. Air is inspired through the posterior abdominal spiracles, when they projected above the water surface, and expired through the thoracic spiracles. In experiments in which the insects' abdomens were held immersed in water, with the thorax exposed, the insects died in 6 to 12 hours or less. (Shelford, 1907.)

=Stictolampra buqueti concinula=

_Westsumba._--Found under moist fallen leaves on gravelly shore of Melolo River. The nymphs distinguished themselves through their amphibious mode of life and were often good swimmers (Princis, 1957a).

=Unidentified epilamprines=

_Brazil._--These cockroaches were found under stones at the side of a rocky stream at Ouro Preto. When disturbed they ran down under the surface of the water and hid under stones at the bottom. When thrown on the water surface, they were helpless, and to get beneath the water surface they had to walk down some object. When they had penetrated the surface film they could swim freely. Specimens kept in jars lived several days with only a portion of their abdomens exposed to the air. (Bristowe, 1925.)

OUTDOOR HABITATS

This category is a catchall for all cockroaches that are not limited to the more circumscribed habitats that have been previously considered. Some cockroaches in this section select specific microhabitats (e.g., _Cryptocercus_ spp., which live exclusively in rotten logs; and _Neoblattella dryas_, _N. eurydice_, and _N. grossbecki_ in bromeliads). Others are found in a wide variety of habitats (e.g., _Ischnoptera deropeltiformis_ and _Parcoblatta_ spp.). But some species are so little known that their actual habitats are barely suggested in the collection data.

Williams (1941) made an ecological study of the floor fauna of the Panama rain forest. He found Orthoptera (nearly all were unidentified nymphal cockroaches) in the litter of dead leaves, twigs, and other plant products in over 90 percent of the quadrats he examined. These insects represented about 0.25 percent of the total animal population.

Delamare Deboutteville (1948) made a quantitative study of the animal population in suspended soil that had accumulated between the roots of forest epiphytes of the lower Ivory Coast. He analyzed 2 dm.^3 samples of soil from an epiphyte located 45 meters above ground on a main branch of _Parinarium_, with these results: _Horizon A._--Superficial zone of large rootlets, 6 cm. deep: 2 cockroaches, 4 arachnids, and 4 beetles. _Horizon B._--Zone of fine rootlets, 6 cm. deep: 6 cockroaches and numerous other arthropods. _Horizon C._--Humid zone, 8 cm. deep: 7 cockroaches and numerous other arthropods. Plants, such as _Palissota_, were also living in this very original biotype.

The species of cockroaches listed below have been found in the following kinds of outdoor microhabitats: In jungle, forest, and woodlands they have been found in rotten wood; under bark of living, dead, and fallen trees; in decay cavities in trees; burrowing in living bark; on foliage of trees, shrubs, bushes, and low herbage; on vines and in bromeliads and epiphytic ferns; under signs on trees and stumps; in piles of logs and firewood; under dead leaves and debris; in and under decaying fruit on the ground. Cockroaches have been found between the leaves and under leaf sheaths of sugarcane, corn, and other grasses; under dry fibers and fronds of coconut trees; in hollow stems and bases of tree-fern fronds; under bracts of banana blossoms and in bunches of bananas (p. 146). Cockroaches also inhabit abandoned cocoons and larval tents, wasp nests, ant nests, termite nests, bird nests, rat nests, and burrows of other rodents (pp. 23-25, 310-319). Cockroaches have been found in rock crevices and under rocks; under boards and other objects on ground; under seaweed, drift, and other debris on beaches; burrowing in soil and under clods of earth; in marshes and swamps; in dumps and rubbish heaps.

The above list does not exhaust the available outdoor microhabitats that cockroaches find suitable for their continued existence, but it is fairly representative. Although we have no measurements to substantiate this conclusion, we suggest that the microhabitats cited above have a more constant temperature and a relatively higher humidity than is provided by the surrounding macrohabitats. We would expect insects such as cockroaches, whose water balance is dependent on a continuous supply of fluid water or moist food, to seek moist environments or to avoid situations in which their transpiration might increase. Deviations, presumably brief, from this expected behavior must occur to account for the cockroaches that are found under relatively unfavorable environmental conditions. Despite the apparent preference for cryptic habitats, some cockroaches are found in hot sunlight (_Ellipsidion_ spp.; Tepper, 1893); Rehn (1945) has stated that many kinds are diurnal rather than nocturnal. Movement of cockroaches between habitats may be assumed to occur; but movement from an unfavorable environment to a more favorable one, following a shift in water balance, has not been observed in nature; however, laboratory experiments suggest that the mechanism for mediating such behavior is present in some species of cockroaches (Gunn and Cosway, 1938; Roth and Willis, 1952a). Obviously, additional research is needed on the bionomics of all species. Further conclusions based on current limited knowledge can only be speculative and possibly misleading.

COCKROACHES FROM OUTDOOR HABITATS

(Except Amphibious, Desert, and Cavernicolous Forms)

=Aglaopteryx absimilis=

_Puerto Rico._--Living in rotten, wooden fence; living between leaves of _Samanea saman_ and in abandoned cocoons of _Megalopyge krugii_ on bucare trees (Wolcott, 1950).

_Leeward Islands._--On coconut tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Aglaopteryx facies=

_Puerto Rico._--As _diaphana_, in dead branch 10 feet above the ground on Mona Island (Hebard, 1917). In trunks of trees under bark and very often in abandoned cocoons of the "plumilla" (Seín, 1923). On rotten, wooden fence; in empty cocoons of _Megalopyge krugii_ on trunks of bucare trees, _Erythrina glauca_; on trunk of _Inga laurina_; in larval tents of _Tetralopha scabridella_ on _Inga vera_ (Wolcott, 1936). In large numbers in nests of the gray kingbird (Wolcott, 1950).

