Chapter VI: Foreword (5)

_Experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1898); Germany (Küster, 1903); U.S.S.R. (Ekzempliarskaia _in_ Pavlovskii, 1948).

_Blattella germanica_, on shipboard (Morrell, 1911).

_Periplaneta americana_, Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922).

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926); U.S.A. (Read, 1933).

* =Mycobacterium= spp.

_Natural vectors._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Leibovitz, 1951; Micks _in_ Roth and Willis, 1957a).

Family ACTINOMYCETACEAE

* =Nocardia= sp.?

_Natural vectors._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Leibovitz, 1951).

Family STREPTOMYCETACEAE

=Streptomyces leidynematis= Hoffman

_Habitat._--Surface of the nematodes _Hammerschmidtiella diesingi_ and _Leidynema appendiculata_ in _Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Hoffman, 1952, 1953): Eighteen percent of 192 nematodes found in 52 adult cockroaches were infected with the bacterium.

Order CARYOPHANALES

Family ARTHROMITACEAE

=Arthromitus intestinalis= (Valentin) Peshkoff

_Synonymy._--_Hygrocrocis intestinalis._

_Habitat._--_Blatta orientalis_, Europe (Valentin, 1836; Robin, 1847, 1853; Peshkoff, 1940): Isolated from intestinal tract. The organism appears as fragments in fecal masses or as fibers adhering to the mucous membrane of the large intestine (Robin, 1853).

Cockroach, France? (Chatton and Pérard, 1913).

Order SPIROCHAETALES

Family SPIROCHAETACEAE

[cross] =Spirochaeta blattae= Tejera

_Habitat._--_Blaberus atropos_, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): Isolated from intestinal tract.

* [cross] =Spirochaeta periplanetae= Laveran and Franchini

_Habitat._--_Blatta orientalis_, France (Laveran and Franchini, 1920a).

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926): Tejera reported finding "_Spirochaeta blatarum_ Laveran et Franchini" which may have been a lapsus.

Family TREPONEMATACEAE

[cross] =Treponema parvum= Dobell

_Habitat._--_Blatta orientalis_, England (Dobell, 1912); U.S.S.R.? Zasukhin (1930): From intestinal tract.

[cross] =Treponema stylopygae= Dobell

_Synonymy._--_Spirochaeta stylopygae_ Zuelzer.

_Habitat._--_Blatta orientalis_, England (Dobell, 1912); U.S.S.R.? Zasukhin (1930): From intestinal tract.

=Unidentified spirochaetes=

_Habitat._--_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922): Spirochaetes and spirilla were found in the intestines of 70 percent of 124 specimens collected in Petrograd.

_Periplaneta americana_, Gold Coast Colony (Macfie, 1922).

ADDITIONAL BACTERIA WHOSE TAXONOMIC POSITION IS UNKNOWN

* "=B. aerobio del pseudoedema maligno=" of Cao

_Natural vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1906).

=B. alcaligenes beckeri=

_Natural vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Poland (Nicewicz et al., 1946): Isolated from intestinal tract.

* "=B. del pseudoedema maligno=" of Cao

_Natural vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1906).

* "=Bacillo proteisimile=" of Cao

_Natural and experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906).

* "=Bacillo del barbone dei bufali=" of Cao

_Experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1898).

* "=Bacillo similcarbonchio=" of Cao

_Natural and experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906).

* "=Bacillo similtifo=" or "=Bacillo tifosimile=" of Cao

_Natural and experimental vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1898, 1906).

"=Bacillus="

_Natural infection._--_Blatta orientalis_, Germany (Heinecke, 1956): Disease organism found in the hemolymph of infected cockroaches. It can be spread by mouth and through wound infection. The animals died with symptoms of paralysis in 85-90 days. The organism has been isolated and is in the culture collection of the Institute for Microbiology and Experimental Therapy, Jena, under the numbers SG 896, Strain A; SG 897, Strain B; SG 898, Strain C.

_Experimental infection._--_Blattella germanica_, Germany (Heinecke, 1956): Infected animals died in 26-30 days.

