Chapter VII: Section III: (p. 14). Other associations may be accidental (e.g., certain (1)

unique observations that have never again been confirmed). In the absence of contrary evidence, most associations are presumed to be benign; exceptions to this conclusion are found among the cockroaches that feed on living plants (p. 162) and those allegedly captured as prey by the carnivorous pitcher plants (_Sarracenia_ and _Nepenthes_). In all the records cited below the cockroaches were stated to have been on, in, or feeding on the plant.

The plants are listed below by family according to the taxonomic arrangement of Lawrence (1951). Botanical nomenclature follows Bailey (1925), Fernald (1950), or Dr. R. A. Howard (personal communications, 1958, 1959). We take full responsibility for referring to appropriate taxa certain plants that were reported by common name only in the cited literature.

Division PTERIDOPHYTA

Family CYATHEACEAE

=Alsophila= sp.

_Associate._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Louisiana (Anonymous, 1893): Feeding on heart of tree fern.

Family POLYPODIACEAE

=Asplenium nidus= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Comptolampra liturata_, Malaya (Karny, 1924): Often found between dry foliage of the beakers of this fern.

Division EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

Family PINACEAE

=Pinus australis= Michaux

_Associates._--_Aglaopteryx gemma_ and _Parcoblatta lata_, Alabama (Hebard, 1917): The former species was common under signs on longleaf pines, and _P. lata_ was occasional.

_Parcoblatta divisa_, Georgia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs.

=Pinus caribaea= Morelet

_Associates._--_Eurycotis floridana_, _Latiblattella rehni_, and _Parcoblatta fulvescens_, Florida (Hebard, 1917): Many records under signs on the tree trunks.

=Pinus clausa= Vasey

_Associate._--_Latiblattella rehni_, Florida (Hebard, 1917): Under sign on tree.

=Pinus echinata= Mill.

_Associates._--_Parcoblatta divisa_, Virginia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs on shortleaf pine.

_Parcoblatta zebra_, Mississippi (Hebard, 1917): Under sign.

=Pinus sylvestris= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Ectobius pallidus_, England (Milton, 1899; Burr, 1899b): On Scotch fir.

=Pinus= spp.

_Associates._--_Plectoptera lacerna_ and _Plectoptera vermiculata_, Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Latiblattella rehni_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1905): Under signs. Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

Family TAXODIACEAE

=Cryptomeria= sp.

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Pemberton and Williams, 1938; Zimmerman, 1948).

Family CUPRESSACEAE

=Cupressus macrocarpa= Hartweg

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Hebard, 1922): "The species is common and injurious in the territory infesting particularly the Monterey cypress trees ... and doing particular damage by gnawing away the bark." Similar injury has been cited by Pemberton (1934), Fullaway and Krauss (1945), and Zimmerman (1948).

=Juniperus= sp.

_Associate._--_Phyllodromica tartara nigrescens_, Southern Uzbekistan (Bei-Bienko, 1950): Under bark.

Family PANDANACEAE

=Freycinetia= sp.

_Associate._--_Graptoblatta notulata_ and _Kuchinga remota_, Tahiti (Hebard, 1933).

=Pandanus= sp.

_Associate._--_Hololeptoblatta_ sp., Seychelles (Scott, 1910, 1912).

Family GRAMINEAE

=Aristida pennata= Trin.

_Associate._--_Phyllodromica pygmaea_, U.S.S.R. (Bei-Bienko, 1950): Found in the dense turf.

=Bamboo=

_Associate._--_Comptolampra liturata_, Malaya (Karny, 1925).

=Chloris gayana= Kunth

_Associate._--_Blattella vaga_, Texas (Riherd, 1953): This field cockroach was rather abundant in clumps of Rhodes grass.

=Panicum purpurascens= Raddi

_Synonymy._--_Panicum barbinode_ [Hitchcock, 1936].

_Associate._--_Epilampra abdomen-nigrum_, Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923; Wolcott, 1936): Abundant in "malojillo" meadow.

=Saccharum officinarum= Linnaeus

_Associates._--_Balta quadricaudata_, _Balta scripta_, _Balta torresiana_, _Balta verticalis_, _Ellipsidion simulans_, and _Megamareta verticalis_, Australia, Queensland (Hebard, 1943): All collected by J. F. Illingworth on sugarcane.

_Blattella humbertiana_, _Ischnoptera schenklingi_, and _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Formosa (Box, 1953).

_Cariblatta stenophrys_, Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923; Wolcott, 1936): Between the leaves and under the leaf sheaths.

_Panchlora nivea_, Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): On the leaves.

_Pelmatosilpha coriacea_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936).

_Phoraspis_ spp., Brazil and Guiana (Doumerc in Blanchard, 1837).

_Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptora infulata_, and _Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): Under the leaf sheaths.

_Symploce ruficollis_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): Often found living under the leaf sheaths.

Cockroaches, Philippine Islands (Uichanco _in_ Williams et al., 1931): Between cane leaf sheaths.

=Setaria verticillata= (Linnaeus) Beauv.

_Synonymy._--_Chaetochloa verticillata_ (Linnaeus) [Howard, personal communication, 1958].

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Severin, 1911): The cockroach was caught on the barbed awns of this grass.

=Wild oats=

_Associate._--_Ischnoptera deropeltiformis_, Missouri (Rau, 1937).

=Zea mays= Linnaeus

_Associates._--_Cariblatta stenophrys_, Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923; Wolcott, 1936).

_Ellipsidion bicolor_, Australia, Queensland (Hebard, 1943).

_Lophoblatta arawaka_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

_Phoraspis_ sp., Brazil and Guiana (Doumerc _in_ Blanchard, 1837).

_Supella supellectilium_, New Caledonia (Cohic, 1956).

Family CYPERACEAE

=Cyperus= sp.

_Associate._--_Maretina uahuka_, Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a).

Family PALMAE

=Acrocomia aculeata= (Jacq.) Lodd.

_Associate._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): On "gru-gru" fruits.

=Cocos nucifera= Linnaeus

_Associates._--_Aglaopteryx gemma_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912).

_Cariblatta lutea minima_, Florida, and _Cariblatta delicatula_, San Domingo (Hebard, 1916a).

_Eurycotis floridana_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912; Hebard, 1917).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912; Hebard, 1917). Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Phoenix dactylifera= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Blattella germanica_, California (Herms, 1926): On date palms.

=Pritchardia= sp.

_Associate._--_Periplaneta australasiae_, Nihoa Island (Bryan, 1926). Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948).

=Roystonea regia= O. F. Cook

_Associate._--_Cariblatta punctulata_, San Domingo (Hebard, 1916a).

=Sabal palmetto= Lodd.

_Associate._--_Eurycotis floridana_, Florida (Scudder, 1879).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, Florida (Hebard, 1917).

=Undetermined palms=

_Associates._--_Euthlastoblatta abortiva_, Texas (Hebard, 1917).

_Hormetica laevigata_, Brazil (Hancock, 1926).

_Panchlora antillarum_, Dominican Republic (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Periplaneta americana_, Texas (Zimmern _in_ Gould and Deay, 1940).

Family ARACEAE

=Arum= sp.

_Associate._--_Latiblattella vitrea_, Mexico (Hebard, 1921b): In flower shaft.

=Caladium= sp.

_Associate._--_Plectoptera dorsalis_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

Family BROMELIACEAE

=Aechmaea porteoides= Britton

_Associate._--_Dryadoblatta scotti_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Ananas comosus= Merr.

_Associates._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Hawaii (Illingworth, 1927, 1929): Feeding on roots of pineapple.

_Blattella humbertiana_, Formosa (Takahashi, 1940): Imago and grown nymphs occasionally lie concealed in the leaves.

=Catopsis fulgens= Griseb.

_Associates._--Cockroaches, Costa Rica (Calvert and Calvert, 1917).

=Glomeropitcairnia erectiflora= Mez

_Associate._--_Dryadoblatta scotti_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Grevisia= sp.

_Associate._--_Notolampra antillarum_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): One male only.

=Tillandsia fasciculata= Swartz

_Associate._--_Eurycotis floridana_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1914; Hebard, 1917).

=Tillandsia usneoides= Linnaeus

_Associates._--_Parcoblatta_ sp., Louisiana (Rainwater, 1941).

_Latiblattella rehni_, Florida (Blatchley, 1920): By beating.

Cockroaches, Louisiana (Rosenfeld, 1911, 1912): One mature and 39 immature blattids were collected from 8 of 12 samples of Spanish moss.

=Tillandsia uttriculata= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Epilampra mona_, Mona Island, West Indies (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): The type and one paratypic female of _E. mona_ were collected in this bromeliad.

_Eurycotis floridana_, Florida (Blatchley, 1920).

=Tillandsia= sp.

_Associates._--_Aglaopteryx gemma_, Texas (Hebard, 1917).