=Aglaopteryx diaphana=

_West Indies._--In Cuba, under corky bark of large tree in open; Jamaica, under loose bark of shade trees and in bracts of banana blossoms; in bromeliads and hollow bases of dead tree-fern fronds (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Aglaopteryx gemma=

_Florida._--On Long Key, under coquina boulder in heavy scrub; under loose, dry fibers near head of standing coconut palm (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Climbing on roots of red mangrove, _Rhizophora mangle_, in swamp; under loose bark on trunk of _Exothea paniculata_ in dense jungle; under limestone boulder in keys scrub; under signs on oaks, sweet gum, and longleaf pines in southeastern and southern States (Hebard, 1917). Infrequent in the shrub growth of the Sandhills habitat (Friauf, 1953).

_Texas._--In undergrowth of pine forest; under sign on oak near river; in _Tillandsia_ sp. (Hebard, 1917). Usually in hiding places on trees; only once found under a stone on ground (Hebard, 1943a).

=Allacta similis=

_Hawaii._--Common in hollow stems and under bark (Swezey and Williams, 1932).

=Amazonina emarginata=

_Trinidad._--On low herbage, on hibiscus at night, and in banana bunch (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Anaplecta asema=

_Panama._--Under dead leaves in jungle (Hebard, 1920).

=Anaplecta decipiens=

_Costa Rica._--In decayed leaves (Rehn, 1906).

=Anaplecta fallax=

_Costa Rica._--Under stones on borders of Surubres River (Rehn, 1906).

=Anaplecta hemiscotia=

_Panama._--Under rubbish at edge of jungle and in overgrowth of heavy vines on low bushes (Hebard, 1920).

=Anaplecta lateralis=

_Panama._--Under drift on edge of coral-sand beach (Hebard, 1920).

=Arenivaga bolliana=

_Texas._--In dense jungle brush of the river plain; on gravelly hillocks in scattered scrub; under debris and leaf mold under mesquite trees; in rat's nests, _Neotoma_ sp. (Hebard, 1917). In dry earth under bush; inhabits litter on ground and nests of rats (Hebard, 1943a).

=Arenivaga floridensis=

_Florida._--Male on ground under leaves of cabbage palmetto (Blatchley, 1920). Females in sand under boards and debris along lake shore (Friauf _in_ Cantrall, 1941). Infrequent on bare soil and ground under vegetation in the longleaf-pine flatwoods habitat (Friauf, 1953). In rodent burrow (Young, 1949).

=Arenivaga grata=

_Texas._--Under stones in upper canyon; under rocks in pine-oak forest; from oak-manzanita forest along dry stream bed (Hebard, 1943a).

=Aristiger histrio=

_Malaya._--Lives freely on bushes and flowers of _Passiflora_ sp. (Karny, 1924).

=Aspiduchus boriquen=

_Puerto Rico._--"Apparently the species [as _deplanatus_] is locally numerous in suitable locations, such as caves, rock crevices and the shelter of large stones." (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Audreia bromeliadarum=

_Panama._--Perfectly at home in bromeliads (see p. 31) (Caudell, 1914).

=Audreia jamaicana=

_Jamaica._--In bromeliads; under dead wood in dense forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Balta godeffroyi=

_Australia._--Under bark (Hebard, 1943).

=Balta quadricaudata=

_Australia._--From sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).

=Balta scripta=

_Australia, Queensland._--On leaves, grass, and sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).

=Balta torresiana=

_Australia._--From leaves, under bark, from sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).

=Balta verticalis=

_Australia._--In leaves, from tree, from sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).

=Blaberus atropus=

_Trinidad._--Female in rotting log (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Blaberus discoidalis=

_Jamaica._--Under dead coconut petioles in open spot. Gundlach found it under stones in a field in Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Blaberus giganteus=

_Trinidad._--Nymph in rotten palm tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Blaberus= spp.

_Venezuela._--Only taken in the forests of the Orinoco near the trunks of rotten trees at night (Doumerc _in_ Blanchard, 1837).

_Panama._--Among dead leaves and debris on floor of rain forest (E. C. Williams, Jr., 1941).

=Blatta lateralis=

_U.S.S.R._--Found among rocks at 2,000 or more meters elevation. It is found in cultivated areas as well as in mountainous landscapes and in semideserts (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Blatta orientalis=

_Great Britain._--One female nymph under bark of tree 10 feet above the ground (Burr, 1900). Swarming within a rubbish heap in February (Lucas, 1912). In refuse tip under old sacks and sheets of linoleum (Hallett _in_ Lucas, 1922). Male under bark of oak far from houses (Donisthorpe, 1918). One adult female and nymph in prone dead elm 50 yards from house (Burr, 1937). An immature male at the roots of _Ballota nigra_ (Buck _in_ Gardner, 1954). Four additional records of this species outdoors away from houses (Lucas, 1920).

_Southern Crimea._--Under stones, dead leaves, and detritus in small copses of _Quercus pubescens_, _Carpinus orientalis_, _Cornus mas_, _Paliurus aculeatus_, and _Dictamnus fraxinella_; 19 specimens, apparently breeding outdoors (Adelung, 1907).

_North-central U.S._--Observations since 1950 indicate a marked increase in frequency and duration of infestations outdoors; observed in bare soil, vegetation, debris, alongside foundations in sodded areas, along sidewalks, and at edge of parking areas throughout the year; in some urban residential areas, the yards of whole blocks of houses were "alive" with this species on warm summer nights; in winter they have been found under stones, leaf debris, and soil near structures (Shuyler, 1956).

=Blattella germanica=

_Algeria._--Under moist leaves in woods (Lucas, 1849).

_California._--Under rubbish and on date palms (Herms, 1926).

_Connecticut._--In city dump under loose material, very numerous (Walden, 1922). Additional infestations of dumps by this species have been reported in New York (Felt, 1926, 1928) and New Jersey (Hansens, 1949, 1950)

_England._--Swarming within a rubbish heap in February (Lucas, 1912).

_Formosa._--Lives among fallen leaves on the ground (Takahashi, 1924).

_North-central U.S._--Reported living outdoors near buildings and in soil under basementless buildings from early summer to late fall (Shuyler, 1956).

=Blattella humbertiana=

_India._--Common among decaying vegetation and on trees (Chopard and Chatterjee, 1937).