_Periplaneta americana_ was unaffected even by heavy inoculations of the pathogen.

"=Bacterium="

_Source._--(I) Diseased silkworm larvae. (II) Diseased _Ocneria dispar_ larvae and blood of _Blatta orientalis_.

_Experimental infection._--(I)(II) _Blatta orientalis_, Europe (Filatoff, 1904): Organism pathogenic when injected, nonpathogenic when ingested.

(I) Cockroach, U.S.A. (Glaser, 1925): Organism pathogenic to cockroach when injected.

"=Coccobacillus="

_Natural infection._--_Blatta orientalis_, France (Hollande, 1934): Organism described morphologically.

"=Colon bacilli="

_Natural vectors._--Cockroaches [presumably _Blatta orientalis_, _Blattella germanica_, and/or _Periplaneta americana_], Egypt (El-Kholy and Gohar, 1945): From the outer surface, intestinal tract, and suspensions of macerated insects.

"=Diplococci="

_Natural vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, Germany (Jettmar, 1935): From intestinal tract.

_Blattella germanica_, Germany (Jettmar, 1935): From outer surface of body.

"=Diphtheroid I and II="

_Source._--_Periplaneta americana._

_Natural and experimental infections._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Gier, 1947): Pathogenicity to the cockroach variable when organism injected.

"=Gram positive rods="

_Source._--Feces of _Blattella germanica_.

_Experimental vector._--_Blattella germanica_, Germany (Vollbrechtshausen, 1953): Nonpathogenic to the insect when injected into the mouth or anus.

"=Silkworm disease bacillus="

Cockroaches that were inoculated with living cultures succumbed in a few days (Glaser, 1925).

[cross] =Spirillochaeta blattae= Hollande

_Habitat._--_Blatta orientalis_, France (Hollande, 1934; Hollande and Hollande, 1946): Organism found in hind intestine. This spirillum was stated to be related in external morphology to _Spirillum periplaneticum_ Kunstler and Gineste, but it was believed that _S. blattae_ should be in the Spirochaetaceae rather than the Spirillaceae.

"=Spirochaetoid bacteria="

_Habitat._--_Blatta orientalis_, France (Hollande, 1934): Two kinds described but not named.

[cross] =Tetragenous= sp.

_Natural and experimental infections._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Gier, 1947): Pathogenicity to the cockroach variable when organism injected.

VIII. FUNGI AND YEASTS

By far the greatest number of fungi known to be associated with cockroaches belong to the Laboulbeniaceae, genus _Herpomyces_, the species of which are restricted to parasitizing cockroaches (Thaxter, 1908). Most species are hyaline, small and inconspicuous (Thaxter, 1931) and are usually, but not exclusively, found on the insects' antennae. Species of _Herpomyces_ are highly, but not completely, host specific (Richards and Smith, 1954). While attached to the host, these fungi appear like minute dark-colored, yellow, or white (e.g., _H. arietinus_) bristles or bushy hairs (pl. 27, A).

, through the
courtesy of Dr. A. G. Richards.)]

Richards and Smith (1955, 1955a) have studied the life history of _Herpomyces stylopygae_ on the oriental cockroach. The plants grow only on living cockroaches, and the infection is disseminated by contact. The mature plants are found mostly on the antennae (pl. 27, B), either on setae or on hard or soft cuticle. Spores are ejected from perithecia singly or in groups of 2 to 4 spores, although groups as large as 12 spores have been found. The presence of single, paired, or multiple spore groups on the surface of the host was correlated with the presence of single, paired, or multiple plants on infected cockroaches. Development from spore to mature perithecia takes about two weeks. The plant obtains nutriment from the host by means of a tubular haustorium that extends through the cockroach's cuticle and expands into a large bulb in the underlying epidermal cells (fig. 1). Infections on nymphs are lost when the nymph moults, but infections on adults persist throughout life. However, nymphs which have lost the fungus upon moulting are readily reinfected. Collart's (1947) statement that nymphs are never infected with _Herpomyces_ is not true.