_Dryadoblatta scotti_, Trinidad (Scott, 1912): Found in the leaf bases.

=Undetermined bromeliads=

_Associates._--_Aglaopteryx diaphana_, Jamaica (Hebard, 1917; Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Anaplecta azteca_ and _Anaplecta_ sp., Costa Rica (Picado, 1913).

_Anaplecta mexicana_, Costa Rica (Calvert and Calvert, 1917).

_Audreia bromeliadarum_, Panama (Caudell, 1914).

_Audreia jamaicana_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Blattella_ sp., Costa Rica (Picado, 1913).

_Buboblatta armata_, Panama (Caudell, 1914): "Probably not a typical bromeliadicolous species."

_Cariblatta insularis_, Jamaica (Hebard, 1916a, 1917; Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Cariblatta nebulicola_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927); One immature male.

_Dryadoblatta scotti_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

_Epilampra conspersa_, Dominica (Scott, 1912).

_Epilampra maya_, Panama (Hebard, 1920).

_Epilampra sodalis_, Panama (Caudell, 1914).

_Epilampra_ sp. and _Hormetica laevigata_, Brazil (Hancock, 1926).

_Eurycotis biolleyi_, Costa Rica (Picado, 1913).

_Ischnoptera rufa occidentalis_, Mexico (Caudell, 1914).

_Latiblattella chichimeca_, Costa Rica (Picado, 1913).

_Litopeltis biolleyi_, Costa Rica (Rehn, 1928).

_Litopeltis bispinosa_, Panama (Caudell, 1914).

_Neoblattella brunneriana_, Costa Rica (Calvert and Calvert, 1917).

_Neoblattella dryas_, _Neoblattella eurydice_, _Neoblattella grossbecki_, and _Neoblattella proserpina_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Neoblattella fratercula_, Mexico (Hebard, 1921b).

_Neoblattella nahua_, Mexico (Caudell, 1914).

_Nesomylacris relica_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Nyctibora brunnea_(?), Panama (Caudell, 1914): According to Hebard (1920) Caudell's specimen was almost certainly incorrectly identified. It may have been _Nyctibora noctivaga_ or a smaller species of the genus. Brazil (Hancock, 1926).

_Nyctibora laevigata_, Jamaica (Hebard, 1917; Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Nyctibora lutzi_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): "in epiphytes with pencil-like leaves."

_Pelmatosilpha rotundata_, Panama (Caudell, 1914).

_Pseudomops laticornis_, Costa Rica (Picado, 1913).

_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Costa Rica (Picado, 1913). Mexico (Caudell, 1914). Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

"_Rhicnoda_" sp., Costa Rica (Picado, 1913). This genus is now recognized as not being in the New World fauna. Probably the specimen was a species of _Epilampra_ or _Hyporhicnoda_ as suggested by Gurney (personal communication, 1959) and confirmed by Rehn (p.c., 1959).

Cockroaches, Costa Rica (Calvert, 1910): Cockroaches were said to be common in bromeliads on the moist Atlantic slope.

Family LILIACEAE

=Yucca elata= Engelman

_Associate._--_Latiblattella lucifrons_, Arizona (Ball et al., 1942).

=Easter lilies=

_Associate._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Connecticut (Zappe, 1918).

Family MUSACEAE

=Bananas=

Cockroaches have been captured in bunches of bananas, in bracts of banana flowers, under banana leaves, and burrowing in rotten banana stalks. Although many of the species associated with bananas are indigenous to the banana-growing areas of the American Tropics, most of the specimens cited below were captured elsewhere as adventitious insects that had been imported with the fruit. It is obvious that many of these insects must have been closely associated with bananas on the plantations, where, undoubtedly, the growing plants provided attractive ecological niches. Bunting (1956) deduced, from the presence of healthy cockroaches on bananas allegedly sprayed with copper arsenate, that the insects did not feed on stems or fruit but hid among the bananas and foraged elsewhere; however, certain reports are of cockroaches actually feeding on bananas. Some of the records cited by Hebard (1917) were compiled from earlier reports not all of which we have seen. Numbers in parentheses following certain citations indicate the number of times the association had been observed. Known or suspected adventive material is so indicated.

_Aglaopteryx diaphana_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): Found in bracts of banana blossoms. England (Bunting, 1955): Adventive, on bananas from Dominica.

_Aglaopteryx vegeta_, Finland (Princis, 1947): Adventive, in banana box.

_Amazonina emarginata_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): In banana bunch.

_Archimandrita marmorata_, Denmark (Henriksen, 1939): Adventive (2), in bananas from Jamaica(?). As Princis (1947) and Gurney (personal communication, 1959) point out, this is a Central American species, so Jamaica may be an error.

_Archimandrita tessellate_, Sweden (Princis, 1947): Adventive, from Honduras.

_Blaberus atropos_(?), Denmark (Henriksen, 1939): Adventive, from Jamaica. Princis (1947) pointed out that this species was more likely to have been _Blaberus craniifer_ or _Blaberus discoidalis_, which are West Indian species, than _B. atropos_ which is a South American species.

_Blaberus boliviensis_, Ecuador (Princis, 1952): In a shipment of bananas from near Puna.

_Blaberus discoidalis_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): From banana ripening room. Great Britain (Pearce, 1929): Adventive. England (Bunting, 1955, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica.

_Capucinella delicatula_, California (Caudell, 1931): Adventive.

_Cariblatta delicatula_, Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Cariblatta hylaea_, Honduras (Rehn, 1945a): Shaken from hanging dead banana leaves.

_Cariblatta insularis_, Finland (Frey, 1948): Adventive.

_Cariblatta landalei_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): All specimens taken from under drying bracts of banana blossoms.

_Cariblatta punctipennis_ and _Chorisoneura barbadensis_, England (Bunting, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica.

_Epilampra abdomen-nigrum_ and _Epilampra_ sp., England (Bunting, 1955): Adventive, from Dominica.

_Epilampra maya_, Massachusetts (Hebard, 1917): Adventive.

_Epilampra mexicana_(?), Denmark (Henriksen, 1939): Adventive (2), from Danish West Indies. Princis (1947) suggested that this should be _Epilampra_ sp., because _E. mexicana_ is not a West Indian species.

_Eudromiella calcarata_ and _Eurycotis bananae_, U.S.S.R., Leningrad (Bei-Bienko, 1947): Adventive, from Colombia.

_Euphyllodromia angustata_, Sweden (Princis, 1947): Adventive.

_Eurycotis caraibea_, New York (Hebard, 1917): Adventive.

_Eurycotis dimidiata_, Washington, D. C. (Caudell, 1931): Adventive.

_Eurycotis lixa_, New York (Rehn, 1930): Adventive, on banana ship from Jamaica.

_Graptoblatta notulata_, Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a): In banana leaves.

_Holocompsa nitidula_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): Eating banana pulp.

_Hormetica laevigata_, Wales (Sandemann, 1934): Adventive, in pile of banana sacks.

_Hormetica ventralis_, Sweden (Princis, 1947): Adventive, in local warehouse of banana company.

_Hormetica_ spp., Europe and North America (Bei-Bienko, 1950): Adventive, introduced with bananas and other tropical fruits.

_Ischnoptera rufa rufa_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): Brought into houses on bunches of bananas.

_Kuchinga remota_, Society Islands, Moorea (Hebard, 1933a): In dead banana leaves.

_Lamproblatta albipalpus_, Panama Canal Zone (Hebard, 1920): Several under decayed banana stem.

_Latiblattella_ sp., Finland (Frey, 1948): Adventive.

_Leucophaea maderae_, New York (Hebard, 1917): Adventive. Dominica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): Under banana sheaths. England (Palmer, 1928): Adventive, captured at railroad station after bananas had been unloaded. England (Bunting, 1955): Adventive, from Dominica. Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): Nymph, eating bananas in cupboard. Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923): Seín stated that bananas are the favorite food of _L. maderae_.

_Litopeltis bispinosa_, Panama Canal Zone (Hebard, 1920): From rotting banana stalks at bases of leaves.

_Litopeltis musarum_, Costa Rica (Rehn, 1928): Shaken from dead banana leaves.

_Nauclidas nigra_, England (Bunting, 1955, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica.

_Nauphoeta flexivitta_, Denmark (Vestergaard, 1958): Adventive.

_Neoblattella carcinus_, _Neoblattella celeripes_, and _Neoblattella laodamia_, England (Bunting, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica. Bunting (1955) first reported these as _Neoblattella_ spp. and stated that they were common.

_Neoblattella detersa_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): From under the bracts of banana blossoms. Sweden (Princis, 1947): Adventive.

_Neoblattella detersa_ and _Neoblattella tridens_, Finland (Frey, 1948): Adventive.

_Neoblattella fratercula_, Nebraska (Hebard, 1916b): Adventive.