_Formosa._--Normally found in sugarcane fields, pineapple fields, and grasslands where it feeds on decayed leaves and other decayed vegetable matter and dead insects. It lies concealed among and under fallen leaves and clods of earth on or close to ground and never on the upper parts of plants, except pineapple where it is found among the leaves (Takahashi, 1940).

=Blattella vaga=

_Arizona._--Typically an inhabitant of irrigated fields and yards, it is found in fewer numbers on the dry desert. It is found under stones, plant debris, and clumps of earth; found in greatest numbers around decaying dates on ground (Flock, 1941a).

_Texas._--Beneath duff under athel trees; rather abundant in clumps of Rhodes grass (Riherd, 1953).

=Byrsotria cabrerae=

_Cuba._--In sea-coast woods: "The species [this and _Byrsotria fumigata_] are ground-dwelling, hiding under stones and other shelter" (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Byrsotria fumigata=

_Cuba._--Ground dwelling, hiding under stones, etc.; also a cave inhabitant (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cahita borero=

_Brazil, Matto Grosso._--Beaten from tree foliage in dry scrub, from tree foliage at edge of dry riverine tangle, and from undergrowth in a dry forest area (Rehn, 1937a).

=Cahita nahua=

_Honduras._--All beaten from foliage along roads or in thickets, during rainy season (Rehn, 1937a).

=Cariblatta antiguensis=

_Virgin Islands, St. Croix._--Common under heaps of rubbish (Beatty, 1944).

_Trinidad._--On herbage below bananas; all stages on _Hibiscus_ at night; in grass at dusk; on low herbage under old coconut (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Cariblatta cuprea=

_Jamaica._--In leaves on leaf mold in hillside forest (Hebard, 1916a).

=Cariblatta delicatula=

_West Indies._--In debris in short grass in open, Cuba. Under dead petioles of coconut palms, San Domingo. In leaves on leaf mold in hillside forest, Jamaica (Hebard, 1916a).

=Cariblatta hylaea=

_Honduras._--Found at foot and on lower slopes of first ridges of the Sierra Pija, from 75 to at least 800 feet above sea level, where vegetation ranged from abandoned banana patches overgrown with _Heliconia_ and _Cecropia_ and interspersed with forest trees, at the foot of the hills, to primeval lowland forest (ceibas, figs, palms, etc.) on the slopes. In the banana patches _C. hylaea_ was found on hanging dead banana and _Cecropia_ leaves; on the slopes it was found on undergrowth foliage, hanging dead leaves, and in dead leaves on ground (Rehn, 1945a).

=Cariblatta imitans=

_Panama._--Among loose leaves on leaf mold in heavy jungle (Hebard, 1916a).

=Cariblatta insularis=

_Jamaica._--One of the most frequently encountered orthopterous insects in bromeliads on trees (Hebard, 1916a, 1917; Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cariblatta jamaicensis=

_Jamaica._--In decaying herbage (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cariblatta landalei=

_Jamaica._--All specimens taken from under drying bracts of banana blossoms (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cariblatta lutea lutea=

_North Carolina._--Under pine straw on ground in woods (Brimley, 1908).

_Southeastern U.S._--Under dead oak leaves; under dead needles in longleaf-pine woods; in wire grass; under refuse; beaten from undergrowth in pine and oak woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). In undergrowth of shortleaf-pine, longleaf-pine, and oak woods; in heavy scrub in damp spot of sand dune area; from high bushes, _Ilex coriacea_ [=_lucida_] along inland swampy area (Hebard, 1916a). "The species is in large part terrestrial, being usually found among dead leaves and litter on the ground. Occasional specimens are, however, sometimes beaten from bushes. Individuals are decidedly active and are usually to be found in the greatest numbers in sandy situations" (Hebard, 1917).

_Florida._--Throughout winter and spring they are frequent beneath leaves and other debris on ground, especially in dry, sandy locations (Blatchley, 1920). Friauf (1953) found this species under debris, fallen leaves, leaf mold, or decaying wood in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (infrequent), scrub (frequent), sandhills (dominant), xeric hammock (infrequent), mesic hammock (dominant), pond margin (infrequent), longleaf-pine flatwoods (frequent), bayhead (occasional), low hammock (frequent), and alluvial hammock (occasional). In the shrub stratum in these habitats: Scrub (frequent), sandhills (dominant), and xeric hammock (infrequent). In herbaceous stratum in these habitats: Sandhills (dominant), mesic hammock (dominant), and black-pine flatwoods (infrequent). On bare soil or bare sand under vegetation in these habitats: Sandhills (dominant), pond margin (infrequent), longleaf-pine flatwoods (frequent), and slash-pine flatwoods (frequent) (Friauf, 1953).

=Cariblatta lutea minima=

_Florida._--Series of specimens captured on Long Key under dead petioles of coconut palm on moist ground at edges of pools of brackish water. Specimens from Key West were in dry dead grass under boards (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Nymphs frequent under bark on decaying pine logs in pine woods; occasional in leaf mold in heavy junglelike scrub (Rehn and Hebard, 1914). In water-soaked leaves in heavy red-mangrove swamp (Hebard, 1915). Under dead petioles of coconut palm on sandy soil in grapefruit grove (Hebard, 1916a). Numerous at bases of tufts of coarse grass growing just back of sea beach (Blatchley, 1920). Friauf (1953) found this species in leaf duff, leaf mold, debris, or decaying wood in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (occasional), scrub (infrequent), sandhills (infrequent), mesic hammock (infrequent), pond margin (occasional), longleaf-pine flatwoods (occasional), and low hammock (infrequent). On bare soil or bare sand under vegetation in these habitats: Longleaf-pine flatwoods (occasional) and slash-pine flatwoods (occasional). Dominant in the spartina marsh habitat in the grass stratum and duff around clumps. Frequent in the saw-grass marsh habitat in the grass stratum and, during the dry season, in decaying vegetation on the marsh floor.