Richards and Smith (1956) concluded that there is no evidence of pathogenicity in _Herpomyces_ infections because heavily infected cockroaches appear fully active in laboratory colonies; they can run at the same speed as uninfected cockroaches; they reproduce normally and do not appear to die prematurely. These workers stated that the infections cause a dermatitis which is neither pathogenic nor debilitant. So far as we know there are no comparative data on longevity and reproductive performance of fungus-infected versus normal cockroaches. However, Gunn and Cosway (1938) have shown that the presence of these fungi (identified as _Stigmatomyces_ sp.; see p. 138) on the antennae seemed to interfere with the humidity reactions of _Blatta orientalis_. Although Richards and Smith (1956) admit that humidity receptors and other sense organs on the antennae may be destroyed by the fungus, they state that "insects possess such a large number of sensilla that the result may well be more distressing to the sensory physiologist than to the insect." Yet it seems to us that the loss of sense organs from fungal infection and concomitant shortening of the antennae (pl. 27, A) might be considerably more of a handicap to free-living cockroaches than those in laboratory colonies.

Bode (1936) studied the flora of _Periplaneta americana_ and cultured Aspergillaceae and Mucorinae from the insect's body surface and intestinal contents; he also found nonsporulating yeasts in _P. americana_. To prevent fungal growth on oöthecae of _P. americana_, Griffiths and Tauber (1942a) autoclaved their rearing containers and dipped the oöthecae in 70-percent alcohol for 10 seconds.

Mercier (1906) isolated and cultured a pathogenic yeastlike parasite which had invaded the fat body and blood of _Blatta orientalis_. The abdomens of the infected insects became swollen, distended, and soft. McShan (unpublished MS., 1953) consistently isolated Saccharomycetes from the feces of _Periplaneta americana_.

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES

The use of the asterisk (*) is explained in footnote 3, page 4.

Phylum THALLOPHYTA

Class FUNGI IMPERFECTI

Order MONILIALES

Family PSEUDOSACCHAROMYCETACEAE

=Candida zeylanoides= (Castellani) Langeron and Guerra

_Natural host._--Oötheca of _Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Ronzoni, 1949).

=Torulopsis= sp.

_Natural host._--Oötheca of _Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Ronzoni, 1949).

Family MONILIACEAE

=Spicaria prasina= (Maublanc) Sawada

_Natural host._--_Ischnoptera rufa rufa_, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1950): A dead specimen of this cockroach was found stuck to a leaf and covered with this fungus.

=Aspergillus flavus= Link

_Natural hosts._--Oöthecae of _Blattella germanica_ and _Eurycotis floridana_, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1952): On outer surface. Determination by Miss Mary Downing.

Oöthecae of _Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1952): Inside oöthecae. Determination by Miss Mary Downing.

* =Aspergillus fumigatus= Fresenius

_Natural vector._--_Blatta orientalis_, France (Sartory and Clerc, 1908): From intestine.

* =Aspergillus niger= van Tieghem

_Natural vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A., Texas (McShan in Roth and Willis, 1957a): From feces.

_Experimental vector._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1898): Organism passed unchanged through the gut of the insects.

=Aspergillus sydowi= (Bainier and Sartory) Thom and Church

_Natural host._--Oötheca of _Eurycotis floridana_, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1952): On outer surface. Determination by Miss Mary Downing.

=Aspergillus tamarii= Kita

_Natural host_.--Oöthecae of _Blattella germanica_, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1952): On exterior surface. Determination by Miss Mary Downing.

=Aspergillus= sp.?

_Natural and experimental vector._--_Blattella germanica_, on shipboard (Morrell, 1911): Isolated from feces. Experimentally Morrell also showed that the spores of the fungus could be recovered from feces of cockroaches that had fed on them.

=Aspergillus= sp.

_Natural vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, England (Bunting, 1956): The fungus was isolated mostly from imperfectly excreted feces.