_Neoblattella semota_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): From under drying bracts of banana blossoms.

_Neoblattella vatia_, Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

_Neoblattella_ sp., Finland (Princis, 1947): Adventive, from Jamaica.

_Nyctibora azteca_, England (Bunting, 1955): Adventive, from Dominica. Bunting reported this species as _Nocticola azteca_. Dr. A. B. Gurney called our attention to the fact that _Nocticola_ is an Old World genus, presumably combined in error with the New World species _azteca_. The true identity of the specimen was confirmed by Dr. D. Ragge (personal communication, 1958), who examined it at the British Museum (Natural History).

_Nyctibora holoserica_, Canada (Walker, 1912): Adventive.

_Nyctibora laevigata_, Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania (2) (Hebard, 1917): Adventive. Taken from banana boat _Annetta_ at Philadelphia (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). England (Bunting, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica. Sweden, Denmark (Princis, 1947): Adventive.

_Nyctibora mexicana_(?), Denmark (Henriksen, 1939): Adventive (5), from Jamaica and West Indies. Princis (1947) suggested that these specimens were probably the West Indian _Nyctibora noctivaga_, because _N. mexicana_ is not a West Indian insect.

_Nyctibora noctivaga_, Canada, Idaho, Illinois, Massachusetts, Nebraska (4), Virginia (Hebard, 1917): Adventive. Nebraska (Hauke, 1949): Adventive (2). Panama Canal Zone (Hebard, 1920): From banana stalks. England (Blair _in_ Turner, 1930): Adventive, from Costa Rica. Washington (Hatch, 1938): Adventive. Sweden (Princis, 1947): Adventive (2). Finland (Princis, 1947): Adventive, from Jamaica.

_Nyctibora obscura_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): In banana bunch.

_Nyctibora sericea_, Canada (Stevenson, 1905; Walker, 1912): Adventive; Hebard (1917) synonymized Walker's specimen under _N. laevigata_. Isle of Wight (Meade-Waldo, 1910): Adventive, from Jamaica. England (Tulloch, 1939): Adventive, in banana crates from Brazil.

_Nyctibora_ sp., England (Welch, 1935): Adventive, in railway truck that had carried bananas. England (Tulloch, 1939): Adventive, from Brazil.

_Oxyhaloa deusta_, U.S.S.R., Leningrad (Bei-Bienko, 1947): Adventive, from Colombia.

_Panchlora antillarum_, England (Bunting, 1955): Adventive, from Dominica.

_Panchlora exoleta_, Scotland (Distant, 1902): Adventive. Great Britain (Shaw, 1902): Adventive. England (Coney, 1918): Adventive. Sweden, Norway (Princis, 1947): Adventive, Norwegian specimen from Brazil. Germany (Zacher, 1917): Adventive, from Jamaica.

_Panchlora nivea_, Colorado, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York (2), Utah (Hebard, 1917): Adventive. Nebraska (Hauke, 1949): Adventive. Washington (Hatch, 1938): Adventive. Massachusetts (Roth and Willis, 1958): Adventive. England (Bunting, 1955): Adventive, from Dominica. U.S.S.R. (Bei-Bienko, 1947): Adventive, from Colombia. Sweden (13), Norway (3), Finland (3) (Princis, 1947): Adventive, mostly females; origin (where known) Jamaica.

_Panchlora fraterna_(?) and _Panchlora peruana_(?), Denmark (Henriksen, 1939): Adventive; origin (where known) Danish West Indies and Jamaica; Princis (1947) suggested that both species were probably _Panchlora nivea_.

_Panchlora sagax_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936).

_Panchlora virescens_, Canada (Walker, 1912): Adventive; this was probably _P. nivea_ as we now know it (Gurney, personal communication, 1959).

_Panchlora_ sp., Canada (Walker, 1912): Adventive. England (Tulloch, 1939): Adventive, from Brazil.

_Pelmatosilpha coriacea_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936).

_Pelmatosilpha marginalis_ and _Pelmatosilpha purpurascens_, England (Bunting, 1955, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica; both species common.

_Pelmatosilpha vagabunda_, New Zealand (Princis, 1954): Adventive, probably from South America.

_Periplaneta americana_, Belgium (Schepdael, 1931): Adventive, on bananas from the American Tropics.

_Periplaneta americana_ and _Periplaneta brunnea_, England (Bunting, 1955, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica.

_Periplaneta americana_ and _Periplaneta australasiae_, England (Watson, 1907): Adventive; they ate ripening bananas in the tropical plant house of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where they hid in "the sheathing bases of palm, banana and pandanus leaves." Sweden (Princis, 1947): Adventive.

_Periplaneta australasiae_, Canada (Walker, 1912): Adventive. Denmark (Henriksen, 1939): Adventive (9); origin mostly Jamaica. England (Tulloch, 1939): Adventive, from Brazil. England (Bunting, 1955, 1956): Adventive, from Dominica; common.

_Platyzosteria bifida_, Nebraska (Hebard, 1917): Adventive.

_Plectoptera dorsalis_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): Captured by beating banana plants.

_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Canada (Walker, 1912; Hebard, 1917): Adventive: Marquesas Islands, Nukuhiva (Hebard, 1933a): In banana leaves. England (Goodliffe, 1958): Adventive, doing considerable damage to banana plants growing in a conservatory.

_Sibylloblatta panesthoides_, Massachusetts (Rehn, 1937a): Adventive, from Jamaica.

Family ZINGIBERACEAE

=Renealmia= sp.

_Associate._--_Cariblatta orestera_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): The male was taken in a head of wild ginger.

Family CANNACEAE

=Canna= sp.

_Associate._--_Periplaneta americana_, Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948).

Family ORCHIDACEAE

=Cattleya= sp.

_Associates._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Rau, 1940a).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, England (Lucas, 1918).

=Vanda= sp.

_Associates._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Rau, 1940a).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, England (Lucas, 1918).

=Undetermined orchids=

_Associates._--_Blaberus discoidalis_, _Blatta orientalis_, _Periplaneta americana_, Hawaii (Swezey, 1945).

_Blatta orientalis_, _americana_, _cinerea_, _maderae_, unidentified cockroaches, England, in bulb from Ecuador (Westwood, 1876).

_Graptoblatta notulata_, Hawaii (Swezey, 1945): On orchid from India.

_Homalopteryx laminata_ and _Hormetica apolinari_, New York (Hebard, 1912c): In orchids shipped from Colombia.

_Pelmatosilpha coriacea_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936).

_Periplaneta americana_, Germany (Tashenberg, 1884).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, England (Wainwright, 1898). Pennsylvania (Skinner, 1905). Massachusetts (Morse, 1920).

_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, England (Westwood, 1869). Germany (Zacher, 1920). Massachusetts (Morse, 1920). Hawaii (Swezey, 1945).

Family CASUARINACEAE

=Casuarina= sp.

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948).

Family SALICACEAE

=Populus euphratica= Oliv.

_Synonymy._--_Populus diversifolia_ Schrenk. [Howard, personal communication, 1959].

_Associate._--_Ectobius semenovi_, Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko, 1950).

=Populus= sp.

_Associate._--_Ectobius lapponicus_, U.S.S.R. (Stark _in_ Bei-Bienko, 1950): On aspen.

=Salix= sp.

_Associate._--_Ectobius semenovi_, Kazakhstan (Bei-Bienko, 1950): On willow.

Family MYRICACEAE

=Myrica cerifera= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Chorisoneura texensis_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): On bayberry. Florida (Blatchley, 1920): Beaten from foliage.

Family FAGACEAE

=Quercus alba= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Parcoblatta pensylvanica_, Virginia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs on white oaks.

=Quercus rubra= Linnaeus

_Associates._--_Parcoblatta divisa_, Virginia, and _Parcoblatta pensylvanica_, North Carolina (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs on red oak.

_Parcoblatta lata_, North Carolina (Hebard, 1917): Under sign.

=Quercus virginiana= Mill.

_Associate._--_Eurycotis floridana_, Georgia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under dead bark on live-oak tree. Georgia (Hebard, 1917): In cavity in tree.

=Quercus= spp.

_Associates._--_Aglaopteryx gemma_, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas (Hebard, 1917): Under signs on oaks.

_Blatta orientalis_, England (Donisthorpe, 1918): Under bark.

_Cariblatta lutea lutea_, Mississippi (Hebard, 1916a): By beating low oaks on hills.

_Chorisoneura texensis_, Mississippi (Hebard, 1917). Florida (Blatchley, 1920): By beating.

_Ectobius pallidus_, England (Milton, 1899; Burr, 1899b). Massachusetts (Flint, 1951): Under loose lichens and bark.

_Parcoblatta divisa_, Georgia, Louisiana, and _Parcoblatta pensylvanica_, Georgia (Hebard, 1917): Under signs.

_Periplaneta australasiae_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1905): Ten specimens taken from under a tin sign.

