Chapter XXVIII: Introduction (27)

Sabre-wing, 426, 435
Saddle-back, 558
Sage-cock, 203, 234
Sagittarius, 141
Sagittate, 22
St. Hilaire, on _Aepyornis_, 43
Saker, 179
Salmon, on _Creciscus_, 249 n.
_Salpinctes_, 521, 522
_Salpornis_, 571, 572
_Saltator_, 575
Salvadori, on Anatidae, 111, 136;
on Birds of Paradise, 543 n.;
on Cassowaries, 33;
on Columbae, 325;
on _Podicipes_, 52;
on Psittacidae, 362
_Salvadorina_, 113;
_S. waigiuensis_, 116
Salvin, F. H., on fishing with Cormorants 79;
and Brodrick, on Falconry, 148 n.;
see also Freeman
Salvin, O., on Humming Birds, 432;
on Lämmergeier, 151 n.;
on Motmots, 380 n.;
on nest of _Panyptila_, 424;
on classification of Petrels, 59 n.;
see Sclater
Sandeman, on Honey-guide, 452 n.
Sanderling, 282
Sand-Grouse–see Grouse, Sand-
Sand-Lark, 273
Sandpiper, 268;
Bonaparte's, 280;
Broad-billed, 282;
Buff-breasted, 282;
Common, 280, 286;
Curlew-, 280;
Green, 271, 284;
Marsh, 284;
Pectoral, 280 f.;
Purple, 281;
Purple, male incubates, 271;
Semipalmated, 282;
Spoon-billed, 282;
Spotted, 286;
Stilt-, 286;
White-winged, 283;
Wood-, 284
Sap-sucker, 461
_Sappho_, 427, 434;
_S. phaon_, 434;
_S. sparganura_, 434
_Sarcidiornis_, 111-113;
fossil, 136;
_S. carunculata_, 134;
_S. melanonota_, 134
_Sarciophorus tectus_, 275
_Sarcogeranus_, 254
_Sarcophanops_, 468, 469
_Sarcops_, 559, 561
Sarcorhamphidae, 137 f.
_Sarcorhamphus_, 137;
_S. gryphus_, 138 f., 139
_Sasia_, 464
Satin-bird, 549, 549
Saunders, on Black-headed Gull and allies, 308;
on Laridae, 306 f.;
on Stercorariidae, 300
Saurognathae, 457
Sauropsida of Huxley, 1 f.
_Saurothera_, 351, 357
Sauzier, bones of Dodo, 330
Savannah-blackbird, 359
Savery, figure of Dodo, 329 f.
_Saxicola_, 509-511
Saxicoline, 516
_Sayornis_, 475, 476
Scales, nature of, 2 n.
_Scaniornis_, fossil, 108
Scapula, 7, 8, 8;
unites with coracoids in _Fregata_, 72
Scapulars, 20, 22
Scapus, 3
_Scardafella_, 335, 340 f.;
_S. inca_, 341;
_S. squamosa_, 341
Scaup, 121
_Sceloglaux_, 398, 400, 401;
_S. albifacies_, 408
_Scenopoeetes_, 544, 550;
_S. dentirostris_, 549, 551
_Schistospiza_, 583 f.
_Schizoeaca_, 484
_Schizorhis_, 360;
_S. concolor_, 361
_Schlegelia_, 545, 550; {627}
_S. respublica_, 547
Schomburgk, on _Rupicola_, 482
_Scissirostrum_, 559, 561
Scissor-bill, 310
Sclater, on classification, 14;
edits translation of Nitzsch's _Pterylographie_, 2 n.;
on geographical distribution, 15 f.;
on Alectorides and Fulicariae, 243;
on Anatidae, 113;
on method of feeding in Cormorant, 78 n.;
on Cotingidae, 479;
on Dendrocolaptidae, 484;
on Formicariidae, 488;
on Galbulidae and Bucconidae, 445 n.;
on Icteridae, 579;
on incubation of Ostrich, 29;
on classification of Passeres, 467;
on Penguins, 56 n., 57 n.;
on Picariae, 376;
on Pipridae, 477 n.;
on Rhamphastidae, 455;
on Tanagridae, 575 n.;
on Tyrannidae, 473;
and Hudson, on _Aramus_, 257 n.;
and Hudson, on Bitterns, 88 n.;
and Salvin, on _Ptilochloris buckleyi_, 479 n.
_Scleroptila_, 226
Sclerurinae, 484 f.
_Sclerurus_, 486
_Scolephagus_, 581;
fossil, 496
Scolopacinae, 268, 269, 271, 289
_Scolopax_, 268-270;
drumming, 272, 291;
_S. megala_, 270;
_S. minor_, 270;
_S. rochusseni_, 290;
_S. rusticula_, 289 f., 290;
_S. saturata_, 290;
_S. stenura_, 270
Scopidae, 70, 86 f., 95
_Scops_, 398, 399, 401, 403, 412;
_S. asio_, 413;
_S. brucii_, 413;
_S. capnodes_, 413;
_S. flammeola_, 413;
_S. giu_, 412 f.;
_S. gymnopus_, 398, 413;
_S. icterorhynchus_, 413;
_S. leucotis_, 413;
_S. magicus_, 411, 413;
_S. nudipes_, 398, 413;
_S. rutilus_, 413;
_S. semitorques_, 412
_Scoptelus_, 397
_Scopus_, 86, 87, 265;
habits, 95;
_S. umbretta_, 94, 95
Scoter, 119;
habits, 120;
Surf, 120;
Velvet, 119
_Scotopelia_, 398, 400;
_S. bouvieri_, 414;
_S. peli_, 414;
_S. ussheri_, 414
_Scotornis climacurus_, 418
Screamer, Crested, 110;
Horned, 110
Scrub-bird, 491
Scutellae, 10
Scutellated, 10
Scutelliplantar, 496
_Scytalopus_, 490;
_S. magellanicus_, 491
_Scythrops_, 351;
_S. novae hollandiae_, 356
Sea-Eagle, habits, 163 f.;
-Hen, 305;
-Pheasant, 125;
-Pie, 276;
-Swallow, 303, 311
Secondaries, 20, 22
Secretarius, 141
Secretary-Bird, 137, 141, 141, 258;
habits, 142 f.
Seebohm, on _Sula_, 74 n.
Seed-Snipe, 268, 296
_Seena aurantia_, 314
_Selasphorus platycercus_, 438;
_S. rufus_, 427, 438
_Selenidera_, 454, 456;
_S. piperivora_, 456;
_S. spectabilis_, 456
_Seleucides_, 544, 550, 551;
_S. ignotus_, 545
Semi-rings of bronchi, 21
_Semioptera_, 545, 550, 551;
_S. wallacii_, 548
_Senex_, 152, 153;
_S. australis_, 152
Septum, of nostrils, 11
_Sericornis_, 518
_Sericossypha_, 575
_Sericulus_, 550, 551;
_S. melinus_, 549, 551, 552
Seriemá, 243, 258, 259, 260
_Serilophus_, 469
Serin, 584
_Serinus canarius_, 585;
_S. canicollis_, 585;
_S. hortulanus_, 584
Serpentariidae, 137, 141 f.
_Serpentarius secretarius_, 141, 141;
habits, 142 f.;
_S. robustus_, fossil in France, 143
_Serpophaga_, 475-477
Serrated bill, 12
_Serresius_, 326;
_S. galeatus_, 346
_Setophaga_, 573, 574;
_S. ruticilla_, 512 n.
Settler's Clock, 386
Shag, 75, 77
Shaheen, 179
Shank, 9
Sharpe, on genus _Ardea_, 91 n.;
on Birds of Paradise, 543 n.;
on Brachypteri and Cisticolae, 513;
on _Eudromias_, 270 n.;
on plumage of Falconidae, 157;
on _Ortyxelus_, 295 n.;
families of Oscines, list of, 495;
on Owls, 400;
on _Podicipes_, 52 n.;
on Sturnidae, 559;
on _Strix_, 404;
on Thamnobiae, 510;
on Timeliidae, 502
Sheartail, Peruvian, 438
Shearwater, 61-63, 65, 66;
Manx, 68
Sheath-bill, 268;
bill, 11
Sheld-Drake, 114, 128, 128;
Ruddy, 129
Shell-Ibis, 97
Shelley on Capitonidae, 449;
on Cuculidae, 351;
on _Promerops_ (Nectariniidae), 568 n.;
on Weaver-birds, 576 n.
Shield, frontal or on bill, 12
Shikra, 157
Shoe-bill, 93, 94
Shoulder-girdle, 8
Shoveller, 114, 124
Shrike, 473, 531 f.;
Cuckoo-, 525 f.;
Great Grey, 534, 534;
Grey Coly-, 527, 527;
Lesser Grey, 534;
Red-backed, 535;
Wood-, 535;
Woodchat-, 534
Shufeldt, on _Cypselus melanoleucus_, 421 n.
_Sialia_, 509, 510, 515, 517
_Sibia_, 502
Sibree, on _Coua_, 357 n.; {628}
on _Leptosoma_, 379 n.
_Sigelus_, 355
_Sigmodus_, 532
_Simorhynchus_, 316, 318;
_S. cristatellus_, 318;
_S. pusillus_, 318;
_S. pygmaeus_, 318
_Siptornis albiceps_, 485;
_S. hudsoni_, 487;
_S. maluroïdes_, 487;
_S. sordida_, 486, 487;
_S. striaticeps_, 487;
_S. sulphurifera_, 487
Sirkeer, 357
Siskin, 584
_Sisura_, 506, 509;
_S. inquieta_, 508
_Sitella_, 537, 538
_Sitta_, 537, 538;
_S. caesia_, 537, 538
Sittidae, 494, 536 f.;
habits, 538
_Sittiparus_, 503
_Sittosomus_, 484, 487
_Siurus_, 573, 574
_Siva_, 502
Skeat, on the name Parrot, 362
Skeleton, 5 f.;
appendicular, 5;
axial, 5 f.;
of Carinate Bird, 8;
of trunk of Falcon, 7
Skimmer, 300, 304
Skin, 2 n.
Skua, 81, 268, 300-303;
Arctic, 305;
Buffon's, 305;
Great, 302, 304;
Pomatorhine, 305
Skull, 10 f.;
of Wild Duck, 11
Slater, bones of Solitaire, 331
Smew, 115, 116
_Smicrornis_, 506, 509
_Smithornis_, 506, 509
Snake-Bird, 79, 465
Snipe, 268, 270;
bill, 11;
Common, 290 f.;
Double, 291;
Full, 290; Jack, 292;
Painted, 292;
Pin-tailed, 292;
Solitary, 291;
Wood-, 291
Snow-Cock, 229;
-Partridge, 230;
-Pheasant, 229
Solan Goose, 73, 75, 302
Solitaire, 325;
habits, 331;
of Bourbon, 330;
of Rodriguez, 328, 330 f.
_Somateria_, 114;
_S. dresseri_, 118;
_S. mollissima_, 118 f.;
_S. spectabilis_, 111, 118 f.;
_S. v-nigrum_, 118
_Sporaeginthus_, 579