=Beauveria bassiana= (Balsamo) Vuillemin

_Experimental host._--_Blattella germanica_ and _Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Dresner, 1949, 1950): The nymphs of American cockroaches became infected when they (1) were injected with a 1-percent suspension of spores, (2) ate rat pellets sprayed with the spore suspension, or (3) were dusted with the fungus spores. The symptoms of the fungus infection were paralysis followed by death; some of the infected insects liquefied, others dried up after the appearance of a subcuticular blackening.

=Cephalosporium= sp.

_Natural vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A., Texas (McShan, unpublished MS., 1953): From feces of cockroaches collected in the basement of a grain elevator at the docks in Galveston.

* =Geotrichum candidum= Link

_Experimental vector._--_Blatta orientalis_, Italy (Cao, 1898): Organism retained its pathogenicity after passing through the insect's gut.

=Penicillium= sp.

_Natural vector._--_Blaberus craniifer_, U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): From feces.

_Periplaneta americana_, England (Bunting, 1956): Mostly from imperfectly excreted feces.

=Metarrhizium anisopliae= (Metschnikoff) Sorokin

_Natural hosts._--_Blattidae_, Seymour (1929); Charles (1941).

_Panesthia australis_, U.S.A., Massachusetts (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1957): Growing on adult specimens that were found dead in a laboratory colony. Determination by Miss Dorothy Fennell.

_Periplaneta americana_, England (Bunting, 1956): Growing on genitalia of females where it prevented oöthecal formation.

Cockroach, Puerto Rico (Johnston, 1915): From a "small roach" in the pathological collection at Rio Piedras (no data).

Family DEMATIACEAE

=Memnoniella echinata= (Rivolta) Galloway

_Natural host._--Oötheca of _Blattella germanica_, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1952): On material that had oozed from a damaged oötheca. Determination by Miss Mary Downing.

=Torula acidophila= Owen and Mobley

_Natural host._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A. (Owen and Mobley, 1948): The digestive tract of this cockroach is the normal habitat of this yeast which was transmitted to sirup by the insects. The yeast superimposed a foreign taste, suggestive of malic acid, upon the original flavor of the sirup.

=Torula gropengiesseri= Lodder

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, Germany (Gropengiesser, 1925; Lodder, 1934): Isolated from fat body and oöthecae. Gier (1947) is of the opinion that the so-called yeasts that supposedly may displace the bacteroids in the fat body (Mercier, 1907b; Gropengiesser, 1925) may actually represent poorly fixed and insufficiently stained bacteroids.

=Torula rosea= Preuss

_Experimental host._--_Blaberus craniifer_, U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): Upon repeated feeding of massive doses of this yeast to the cockroach, these workers were able to isolate the organism from the feces up to six days thereafter. There was no evidence that _T. rosea_ was pathogenic for _B. craniifer_.

Class PHYCOMYCETES

Order MUCORALES

Family MUCORACEAE

=Mucor guilliermondii= Nadson and Filippov

_Natural host._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.S.R. (Nadson and Filippov, 1925; Filippov, 1926): Isolated and cultured from intestine.

=Mucor= sp.

_Natural host._--Oötheca of _Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1952): Inside oötheca. Determination by Miss Mary Downing.

_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_, Germany (Bode, 1936): Isolated from fat body which it had stained red.

=Rhizopus nigricans= Ehrenberg

_Natural vector._--_Blaberus craniifer_, U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): From feces.

=Rhizopus= sp.

_Natural vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A., Texas (McShan, unpublished MS., 1953): From feces.

=Syncephalastrum= sp.

_Natural vector._--_Periplaneta americana_, U.S.A., Texas (McShan, unpublished MS., 1953): From feces.

Order ENTOMOPHTHORALES

Family BLASTOCYSTIDACEAE

=Blastocystis hominis= Brumpt

_Natural vector._--_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.S.R. (Zasukhin, 1930): In hind gut in 40 percent of over 3,000 cockroaches.

=Blastocystis= sp.

_Natural vectors._--_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.S.R. (Yakimov and Miller, 1922): Found in the intestinal contents of 29 percent of 124 _B. orientalis_.