_Periplaneta brunnea_, Georgia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under signs.

_Phyllodromica megerlei_, U.S.S.R. (Bei-Bienko, 1950): By shaking oak branches.

_Plectoptera lacerna_, Cuba (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

Family MORACEAE

=Cecropia= sp.

_Associate._--_Cariblatta hylaea_, Honduras (Rehn, 1945a).

Family CHENOPODIACEAE

=Beta maritima= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Ectobius panzeri_, England (Lucas, 1920a).

=Beta vulgaris= var. =cicla= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Ectobius pallidus_, Massachusetts (Flint, 1951): Many specimens collected in the bases of Swiss chard plants.

Family LAURACEAE

=Nectandra coriacea= (Sw.) Griseb.

_Synonymy._--_Ocotea catesbyana_ Sarg. [Howard, personal communication, 1959].

_Associate._--_Chorisoneura texensis_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912).

Family SARRACENIACEAE

Only a few records have been found of cockroaches being trapped in the pitchers of carnivorous plants of this and the following family. The insects drown in the fluid within the pitcher where they are apparently digested by proteinases secreted by the plant (Meyer and Anderson, 1939; Lloyd, 1942).

=Sarracenia flava= Linnaeus

_Natural prey_--_Cariblatta lutea lutea_, _Ischnoptera deropeltiformis_, _Parcoblatta lata_, and nymphs of _Parcoblatta_ sp., North Carolina (Wray and Brimley, 1943): Most of the cockroaches seemed to have been trapped accidentally with the possible exception of _C. lutea lutea_, 11 of which were found in _Sarracenia_ pitchers.

=Sarracenia purpurea= Linnaeus

_Natural prey._--_Cariblatta lutea lutea_, North Carolina (Wray and Brimley, 1943).

=Sarracenia minor= Walter

_Synonymy._--_Sarracenia variolaris_ Michx. [Howard, personal communication, 1958].

_Natural and experimental prey._--_Periplaneta australasiae_, Florida (Treat, 1876): After the insect imbibed some of the fluid in the pitcher it became docile; others became highly active and rushed wildly about before becoming quiescent. See also Treat _in_ Scudder (1877).

Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Riley, 1875).

Family NEPENTHACEAE

=Nepenthes ampularia= Jack

_Natural prey._--Cockroaches, Singapore (Dover, 1928).

=Nepenthes gracilis= Korth.

_Natural prey._--Cockroaches, Singapore (Dover, 1928).

=Nepenthes= sp.

_Natural prey._--Cockroach, Old World Tropics? (Hooker, 1874): The insect was apparently attracted into the pitcher, where it drowned, by a piece of cartilage placed there by Hooker.

Family CUNONIACEAE

=Weinmannia= sp.

_Associates._--_Aneurina viridis_, Marquesas Islands, Nukuhiva and Fatuhiva (Hebard, 1933a).

_Maretina uahuka_, Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a).

Family HAMAMELIDACEAE

=Liquidambar styraciflua= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Parcoblatta divisa_, Georgia (Rehn and Hebard, 1916): Under sign on sweet gum.

_Parcoblatta zebra_, Louisiana (Hebard, 1917): In decay cavity.

Family ROSACEAE

=Crataegus= sp.?

=Associates.=--_Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptera infulata_, _Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In the dry flower clusters of "espino rubial."

=Rosa= sp.

_Associate._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Connecticut (Zappe, 1918); Rhode Island and Pennsylvania (Caudell, 1925); Pennsylvania (Doucette and Smith, 1926): Feeding on canes in greenhouses.

=Rubus= spp.?

_Associate._--_Hololampra chavesi_, Azores (Chopard, 1932): This species is exclusively dendricolous and was found only by beating the bushes on which it abounds. It was very common in hedges, particularly on brambles (ronces).

Family LEGUMINOSAE

=Acacia farnesiana= Willd.

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on pods.

=Acacia= sp.

_Associates._--_Ellipsidion australe_, Australia, New South Wales (Hebard, 1943).

_Methana curvigera_, Australia, Queensland (Pope, 1953a).

=Ceratonia siliqua= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Pemberton and Williams, 1938): Damaging algarroba.

=Erythrina glauca= Willd.

_Associates._--_Aglaopteryx absimilis_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In abandoned cocoon.

_Aglaopteryx facies_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): In empty cocoons.

=Inga laurina= Willd.

_Associate._--_Aglaopteryx facies_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): On trunk.

=Inga vera= Willd.

_Associates._--_Aglaopteryx facies_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): In larval tents.

_Cariblatta stenophrys_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): On leaves.

_Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptera infulata_, and _Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In "butterfly nests" in leaves.

=Mesquite=

_Associate._--_Nyctibora stygia_, Haiti (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Samanea saman= Merr.

_Associate._--_Aglaopteryx absimilis_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950).

=Tamarindus indica= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Hemiblabera brunneri_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

Family GERANIACEAE

=Geraniums=

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948).

Family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

=Tribulus= sp.

_Associates._--_Periplaneta americana_ and _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Johnston Island (Bryan, 1926). Zimmerman (1948) lists _Tribulus_ as a host plant for these cockroaches.

Family RUTACEAE

=Citrus aurantifolia= Swingle

_Associates._--_Plectoptera dominicae_ and _Plectoptera perscita_, Dominica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927): Beaten from moss-covered lime trees.

=Citrus maxima= Merr.

_Associates._--_Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptera infulata_, _Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950).

_Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

=Citrus sinensis= Osbeck

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on oranges on tree.

=Citrus= sp.

_Associates._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948).

_Riatia_ [=_Lissoblatta_] _fulgida_, Panama, Rio Trinidad (Hebard, 1920).

_Plectoptera porcellana_, Puerto Rico (Sein, 1923).

=Zanthoxylum caribaeum= Lam.

_Associates._--_Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptera infulata_, _Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): In the dry flower clusters.

Family BURSERACEAE

=Bursera simaruba= (L.) Sarg.

_Associate._--_Chorisoneura texensis_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912; Hebard, 1917): Beaten from the lower branches of gumbo limbo.

Family EUPHORBIACEAE

=Poinsettia= sp.

_Associate._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Connecticut (Zappe, 1918): Ate bark of greenhouse plants.

Family ANACARDIACEAE

=Mangifera indica= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on mangoes on the tree.

=Spondias mombin= Linnaeus

_Associates._--_Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptera infulata_, _Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): Living on leaves of "jobo."

=Spondias purpurea= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Eurycotis biolleyi_, Costa Rica (Rehn, 1918): In the crown of dry jocoto.

Family AQUIFOLIACEAE

=Ilex cassine= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Plectoptera poeyi_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912, 1914; Hebard, 1917).

=Ilex coriacea= (Pursh) Chapm.

_Synonymy._--_Ilex lucida_ [Fernald, 1950].

_Associate._--_Cariblatta lutea lutea_, Florida (Hebard, 1916a).

Family SAPINDACEAE

=Exothea paniculata= (Juss.) Radlk.

_Associate._--_Aglaopteryx gemma_, Florida (Hebard, 1917).

Family MALVACEAE

=Gossypium= spp.

_Associates._--_Graptoblatta notulata_, Marquesas Islands, Tahuata (Hebard, 1933a).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, St. Kitts, B.W.I. (Ballou, 1916).

_Periplaneta fuliginosa_ and _Plectoptera poeyi_, Florida (Rainwater, 1941).

_Plectoptera dorsalis_, _Plectoptera infulata_, _Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950).

=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Riatia orientis_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Hibiscus= sp.

_Associates._--_Amazonina emarginata_, _Cariblatta antiguensis_, _Eurycotis kevani_, and _Rhytidometopum dissimile_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

=Sida= sp.

_Associate._--_Periplaneta australasiae_, Nihoa Island (Bryan, 1926). Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948).

Family STERCULIACEAE

=Theobroma cacao= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Ceratinoptera picta_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

Family BIXACEAE

=Bixa= sp.

_Associate._--_Notolampra antillarum_, Trinidad (Princis and Kevan, 1955): Nymphs in dry fruits on "annato" tree.

Family FLACOURTIACEAE

=Xylosma suaveolens= Forst.

_Associate._--_Graptoblatta notulata_, Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a).

Family PASSIFLORACEAE

=Passiflora= sp.

_Associate._--_Aristiger_ [=_Plumiger_] _histrio_, Malaya (Karny, 1924).

Family CARICACEAE

=Carica papaya= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Diploptera punctata_, Hawaii (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915; Zimmerman, 1948): Feeding on papaya fruit on tree.

Family RHIZOPHORACEAE

=Rhizophora mangle= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Aglaopteryx gemma_, Florida (Hebard, 1917).

Family COMBRETACEAE

=Conocarpus erectus= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Plectoptera poeyi_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1914): Running on leaves.