Sparrow, 584, 586;
-Hawk, see Hawk, Sparrow-;
Hedge-, 354, 512, 515-517;
House-, 584;
Java-, 577;
Song-, 586
_Spathura_, 427, 437 f.
_Spatula_, 111;
_S. capensis_, 124;
_S. clypeata_, 124;
_S. platalea_, 124;
_S. rhynchotis_, 124
Spatulate, 12, 22
Species of Birds, 15
Speculum, 22;
in ducks, 114 f.
Speed of flight, 20
Spel of Capercaillie, 237
_Speotyto_, 398-402;
_S. cunicularia_, 400 f., 409 f., 410
Sperling, on Sooty Tern, 312 n.
_Spermestes_, 577
_Sphecotheres_, 542, 543;
_S. maxillaris_, 543
Sphenisci, 54 f.;
fingers, 9;
metatarsals, 10
Spheniscidae, 54 f., 71, 109;
habits, 55 f.
Sphenisciformes, 54 f., 59
_Spheniscus_, 55;
_S. demersus_, 57;
_S. magellanicus_, 57;
_S. mendiculus_, 57;
_S. minor_, 56, 57
_Sphenocercus_, 326, 349;
_S. formosae_, 350;
_S. permagnus_, 350;
_S. sieboldi_, 350;
_S. sororius_, 350;
_S. sphenurus_, 349 f.
_Sphenocichla_, 521
_Sphenoeacus_, 491 n., 514
_Sphenoproctus_, 427, 435
_Sphenostoma_, 538-540
_Sphenura_, 517
_Sphyropicus_, 461;
_S. varius_, 458, 461
Spicules beneath toes–see Toes
_Spiloglaux novae zealandiae_, 409
_Spilornis_, 154;
_S. cheela_, 154;
_S. holospilus_, 154;
_S. sulaënsis_, 154;
_S. undulatus_, 154
Spinal cord, 5
_Spindalis_, 575
_Spiza_, 583;
_S. guiraca_, 587
_Spizaëtus_, 160;
_S. coronatus_, 160;
_S. ornatus_, 160;
_S. tyrannus_, 160
_Spiziapteryx_, 146;
_S. circumcinctus_, 174
_Spiziastur melanoleucus_, 161
_Spizilauda deva_, 496
_Spizixus_, 504, 505
_Spodiopsar_, 561;
_S. burmanicus_, 560
Spoonbill, 70, 99 f., 104;
bill, 12;
habits, 103
_Sporadinus_, 433
_Sporaeginthus amandava_, 577
Spring moult, 4 f.
Spur-fowl, 218
Squamosal, 11
Square, of tail, 22
_Squatarola helvetica_, 272
Squatter, 337
_Stachyridopsis_, 503
_Stachyris_, 504
_Stactolaema anchietae_, 450;
_S. olivaceum_, 450
Standard wing, 548
Starling, 559, 560, 560-562;
habits, 561 f.;
American, 579;
Red-winged, 580;
Tree-, 559
_Starnoenas_, 327;
_S. cyanocephala_, 335
_Steatornis_, 417;
nest, 419;
_S. caripensis_, 419
Steatornithidae, 415, 419
Steering feathers, 21
Steganopodes, 70 f.;
nostrils, 12;
toes, 10
Steganopodous, 71
_Steganopus wilsoni_, 279
_Stegnolaema montagnii_, 197
Stejneger, classification, 14; {629}
families of Oscines, list, 495;
on Stercorariinae, 300
_Stelgidopteryx_, 522-524
_Stephanophorus_, 575
Stercorariidae, 300
Stercorariinae, 300 f., 304;
habits, 302 f.
_Stercorarius crepidatus_, 301, 305;
_S. parasiticus_, 301, 305;
_S. pomatorhinus_, 301, 305;
_S. richardsoni_, 305
Stereornithes, 25, 43 f., 260;
structure, 44 f.
_Sterna_, 301, 311;
_S. albigena_, 313;
_S. albistriata_, 314;
_S. aleutica_, 312;
_S. anaestheta_, 312;
_S. antillarum_, 311;
_S. balaenarum_, 312;
_S. bergii_, 312;
_S. bernsteini_, 312;
_S. cantiaca_, 312;
_S. dougalli_, 304, 313;
_S. elegans_, 312;
_S. eurygnatha_, 312;
_S. fluviatilis_, 313, 313;
_S. forsteri_, 314;
_S. frontalis_, 312;
_S. fuliginosa_, 312;
_S. hirundinacea_, 313;
_S. longipennis_, 313;
_S. lorata_, 312;
_S. lunata_, 312;
_S. macrura_, 313;
_S. maxima_, 312;
_S. media_, 312;
_S. melanauchen_, 311;
_S. melanogaster_, 314;
_S. minuta_, 311;
_S. nereis_, 312;
_S. saundersi_, 311;
_S. sinensis_, 311;
_S. superciliaris_, 311 f.;
_S. trudeaui_, 311;
_S. virgata_, 313;
_S. vittata_, 313
Sterninae, 300 f., 310 f.;
habits, 303 f.
Sternotracheal muscles, two pairs in Anseriformes, 108
Sternum, 6, 7, 8
_Stictonetta_, 111;
_S. naevosa_, 123
_Stictospiza_, 579
Stilt, 277, 278
Stint, Little, 279 f., 282;
Temminck's, 280
_Stiphrornis_, 514
_Stipiturus_, 514, 517
Stirling and Zietz on _Genyornis_, 38 n.
Stitch bird, 567, 568
Stock Eagle, 463
Stolzmann on _Loddigesia_, 437
Stomach, 12
Stone-Curlew, see Curlew, Stone-;
-Runner, 273
Stonechat, 511, 516
Stonehatch, 273
Stork, 70, 86, 95 f., 105, 148;
habits, 96;
Black, 99;
Saddle-billed, 98;
White, 96, 97, 98, 99
_Strepera_, 532
_Strepsilas_, 268;
_S. interpres_, 276;
_S. melanocephalus_, 276
_Streptocitta_, 561
Striated feathers, 4
Strickland, on _Aepyornis_, 43;
on Widow bird, 577 n.;
and Melville, on Dodo, 329 n.;
on Solitaire, 331 n.
Striges, 376, 397 f.;
clavicles do not always unite, 8;
toes, 10
Strigidae, 398 f.;
habits, 400 f.
Striginae, 398, 403
Stringopinae, 362 f., 366 f.
_Stringops_, 362, 364;
little keel to sternum, 7, 26;
_S. habroptilus_, 366, 366
_Strix_, 398, 399, 402;
fossil, 415;
_S. aurantiaca_, 404;
_S. candida_, 404;
_S. capensis_, 404;
_S. castanops_, 404;
_S. flammea_, 400, 403 f., 404;
_S. novae hollandiae_, 404;
_S. tenebricosa_, 404
_Struthidea_, 552, 557 f.
_Struthio_, toes and claws, 10;
_S. asiaticus_, fossil, 27;
_S. australis_, 27;
_S. camelus_, 27 f., 28;
_S. chersonensis_, fossil, 27;
_S. karatheodori_, fossil, 27;
_S. molybdophanes_, 27
_Struthiolithus chersonensis_, fossil, 27
Struthiones, 27 f., 38
Struthionidae, structure, etc., 27
_Sturnella_, 500, 581, 582;
_S. defilippii_, 500;
_S. magna_, 500, 580
Sturnellinae, 579 f.
_Sturnia_, 559
Sturnidae, 494, 558 n., 559;
fossil, 496;
habits, 561 f.
_Sturnopastor_, 559, 562;
_S. contra_, 560
_Sturnornis_, 559
_Sturnus_, 559;
_S. unicolor_, 560;
_S. vulgaris_, 560, 560, 561
Subclamatores, 467
Sub-classes of Aves, 23
Suboscines, 467
Sub-regions, 17
Sugar-bird, 573
_Sula_, 70-72;
fossil, 86;
_S. abbotti_, 74;
_S. bassana_, 73, 74;
_S. capensis_, 73;
_S. cyanops_, 74;
_S. leucogaster_, 74;
_S. piscator_, 74;
_S. serrator_, 73;
_S. variegata_, 74
Sulidae, 70, 73;
habits, 75
Sultan-bird, 539
Sun-bird, 355, 427, 568 f.;
habits, 569 f.;
Splendid, 569
Sun-bittern, 243, 266 f., 266
Supra-angular, 11;
-occipital, 11
Surf-bird, 270
_Surnia_, 398, 399;
_S. funerea_, 411;
_S. ulula_, 401, 411
_Surniculus_, 352, 353;
_S. dicruroïdes_, mimicry, 529;
_S. lugubris_, 355
_Suthora_, 502, 503
Swallow, 420, 522 f., 524 f., 524;
habits, 524 f.;
moult, 5;
-tail, 435;
-wing, 448;
Bank-, 525;
Chimney-, 422;
Cliff-, 525;
Sea-, 303;
Wood-, 530 f.
Swan, 114, 135 f.;
habits, 114;
marks, 136;
trachea enters keel of sternum, 13;
young, 135 f.;
Bewick's, 136;
Black, 135, 136;
Mute, 135, 136;
Polish, 135;
Tame, 135
Swift, 419 f., 522;
breast-bone, 6 f.;
habits, 421 f.;
toes, 10; Alpine, 424;
American Chimney, 421;
Common, 421, 424, 425;
Palm-, 421, 425 f.;
Tree-, 422
_Sycalis_, 586; {630}
_S. pelzelni_, 586
_Sycobrotus_, 578
_Sylvia_, 517, 518
_Sylviella_, 514
Sylviidae, 494, 495
Sylviinae, 494, 506, 509, 513, 573;
fossil, 496;
habits, 517
_Sylviorthorhynchus_, 484
_Syma_, 382;
_S. torotoro_, 386
_Symmorphus_, 525, 526
_Symphemia_, 284
_Symphysis_, 21
Synallaxinae, 484 f.
_Synallaxis_, 484, 486, 487;
_S. semicinerea_, 485
_Synoecus_, 200;
_S. australis_, 219;
_S. raalteni_, 220
_Synthliborhamphus_, 316;
_S. antiquus_, 318;
_S. wumizusume_, 318
_Sypheotis_, 260;
_S. aurita_, 262
_Syrigma sibilatrix_, 90
Syrinx, 13, 21 f.
_Syrnium_, 399, 402;
_S. albigulare_, 406;
_S. aluco_, 405;
_S. cinereum_, 400, 405;
_S. indranee_, 405;
_S. lapponicum_, 405;
_S. leptogrammicum_, 405;
_S. nebulosum_, 406;
_S. newarense_, 405;
_S. nivicola_, 405;
_S. nuchale_, 406;
_S. occidentale_, 406;
_S. ocellatum_, 405;
_S. perspicillatum_, 406;
_S. rufipes_, 406;
_S. sinense_, 405;
_S. uralense_, 405;
_S. virgatum_, 406;
_S. woodfordi_, 406
_Syrrhaptes_, 322-324;
padded foot, 322;
no hallux, 322;
_S. paradoxus_, 322, 323, 323, 324;
breeding, 325;
_S. tibetanus_, 323, 324