Cockroaches, Venezuela (Tejera, 1926).

* * * * *

The placement of the following fungus is problematic.

=Coccidioides periplanetae= Avrech

_Natural host._--_Blatta orientalis_, Germany (Avrech, 1931): Found in cells lining the lumen of midgut and caeca. The whole upper part of the epithelium was filled with sporangia and spores.

Class ASCOMYCETES

Order ENDOMYCETALES

Family SACCHAROMYCETACEAE

=Saccharomyces cerevisiae= Hansen

_Natural vector._--_Blaberus craniifer_, U.S.A. (Wedberg et al., 1949): In feces.

=Saccharomyces= sp.

_Natural vector._--_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A. (Janssen and Wedberg, 1952): Found consistently in alimentary tract of _B. germanica_ fed sucrose solutions.

Order HYPOCREALES

Family HYPOCREACEAE

=Cordyceps amazonica= Hennings

_Natural host._--Cockroaches, British Honduras (Mains, 1940).

=Cordyceps blattae= Petch

_Natural host._--_Blattella germanica_, Ceylon (Petch, 1924): Collected at Hakgala twice. A slight covering of brown mycelium overran the insect and fastened it to the underside of a living leaf.

Order LABOULBENIALES

Family LABOULBENIACEAE

=Herpomyces amazonicus= Thaxter

_Natural host._--_Nyctibora obscura_, Brazil, Natal (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

=Herpomyces anaplectae= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Anaplecta_ sp., Venezuela, Caracas (Thaxter, 1905, 1908); Trinidad (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

Cockroach, Sumatra (Thaxter, 1931).

=Herpomyces appendiculatus= Thaxter

_Natural host._--_Platyzosteria scabra_, Australia, N.S.W. (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

=Herpomyces arietinus= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Ischnoptera_ sp., U.S.A., Georgia (Thaxter, 1908).

_Parcoblatta uhleriana_, U.S.A., Massachusetts (Roth, unpublished data, 1957): The nymphs were in a culture of _Parcoblatta virginica_ which was infected with this fungus; it is possible that these _P. uhleriana_ became infected by contact with _P. virginica_. Fungus identified by Dr. R. K. Benjamin.

_Parcoblatta virginica_, U.S.A., Massachusetts (Roth, unpublished data, 1957): Fungus determined by Dr. R. K. Benjamin. Fungus found on antennae, palpi, legs, body surface (pl. 27, A).

_Parcoblatta_ sp., U.S.A., Kentucky, Massachusetts (Thaxter, 1902, 1908): On antennae.

It is likely that Thaxter's host records (certainly those assigned to _Temnopteryx_ and possibly those assigned to _Ischnoptera_) were species of _Parcoblatta_. Hebard (1917) has shown that all the species referred to _Ischnoptera_ in the United States, except _I. deropeltiformis_, now belong in the genus _Parcoblatta_. All species originally referred to the genus _Temnopteryx_ in the United States are now synonymized with species of _Parcoblatta_.

=Herpomyces chaetophilus= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Periplaneta americana_, Brazil (Thaxter, 1931).

_Periplaneta_ sp., Zanzibar and Mauritius (Thaxter, 1902, 1908): On spines of legs, antennae, and cerci.

=Herpomyces chilensis= Thaxter

_Natural host._--Cockroach, Chile (Thaxter, 1918): On antennae.

=Herpomyces diplopterae= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Diploptera punctata_, Ascension Island (Thaxter, 1902, 1908): On antennae. This species also was infected experimentally (Richards and Smith, 1954).

Cockroach, Fiji (Thaxter, 1931).

=Herpomyces ectobiae= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Blattella germanica_, U.S.A., Massachusetts (Thaxter, 1902, 1908); Burma, Tenasserim (Spegazzini, 1915); Argentina, Buenos Aires (Spegazzini, 1917): On antennae. U.S.A., Minnesota (Richards and Smith, 1955): Scattered over entire body, wings. France? (Picard, 1913): On tibial spines. Chile and Philippine Islands (Thaxter, 1931).