Family MYRTACEAE

=Eucalyptus= sp.

_Associate._--_Ellipsidion australe_, Australia, New South Wales (Hebard, 1943).

=Eugenia aromatica= Baill.

_Synonymy._--_Syzygium aromaticum_ [Bailey, 1925].

_Associate._--_Plectoptera dorsalis_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1936): On flowers of "pomarrosa."

=Metrosideros collina= Gray

_Associates._--_Aneurina viridis_, Marquesas Islands: Nukuhiva, Fatuhiva, and Tahuata (Hebard, 1933a)

_Aneurina tahuata_, Marquesas Islands, Tahuata (Hebard, 1933a).

_Graptoblatta notulata_, Marquesas Islands, Nukuhiva (Hebard, 1933a).

=Psidium guajava= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Plectoptera rhabdota_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

Family ONAGRACEAE

=Jussiaea natans= Humb. and Bonpl.

_Associate._--_Epilampra abdomen-nigrum_, Panama (Crowell, 1946): In an aquarium the cockroach fed on leaves of this aquatic plant which had been collected in the lagoon where the insect was captured.

Family ERICACEAE

=Calluna vulgaris= Salisb.

_Associates._--_Ectobius lapponicus_, England (Lucas, 1925): "Nymphs of varying size were beaten out of heather ... on 9 February and later."

_Ectobius panzeri_, England (Lucas, 1927): "numerous imagines of both sexes were swept from heather."

=Vaccinium meridionale= Sw.

_Associates._--_Chorisoneura formosella_, _Neoblattella dryas_, _Neoblattella proserpina_, Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

Family SAPOTACEAE

=Sideroxylon foetidissimum= Jacq.

_Associate._--_Pelmatosilpha coriacea_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1941): Under bark.

Family APOCYNACEAE

=Vinca minor= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Ectobius pallidus_, Massachusetts (Willis, unpublished observation, 1958).

Family CONVOLVULACEAE

=Ipomoea tiliasea= Choisy

_Associate._--_Plectoptera dorsalis_, Puerto Rico (Rehn and Hebard, 1927).

Family BORAGINACEAE

=Cordia dentata= Poiret

_Synonymy._--_Calyptracordia alba_ [Howard, personal communication, 1958].

_Associates._--_Cariblatta antiguensis_, _Ischnoptera rufa rufa_, _Supella supellectilium_, _Symploce ruficollis_ and _Symploce hospes_, St. Croix, Virgin Islands (Beatty, 1944): On fruits of _C. dentata_ except _S. supellectilium_ which was found at night on the flowers.

Family VERBENACEAE

=Citharexylum villosum= Jacq.

_Associate._--_Chorisoneura texensis_, Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1912).

Family SOLANACEAE

=Nicotiana= sp.

_Associate._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Sumatra (Roeser, 1940).

=Solanum tuberosum= Linnaeus

_Associate._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Haiti (Hoffman, 1927): Feeding on tubers in field.

Family GESNERIACEAE

=Cyrtandra= sp.

_Associate._--_Aneurina viridis_, Marquesas Islands, Nukuhiva (Hebard, 1933a).

Family RUBIACEAE

=Canthium barbatum= (Forst.) Seem.

_Associate._--_Graptoblatta notulata_, Marquesas Islands, Uahuka (Hebard, 1933a).

=Cinchona pubescens= Vahl.

_Associate._--_Periplaneta americana_, Puerto Rico (Plank and Winters, 1949): In greenhouse.

=Coffea= sp.

_Associate._--_Plectoptera porcellana_, Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923).

Family COMPOSITAE

=Goldenrod=

_Associate._--_Eurycotis floridana_, Florida (Hebard, 1917): "Climbing about on top of goldenrod at night."

=Helianthus= sp.

_Associate._--_Pseudomops septentrionalis_, Texas (Hebard, 1917).

=Scorzonera acanthoclada= Franch.

_Associate._--_Phyllodromica tartara nigrescens_, Southern Uzbekistan (Bei-Bienko, 1950): On the flowers.

DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY COCKROACHES

Cockroaches characteristically feed on dead plant and animal material. Damage to living plants occurs principally in the Tropics or under subtropical conditions in greenhouses in temperate regions. Among the depredations attributed to cockroaches in text books, damage to plants is seldom emphasized. This is surprising in view of the many records cited below.

Capt. William Bligh (1792), while collecting breadfruit trees in Tahiti to take to the West Indies, wrote in his log during January 1789: "This morning, I ordered all the chests to be taken on shore, and the inside of the ship to be washed with boiling water, to kill the cockroaches. We were constantly obliged to be at great pains to keep the ship clear of vermin, on account of the plants."

Westwood (1869) stated that _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_ was very destructive in orchid houses feeding on buds and young shoots. Later Westwood (1876) exhibited the bulb of an orchid from Ecuador which contained six species of cockroaches: _Blatta orientalis_, [_Periplaneta_?] _americana_, [_Nauphoeta_?] _cinerea_, [_Leucophaea_?] _maderae_, and two others unknown to him. Fullaway (1938) stated that cockroaches damage root tips, buds, and flowers of orchids. _Periplaneta americana_ has been said to eat the root tips and blossoms of orchids (Taschenberg, 1884) and to devour the open flower petals of _Cattleya_ orchids as well as the aerial roots and flower spikes of _Vanda_ orchids (Rau, 1940a). Wainwright (1898) stated that _Periplaneta australasiae_ had been observed in an orchid house in Perthshire where over a period of three years it had caused a good deal of damage. Skinner (1905) reported that _P. australasiae_ in greenhouses in Pennsylvania showed no preference for any one plant but ate both plants and flowers of orchids, roses, and carnations. Lucas (1918) received specimens of _P. australasiae_ which had played havoc with orchids especially _Cattleya_ and _Vanda_. Morse (1920) reported that both _P. australasiae_ and _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_ were obnoxious in a conservatory in Massachusetts where they gnawed the tips of the aerial roots of orchids. Swezey (1945) in Hawaii stated that the following cockroaches have been reported as occasional minor pests on orchids: _Blatta orientalis_, _Blaberus discoidalis_, _P. americana_, and _P. surinamensis_; he further stated that _Graptoblatta notulata_ had been intercepted at Honolulu on orchids from India.

Watson (1907) stated that _Blatta orientalis_, _Periplaneta americana_, and _Periplaneta australasiae_ were injurious in the tropical plant houses at Kew: "at night they come out and run or fly about among the plants, devouring flowers and leaves like rabbits. Such plants as _Eucharis_, _Crinum_ and _Alpinia_, when in flower, have little chance in the palm house, where the cockroaches are most abundant; they also find out the ripening bananas and soon devour them." Raffill (1910) stated that in plant houses in England _B. orientalis_, _P. americana_, and _P. australasiae_ commonly, and _Nauphoeta cinerea_, _Nauphoeta flexivitta_, and _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_ more rarely, are extremely destructive to plants. Flowers having a strong perfume, such as orchids, _Eucharis_, _Crinum_, and _Hedychium_, were often attacked while other flowers nearby were left uninjured.

Plank and Winters (1949) reported that in Puerto Rico the species of Orthoptera most injurious under greenhouse conditions was _Periplaneta americana_. Large nymphs destroyed 25 to 30 percent of freshly planted seed of _Cinchona pubescens_. In Hawaii the host plants of _P. americana_ are blossoms of _Canna_ and _Tribulus_, and the host plants of _Periplaneta australasiae_ are _Pritchardia_ and _Sida_ (Zimmerman, 1948). On St. Kitts, B.W.I., young cotton plants were severely attacked by _P. australasiae_; this caused loss of the stand on a considerable area and necessitated replanting (Ballou, 1916). _P. australasiae_ was reported damaging the _Polystichum aristatum_ Presl [=_Lastrea aristata variegata_] in a greenhouse (Thilow and Riley, 1891). Laing (1946; British Museum [Natural History], 1951) stated that _P. australasiae_ abounds in greenhouses and forcing pits where it may do considerable damage to the plants. _Periplaneta fuliginosa_ is also troublesome in greenhouses because of its tendency to feed on seedlings and succulent plants (Dodge and Rickett, 1943).

_Ectobius lapponicus_ has been observed feeding in galleries in the thick skin of young aspen in 25 percent of the trees examined (Stark _in_ Bei-Bienko, 1950). The aquatic cockroach _Epilampra abdomen nigrum_ fed on the leaves of _Jussiaea natans_ in an aquarium (Crowell, 1946). _Ischnoptera deropeltiformis_ has been taken while it was feeding on a fleshy fungus (_Agaricus_ sp.) in dense woods in Indiana (Blatchley, 1920).