_Taccocua_, 351, 352;
_T. sirkee_, 357
_Tachornis_, 425 f.;
_T. squamata_, 425
_Tachycineta_, 522, 523, 525;
_T. albiventris_, 524;
_T. leucorrhous_, 525
_Tachyeres_, 112, 113;
_T. cinereus_, 121
_Tachyornis_, 315 n.;
fossil, 426
Taczanowski and Stolzmann, on _Loddigesia_, 437 n.
_Tadorna_, 112;
_T. cornuta_, 111, 113, 128, 128;
_T. radjah_, 128
_Taenioptera_, 473, 475-477;
_T. dominicana_, 475
Taeniopterinae, 473 f.
Tail, 20;
in _Archaeopteryx_, 25;
coverts, 20;
functionless in Tinamidae, 182;
in Woodpecker, 457
Tailor-bird, 518
_Talegallus_, 190 f.;
_T. cuvieri_, 192;
_T. fuscirostris_, 193;
_T. jobiensis_, 193
Tanager, 575 f.;
habits, 576;
Brazilian, 576
_Tanagra_, 575, 576
Tanagridae, 575 f., 582;
habits, 576
Tan-cho, 254
_Tantalus_, 95, 99;
fossil in France, 99;
_T. cinereus_, 97;
_T. ibis_, 96, 97;
_T. leucocephalus_, 97;
_T. loculator_, 97
_Tanysiptera_, 383;
_T. dea_, 385;
_T. nympha_, 385;
_T. sabrina_, 385
_Taoniscus_, 183, 186
_Taoperdix_, fossil, 240
Tapaculo, 491
_Taphaëtus branchialis_, fossil, 181
_Tapinopus_, fossil, 251
Tarapo, 366
Tarrock, 306
_Tarsiger_, 513, 516
Tarso-metatarsus, 8, 10
Tarsus, 10
Taste, in Birds, 12
Tatare, 515
Tatton on _Didus borbonicus_, 330
Taxaspidean, 471
_Tchitrea_, 507
Teal, 125 f.
Tectrices, 21
Teeth, 12, 25;
of _Archaeopteryx_, 24;
of _Hesperornis_, 46 f.;
of _Ichthyornis_, 49
Tegetmeier, on breeds of Pigeons, 327 n.;
on Fowls, 208 n.;
on Pheasants, 212 n.
_Telephonus_, 532
_Telespiza_, 583
_Telmatornis_, fossil, 251
_Temenuchus_, 559
_Temnurus truncatus_, 553
_Tephrocorys cincrea_, 498
_Teracus littoralis_, fossil, 181
_Terekia cinerea_, 286
_Terenura_, 488, 489
_Teretistris_, 573
Terminology, 20 f.
Tern, 82, 268, 300, 301, 310 f.;
habits, 303 f.;
Arctic, 313;
Black, 314;
Caspian, 304, 314;
Common, 313, 313;
Gull-billed, 314;
Least, 304, 311;
Lesser, 311;
Marsh-, 314;
Noddy, 303, 310 f.;
Roseate, 313;
Sandwich, 312;
Sooty, 303, 312;
Whiskered, 314 f.;
White-winged Black, 314
_Terpsiphone_, 506, 507, 509;
_T. mutata_, 508;
_T. paradisi_, 507, 508
Tertials, 22
Téru-téru, 275
_Tetragonops_, 448, 449;
_T. frantzii_, 451;
_T. rhamphastinus_, 451
_Tetrao_, 200, 202;
_T. kamtschaticus_, 237;
_T. medius_, 237;
_T. parvirostris_, 237;
_T. urogalloïdes_, 237;
_T. urogallus_, 200-202, 236 f.;
_T. urogallus_, fossil, 241;
_T. uralensis_, 236
_Tetraogallus_, 202;
_T. altaicus_, 229;
_T. caspius_, 229;
_T. caucasicus_, 229;
_T. henrici_, 229;
_T. himalayensis_, 229;
_T. tibetanus_, 229
Tetraonidae, claws shed, 5 n.
Tetraoninae, 198-201, 204, 233 f.;
shed horny fringes of toes, 203
_Tetraophasis obscurus_, 229; {631}
_T. széchenyii_, 230
_Tetrapteryx_, 252, 255
_Tetrastes_, 199, 203, 234
_Textor_, 579;
_T. albirostris_, 578
_Thalassaëtus_, 146;
_T. branickii_, 163;
_T. pelagicus_, 163
_Thalassiornis leuconota_, 118
_Thalassoeca antarctica_, 67
_Thalassogeron_, 65
_Thamnistes_, 489
_Thamnobia_, 510, 512 n., 513, 516
Thamnobiae, of Sharpe, 510, 513
_Thamnocharis_, 489
_Thamnomanes_, 488, 489
Thamnophilinae, 488 f.
_Thamnophilus_, 489;
_T. albinuchalis_, 489
_Thaumastura cora_, 438
_Thaumatibis_, 99;
_T. gigantea_, 102
_Theristicus_, 100;
_T. branickii_, 102;
_T. caudatus_, 101;
_T. melanopis_, 102
Thigh, 22
_Thinocorys orbignianus_, 296;
_T. rumicivorus_, 296
Thinocorythidae, 268-270, 296;
habits, 296
_Thinornis novae zealandiae_, 274
Thornbill, 437, 438 f.
Thorn-bird, 487
_Thrasaëtus_, 146, 147;
_T. harpyia_, 159
_Thraupis_, 575
Throat, 20
Thrush, 509 f., 515;
Babbling, 503;
Ground-, 510, 515;
Mistletoe-, 510, 511;
Rock-, 510, 515, 516;
Song-, 510, 515, 516;
Water-, 574–see also Redwing, Fieldfare
_Thryophilus pleurostictus_, 522
_Thryothorus_, 521
Thumb, 8
_Thyrorhina_, 244
_Tiaris_, 584
Tibia, 9
Tibio-tarsus, 8, 9
_Tichodroma_, 571;
_T. muraria_, 571
_Tickellia_, 514
Ticks, on _Cypselus_, 425 n.
Tiercel, 178
_Tiga javanensis_, 462 f.
Tiger-Bittern, 90
_Tigrisoma_, 87, 90;
_T. brasiliense_, 90
_Tigrornis_, 87;
_T. leucolophus_, 90
_Tijuca_, 479, 480
_Timelia_, 502-504;
_T. maculata_, 503
Timeliae, 502
Timeliidae, 501 f., 504, 506, 510 n., 513 n.;
habits, 503
Timpoy, 223
Tinami, 182 f.
Tinamidae, 182 f.;
functionless tail, 26;
habits, 183;
quadrate-bone, 26
Tinamiformes, 182 f.;
position of the Order, 182, 186
_Tinamotis_, 182, 186;
_T. ingoufi_, 184
Tinamou, 183 f.;
habits, 183;
Great, 184
_Tinamus_, 183, 184;
_T. tao_, 184
Tinker-bird, 449
_Tinnunculus_, 175;
_T. alaudarius_, 175;
_T. alopex_, 176;
_T. caribbaearum_, 176;
_T. cenchris_, 175;
_T. cenchroïdes_, 176;
_T. cinnamominus_, 176;
_T. dominicensis_, 176;
_T. gracilis_, 176;
_T. isabellinus_, 176;
_T. japonicus_, sub-species, 175;
_T. moluccensis_, 176;
_T. neglectus_, sub-species, 175;
_T. newtoni_, 176;
_T. pekinensis_, 176;
_T. punctatus_, 176;
_T. rupicoloïdes_, 176;
_T. rupicolus_, 176;
_T. saturatus_, sub-species, 175;
_T. sparverioïdes_, 176;
_T. sparverius_, 149, 176
Tit, habits, 540;
Bearded, 541 f.;
Blue, 539, 540;
Bottle-, 540;
Coal-, 539;
Crested, 539, 540;
Great, 539, 539, 540;
Long-tailed, 539, 540;
Marsh-, 539
_Tityra_, 480;
_T. semifasciata_, 482, 483
Tityrinae, 479 f.
_Tmetotrogon_, 441, 442;
_T. rhodogaster_, 444
Todinae, 379 f., 381 f.;
habits, 382
_Todirostrum_, 473, 477;
_T. cinereum_, 474 f.
_Todus_, 381;
_T. hypochondriacus_, 382;
_T. multicolor_, 382;
_T. subulatus_, 382;
_T. viridis_, 382, 382
Tody, 376, 379 f., 382;
habits, 382
Toes, 10, 20;
in _Archaeopteryx_, 25;
in Grouse and _Lerwa_, 199;
of _Hesperornis_, 47;
only two anterior in _Cholornis_, 502;
with spicules below, in Owls, 398;
in Falconidae, 146;
in _Pandion_, 180;
reversible outer in _Pandion_, 180;
shed horny fringes of, in Tetraoninae, 203 f.;
of Struthionidae, 27;
in various families, 10
Tomia, 20
Tominejo, 426
Tongue, 12;
in Coerebidae, 572;
in Dicaeidae, 570;
in Drepanididae, 562;
in Meliphagidae, 564;
in Mniotiltidae, 573;
in Nectariniidae, 569;
in Picidae, 457, 465;
in Trochilidae, 427;
in Zosteropidae, 568
Topaz, Crimson, 436
_Topaza pella_, 436;
_T. pyra_, 436
Torillo, 188 n.
Tortola cordillerana, 339
Tortolita, 340
Totaninae, 278
_Totanus_, 268, 269, 283;
fossil, 300;
_T. brevipes_, 285;
_T. calidris_, 283;
_T. flavipes_, 283 f.;
_T. fuscus_, 283;
_T. glareola_, 284;
_T. glottis_, 284;
_T. guttifer_, 284;
_T. hypoleucus_, 270;
_T. incanus_, 284, 285;
_T. melanoleucus_, 284;
_T. ochropus_, 284; {632}
_T. semipalmatus_, 269, 284;
_T. solitarius_, 284;
_T. stagnatilis_, 284
Toucan, 390, 445, 448, 451, 453 f.;
habits, 454 f.;
Ariel, 455
Trachea convoluted, in Aramidae, 256;
in _Manucodia_ and _Phonygammus_, 545;
in _Platalea_, 100;
in _Rhynchaea_, 270;
dilatation, 13;
dilated in _Chauna_, 109 n.;
enlarged or with "labyrinth" in Anatidae, 113;
looped in _Anseranas_, 113;
in Cracidae, 195;
in _Rhynchaea_, 292;
in _Tantalus ibis_, 96;
in _Tetrao urogallus_ and _Guttera_, 200;
penetrates keel of sternum in certain Swans, 112;
in Cranes, 252;
use and formation, 13
Tracheal syrinx, 22
_Trachelotis_, 260, 262;
_T. caerulescens_, 262
Tracheo-bronchial syrinx, 22
Tracheophonae, 466, 483
Tracheophones, 466
_Trachycomus_, 505
_Trachyphonus_, 450;
_T. cafer_, 450 f.;
_T. margaritatus_, 451
Tragopan, 216, 217;
Cabot's, 217
_Tragopan_, 199
Train-bearer, 434
Transverse process of vertebra, 6
Transylvanus, Maximilianus, on Bird of Paradise, 543
_Traversia_, 472;
_T. lyalli_, 472
_Treron nasica_, 349;
_T. nipalensis_, 349
Treroninae, 325 f., 344
Triarctic, 16
_Tribonyx_, 244, 245;
_T. effluxus_, fossil, 251;
_T. mortieri_, 249;
_T. roberti_, fossil, 251;
_T. ventralis_, 249
Trichoglossidae, 351, 362 f., 373 f.
_Trichoglossus_, 364, 373;
_T. novae hollandiae_, 373
_Tricholaema_, 448, 449;
_T. leucomelan_, 450
_Tricholestes_, 504, 505
_Tricholimnas_, 245;
_T. lafresnayi_, 247
_Trichophoropsis_, 504
Tridactylous, 457 n.
_Tringa_, 268, 269;
fossil, 300;
_T. acuminata_, 281;
_T. alpina_, 279;
_T. bairdi_, 280;
_T. canutus_, 281;
_T. couesi_, 281;
_T. crassirostris_, 282;
_T. fuscicollis_, 280;
_T. maculata_, 280 f.;
_T. maritima_, 281;
_T. minuta_, 279 f.;
_T. minutilla_, 279 f.;
_T. platyrhyncha_, 268;
_T. ptilocnemis_, 281;
_T. ruficollis_, 279;
_T. striata_, 281;
_T. subarquata_, 280;
_T. subminuta_, 280;
_T. temmincki_, 280
Tringinae, 268, 269, 271, 278 f.
_Triptorhinus_, 490;
_T. paradoxus_, 490, 491
_Trochalopterum_, 504;
_T. chrysopterum_, 502;
_T. phoeniceum_, 502
Trochilidae, 419, 420, 426 f.;
habits, 428 f.;
operculum of nostrils, 11
Trochilinae, 435
Τροχίλος, 295, 426
_Trochilus_, 426;
_T. alexandri_, 438;
_T. colubris_, 427, 438.
_Trochocercus_, 506
_Troglodytes_, 521;
_T. aedon_, 522;
_T. domesticus_, 522;
_T. formosus_, 521;
_T. parvulus_, 521
Troglodytidae, 494, 509, 521 f.
Trogon, 441-443;
habits, 442 f.
_Trogon ambiguus_, 442;
_T. gallicus_, fossil, 445;
_T. mexicanus_, 443;
_T. surucura_, 443
Trogones, 376, 441
Trogonidae, 441 f.;
habits, 442 f.
Tropic-bird, 70, 72, 73;
habits, 72 f.
Tro-tro, 223
Trouessart, on Geographical Distribution, 16
True rib, 6
Trumpeter, 243, 257 f., 257
_Tryngites rufescens_, 282
Tsipoy, 223
Tuberculum of rib, 6
Tubinares, 59 f.;
nostrils, 11
Tui, 567, 567
Tumbler, 327
Turacin, 3 n., 360
Turaco, Green-mantled, 360
_Turacoena_, 326;
_T. menadensis_, 343;
_T. modesta_, 343
_Turacus_, 360;
_T. corythaix_, 361;
_T. fischeri_, 361
Turdidae, 494, 509 f.
Turdinae, 506, 509 f.;
habits, 515 f.
_Turdinus_, 503
_Turdus_, 510;
fossil, 496;
_T. hancii_, 510;
_T. horsfieldi_, 510;
_T. iliacus_, 510;
_T. merula_, 510;
_T. migratorius_, 510;
_T. musicus_, 510;
_T. pilaris_, 510;
_T. torquatus_, 510;
_T. varius_, 510;
_T. viscivorus_, 510, 511
Turkey, 198, 201, 203;
habits, 206;
origin of domestic, 206 n.;
specific name, 206 n.;
Brush-, 192, 193;
-Buzzard, 138, 140, 152;
Native, 262
_Turnagra_, 509, 510, 513, 516
Turnices, 186, 187
Turnicidae, 186, 187
_Turnix_, 187, 188;
habits, 188;
_T. albiventris_, 189;
_T. blanfordi_, 189;
_T. castanonota_, 189;
_T. dussumieri_, 189;
_T. fasciata_, 188;
_T. hottentotta_, 189;
_T. leucogaster_, 189;
_T. maculosa_, 189;
_T. melanogaster_, 189;
_T. nana_, 189;
_T. nigricollis_, 189;
_T. ocellata_, 187, 189;
_T. powelli_, 189;
_T. pugnax_, 188;
_T. pyrrhothorax_, 189;
_T. rufilata_, 188;
_T. saturata_, 189;
_T. sylvatica_, 187, 188 n., 189;
_T. taigoor_, 188;
_T. tanki_, 189;
_T. varia_, 189;
_T. velox_, 189
Turnstone, 276 {633}
_Turtur_, 326, 334, 341;
_T. abbotti_, 341;
_T. aldabranus_, 341;
_T. comorensis_, 341;
_T. communis_, 341;
_T. coppingeri_, 341;
_T. douraca_, 341;
_T. dussumieri_, 341;
_T. isabellinus_, 341;
_T. orientalis_, 341;
_T. picturatus_, 341;
_T. risorius_, a cage-bird, 341;
_T. rostratus_, 341;
_T. senegalensis_, 342;
_T. semitorquatus_, 341;
_T. tigrinus_, 341
_Turturoena_, 327, 328;
_T. delegorgii_, 343;
_T. iriditorques_, 343;
_T. sharpii_, 343
Turumti, 178
_Tylas_, 504, 505;
_T. eduardi_, 533;
mimicry, 533
Tympanic cavity, 11
Tympaniform membrane, 13, 21
_Tympanistria_, 327;
_T. bicolor_, 339
_Tympanuchus_, air-sacs, 201;
_T. americanus_, 235;
_T. cupido_, 235;
_T. pallidicinctus_, 235
Tyrannidae, 469, 473, 479, 494;
habits, 475 f.
Tyranninae, 473 f.
_Tyrannulus_, 474
_Tyrannus_, 473-476;
_T. pipiri_, 474
Tyrant-bird, habits, 475 f.
Tystie, 319