"_Ectobia_" spp., Zanzibar and Saint Kitts, B.W.I. (Thaxter, 1902, 1908): Possibly on species that are now in the genus _Blattella_ rather than in the genus _Ectobius_ as it is known today, because Thaxter also used the synonym _Ectobia germanica_ for the German cockroach, _Blattella germanica_.

_Experimental hosts._--_Blattella germanica_ and _Blattella vaga_, U.S.A. (Richards and Smith, 1954).

=Herpomyces forficularis= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--Cockroaches, Mauritius? and Fiji (Thaxter, 1902, 1908, 1931): On antennae.

=Herpomyces gracilis= Thaxter

_Natural host._--_Blattella humbertiana_, Philippine Islands, Luzon (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

=Herpomyces grenadinus= Thaxter

_Natural host._--Cockroach, Grenada, B.W.I. (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae of a "brown wingless blattid."

=Herpomyces leurolestis= Thaxter

_Natural host._--_Leurolestes pallidus_, British Guiana and Trinidad (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

=Herpomyces lobopterae= Thaxter

_Natural host._--_Loboptera_ sp., Argentina (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

=Herpomyces macropus= Spegazzini

_Natural host._--_Blaberus_ sp.?, Argentina (Spegazzini, 1917).

Cockroaches, Peru, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, and Haiti (Spegazzini, 1915, 1917): Material previously assigned by Spegazzini (1915) to _H. paranensis_ was also placed by him in this new species. However, Thaxter (1931) believed that _H. macropus_ may be synonymous with _H. paranensis_, but he provisionally retained _H. macropus_ because he had not seen Spegazzini's material.

=Herpomyces nyctoborae= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Nyctibora tomentosa_, U.S.A., Texas (Thaxter, 1905, 1908): On antennae. This cockroach is not established in Texas, and the specimen may have been misidentified (Gurney, personal communication, 1958).

_Nyctibora_ sp., Argentina (Spegazzini, 1917): On antennae.

=Herpomyces panchlorae= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Panchlora nivea_, Trinidad (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

=Herpomyces panesthiae= Thaxter

_Natural host._--_Panesthia lobipennis_, Ceylon (Thaxter, 1915): On antennae.

=Herpomyces paranensis= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Blaberus_ sp.? Brazil (Thaxter, 1902, 1908): On antennae.

_Blaberus_ sp., Brazil and Argentina (Spegazzini, 1917): On antennae.

Cockroaches, Trinidad and Argentina (Thaxter, 1931).

=Herpomyces periplanetae= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Blaberus_ sp.?, Argentina (Spegazzini, 1917).

_Blatta orientalis_, U.S.A., Massachusetts (Thaxter, 1902, 1908); Locality? (Spegazzini, 1915); France? (Picard, 1913).

_Periplaneta americana_, Bermuda and U.S.A., Massachusetts (Thaxter, 1902, 1908); Plains of Biajar, Italian Somaliland, and Argentina (Spegazzini, 1915, 1917).

_Periplaneta australasiae_, Bermuda (Thaxter, 1902, 1908).

_Periplaneta brunnea_, Brazil (Thaxter, 1931).

_Periplaneta_ sp., Mexico, West Indies, Panama, Brazil, Africa, South Seas, and China (Thaxter, 1902, 1908).

Cockroaches, Belgium (Collart, 1947).

Additional locality records: Grenada, Trinidad, B.W.I., and Tangier (Thaxter, 1931).

The fungus was found growing on spines, tegmina, integument, and antennae, at times abundantly.

_Experimental hosts._--All the following data are from Richards and Smith (1954):

_Blatta orientalis_: A few plants matured.

_Neostylopyga rhombifolia_: Some development but no mature plants.

_Periplaneta americana_: Fungus developed prolifically with a density equal to that on original host.

_Periplaneta australasiae_: Some development but no mature plants.

_Periplaneta brunnea_: Fungus developed prolifically with a density equal to that on original host.