_Diploptera punctata_, the cypress roach or beetle roach, has been found in Hawaii feeding on ripening mangoes and papayas, oranges on the tree, and the outer covering of the pods of _Acacia farnesiana_ (Bridwell and Swezey, 1915). Pemberton (1934) stated that _D. punctata_ "disfigures our cypress trees by eating the bark from the young branches, often giving them a dead appearance over much of their leaf area." Fullaway and Krauss (1945) added, "This injury [to cypress] is so severe that sometimes areas of leaves die and turn brown. The Japanese cedar, ironwood, citrus and algaroba (kiawe) trees are attacked in a similar manner." Similar injury to cypress was described by Hebard (1922). In addition to girdling _Cupressus_, _D. punctata_ injures _Cryptomeria_ in the same fashion and also attacks algaroba, lime, and other plants (Pemberton and Williams, 1938). Zimmerman (1948) cited the following host plants for _D. punctata_ in Hawaii: "_Cupressus macrocarpa_, _Casuarina_, _Cryptomeria_, _Citrus_, geraniums, _Acacia farnesiana_ pods, mango fruits, orange fruits, papaya fruits."

In the reports of damage to plants by cockroaches, _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_ has been implicated most often. This species is undoubtedly one of the economically most important cockroaches, being the vector of the chicken eyeworm as well as feeding on plants. In addition to the few reports of damage caused by this species that have already been mentioned, _P. surinamensis_ has been reported to be very destructive in New Orleans to palms and ferns, attacking large alsophilas avidly, eating out the hearts (Anonymous, 1893). Zappe (1918) in Connecticut reported damage in a greenhouse to roses valued, at that time, at several hundred dollars; _P. surinamensis_ had girdled the rose bushes, done much damage to Easter lilies, and in another greenhouse had eaten the bark from the stems of poinsettias. In Germany this species bit off the tips of the aerial roots and ate the petals of orchids (Zacher, 1920). Lucas (1923) reported damage to cucumber plants in a greenhouse in Surrey. Damage by _P. surinamensis_ to the stems of rose bushes has been reported in Rhode Island and Pennsylvania; the canes were attacked both under and above ground (Caudell, 1925). Doucette and Smith (1926) reported a heavy infestation of _P. surinamensis_ in a range of greenhouses in Philadelphia: "The roaches were present literally by the millions.... Although the roaches had been observed in cabinets and trash barrels for several months, it was not until the manager had occasion to go through the house one evening that he discovered that roaches were the cause of the troubles previously attributed to soil condition, watering, fungus, and other agencies.... About 30,000 to 35,000 rose plants from a total of 200,000 in the three more heavily infested houses were so badly injured by the gnawing off of the bark, young buds, and shoots of the main stems, that they were not in condition to be kept in the beds for another season."

In Haiti _Pycnoscelus surinamensis_ damaged the tubers of growing potatoes (Hoffman, 1927). Illingworth (1927, 1929) reported that in Hawaii _P. surinamensis_ was a minor pest of pineapples, feeding on the roots. This species was very plentiful in a propagating pit in England where it did much damage to various seeds and seedlings (Lucas, 1930). Roeser (1940) summarized some of the above-mentioned damage caused by _P. surinamensis_ and added damage to chrysanthemums in Hawaii and tobacco in Sumatra where this cockroach destroyed 300,000 plants in a few days. Roeser was of the opinion that living plants were eaten only as a substitute when the earth became poor in food material. Zimmerman (1948) listed as host plants of _P. surinamensis_ in Hawaii: "blossoms of _Tribulus_; reported feeding at roots of pineapples, and unconfirmed reports of damage to underground parts of some other plants." Goodliffe (1958) reported damage by this species to banana plants in a conservatory in northern England. Cohic (1956) implied that in New Caledonia "Racines de légumes" were attacked by _P. surinamensis_ and that _Zea mays_ Linnaeus was attacked by _Supella supellectilium_. Wolcott (1924a) reported that _P. surinamensis_ damaged transplanted tobacco plants in Puerto Rico by eating the interior of the stalks. Tobacco planters in Cuba consider _P. surinamensis_ injurious to the roots of tobacco plants (Bruner and Scaramuzza, 1936); this belief was confirmed in the laboratory, where adults and nymphs destroyed the roots and stems of tobacco plants two inches high and ate into the edges of the leaves. Dammerman (1929) reported that in Malaya this species often appeared in large numbers in gardens where it gnawed at the underground parts of vegetables and ornamental plants. Lever (1947) listed it as a pest on the leaves of pineapple.

_Blattella vaga_ may occasionally damage seedlings in the laboratory (Flock, 1941a), but no damage has been reported in the field (Ball et al., 1942). Heer (1864) reported receiving a shipment of cycads from Cuba with all stages of _Periplaneta americana_ living in holes in the branches, apparently subsisting on the starchy tissues. Goldenberg (1877) stated that sago trees provide cockroaches with their favorite nourishment. Scudder (1879) found _Eurycotis floridana_ living in the tops of the cabbage palmetto, on which he presumed it fed. _Parcoblatta americana_ has been observed feeding on an apple 6 feet above ground (Fulton, 1930).

X. PROTOZOA ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES

The classification of the Protozoa follows that of Kudo (1954). The use of the asterisk (*) is explained in footnote 3, page 4.

=Phylum PROTOZOA=

Class MASTIGOPHORA

Order EUGLENOIDINA

Family EUGLENIDAE

=Euglena= sp.

_Experimental host._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Hegner, 1929): When fed to the insects in concentrated culture, _Euglena_ could withstand conditions in the crop up to 5 hours and were passed into the stomach in a viable state up to 6 hours. However, the majority were killed in the crop within 2 hours and very few reached the stomach alive.

Order PROTOMONADINA

Family OIKOMONADIDAE

=Oikomonas blattarum Tejera=

_Natural host._--Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

=Oikomonas= sp.

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922): _Oikomonas_ sp. and _Monas_ sp. were found in the intestines of 83 percent of 124 cockroaches.

Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

Family TRYPANOSOMATIDAE

=Leptomonas blaberae= Tejera

_Natural host._--_Blaberus_ sp., Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

=Leptomonas= sp.

_Natural hosts._--_Parcoblatta lata_, _Parcoblatta pensylvanica_, _Parcoblatta virginica_, U.S.A., Ohio (Semans, 1939, 1941): Hind intestine. Of 70 specimens examined, 86 percent harbored _Leptomonas_ sp.

* =Herpetomonas periplanetae= Laveran and Franchini

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy, France (Laveran and Franchini, 1920, 1920a).

Family MONADIDAE

=Monas= sp.

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922): _Monas_ sp. and _Oikomonas_ sp. were found in the intestines of 83 percent of 124 cockroaches examined.

Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

Family BODONIDAE

=Bodo blattae=

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, England (Lankester, 1865).

=Bodo= sp.

_Natural host._--_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, South Africa (Porter, 1930).

=Retortamonas blattae= (Bishop)

_Synonymy._--_Embadomonas blattae_ Bishop [Wenrich, 1932].

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, England (Bishop, 1931): Hind intestine. The organism occurred in about 40 percent of the cockroaches examined. L. G. Feo (_in_ Wenrich, 1932) successfully cultured this protozoan (fig. 2, F).

=Retortamonas= sp.?

_Natural host._--_Leucophaea maderae_, Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930).

.) I, _Diplocystis schneideri_, c. × 14.4 (after Kunstler). J,
_Gregarina blattarum_, c. × 57 (after Kudo). K, _Protomagalhaesia
serpentula_, × 36 (after Pinto). L, _Gamocystis tenax_, magnification
not known (after Schneider). (All figures except H redrawn from Kudo
[1954] after sources indicated.)]

Order POLYMASTIGINA

Family CHILOMASTIGIDAE

=Chilomastix mesnili= (Wenyon)

_Experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_ and _Periplaneta americana_, South Africa (Porter, 1918): The cockroaches were fed human excrement that contained cysts of _C. mesnili_. The cysts passed unharmed through the insects' digestive tract. Rats became infected with this protozoan on eating food that had been contaminated with feces from these cockroaches.

Family POLYMASTIGIDAE

=Eutrichomastix= sp.

_Synonymy._--_Trichomastix_ [Kudo, 1954].

_Natural host._--_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, South Africa (Porter, 1930).

=Monocercomonoides globus= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Organism occurs in practically all hosts.

=Monocercomonoides melolonthae= (Grassi)

(Fig. 2, A)

_Natural host._--_Platyzosteria novae seelandiae_, New Zealand (Laird, 1956): Found in the intestinal tracts of the adult cockroaches, and of other species of insects.

=Monocercomonoides orthopterorum= (Parisi)

_Synonymy._--_Trichomonas_ (_Trichomastix_) _orthopterorum_ Parisi; _Monocercomonas orthopterorum_ [Bělǎr, 1916]; _Trichomastic orthopterum?_ [Zasukhin, 1930]; _Monocercomonoides orthopterorum_ [Travis, 1932; Cleveland et al., 1934]; _Retortamonas orthopterorum_ [Semans, 1943].