_Uintornis_, fossil, 465
Ulna, 8, 8;
its quills, 22
Umbrella-bird, 481, 481
Umbrette, 70
Unfeathered spaces, or apteria, 2
Uncinate process, of ribs, 6, 7;
absent in _Archaeopteryx_, 23;
in Palamedeidae, 108
Upper arm-bone, 8
_Upucerthia_, 486
_Upupa africana_, 397;
_U. epops_, 396 f., 396;
_U. indica_, 397;
_U. marginata_, 397;
_U. somalensis_, 397
Upupidae, 390, 395 f.
Upupinae, 390, 395 f.;
habits, 395 f.
_Uranornis_, 545, 546
_Uratelornis_, 378;
_U. chimaera_, 378
_Uria_, 315;
fossil, 321;
_U. arra_, 320;
_U. brünnichi_, 319;
_U. californica_, sub-species, 319;
_U. troile_, 319
_Uroaëtus_, 146;
_U. audax_, 163
_Urobrachya_, 577
_Urocichla_, 521, 522
_Urocissa_, 552, 554
_Urodrepanis_, 569
_Urogalba amazonum_, 446;
_U. paradisea_, 446
_Urolestes_, 532, 534
_Uroleuca_, 552
_Uropelia campestris_, 340
Uropygium, 20
_Urospatha martii_, 380 f.
_Urosticte_, 427
_Urubitinga anthracina_, 168;
_U. zonura_, 167