=Herpomyces phyllodromiae= Thaxter

_Natural host._--"_Phyllodromia_" sp., Abyssinia (Thaxter, 1905, 1908): On antennae.

=Herpomyces platyzosteriae= Thaxter

_Natural host._--"_Eurycotis floridana_," Mexico (Thaxter, 1905, 1908): On antennal setae.

Since this cockroach is not found in Mexico (J. A. G. Rehn, personal communication, 1957), _E. floridana_ is undoubtedly not the host for this fungus. W. B. Brown (personal communication, 1957) searched the cockroach collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology but was unable to find Thaxter's insect for reidentification.

=Herpomyces stylopygae= Spegazzini

_Natural hosts._--_Blatta orientalis_, Argentina (Spegazzini, 1917); U.S.A. (Richards and Smith, 1955a).

_Experimental hosts._--_Neostylopyga rhombifolia_ (Richards and Smith, 1954): A few plants matured.

_Pycnoscelus surinamensis_ (Richards and Smith, 1954): Some development but no mature plants.

The fungus (fig. 1) is found on antennae (pl. 27, B, C), palpi, cerci, and femurs. Thaxter (1931) believed _H. stylopygae_ to be synonymous with _H. periplanetae_. However, Richards and Smith (1954) concluded that _H. stylopygae_ would not grow on _P. americana_ under their laboratory conditions although _H. periplanetae_ would grow on _B. orientalis_. This indicated a strain or species difference between the two fungi. Gunn and Cosway (1938) reported a species of _Stigmatomyces_ on the antennae of _B. orientalis_; this fungus was probably _H. stylopygae_ (Richards and Smith, 1956).

=Herpomyces supellae= (Thaxter)

_Natural host._--_Supella supellectilium_, Trinidad (Thaxter, 1931): On antennal spines.

=Herpomyces tricuspidatus= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Blaberus craniifer_, U.S.A., Key West (Richards and Smith, 1955).

_Blaberus_ sp. and _Epilampra?_ sp., Panama (Thaxter, 1902, 1908).

_Epilampra_ sp., Saint Kitts, B.W.I., and Haiti (Thaxter, 1902, 1908).

_Leucophaea maderae_, Fernando Po (Spegazzini, 1915).

_Nauphoeta cinerea_, Brazil (Thaxter, 1931).

Cockroaches, China? (Thaxter, 1902); Philippine Islands, Mindanao (Thaxter, 1931).

_Experimental hosts._--_Blaberus craniifer_, U.S.A. (Richards and Smith, 1955).

Infections on the antennae. Richards and Smith (1954) were unable to secure experimental infections in _L. maderae_ with _H. tricuspidatus_. Experiments with _N. cinerea_ showed some development but no mature plants although identification of the growing fungus was uncertain because of simultaneous exposure to _H. ectobiae_, _H. stylopygae_, and _H. tricuspidatus_.

=Herpomyces zanzibarinus= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--_Eurycotis manni_, Brazil (Thaxter, 1931): On antennae.

_Gyna_ sp.?, Isle of Nias (Spegazzini, 1915): On antennae.

Cockroach, Zanzibar (Thaxter, 1902): On antennae.

=INCERTAE SEDIS=

According to Dr. R. K. Benjamin (personal communication, 1957) and Dr. E. G. Simmons (personal communication, 1957), the phylogenetic position of the following genus is uncertain.

=Amphoromorpha blattina= Thaxter

_Natural hosts._--Cockroaches, Grenada, B.W.I. (Thaxter, 1920): On the axis of the antennae of a dark wingless and a pale winged blattid.

=Amphoromorpha= sp.

_Natural host._--Cockroach, Grenada, B.W.I. (Thaxter, 1920): On antennal setae.

IX. HIGHER PLANTS

The significance of many observed associations between cockroaches and the higher plants is still obscure. Undoubtedly many associations are ecological, but lack of adequate supporting evidence makes this conclusion somewhat tentative. The ecological aspects are covered in