=Cariblatta nebulicola=

_Jamaica._--Adults in dead leaf litter alongside the trail in dense forest of tree ferns, _Podocarpus_, _Cyrilla_, and other trees; the forest was bathed in fog much of the time (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cariblatta reticulosa=

_Jamaica._--In leaves on leaf mold in hillside forest (Hebard, 1916a). Moderately numerous in leaf litter in mangrove swamp; in decaying herbage (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cariblatta stenophrys=

_Puerto Rico._--Between the leaves and under the leaf sheaths of corn (Sein, 1923; Wolcott, 1936).

=Cariblatta= spp.

_West Indies._--The tropical species of this genus inhabit heavy forest, living among the fallen leaves resting on the leaf mold, in epiphytic bromeliads, and in dead agaves (Hebard, 1916a; Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cariblattoides instigator=

_Cuba._--In siftings from under sea grapes, other shrubs, and low trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Cariblattoides suave=

_Puerto Rico._--On dry limestone hills (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Ceratinoptera picta=

_Trinidad._--Under bark of old cacao tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Chorisoneura flavipennis=

_Costa Rica._--Under stones on borders of Surubres River (Rehn, 1906).

=Chorisoneura formosella=

_Jamaica._--Swept from huckleberry trees (_Vaccinium meridionale_) (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Chorisoneura parishi=

_Panama._--From jungle undergrowth (Hebard, 1920).

=Chorisoneura specilliger=

_Panama._--In grass (Hebard, 1920).

=Chorisoneura texensis=

_Florida._--"The almost impenetrable jungle on Key Largo was examined, and in its depths the two specimens of this species were secured by beating the lower branches of gumbo limbo, other trees and the lower bushes and shrubs, among which latter are to be found such tropical forms as _Ocotea catesbyana_ [=_Nectandra coriacea_] and _Citharexylum villosum_" (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). In nests of webworm and beaten from bushes of bayberry, _Myrica cerifera_, along edge of pine woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). Beneath dead leaves in oak woods and beaten from foliage of oak and bayberry (Blatchley, 1920). Infrequent in the tall shrub stratum of the xeric hammock habitat (Friauf, 1953).

_Texas._--The great majority of specimens were beaten from foliage of bushes (Hebard, 1943a).

_Southeastern and southern U.S._--In undergrowth in pine woods; beaten from shrubbery, from bayberry bushes, from lower branches of gumbo limbo and other trees, from lower bushes and shrubs in jungle, and from low oaks on hills. In Texas, beaten from tall weeds in opening in river-plain jungle scrub (Hebard, 1917).

=Chorisoneura translucida=

_Panama._--In jungle vegetation, including vines covering low bushes (Hebard, 1920).

=Chromatonotus infuscatus=

_Trinidad._--Males on low herbage under old cacao tree (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Chromatonotus notatus=

_Trinidad._--Males in orchard on low herbage at night; females under refuse and in grass (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Comptolampra liturata=

_Malaya._--Often found between dry foliage in the beakers of the epiphytic fern, _Asplenium nidus_, although the species lives mainly in bamboo bushes (Karny, 1924).

=Cryptocercus punctulatus=

_North Carolina._--"They were never found except in parts of the logs [chestnut] where the decayed wood was soft, punky and wet" (Rehn and Hebard, 1910).

_Oregon._--In fir logs where sap wood was soggy (Hebard, 1917).

_Virginia._--In decaying chestnut and pine logs; taken six times in chestnut and once in pine (Hebard, 1917). In rotten logs in deep ravines of moist woods (Davis, 1926).

_Appalachian Mountains, U.S._--In southern Virginia and eastern Tennessee, it is usually quite abundant in well-forested areas at elevations from 3,000 to 5,000 feet; "sometimes even a majority of the dead logs on a mountain side have roaches in them" (Cleveland et al., 1934). This cockroach not only lives in rotten, dead logs but also in sound logs that have been down only a few years. In Virginia it is found more often in chestnut and hemlock. "It occurs fairly often in oak, and has been found in pine, spruce, and arbor vitae.... There is little evidence that they ever leave the log and enter the ground" (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Cryptocercus relictus=

_Eastern Manchuria._--In great numbers under rotting fallen trees and in rotten dead wood (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Cutilia soror=

_Marquesas Islands._--Males under stones and dead log (Hebard, 1933a).

_Hawaii._--In soil about roots of pineapple (Illingworth, 1927). Often found about roots of grasses and weeds and other debris (Williams et al., 1931). Under stones and pineapple mulching paper (Fullaway and Krauss, 1945).

_Wake Island._--Numerous, some from rotten logs. Found in bunch grass on Ocean Island (Bryan, 1926).

=Cutilia= spp.

_Australia._--Frequent woods where they leave shelter soon after sunset and run actively on ground or ascend shrubs and trees in quest of prey (Tepper, 1893).

=Dendroblatta sobrina=

_Panama._--Colony on tree trunk; on surface of trunk of fallen tree (Hebard, 1920).

=Diploptera punctata=

_Hawaii._--"Crowds of these insects in various stages of development sometimes gather in cypress trees, in suitable chinks, in old flowerhead sheaths of palms, etc., and even more or less openly on leafy twigs, in bunch grass, and the species is at times locally abundant behind the older leaf bases of sugar cane" (Williams et al., 1931). Williams also lists the following as food plants: _Cryptomeria_, algaroba, lime trees, ripening mangoes, papayas, and oranges. However, Bianchi (personal communication, 1954) doubted that any of the above are the main dietary, because the largest populations he had seen "were found in the fairly dry litter of Star Jasmine (_Jasminum pubescens_ Willd.), well removed from any of the plants mentioned by Williams."

_Raiatea, Society Islands._--Beaten out of bracken (Cheesman, 1927).

_Uahuka, Marquesas Islands._--Under bark (Hebard, 1933a).

=Dryadoblatta scotti=

_Trinidad._--Very common in water-filled, epiphytic bromeliads in the rain forest (see p. 31) (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Ectobius africanus=

_Belgian Congo._--Females in forest margin and in forest undergrowth (Rehn, 1931).

=Ectobius albicinctus=

_South France._--Females and young beneath stones (Blair, 1922).