_Vanellus_, 268-270, 274 f.;
_V. cayennensis_, 275;
_V. chilensis_, 275;
_V. coronatus_, 275;
_V. cristatus_, 275;
_V. inornatus_, 275;
_V. melanopterus_, 275;
_V. resplendens_, 275
Vanes, 2
_Vanga_, 533
Vaulted, of tail, 22
Vent, 20
Ventral, 22
Ventriculus, 12
Verreaux, on Secretary-bird, 142 n.
_Verreauxia_, 464
Vertebrae, cervical, dorsal, sacral, pelvic, caudal, 5 f.;
of Woodpecker, 6
Vertebral Column, 5
Vertebrarterial foramen, 6
Vertebrata, difference of Birds from other, 1 f.
Vertex, 20
_Vestiaria_, 562, 564;
_V. coccinea_, 563, 564
Vexillum, 2
_Vidua_, 577, 578;
_V. principalis_, 577
Viduinae, 576 f.
Vigors, on Toucan, 454 n.
_Vinago_, 348, 349;
_V. australis_, 349;
_V. calva_, 325, 349;
_V. crassirostris_, 349;
_V. waalia_, 349
_Vireo_, 536
_Vireolanius_, 536;
_V. melitophrys_, 536;
_V. pulchellus_, 536
Vireonidae, 536
Vireoninae, 531
_Vireosylvia_, 536
Vizor-bearer, 432
Vogt, on _Archaeopteryx_, 23 n.
Voice-muscles, 13
Voice, organs of, 12 f.
_Volatinia_, 585
Vomer, 11
Vorondreo, 378
Vosmaer, on Secretary-bird, 141
_Vultur_, 143;
fossil, 145;
_V. cinereus_, 143;
_V. monachus_, 143
Vulture, 148, 149;
Bearded, 150;
Black (of New World), 138, 140;
Black (of Old World), 143, 145 n.;
Californian, 139;
Eared, 144;
Egyptian, 145, 145 n.;
Griffon, 143, 144;
King-, 139, 144;
New-World, 137 f.;
habits, 137 f.;
Old-World, 137, 143 f.;
Pondicherry, 144;
White-backed, 145
Vulturidae, 137, 143 f., 150, 151

Wagner, on _Archaeopteryx_ (_Griphosaurus_), 23
Wagtail, 498 f.;
habits, 500 f.;
moult, 5;
Blue-headed, 500; {634}
Grey, 500;
Pied, 354, 500, 501;
White, 500;
Yellow, 499, 500, 501
Walghvogel, 329
Wallace, on Geographical Distribution, 15 f.;
on Birds of Paradise, 543 n., 550;
on Humming-birds, 432
Wallace's Line, 16, 564
Walpole, on _Didunculus_, 332
Warbler, 513;
habits, 517 f.;
American, 573 f.;
Black-cap, 517;
Black-and-White, 574;
Garden-, 517;
Grasshopper-, 517, 518;
Reed-, 354, 517;
Savi's, 518;
Sedge-, 517;
Willow-, 517;
Wood-, 517
Warrior, 437
Water-Cock, 249
Water-hen (= Moor-hen) loses wing-quills simultaneously, 4 n.
Waterton, on Humming-birds, 432
Wattle-bird, 566
Wavy, 133
Wax-bill, 577, 578
Wax-like tips to feathers, 3
Waxwing, 529 f., 530
Weaver-bird, 368, 576 f., 577;
habits, 578 f.
Webs, of feathers, 2;
of toes, 10;
in Alcidae, 315;
in Anatidae, 112;
in Colymbidae and Podicipedidae, 49;
in Laridae, 301;
in Limicolae, 269;
in Steganopodes, 71
Weka, 243, 245, 247
Whale-bird, 66
Whale-head, 93
Whaup, 287
Wheatear, 511, 516
Whew, 126
Whimbrel, 288 f.
Whinchat, 511, 516
Whip-poor-Will, 417
Whip-Tom-Kelly, 536
White colour in Birds, its nature, 3 n.
White, on _Furnarius_, 486
White Crow, 145
White-eye, 568
White-throat, 517
Whitmee, on _Didunculus_, 332
Whooper, 135
Whymper, on Condor, 138
Wideawake Fair, 312
Widow-bird, 577
Wigeon–see Duck
Willet, 284
Willock, 319
Wilson, A., on Humming-birds, 432;
on Passenger Pigeon, 342
Wilson, S. B., and Evans, on Drepanididae, 562 n.;
on Meliphagidae, 568 n.
Wind-hover, 148, 175
Windpipe, use and formation, 13
Wing, 8
Wing-coverts, 20
Wing-quills–see Quills
Wing-spurs, 9
Wire-bird, 274
Wires, of Birds of Paradise, 3, 545 f.
Witthoos, figure of _Didus borbonicus_, 330
Woodcock, 289 f., 290;
bill, 11
Wood-Hen, 247
Wood-Ibis, 70, 97
Wood-Mason, on _Rhynchaea_, 292 n.
Woodpecker, 149, 445, 457 f.;
bill, 12;
habits, 458 f.;
vertebra, 6;
Black, 458, 464;
Californian, 461;
Great Black, 463;
Great Spotted, 462, 463;
Green, 460;
Ivory-billed, 463;
Lesser Spotted, 462, 462;
Pileated, 463;
Spotted, 458, 461
Wood-Swallow, 530 f.
Wren, 426, 519, 521 f., 521;
Bush-, 472;
Rock-, 472
Wrist, 8
Wry-bill, 274, 274
Wryneck, 445, 457, 459, 464 f., 465