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Parisi, 1910); U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930).

_Ectobius lapponicus_, Italy (Parisi, 1910).

_Periplaneta americana_, Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930).

"Küchenschaben," Austria (Bělǎr, 1916).

The protozoan is found in the hind gut. Zasukhin (1930) found the organism in 85 percent of over 3,000 _B. orientalis_. Parisi (1910) found the flagellate present in very large numbers.

=Monocercomonoides panesthiae= Kidder

_Natural host._--_Panesthia angustipennis_, Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937): In hind gut.

=Tetratrichomastix blattidarum= Young

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, _Blattella germanica_, _Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Young, 1935): The organism when present occurs in large numbers in the posterior part of the intestine near the anus. The protozoan was successfully cultivated in a hemoglobin-saline medium.

Family OXYMONADIDAE

=Oxymonas doroaxostylus= (Cleveland et al.)

_Synonymy._--_Saccinobaculus doroaxostylus_ Cleveland et al. [Cleveland, 1950].

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Oxymonas nana= Cleveland

_Synonymy._--_Saccinobaculus minor_ Cleveland et al. [Cleveland, 1950].

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

Family DINENYMPHIDAE

=Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylus= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Saccinobaculus lata= Cleveland

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A. (Cleveland, 1950b): There are at least two other species of _Saccinobaculus_ in _C. punctulatus_ that have not been described.

=Notila proteus= Cleveland

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland, 1950b).

Family TRICHOMONADIDAE

* =Trichomonas hominis= (Davaine)

_Experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, South Africa (Porter, 1918); Italy (Mariani and Besta, 1936).

_Periplaneta americana_, South Africa (Porter, 1918); U.S.A. (Hegner, 1928).

=Trichomonas= sp.

_Natural vector._--Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): Organism found in digestive tract of the cockroach.

Family HEXAMITIDAE

=Hexamita cryptocerci= Cleveland et al.

_Natural hosts._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A. (Cleveland et al., 1934).

_Panesthia angustipennis_, Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937).

=Hexamita periplanetae= (Bĕlăr)

_Synonymy._--_Octomitus periplanetae_ Bĕlăr [Kudo, 1954].

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930): Organism is found in the hind gut. Eighty-five percent of over 3,000 _B. orientalis_ contained this organism.

_Periplaneta americana_, Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930).

"Küchenschaben," Austria (Bĕlăr, 1916).

=Hexamita= sp.?

_Natural host._--_Leucophaea maderae_, Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930): The flagellates were present in large numbers.

* =Giardia intestinalis= (Lambl)

_Experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, South Africa (Porter, 1918).

_Blattella germanica_, Brazil (Pessôa and Corrêa, 1927).

_Eurycotis floridana_, U.S.A. (Young, 1937).

_Leucophaea maderae_, Brazil (Pessôa and Corrêa, 1927).

_Periplaneta americana_, South Africa (Porter, 1918); Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922); Brazil (Pessôa and Corrêa, 1927); U.S.A. (Young, 1937).

_Periplaneta brunnea_, U.S.A. (Young, 1937).

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926); Argentina (Bacigalupo, in Tejera, 1926).

* =Giardia= sp.

_Natural vectors._--Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

Order HYPERMASTIGINA

Family HOLOMASTIGOTIDAE

=Leptospironympha eupora= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Leptospironympha rudis= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Leptospironympha wachula= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Macrospironympha xylopletha= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934).

Family LOPHOMONADIDAE

=Lophomonas blattarum= Stein

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, Czechoslovakia (Stein, 1860); Germany (Bütschli, 1878; Schubotz, 1905; Chen, 1933); U.S.A. (Leidy, 1879a; Kudo, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1926b; McAdow, 1931); Europe (Janicki, 1908); U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922; Zasukhin, 1930); Poland (Lorenc, 1939).

_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A., Ohio (McAdow, 1931).

_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957).

_Periplaneta americana_, England (Schuster, 1898); Europe (Janicki, 1910); U.S.A. (Kudo, 1926b; McAdow, 1931; Hatcher, 1939; Armer, 1944); Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930).

_Periplaneta_ sp., Goa (Mello and Lima Ribeiro, 1924, 1925).

"Küchenschaben," Austria (Bělǎr, 1916).

The protozoan (fig. 2, E) is found in the host's colon, particularly anterior portion; encysted stages of organism are found throughout hind gut. Of 1,400 _B. orientalis_ studied, 32 percent harbored this organism (Kudo, 1925, 1926). Yakimov and Miller (1922) found 7 percent of 124 _B. orientalis_ infested. Zasukhin (1930) found 10 percent of over 3,000 _B. orientalis_ infested. The flagellate does not harm the host and is never present in the host tissue; it should be considered a commensal (Kudo, 1926).

=Lophomonas striata= Bütschli

_Synonymy._--_Lophomonas sulcata_ Schuster is most probably identical with _L. striata_ (Kudo, 1926b).

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, Germany (Bütschli, 1878; Schubotz, 1905); Europe (Janicki, 1908, 1910); U.S.A. (Kudo, 1922, 1926, 1926b; McAdow, 1931); U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922; Zasukhin, 1930); Poland (Lorenc, 1939).

_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A., Ohio (McAdow, 1931).

_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, South Africa (Porter, 1930).

_Periplaneta americana_, Indochina (Weill, 1929); Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930); U.S.A. (Kudo, 1926b; McAdow, 1931; Armer, 1944).

Cockroach, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926); England or U.S.A.? (Lucas, 1928).

"Küchenschaben," Austria (Bělǎr, 1916).

Found in the host's colon, particularly the anterior portion. _L. striata_ (fig. 2, D) was found in 29 percent of 1,400 _B. orientalis_ and in 2 of 30 _P. americana_ (Kudo, 1926, 1926b). Yakimov and Miller (1922) found the organism in 9.6 percent of 124 specimens of _B. orientalis_. Zasukhin (1930) found 8.6 percent of over 3,000 _B. orientalis_ infested.

Grassé (1926, 1926a) identified corrugations on the surface of _L. striata_ as a bacterial parasite which he named _Fusiformis lophomonadis_.

=Prolophomonas tocopola= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, California, Oregon, Virginia, West Virginia (Cleveland et al., 1934): Not abundant.

Family HOPLONYMPHIDAE

=Barbulanympha estaboga= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

_Barbulanympha coahoma_ (Cleveland et al., 1934) represents the diploid form of _B. estaboga_ (Cleveland, 1953).

=Barbulanympha laurabuda= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): This species, _B. ufalula_, and _Rhynchonympha tarda_ occur in all parts of the colon, especially in the enlarged, flexed part near the ileum.

=Barbulanympha ufalula= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Barbulanympha wenyoni= Cleveland

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Pacific coast area (Cleveland, 1953).

=Rhynchonympha tarda= Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, D)

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Pacific coast area (Cleveland et al., 1934): Fairly abundant in every specimen examined from Pacific coast.

=Urinympha talea= Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, C)

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Present in fairly great numbers in every cockroach examined.

Family STAUROJOENINIDAE

=Idionympha perissa= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian area (Cleveland et al., 1934): Present in only a few specimens.

Family TRICHONYMPHIDAE

=Trichonympha acuta= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Trichonympha algoa= Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, E)

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Fairly abundant and present in most specimens.

.) B,
_Barbulanympha_ sp. (From Cleveland [1953].) C, _Urinympha talea_,
c. × 712. (From Cleveland [1951a].) D, _Rhynchonympha tarda_,
c. × 450. (From Cleveland [1952].) E, _Trichonympha okolona_ or
_T. algoa_, c. × 390.
(From Cleveland [1949].) (All drawings reproduced through the courtesy
of Dr. L. R. Cleveland.)]

=Trichonympha chula= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Trichonympha grandis= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Fairly abundant in all specimens from Pacific area.

=Trichonympha lata= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934).

=Trichonympha okolona= Cleveland et al.

(Fig. 3, E)

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Found in only a few specimens, never abundant.

=Trichonympha parva= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): This organism is smaller than any known species of _Trichonympha_; it is more resistant to warm weather than the other hypermastigotes.

Family EUCOMONYMPHIDAE

=Eucomonympha imla= Cleveland et al.

_Natural host._--_Cryptocercus punctulatus_, U.S.A., Appalachian and Pacific coast areas (Cleveland et al., 1934): Organism (fig. 3, A) sometimes becomes attached to the intestinal wall; attached individuals were seen in 2 to 3 percent of the cockroaches examined.

=Unidentified flagellate=

_Natural host._--_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Hawaii (Schwabe, 1950): A small flagellate was found in the digestive tract and malpighian tubules.

Class SARCODINA

Order MYCETOZOA

INCERTAE SEDIS

=Peltomyces periplanetae= (Léger)

_Synonymy._--_Peltomyces blattellae._ Sprague (1940a) synonymizes _Peltomyces periplanetae_, with _Coelosporidium periplanetae_.