=Ectobius duskei=

_U.S.S.R._--In the steppe belt, it is a very characteristic member of feather-grass steppes, where it is found in associations of typically steppe vegetation, with feather grasses at the head (_Stipa lessingiana_ and others), and on rocky slopes; it occurs frequently in cultivated fields of young crops and also in young geological strata in sections with virgin soil. The populations of this steppe cockroach average 6 to 8 individuals per square meter from the middle to the end of July. By the end of summer most individuals were observed at the bases of straw stacks with a canopy, having their south sides sheltered. This is the only species of _Ectobius_ adapted to a purely steppe biocenose. (Bei-Bienko, 1950.)

=Ectobius lapponicus=

_Southeastern Europe._--Numerous under stones on Trebovic (Burr, 1898).

_U.S.S.R._--Found in wooded communities and peat bogs (in northern part of its range); males occur predominantly on herbaceous plants and bushes, but females hide under fallen leaves, moss, etc. (Bei-Bienko, 1950). It populated about 25 percent of the aspen trees in an experimental plot, feeding in galleries in the bark of young branches; there were 25 or more individuals per tree (Stark _in_ Bei-Bienko, 1950).

_Germany._--Abundant in woods; in pine woods in company with _Stenobothrus vagans_ and _Tettix kraussi_. Numerous in low aspen bushes in forest. Numerous in deciduous and coniferous forests on trees and underbrush; under fallen leaves and moss; on oaks (Zacher, 1917). In foliage of young oak on top of mountain (Ramme, 1923).

_Great Britain._--Under moss and dry leaves, among woodland undergrowth, and, generally, on vegetation close to the ground; occasional on bushes and trees (Lucas, 1920). Nymphs in heather in February and later; adults among rushes fringing pond in July (Lucas, 1925). Nymphs and males on rushy vegetation; unusually abundant on low herbage in dried-up swamp (Lucas, 1930).

=Ectobius nicaeensis=

_France._--In dry woods, on bushes, and at the base of trees (Chopard, 1947).

=Ectobius pallidus=

_Algeria._--Under stones; in moist places that are shaded and covered with plants (Lucas, 1849).

_England._--Very abundant on sand dunes and among bracken in July (Buxton, 1914).

_Germany._--In deciduous and coniferous forests; at edge of forest, from bare woods and bushes; numerous under leaves in oak woods and under moss (Zacher, 1917). In forest well lighted by the sun (Ramme, 1923).

_Massachusetts._--Under loose lichens and bark on oak trees; under boxes, baskets, paper, etc., near houses; on Swiss chard (Flint, 1951). On roofs of houses, in shrubbery (Gurney, 1953). We have collected this species for several summers in a fairly dense, wooded area near dwellings, among fallen leaves and climbing on the erect stems and undersides of the leaves of periwinkle. Oöthecae were found on the ground under leaves and debris.

=Ectobius panzeri=

_England._--Abundant on sandhills along shoreline among roots of grass (Burr, 1908). Under dead seaweed and other rubbish a few yards from shore on ground that would be washed by the sea (Lucas, 1896). Nymphs found among marram grass (Buxton, 1914). On sandhills near coast and covered with marram grass; often found on heather and low herbage; under old bark and rotten wood on posts; in decayed stump (Lucas, 1920). Swarming on _Beta maritima_ and other plants in July (Lucas, 1920a). Very common in all stages in August, being frequently found under stones (Lucas, 1925). Common on sand dunes especially under stems of dead marram grass. Viable oöthecae found buried in sand (Brown, 1952).

_Germany._--In beech woods and in pine woods (Zacher, 1917).

=Ectobius semenovi=

_Kazakhstan._--Along the shores of the Syr-daria it is found on and around living willows and on _Populus euphratica_; under loose bark of dying and dead trees (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Ectobius sylvester=

_U.S.S.R._--In wooded steppe zones; probably only occurs in association with forests (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Ectobius tadzhicus=

_Tadzhikistan._--Great numbers at the roots of _Eleagnus_ shrubs on the banks of reservoirs and frequently under the bark of old trees (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Ectobius vittiventer=

_South France._--One male beneath stone (Blair, 1922).

=Ellipsidion affine=

_Australia._--From leaves, from scrub (Hebard, 1943). Collected in trees (Pope, 1953a).

=Ellipsidion australe=

_Australia._--On eucalyptus leaves, on wattle, under bark (Hebard, 1943). Collected in trees (Pope, 1953a).

=Ellipsidion bicolor=

_Australia._--In corn and from tree (Hebard, 1943).

=Ellipsidion simulans=

_Australia._--From sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).

=Ellipsidion= spp.

_Australia._--All stages are diurnal moving about the foliage of shrubs and small trees in bright sunlight on hottest summer days (Tepper, 1893).

=Epilampra abdomen-nigrum=

_Trinidad._--In dried-up drain; among grass; in debris under old cacao tree; under old leaves (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

_Puerto Rico._--Abundant in damp lowlands (Seín, 1923). Under dead leaves in wet malojillo meadow (Wolcott, 1936).

This species is amphibious (p. 31). Shelford (1907) suggested that immature stages of other species of the genus may be aquatic, which would place them in moist situations on the shores of rivers and other bodies of water.

=Epilampra azteca=

_Panama._--Very scarce, under palm trees in decaying leaf mold and litter; one found under decaying bark of a log (Hebard, 1921a).

=Epilampra mona=

_Mona Island, Puerto Rico._--One specimen under bark of dead tree (Ramos, 1946).

=Epilampra tainana=

_Cuba._--Under dead leaves on stream bank (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Epilampra wheeleri=

_Puerto Rico._--In siftings from high-altitude primeval forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Epilampra= spp.

_Australia._--By day the insects live under bark, stones, logs, dead vegetable debris, or buried in loose dust or soil. After sunset females wander in grass or ascend low objects (Tepper, 1893).

=Ergaula capensis=

_Uganda._--In open bush and short grass (Princis, 1955).

=Eudromiella bicolorata=

_Panama._--Under rubbish on edge of jungle (Hebard, 1920).

=Euphyllodromia liturifera=

_Colombia._--In brushwood (Princis, 1946).