_Xanthocephalus_, 581
Xanthochroism, 4 n.
_Xanthocorys_, 499
_Xantholaema haematocephala_, 449
_Xanthomelus_, 550;
_X. aureus_, 548
_Xanthomixis_, 503
_Xanthura luxuosa_, 554
_Xema_, 301;
_X. furcatum_, 310;
_X. sabinii_, 304, 310
_Xenerpestes_, 484
Xenicidae, 469, 472
_Xenicus_, 472;
_X. gilviventris_, 472;
_X. longipes_, 472
_Xenocichla_, 505
_Xenopipo atronitens_, 478
_Xenopirostris_, 531, 533;
_X. polleni_, mimicry, 533
_Xenops_, 484, 487
_Xenopsaris_, 482
_Xenorhynchus_, fossil, 99;
_X. australis_, 98
_Xerophila_, 539, 540
_Xipholena_, 480;
_X. pompadora_, 480
_Xiphorhamphus_, 502, 504
_Xiphorhynchus_, 484, 487

Yaffle, 460
Yarrell's British Birds, 212 n., 285 n.
Yellow colour in Birds, its nature, 3 n.
Yellow Hammer, 584
Yellowshank, 283 f.
Yelper, 278
Young, moult late, 4;
in Turdinae and Sylviinae, 513;
of Megapodiidae fly early, 191

_Zanclostomus_, 351
_Zapornia_, 246; {635}
_Z. parva_, 246, 248
_Zebrilus_, 86, 87;
_Z. pumilus_, 89
_Zenaida_, 326, 328, 334, 342;
_Z. amabilis_, 342
_Zenaidura_, 327;
_Z. carolinensis_, 342
_Zeocephus_, 507
Zic-zac, 276, 295
Zietz–see Stirling
_Zonaeginthus bellus_, 577
_Zonerodius heliosylus_, 90
_Zonibyx_, 272
_Zonotrichia_, 586
Zoomelanin, 3 n.
Zoonerythrin, 3 n.
_Zoothera_, 510
Zooxanthin, 3 n.
Zosteropidae, 568
_Zosterops_, 568;
_Z. caerulescens_, 568;
_Z. japonica_, 568;
_Z. lateralis_, 568;
_Z. simplex_, 568
Zygodactylous feet, 10;
in Cuculiformes, 351;
in Picidae, 457

END OF VOL. IX

THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY.

Edited by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College,
Cambridge, Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology; and A. E.
SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, University Lecturer
on the Morphology of Invertebrates.

_To be completed in Ten Volumes. 8vo. Price 17s. net each._

Intended in all respects to be a Standard Natural History accurate enough
to be of use to the Student, and at the same time popular enough for the
general reader who desires trustworthy information as to the structure
and habits of all members of the Animal Kingdom, from the Protozoa to the
Mammals. The Volumes are fully illustrated by original figures drawn
where possible from nature. When complete the Series is one which should
be indispensable in all Libraries, whether public or private.

NOW READY. VOLUME II.

WORMS, LEECHES, ETC.

FLATWORMS. By F. W. GAMBLE, M.Sc. Vict., Owens College. NEMERTINES. By
Miss L. SHELDON, Newnham College, Cambridge.–THREAD-WORMS, ETC. By A. E.
SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge.–ROTIFERS. By MARCUS
HARTOG, M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, D.Sc. Lond., Professor of
Natural History in the Queen's College, Cork.–POLYCHAET WORMS.–By W.
BLAXLAND BENHAM, D.Sc. Lond., Hon. M.A. Oxon., Aldrichian Demonstrator of
Comparative Anatomy in the University of Oxford.–EARTHWORMS AND LEECHES.
By F. E. BEDDARD, M.A. Oxon., F.R.S., Prosector to the Zoological
Society, London.–GEPHYREA, ETC. By A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of
Christ's College, Cambridge.–POLYZOA. By S. F. HARMER, M.A., Fellow of
King's College, Cambridge.

_CAMBRIDGE REVIEW._–"Several of the groups treated of in this volume are
unknown by sight even to the general reader, and possess no popular name
whatsoever; and as only a few insignificant details are known of the
habits of the animals composing them, their treatment in the volume
before us has necessarily been to a large extent anatomical. This
circumstance renders the book of especial value to students, more
particularly as in some cases the articles on the groups in question are
the first comprehensive ones dealing with their respective subjects....
Most of the articles are of a very high order of merit–taken as a whole,
it may be said that they are by far the best which have as yet been
published.... We may say with confidence that the same amount of
information, within the same compass, is to be had in no other zoological
work."

_GUARDIAN._–"Taken as a whole, the articles are by far the best that have
been written on their respective subjects, and the present volume will
have a high value for zoological students besides its attractions for the
general reader."

_NATURAL SCIENCE._–"This second volume of the Cambridge Natural History
is certain to prove a most welcome addition to English Zoological
literature. It deals with a series of animal groups, all deeply
interesting to the specialist in morphology; some important from their
economic relations to other living things, others in their life-histories
rivalling the marvels of fairy-tales. And the style in which they are
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NOTES

[1] _P.Z.S._ 1892, p. 236.

[2] The integument of a Bird consists of Skin and Feathers, the former
being composed of a superficial _epidermis_ and an underlying _derma_
or _cutis_, which is rich in sensory organs but poor in
blood-vessels. The epidermis itself has a horny outer layer and a
softer (Malpighian) substratum. Feathers, hairs, bristles, scales,
claws and bill-sheaths are epidermal structures.

[3] A translation was edited for the Ray Society by Mr. Sclater in 1867.

[4] Of this nature are zoomelanin (black), zoonerythrin (red), zooxanthin
(yellow), turacin (red–only known in the _Musophagidae_), and perhaps
turacoverdin (green, from the same family). Brown is produced by a
combination of red and black; white is the appearance due to
innumerable air-spaces.

[5] Such are many yellows, oranges, greens and blues.

[6] Albinism is due to the absence of pigment; melanism, xanthochroism
and erythrism are terms implying an abnormal proportion of black,
yellow, or red in the plumage. They may be caused by food.

[7] In some cases at least Rails and Water-hens do the same.

[8] In certain of the _Tetraonidae_ the claws are shed in spring; in some
_Alcidae_ (Auks) the horny bill-sheath and the outgrowths over the
eyes are lost after the breeding season; the American White Pelican
moults a horny projection on the culmen after nesting, while the beak
of Redpolls is much elongated in summer.

[9] The _Ratitae_, _Crypturi_ and _Hesperornis_ have no pygostyle.

[10] For the best collection of facts, see the various reports of the
Migration Committee of the British Association, 1880-1888; and
especially that for 1896, containing the Digest of the observations
(made at Lighthouses and Lightships) by Mr. W. Eagle Clarke.

[11] It has been suggested that these flocks of young birds are led by
older members of their own species which, though for some cause not
breeding, have yet had experience of migration; but of this there is
no evidence whatever.

[12] Cf. W. Dames, _Pal. Abhandl._ ii. 1884, pp. 119-196; transl. _Geol.
Mag._ 1884, pp. 418-424; Vogt, _Ibis_, 1880, pp. 434-456; Hurst,
_Nat. Sci._ vi. 1895, pp. 112-122, 180-186, 244-248; Pycraft, _op.
cit._ v. 1894, pp. 350-360, 437-448; viii. 1896, pp. 261-266.

[13] A doubtful genus, _Laopteryx_, has been described from the Jurassic
by Marsh, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) vii. 1881, p. 488.

[14] H. Gadow, Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil._ 1893, p. 90.

[15] H. Gadow, Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil._ 1893, p. 90.

[16] A pygostyle is occasionally found in _Struthio_ and _Apteryx_.

[17] P. L. Sclater, _P.Z.S._ 1895, p. 401.

[18] _Argentine Ornithology_, ii. 1889, p. 220.

[19] _Argentine Ornithology_, ii. 1889, p. 220.

[20] _Op. cit._ pp. 218, 220.

[21] _Ornitologia Papuasia e Molucche_, iii. Torino, 1882, p. 473.

[22] Cf. E. P. Ramsay, _P.Z.S._ 1876, p. 122.

[23] Cf. Murie, _P.Z.S._ 1867, p. 405.

[24] North, _Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds_, Sydney, 1889, p. 293.

[25] For an extinct gigantic bird from Callabonna, South Australia, with
enormous skull (_Genyornis newtoni_), see Stirling, _Nature_, l.
1894, p. 206; Stirling and Zietz, _Tr. R. Soc. S. Austr._, xx. 1896,
pp. 171-211.

[26] Cf. Milne-Edwards and Oustalet, _Vol. Centenaire Mus. N. H. Paris_,
1893, pp. 62-67.

[27] _Tr. Zool. Soc. London_, xiii. 1895, pp. 425-427.

[28] Rothschild, _Bull. Ornith. Club_, I. 1893, pp. lx. lxi.

[29] _Loc. cit._

[30] _Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus._ 1891, p. 218.

[31] _P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_ (2), vi. 1891, p. 448.

[32] _Tr. Zool. Soc. London_, xiii. 1895, pp. 373-431.