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, France (Debaisieux, 1927).

_Blattella germanica_, France (Léger, 1909; Debaisieux, 1927).

The organism inhabits the malpighian tubules of cockroaches. Léger and Debaisieux concluded that their organism was a mycetozoan, but they may have erred in synonymizing _Plistophora periplanetae_ with the organism they studied. Debaisieux found intracellular stages of _Peltomyces periplanetae_ that have not been found in _Plistophora periplanetae_ or _Coelosporidium periplanetae_.

Order AMOEBINA

Family AMOEBIDAE

=Hartmannella blattae= Ivanić

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, Yugoslavia (Ivanić, 1937): Found in the hind gut.

Family ENDAMOEBIDAE

In the following classification we have accepted the conclusions of Kirby (1945), Kudo (1954), and others that species of _Endamoeba_ are generically different from species of _Entamoeba_ and that the latter genus is not a homonym of _Endamoeba._

=Dobellina= sp.

_Natural vectors._--_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): Thirty out of 261 cockroaches examined contained this protozoan.

=Endamoeba blattae= (Bütschli)

_Synonymy._--_Amoeba blattae_, _Entamoeba blattae_, _Entamoeba blattarum_.

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, Germany (Bütschli, 1878; Schubotz, 1905; Chen, 1933); U.S.A. (Leidy, 1879a, 1880; Kudo, 1922, 1925a, 1926a; Kirby, 1927; McAdow, 1931; Meglitsch, 1938, 1940); France (Mercier, 1907a, 1908, 1909, 1910); Europe? (Janicki, 1908, 1909); U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922; Zasukhin, 1929, 1930); England (Thomson and Lucas, 1926; Lucas, 1927, 1927a, 1928); Yugoslavia (Ivanić, 1926a).

_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, South Africa (Porter, 1930); Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): Seven out of 217 cockroaches examined harbored the protozoan.

_Periplaneta americana_, Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930); U.S.A. (Morris, 1936; Armer, 1944); Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, U.S.A. (Morris, 1936).

Cockroaches, Paraguay? (Elmassian, 1909); Austria (Bělǎr, 1916); U.S.A. (Morris, 1935, 1936; Balch, 1932); Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

The habitat of _E. blattae_ (fig. 2, C) is the hind intestine and rectum of the cockroach. The incidence of infection varies: Kudo (1925a) found in 1,255 oriental cockroaches infections in 5 percent in March and 50 percent in the summer; Schubotz (1905) found 5 to 20 percent of the examined cockroaches to be infested; Yakimov and Miller (1922) found 4 percent of 124 oriental cockroaches infested; Zasukhin (1930) found up to 50 percent of over 3,000 _B. orientalis_ infested; Meglitsch (1938, 1940) found almost 100 percent infection in _B. orientalis_ kept in a crowded culture for several weeks. Chen (1933) developed two synthetic media in which _E. blattae_ could be grown for 45 to 50 days.

Mercier (1907a) observed a fungus, _Nucleophaga_ sp., hyperparasitic in the nucleus of _Endamoeba blattae_.

=Endamoeba javanica= Kidder

_Natural hosts._--_Panesthia angustipennis_, Philippine Islands, and _Panesthia spadica_, Japan (Kidder, 1937): Occurred in 50 percent of _P. angustipennis_ examined and in one of four _P. spadica_. The endoplasm of this amoeba contains large amounts of wood and cellulose fibers.

=Endamoeba philippinensis= Kidder

_Natural host._--_Panesthia angustipennis_, Philippine Islands (Kidder, 1937): Occurred in about 10 percent of the _Panesthia_ examined. The food vacuoles contained bacteria, no wood.

=Entamoeba coli= (Grassi)

_Synonymy._--_Endamoeba coli_, _Amoeba coli_ [Kirby, 1945].

_Natural vectors._--_Blaberus atropos_, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): In a lot of 60 cockroaches captured in latrines, two were found that carried apparently live cysts similar to cysts of _E. coli_.

_Blattella germanica_ or _Periplaneta americana_, Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): One out of 44 cockroaches collected in a village harbored _E. coli_.

_Experimental vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922): In nine experiments cysts of _E. coli_ were fed to the cockroaches. In seven of the experiments cysts of _E. coli_ were found in the feces. Cysts were observed in the feces for only one to three days, and eventually disappeared completely. The cysts appeared to be unharmed. No amoebae were found.

* =Entamoeba histolytica= Schaudinn

_Natural vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, _Blattella germanica_, _Periplaneta americana_, _Periplaneta australasiae_, and/or _Supella supellectilium_, Peru (Schneider and Shields, 1947).

_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957).

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

_Experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italian Somaliland (Mariani and Besta, 1936).

_Periplaneta americana_, Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922); U.S.A. (Frye and Meleney, 1936).

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

=Entamoeba pitheci= Prowazek?

_Experimental vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, Formosa (Morischita and Tsuchimochi, 1926): Eleven of 15 cockroaches fed feces of a monkey [_Macaca cyclopis_ (Swinhoe)] containing cysts of the amoeba voided live cysts in their own feces.

=Entamoeba thomsoni= Lucas

_Synonymy._--_Endamoeba thomsoni_ [Kudo, personal communication, 1957].

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, England (Lucas, 1927a, 1928); U.S.A. (Taliaferro, 1928; McAdow, 1931); U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930); Germany (Chen, 1933).

_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A. (McAdow, 1931).

_Periplaneta americana_, England (Lucas, 1927a); U.S.A. (Smith and Barret, 1928; McAdow, 1931); Philippine Islands (Hegner and Chu, 1930).

The organism is found in the hind intestine and rectum of the cockroach. Smith and Barret (1928) developed a synthetic medium in which cultures of _E. thomsoni_ were carried through successive transfers for 24 months.

=Entamoeba= sp.

_Natural vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922): Under the heading "_Entamoeba histolytica_ and _E. coli_" Macfie (p. 445) stated, "The cockroaches used in these experiments had previously been carefully examined for amoebic infections a precaution which was doubly necessary, because some of these insects at Accra had been found naturally infected."

_Experimental vectors._--_Periplaneta americana_, Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922): _Entamoeba_, resembling _E. coli_, from feces of the monkey [_Erythrocebus patas patas_ (Schreber)] were fed to cockroaches, and on the second to fourth days thereafter apparently healthy cysts were recovered in the cockroach feces.

=Endolimax blattae= Lucas

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, England (Lucas, 1927, 1927a); U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930); Germany (Chen, 1933).

_Periplaneta americana_, England (Lucas, 1927, 1927a); Indochina (Weill, 1929); U.S.A. (Armer, 1944).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, U.S.A. (Steinhaus, 1946).

Organism is found in the hind gut of the cockroach. Zasukhin (1930) found 3-percent infestation in over 3,000 _B. orientalis_ examined.

=Endolimax nana= (Wenyon and O'Connor)?

_Synonymy._--_Entamoeba nana._

_Natural host._--_Blaberus atropos_, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): A small amoeba greatly resembling _E. nana_ was found in the intestinal contents of the cockroach. In inoculations this amoeba was not pathogenic.

=Endolimax= sp.

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930): This organism was found in the hind gut of 0.3 percent of over 3,000 cockroaches examined.

_Blattella germanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): Seventy-four out of 261 cockroaches examined harbored this protozoan.

=Iodamoeba= sp.

_Natural vectors._--_Blattella garmanica_ and/or _Periplaneta americana_, Egypt (DeCoursey and Otto, 1956, 1957): Fifty-nine of 261 cockroaches examined contained this protozoan. _Iodamoeba_ sp. was common in human feces in villages in which the cockroaches were collected.

=Undetermined species of Amoeba=

_Natural host._--_Panesthia angustipennis_, Philippine Islands. (Kidder, 1937): Found in only one specimen.

Class SPOROZOA

Order GREGARINIDA

Family DIPLOCYSTIDAE

=Diplocystis schneideri= Kunstler

(Fig. 2, I)

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, England (Woodcock, 1904; Jameson, 1920).

=Periplaneta americana=, France (Kunstler, 1884, 1887); England (Jameson, 1920); Germany (Foerster, 1939).

In body cavity of host. Cysts containing spores are ingested during cannibalistic feeding on infected cockroaches. Sporozoites penetrate the gut wall which later ruptures, freeing the gregarines into the coelom. There is no apparent pathogenic effect. Jameson (1920) found 81 percent of _P. americana_ infested with _D. schneideri_.

=Diplocystis= sp.

_Natural host._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Hertig, 1921): Heavy infections in body cavity.

Cockroach, India (Ray and Dasgupta, 1955): A large number of cockroaches, both adults and nymphs, collected in Calcutta were all infected.

=Diplocystis= sp.?