=Eurycotis biolleyi=

_Costa Rica._--Numbers of individuals were found in the large bromeliads of the temperate localities (Picado, 1913).

=Eurycotis decipiens=

_Trinidad._--In old, rotten coconut stump (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Eurycotis dimidiata=

_Cuba._--"This species was recorded from under stones in the fields ... by Gundlach" (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Eurycotis ferrum-equinum=

_Cuba._--Under stones in woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Eurycotis floridana=

_Florida._--Moderately common under bark of dead pine stumps and logs; at Key West it fairly swarmed under coquina boulders in the woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1905). Many specimens under palmetto leaves on ground (Caudell, 1905). In pine woods under dry bark of dead logs; on Long Key in dry fibers at the base of the heads of coconut palms; "at Key West, a large colony was discovered among boards lying on dry grass in a field, and several were captured upon turning over coquina boulders in the dense bush" (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Particularly numerous in tree cavities and under bark along the edge of hammock areas (Hebard, 1915). Abundant between basal leaves of _Tillandsia utriculata_; beneath loose bark of logs and stumps; in and beneath decaying palmetto trunks and leaves; under rubbish (Blatchley, 1920). On ground in heavy tangle after dark; in decaying log of _Sabal palmetto_; in bromeliads; common under debris and bark in jungle; under signs on _Pinus caribaea_; in almost every sheltered outdoor place (Hebard, 1917). It moves about at night and hides under bark of logs and in other recesses during the day; where pines are present it almost invariably hides under bark of dead logs and stumps (Rehn and Hebard, 1914). Friauf (1953) found this species in leaf duff, leaf mold, or decaying wood in these habitats: Sandhills (infrequent), xeric hammock (dominant), mesic hammock (frequent), and low hammock (dominant); on tree trunks in sandhills habitat (infrequent) and mesic hammock (frequent); infrequent in saw-grass marsh habitat in the grass stratum and, during the dry season, in decaying vegetation on floor of marsh. Under the bark of logs and beneath logs in the woodpile habitat (Friauf, 1953).

=Eurycotis galeoides=

_Cuba._--Under stones in deep woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Eurycotis kevani=

_Trinidad._--Under debris, trash, and vegetable refuse (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Eurycotis opaca=

_Cuba._--In pine and palmetto region (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Euthlastoblatta abortiva=

_Texas._--Under dense tangle of bushy vegetation, palms, and vines near Rio Grande; in leaves and dry litter on ground; on dead petiole hanging from palm tree (Hebard, 1917). Under bark of dead hackberry; abundant in dead leaves, dry litter, and rats' (_Neotoma_ sp.) nests in heavy scrub (Hebard, 1943a).

=Graptoblatta notulata=

_Tahiti._--On foliage in sun or concealed among dead leaves that collect between the fronds of tree ferns (Cheesman, 1927).

_Hawaii._--Quite active during the day, occurring on sugarcane, etc., in the wetter districts; it is also a household insect (Williams et al., 1931).

=Hemiblabera brunneri=

_Puerto Rico._--Under bark of tamarind tree (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). Under the bark on a fence post (Wolcott, 1950).

=Henicotyle antillarum=

_Dominica._--From rotting wood and wood soil (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Holocompsa metallica=

_Dominican Republic._--Along railroad through jungle and swamp (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Hololampra bivittata=

_Canary Islands._--Found in numbers among pine needles; nymphs were in the majority, adults rare (Burr, 1911).

=Hololampra chavesi=

_Azores._--Very common in the hedges, particularly in brambles. Contrary to most species of this genus, which live on the ground under stones, this species is exclusively dendricolous and is only captured by beating the bushes on which it abounds (Chopard, 1932).

=Hololampra maculata=

_Germany._--Abundant in deciduous forest in grass and under fallen leaves; in pine forests under lichens and between fallen needles; in edge of coniferous forest; under stones (Zacher, 1917).

=Hololampra marginata=

_Macedonia._--Usually found crawling on the flowers and stems of giant thistles in May; common on thistles in June (Burr, 1923).

=Hololampra= sp.

_Caucasus._--Numerous beneath dry leaves in a garden (Burr, 1913).

=Hololeptoblatta= sp.

_Seychelles._--Apparently only inhabits _Pandanus_ between the leaf bases (Scott, 1910, 1912).

=Homalopteryx laminata=

_St. Vincent._--In decaying leaves in forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Trinidad._--In forest debris and debris under old cacao trees; it is not uncommon under dry leaves; it feigns death when disturbed (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Hormetica laevigata=

_Brazil._--From crown of palm between leaf bases (Hancock, 1926).

=Ignabolivaria bilobata=

_U.S.S.R._--Under rocks and on the edges of woods in the lowlands in the north and in the mountains in the south (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Ischnoptera deropeltiformis=

_North Carolina._--Under pine straw on ground in woods (Brimley, 1908).

_Georgia._--Under dead oak leaves; under debris in garden; running on ground in pine and oak woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).

_Indiana._--It is "a ground-frequenting, forest-loving insect, hiding beneath cover or about the edges of deep woodland, more frequently in damp places, and rarely taken beneath bark, signs, or at lights" (Blatchley, 1920).

_Missouri._--Twenty to 30 males found resting on heads of wild oats on successive evenings (Rau, 1947).

_Texas._--It preferred damp, open woodlands (Hebard, 1943a).

_Eastern and southeastern U.S._--Under stone in heavy deciduous forest; under damp, dead leaves on edges of forests; under bark of pine log; in wire grass and sphagnum bordering stream thicket; in leaf mold and rubbish about pothole in pine woods, _Pinus caribaea_; under debris and leaf mold in hammock; under dead oak leaves in heavy deciduous forest (Hebard, 1917).