[33] _P. Soc. Queensland_, i. 1885, pp. 23-28.

[34] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (3) xiv. 1850, pp. 205-216.

[35] Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, _C. R. Ac. Sci._ cxviii. 1894, pp.
122-127; Andrews, _Geol. Mag._ 1894, p. 18; _id. Ibis_, 1896, pp.
376-389.

[36] Parker, _Tr. N. Z. Inst._ xxv. 1892, p. 3.

[37] _Bol. Mus. La Plata_, i. 1887, p. 24.

[38] _Revist. Argent._ i. 1891, p. 255.

[39] _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent._ i. 1891, pp. 20, 37.

[40] _Revist. Argent._ i. 1891, pp. 441-453.

[41] _Bol. Inst. Geogr. Argent._ xv. 1895, pp. 11, 12.

[42] _Ibis_, 1893, pp. 40-47; and _Nat. Sci._ 1894, p. 125.

[43] _Ibis_, 1896, pp. 1-12; see also Gadow, _op. cit._ pp. 586, 587.

[44] _Science Progress_, v. 1896, pp. 398-416.

[45] _Amer. J. Sci._ (3) v. 1873, pp. 161, 162.

[46] _Op. cit._ x. 1875, pp. 403-408.

[47] _Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus._ 1891, p. 200; _id._ A. Newton, _Dict.
Birds_, 1894. p. 651.

[48] This is very doubtful, as they show quite as many points of
resemblance to other very different forms.

[49] For these refer to Prof. Marsh's _Odontornithes_, New Haven, Conn.
1880.

[50] Lydekker, _Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus._ 1891, p. 192.

[51] _Ornitologia Papuasia e Molucche_, iii. Torino, 1882, pp. 469-471;
cf. also Sharpe, _Bull. Ornith. Club_, iv. 1894, p. iv.

[52] A. Newton, _Ibis_, 1889, p. 577.

[53] A. D. Bartlett, _P.Z.S._ 1879, p. 6.

[54] Cf. Gare-fowl (_Alcidae_), _infra_.

[55] P. L. Sclater, _Ibis_, 1888, p. 330.

[56] Cf. Moseley, _Rep. Voy. "Challenger," Zool._ ii. 1880, Birds, p. 123.

[57] Cf. Abbott, _Ibis_, 1860, p. 336; Sclater, _op. cit._ 1894, p. 501;
and Eaton, _Phil. Trans._ clxviii. 1879, pp. 154-157.

[58] Cf. Abbott, _ut supra_, and Moseley, _op. cit._ pp. 124, 125.

[59] Buller, _Birds of New Zealand_, 2nd ed. 1888, p. 301.

[60] Cf. Moseley and Abbott, _ut supra_, p. 57.

[61] Huxley, _Quart. J. Geol. Soc._ xv. 1859, pp. 670-676.

[62] _An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent._ i. 1891, pp. 16-19, 446.

[63] H. Gadow, Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil_, p. 129. For other
classifications see W. A. Forbes, _Rep. Brit. Ass._ 1881, p. 671; and
O. Salvin, _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxv. 1896, p. 342.

[64] Here the late Professor Roy's article on "Flight" (A. Newton, _Dict.
Birds_, 1893, p. 260) may be consulted.

[65] Ogilvie Grant, _Ibis_, 1896, p. 52.

[66] _Id. ibid._

[67] _Ibis_, 1865, pp. 281, 282.

[68] Harvie-Brown, _Zoologist_, 1894, p. 337-338.

[69] Eaton, _Phil. Trans._ clxviii. 1879, pp. 129-134; Ogilvie Grant,
_Ibis_, 1896, pp. 51-53.

[70] Eaton, _Phil. Trans._ clxviii. 1879, p. 121.

[71] _Voy. "Beagle"_ (1890 ed.), p. 351.

[72] _Quart. J. Geol. Soc._ xlii. 1886, pp. 366, 367.

[73] H. Gadow, Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil._ 1893, p. 135.

[74] A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1893, pp. 293, 294.

[75] W. A. Forbes, _P.Z.S._ 1882, pp. 208-212.

[76] The East American form of _P. flavirostris_ is separated as _P.
americanus_ by Mr. Ogilvie Grant, _Bull. Ornith. Club_, vii. 1897, p.
xxiv.

[77] _Cf._ E. Newton, _Ibis_, 1861, pp. 180, 276; Layard, _op. cit._ 1863,
p. 248.

[78] Cf. Seebohm, _Birds of the Japanese Empire_, 1890, p. 212.

[79] _Birds of New Zealand_, 2nd ed. ii. London, 1888, pp. 154-160.

[80] The Chatham Island bird is _P. onslowi_ of H. O. Forbes (_Ibis_,
1893, p. 537), who discusses various other species. The American
forms need further study.

[81] P. L. Sclater, _P.Z.S._ 1882, p. 458.

[82] Freeman and Salvin, _Falconry, its claims_, etc., London, 1859, pp.
327-349.

[83] W. A. Forbes, _P.Z.S._ 1882, p. 210.

[84] These birds eject the lining of the gizzard in a most curious manner;
cf. A. D. Bartlett, _P.Z.S._ 1881, pp. 247, 248.

[85] H. O. Forbes. _Naturalist's Wanderings_, London, 1885, p. 32.

[86] _Birds of Europe_, vi. 1879, pp. 193, 194.

[87] Jerdon, _Birds of India_, ii. Calcutta, 1877, p. 860.

[88] _Ibid._

[89] A. D. Bartlett, _P.Z.S._ 1869, p. 146.

[90] Sclater and Hudson, _Argentine Ornithology_, ii. 1889, pp. 103, 104.

[91] Cf. Sharpe, _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xvii. 1898-9, pp. 56-59.

[92] Ridgway, _Manual N. Amer. Birds_, 1887, p. 128. _A. würdemanni_ of
Florida is a close ally.

[93] Petherick, _P.Z.S._ 1860, pp. 195-198, and _Ibis_, 1859, p. 471.

[94] Ridgway, _Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv._ iv. Art. ix. 1878, pp. 249-251.

[95] Ridgway, _Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv._ iv. Art. ix. 1878, pp. 249-251.

[96] Garrod, _P. Z. S._ 1857, p. 297.

[97] Layard, ed. Sharpe, _Birds of South Africa_, 1875-84, p. 732, and
Hume, ed. Oates, _Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds_, iii. 1890, p. 266.

[98] Hume, ed. Oates, _Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds_, iii. 1890, p. 227.

[99] Jerdon, _Birds of India_, ii. Calcutta, 1877, p. 770.

[100] For this genus see Ogilvie Grant, _Ibis_, 1889, pp. 32-58.

[101] _Ibis_, 1884, pp. 88, 89.

[102] _Nineteenth Cent._ xxii. 1887, pp. 886-890.

[103] _Naturalist in Florida_, 1884, No. 1.

[104] Milne-Edwards, _Oiseaux Fossiles de la France_, ii. 1868, p. 58.

[105] Dames, _Svensk. Ak. Handl. Bihang_, xvi. 1890, Part IV. No. 1, pp.
4-11.

[106] Gibson, _Ibis_, 1880, pp. 165-167; Hudson, _Argentine Ornithology_,
ii. 1889, pp. 119-122.

[107] _Chauna_ has a dilatation near the middle of the trachea.

[108] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxvii. 1895, pp. 23, 24.

[109] For a general account, see A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1896, pp.
983-985.

[110] W. A. Forbes, _P.Z.S._ 1882, p. 350.

[111] _P.Z.S._ 1880, p. 533.

[112] _Supra_, p. 4.

[113] For notes on the courtship, and so forth, see J. G. Kerr, _Ibis_,
1890, pp. 359, 360.

[114] _Water Birds N. Amer._ ii. Boston, 1884, p. 56.

[115] _Voy. Beagle_ (1890 ed.), p. 244; cf. Cunningham, _Voy. Nassau_,
1871, pp. 91-97.

[116] Fine alternate dusky and white lines produce a grey effect at a short
distance.

[117] A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1896, pp. 841-842.

[118] I can hardly agree with Count Salvadori in placing _Aex_ here.

[119] Cf. _Dict. Birds_, artt. Duck, Goose, Swan, and the references there
given.

[120] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxvii. 1895.

[121] Andrews, _Ibis_, 1897, pp. 344-355.

[122] Huxley, _P.Z.S._ 1867, pp. 463-464.

[123] _Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator_, 1891-92, pp.
200-205.

[124] _Check-List N. Amer. Birds_, 1895, p. 344; Moreno and Mercerat, _An.
Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent._ i. 1891, pp. 67-69, pls. xviii.-xx. See
also _Dryornis_ (p. 44 _supra_).

[125] Cf. A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1894, pp. 822, 823.

[126] This is abbreviated from the account by J. Verreaux, _P.Z.S._ 1856,
pp. 348-352.

[127] Layard, ed. Sharpe, _Birds of South Africa_, 1875-1884, p. 9.

[128] Chapman and Buck, _Wild Spain_, 1893, p. 207.

[129] Chapman and Buck, _Wild Spain_, 1893, p. 206. The Black Vulture,
however, may possibly be meant, as the Egyptian Vulture does not seem
to break bones.

[130] Lydekker, _P.Z.S._ 1890, p. 404.