_Florida._--"This species is distinctly geophilous and appears to prefer damp surroundings" (Rehn and Hebard, 1912). Under boards on very wet ground in everglades; in debris and leaf mold in heavy, junglelike areas of trees, bushes, and vines (Rehn and Hebard, 1914). Adults and numerous nymphs beneath weeds, grass, and other debris washed up on beach of Lake Okeechobee (Blatchley, 1920). Friauf (1953) found this species in leaf duff, leaf mold, and/or decaying wood on ground in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (infrequent), scrub (infrequent), sandhills (occasional), xeric hammock (frequent), mesic hammock (dominant), shrubby, longleaf-pine flatwoods (infrequent), bayhead (dominant), and low hammock (dominant). On open bare soil or bare sand under vegetation in these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland (infrequent), mesic hammock (dominant), moist, ruderal grassland (infrequent), pond margin (occasional), longleaf-pine flatwoods (infrequent), slash-pine flatwoods (infrequent), and low hammock (dominant). Infrequent in the herbaceous stratum of these habitats: Dry, ruderal grassland, moist, ruderal grassland, and longleaf-pine flatwoods. Infrequent in the shrub stratum of the dry, ruderal grassland habitat. (Friauf, 1953.)

_Tennessee._--Taken in traps baited with cantaloupe in a parklike stand of oak, gum, hickory, and tulip trees in a creek bottom, and in a stand of oak on a dry ridge (Walker, 1957).

=Ischnoptera panamae=

_Panama._--Under rubbish at edge of jungle and under drift on edge of coral-sand beach (Hebard, 1920).

=Ischnoptera podoces=

_Jamaica._--In dead leaf litter along side trail through mountain forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Ischnoptera rufa rufa=

_Virgin Islands, St. Croix._--Common under rubbish and on shrubbery at night (Beatty, 1944).

_Barbados._--Occasionally found in cane fields (Tucker, 1952).

_West Indies._--In Puerto Rico, under stones in cultivated area, under debris on alkalie flat. In Jamaica, under dry petioles of coconut palm in grassy area; under logs, logwood on docks, and litter on limestone and near beach. In Panama, under drift on edge of coral-sand beach; under rubbish at edge of jungle (Hebard, 1916c).

_Jamaica._--Under limbs and leaf litter in mangrove swamp (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Lamproblatta albipalpus=

_Panama._--Under drift on edge of coral-sand beach. Several under decayed banana stem (Hebard, 1920).

=Lamproblatta meridionalis=

_Trinidad._--Under debris in forest and debris under old cacao trees (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Latiblattella chichimeca=

_Costa Rica._--Very common in the bromeliads of all Costa Rica (Picado, 1913).

=Latiblattella lucifrons=

_Arizona._--"Most commonly seen feeding on pollen and dead insects on the flower stalks of _Yucca elata_ in June in the Santa Rita Mountains" (Ball et al., 1942).

=Latiblattella rehni=

_Florida._--Widely distributed throughout pine woods (_Pinus caribaea_); under signs on _Pinus clausa_ and _Pinus caribaea_ (Hebard, 1917). Beneath bark of dead pine tree; beating Spanish moss; they seldom attempt flight when disturbed, but hide in crevices or drop to ground (Blatchley, 1920).

=Latiblattella zapoteca=

_Costa Rica._--Under stones on borders of Surubres River (Rehn, 1906).

=Leucophaea maderae=

_Barbados._--In cane fields (Tucker, 1952).

_Dominica._--In vegetation of royal palms, guava, etc.; under loose bark and banana sheaths. In Jamaica, on logwood docks (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Litopeltis biolleyi=

_Costa Rica._--Under bark of tree in forest; in epiphytic bromeliads (Rehn, 1928).

=Litopeltis bispinosa=

_Panama Canal Zone._--About 80 specimens from rotting banana stalks at bases of leaves; boring in decaying banana stem (Hebard, 1920).

=Litopeltis deianira=

_Costa Rica._--In tree stump on edge of mountain forest; in dead wood on ground (Rehn, 1928).

=Litopeltis musarum=

_Costa Rica._--Shaken from dead banana leaves. Footnote to specific name: "In relation to the liking of species of this genus for bananas (_Musa_) as shelter and possibly food" (Rehn, 1928).

=Lobolampra subaptera=

_France._--Under stones and dead leaves, always rare (Chopard, 1947).

=Loboptera decipiens=

_France._--All stages common beneath stones (Blair, 1922). Under stones and dead leaves (Chopard, 1947).

_Maltese Islands._--Quite common in open country under stones (Valletta, 1955).

_Dalmatia._--On seashores under rocks and seaweed cast up on shore (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Loboptera thaxteri=

_Argentina._--Common in rubbish and leaf litter in small woodlot (Hebard, 1932).

=Lobopterella dimidiatipes=

_Hawaii._--Abundant in wet districts, both in lowlands and to a considerable altitude in the forests, under trash, stones, boards, etc. (Williams et al., 1931). Often it is found with nymphs of _Periplaneta australasiae_ (Fullaway and Krauss, 1945).

=Lophoblatta arawaka=

_Trinidad._--On grass, maize, and cut sugarcane fodder; under vegetable and garden refuse; under old cacao (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Macropanesthia rhinocerus=

_Australia._--Infrequently seen during dry season from March to October. "They burrow quite deeply, about two feet below the surface of the sandy soil in stands of cypress pine (_Callitris_ sp.). They make a nest of dead leaves, grass roots, etc., frequently among the pine roots. The young nymphs rarely appear above ground, but following rain the adults burrow to the surface, especially at night.... This species is also found in the brigalow (_Acacia harpophylla_) scrub about 70 miles west of Rockhampton, Queensland, and on Fraser Island off the Coast of Queensland" (Henson _in_ Day, 1950).

=Megaloblatta blaberoides=

_Panama._--Under bark on tree (Hebard, 1920).

_Ecuador._--Under a dense pile of dead leaves around base of tree (Campos R., 1926).

=Megamareta verticalis=

_Australia._--In sugarcane (Hebard, 1943).

=Methana canae=

_Australia._--Under loose bark on dead upright tree (Pope, 1953a).

=Methana curvigera=

_Australia._--Under loose bark on trees and logs; many specimens on wattle trees where in strong sunlight they hid in curled-up leaves; oöthecae attached to underside of loose bark and leaves (Pope, 1953a).

=Methana marginalis=

_Australia._--Under loose bark of trees and logs (Pope, 1953a).

=Moluchia (?) dahli=

_Chile._--Collected from lichens and mosses on tree trunks (Princis, 1952).

=Muzoa madida=

_Costa Rica._--Under dead wood in dense second-growth forest; in thick mat of hanging dead vegetation in dense forest; under leaves in forest (Rehn, 1930).

=Nauclidas nigra=

_St. Vincent._--Under rotten fruit (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Nelipophygus ramsdeni=

_Cuba._--Under rotten bark (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Neoblattella detersa=

_Jamaica._--Under dried leaves of coconut palm; in dry leaves under acacia on hillside; in debris on beach; under stones on coral rock; in leaf mold under dense brush on hillside; under bracts of banana blossoms (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Neoblattella dryas=

_Jamaica._--In bases of dead tree-fern fronds; numerous in bromeliads; nearly all collected specimens were taken in these plants (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Neoblattella eurydice=

_Jamaica._--Nearly all collected specimens taken in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Neoblattella grossbecki=

_Jamaica._--In epiphytic bromeliads and hollow bases of dead tree-fern fronds; nearly all collected specimens taken in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Neoblattella proserpina=

_Jamaica._--Under bark of huckleberry; nearly all collected specimens taken in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Neoblattella semota=

_Jamaica._--All specimens collected from under drying bracts of banana blossoms (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Nesomylacris cubensis=

_Cuba._--In dry region of palmettos and pines (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Nesomylacris relica=

_Jamaica._--Widely distributed from sea level to 5,700 feet elevation; in bromeliads in mountain forest; among dead leaves in heavy leaf mold under dense hillside scrub; under stones and in ground litter about banana trees; under bark of tree in dense ridge-type forest; in dead agave in scrub forest (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Nocticola bolivari=

_Ethiopia._--Always found under stones or cement blocks, but not necessarily deeply buried in the ground (Chopard, 1950b).

=Nyctibora laevigata=

_Jamaica._--In cracks in dead stump of mimosa; in bromeliads (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Nyctibora lutzi=

_Puerto Rico._--Possibly to be found most often in rotten tree trunks in the highest mountains; found in rotten stump with termites, ants, and beetle grubs (Wolcott, 1950).

=Nyctibora obscura=

_Trinidad._--Under pile of cornstalks (Princis and Kevan, 1955)

=Nyctibora stygia=

_Haiti._--Under loose dead bark of mesquite tree, 52 specimens (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Oniscosoma spp.=

_Australia._--The females bury themselves in loose soil or dust (Tepper, 1893).

=Opisthoplatia orientalis=

_Formosa._--On or in swampy ground or under rotten trees on the ground (Takahashi, 1924).

=Panchlora antillarum=

_Dominican Republic._--In cultivated grounds, palms, fruits, etc. (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Panchlora nivea=

_Panama._--As _Pycnosceloides aporus_, in jungle under decaying banana stem in which were boring individuals of _Litopeltis bispinosa_ (Hebard, 1920).

_Texas._--Lives in foliage and in the green sheaths of plants (Hebard, 1943a).

_Cuba._--On cane leaves; according to Gundlach this genus lives under the loose bark of trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Puerto Rico._--In rotting trunks of coconut palms (Seín, 1923). Most specimens have been collected from the very rotten interior of coconut palms (Wolcott, 1950).

_Trinidad._--On corn; under old log; flies readily to lights (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Panchlora sagax=

_Dominica._--In decaying stump in banana patch and in rotting wood. In Puerto Rico, in rotten coconut palm (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Panesthia australis=

_Australia._--In burrows under the thick bark of fallen and rotting trees (Shaw, 1914). In loose detritus, beneath clods of earth, and in fissures at foot of cliffs along the seashore beyond direct action of the waves (Tepper, 1893).

=Panesthia laevicollis=

_Australia._--Under decayed logs in coastal scrub. It burrows into the soft part of the log (Froggatt, 1906).

=Parcoblatta bolliana=

_North Carolina._--Under pine straw on ground in pine woods (Brimley, 1908).

_Texas._--Under dry cow dung in pine woods (Hebard, 1917).

_Nebraska._--Under pile of old boards (Hauke, 1949).

=Parcoblatta caudelli=

_North Carolina._--From under the bark of dead trees (Rehn and Hebard, 1910).

_Virginia._--At night on shrubbery. In South Carolina, under sign on tree (Hebard, 1917).

_Tennessee._--In traps baited with cornmeal, cantaloupe, or fish in a stand of oak on dry ridge, and in abandoned rocky field on a south-facing slope (Walker, 1957).

=Parcoblatta desertae=

_Texas._--From mountains, arid, and semi-arid regions; under small boulder on desert (Hebard, 1917). On ground in dry-creek bed through scrub oak, pine, and juniper forest (Hebard, 1943a).

=Parcoblatta divisa=

_Eastern and southeastern U.S._--All specimens taken from under signs on red oaks and longleaf and shortleaf pines in Georgia and Virginia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). Trapped in molasses-baited jar in oak forest in New Jersey; under signs on red and white oaks, sweet gum, and other deciduous trees; under signs on shortleaf and longleaf pines and pine stumps (Hebard, 1917). Widespread in southeastern U.S. in habitats as diverse as dry pine lands, oak scrub, moist hammocks in northern Florida, and deep, cool ravines along Apalachicola River (Hebard, 1943a).

=Parcoblatta fulvescens=

_Eastern and southeastern U.S._--Trapped in molasses jars: in heavy, barrier-beach forest; in typical pine-barrens undergrowth; in pine barrens with heavy, grassy undergrowth; on border of pine barrens and on edge of swamp; in heavy deciduous forest; in heavy oak woods. Found under debris in dead, shortleaf-pine needles; under dead leaves on edge of oak and shortleaf-pine woods; under bark of pine log; among dead leaves under live oaks; under sign on _Pinus caribaea_ (Hebard, 1917).

_Georgia._--From under bark of pine log, among dead leaves under live oaks, and under leaves on edge of oak and shortleaf-pine woods (Rehn and Hebard, 1916).