[131] Id. _Cat. Fossil Birds Brit. Mus._ 1891, p. 29.

[132] _Pterylography_ (_Ray Soc._) ed. Sclater, 1867, p. 37.

[133] Falconry is too large a subject to be considered here; but the reader
may be referred to the works of Salvin and Brodrick, Freeman and
Salvin, and others.

[134] Salvin, _Ibis_, 1859, p. 177; Pliny, _Hist. Nat._ lib. x. cap. 3.

[135] _A list of the Diurnal Birds of Prey_, 1884, pp. 14-18.

[136] J. H. Gurney, _Ibis_, 1875, p. 468.

[137] Cf., however, Sharpe, _P.Z.S._ 1873, pp. 418, 419.

[138] Ogilvie Grant, _Ibis_, 1897, pp. 214-220.

[139] Cf. North, _Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds_, Sydney, 1889, pp.
11-13.

[140] Cf. _Ibis_, 1879, pp. 413, 414.

[141] Professor Newton and other writers seem to consider that the true
Gyr-Falcon only _inhabits_ Scandinavia and _H. candicans_ Greenland
and Arctic America; but this does not preclude occurrences elsewhere.
Cf. however, _Ibis_, 1889, pp. 143-144.

[142] Cf. H. Gadow, Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil._ 1893, pp.
160-164.

[143] H. Gadow, Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil._ 1893, p. 176.

[144] A. Milne-Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (6) _Zool._ vii. 1878, Art. 6.

[145] _P.Z.S._ 1882, pp. 267-271.

[146] _P.Z.S._ 1877, p. 292.

[147] _Turnix sylvatica_ is called "Torillo" in Spain from its note, which
resembles the subdued bellowing of a bull.

[148] For the entire genus see Ogilvie Grant, _Ibis_, 1889, pp. 446-475.

[149] This species has bred in the Zoological Society's Gardens, where the
active young left the mound within twenty-four hours of being
hatched. A. D. Bartlett, _P.Z.S._ 1860, pp. 426, 427. _C.
purpureicollis_ has been recently described from Cape York.

[150] _P.Z.S._ 1868, p. 301.

[151] Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil._ 1893, p. 172.

[152] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxii. 1893.

[153] This name, and the Latin _Meleagris_, seem to have originally
belonged to the Guinea-Fowl. _M. gallipavo_, the origin of our
farm-yard Turkey, was domesticated in Europe by about 1530. Cf. A.
Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1896, pp. 994-996.

[154] For a full account see Tegetmeier, _Ibis_, 1891, pp. 304-327.

[155] Cock-fighting in England is beyond the scope of this work.

[156] Much interesting information is given in Yarrell's _Brit. Birds_, ed.
4, iii. 1882-84, pp. 91-104, and Tegetmeier, _Pheasants: their Nat.
Hist._ etc., ed. 2, 1881.

[157] _Euplocamus_ and _Gallophasis_ are synonyms of the above.

[158] Mr. Ogilvie Grant begins with _Excalphatoria_. Cf. _Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus._ xxii. 1893, pp. 94-95.

[159] For more details, see art. Quail, Dresser, _Birds of Europe_, vii.
1878, pp. 143-154.

[160] Grandidier, _Histoire de Madagascar_, xii., Paris, 1879, pp. 489,
490.

[161] Cf. Ogilvie Grant, _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxii. 1893, p. 188.

[162] See Lilford, _Ibis_, 1862, pp. 352-356; Dresser, _Birds of Europe_,
vii. pp. 123-128.

[163] The nest is occasionally in a shrub, Hume, ed. Oates, _Nests and Eggs
of Indian Birds_, iii. 1890, p. 435.

[164] For further details cf. Gould, _Monograph of the Odontophorinae_,
London, 1850.

[165] _Life Histories of N. Amer. Birds_, Special Bull. i. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1892, pp. 52-56.

[166] For hybrids of grouse, cf. Meyer, _Unser Auer Rackel und Birkwild_.
Vienna, 1887; and Millais, _Game Birds and Shooting Sketches_.
London, 1892.

[167] Cf. Lloyd, _Game Birds of Sweden and Norway_, London, 1867; and
Millais, _op. cit._

[168] T. E. Buckley, _P.Z.S._ 1882, pp. 112-116.

[169] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxii. 1893, p. 36.

[170] Cf. Elliot, _Monograph of the Tetraonidae_, New York, 1872; Dresser,
_Birds of Europe_, vii. 1871-81, p. 187. To these books and those
mentioned in the note on p. 237, the reader must be referred for
fuller details regarding the Tetraoninae.

[171] _Ibis_, 1880, p. 408.

[172] _Argentine Ornithology_, ii. London, 1889, p. 153.

[173] See Salmon, _P.Z.S._ 1879, p. 546, and cf. Durnford, _Ibis_, 1877, p.
193; 1878, p. 65.

[174] Dr. A. B. Meyer considers the remains found in the North Island (_N.
mantelli_) to be distinct from the South Island species, which he
names _N. hochstetteri_.

[175] For the habits, _cf._ Sclater and Hudson, _Argentine Ornithology_,
ii. 1889, pp. 159-161; Gosse, _Birds of Jamaica_, pp. 355-363;
Gundlach, _J. f. O._, 1875, pp. 353-355.

[176] Mr. Rothschild has separated the Canary Island race as _H.
fuerteventurae_.

[177] Chapman and Buck, _Wild Spain_, London, 1893, p. 342.

[178] The Boers of South Africa term all Bustards Paauw, _i.e._ Peacock
(_Pavo_).

[179] Dresser, _Birds of Europe_, vii. 1871-81, pp. 388, 394.

[180] W. K. Parker, _Tr. Zool. Soc. London_, vi. p. 501; x. p. 307; Murie,
_op. cit._ vii. p. 465; A. D. Bartlett, _P. Z. S._ 1862, p. 218.

[181] Layard, _Ibis_ 1882, pp. 534-535; Bartlett, _P.Z.S._ 1862, pp. 218;
1868, pp. 114-116.

[182] _Dict. Birds_, 1896, pp. 923-925.

[183] _P.Z.S._ 1866, p. 76.

[184] W. A. Forbes, _P.Z.S._ 1881, pp. 646, 647.

[185] See, however, Sharpe, _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxiv. 1896, p. 741.

[186] For this bird's "dances," see Hudson, _Argentine Ornithology_, ii. p.
167.

[187] See W. W. Cordeaux, _Ibis_, 1894, p. 374; 1897, pp. 563-564.

[188] Adams, _P.Z.S._, 1859, p. 130; Nelson, _Auk_, 1884, pp. 218-221; _id.
N.H. Collect. Alaska_, Washington, 1887, pp. 108-109; Murdoch, _Rep.
Polar Exped. Pt. Barrow_, Washington, 1885, p. 111.

[189] See Yarrell's _Brit. Birds_, 4th ed., iii. 1882-84, pp. 426-434, and
elsewhere.

[190] For the nerves of the bill, see Yarrell's _Brit. Birds_, 4th ed. iii.
1882-84, pp. 346, 347.

[191] For habits, see Dresser, _Birds of Europe_, vii. 1871-1881, pp.
635-637.

[192] Wood-Mason. _P.Z.S._ 1878, pp. 745-751; Gould, _Birds of Australia_,
ii. 1865, p. 275.

[193] Cf. Sharpe, _Ibis_, 1892, p. 543; but it seems nearer to _Turnix_
(p. 187).

[194] _Oe. dominicensis_ of St. Domingo may be distinct from the above.

[195] Hudson, _Argentine Ornithology_, ii. London, 1889, p. 163.

[196] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxv. 1896, p.3.

[197] Stejneger, _Stand. N. H._ iv. Boston, 1885, p. 75.

[198] Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, _Water Birds N. Amer._ ii. 1884, p. 194.

[199] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxv. 1896; _J. Linn. Soc._ xiv. pp. 390-406;
_P.Z.S._ 1876, pp. 638-672; 1878, pp. 155-212.

[200] See Saunders, _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxv. 1896, pp. 171, 200-219.

[201] Cf. Sperling, _Ibis_, 1868, pp. 286-288; Collingwood, _Zoologist_,
1867, pp. 980-983.

[202] Mr. Barrett-Hamilton, however, tells the author that the feet are red
in life.

[203] Since referred by Milne-Edwards to the Cypselidae as _Tachyornis_.

[204] For the literature, see A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1893, pp. 220-221,
303-308.

[205] _P.Z.S._ 1882, pp. 312-332; Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil_,
pp. 207-209.

[206] For further details see A. Newton, _Ibis_, 1864, pp. 185-222; 1890,
pp. 207-214; _Dict. Birds_, 1894, pp. 805-810; cf. also _Zool. Rec._
1888-89.

[207] Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil_, 1893, p. 210.

[208] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xxi. 1893, p. 3.

[209] See Darwin, _The Variation of Animals and Plants under
Domestication_, i. London, 1868, pp. 131-224; Tegetmeier, _Pigeons,
their Structure, etc._ London: 1867.

[210] Strickland and Melville, _The Dodo and its Kindred_, London, 1848; A.
Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1893, pp. 155-161, 215, 216; E. Newton and H.
Gadow, _Tr. Zool. Soc._ London, xiii. 1893, pp. 281-302.