Chapter XXIX: Introduction (28)

[211] _Phil. Trans._ clix. 1869, pp. 327-362; clxviii. 1879, pp. 448-451.
Further details will be found in Strickland and Melville's work _The
Dodo and its Kindred_, London, 1848, pp. 46-56; A. Newton, _Dict.
Birds_, 1896, pp. 887-892.

[212] _P.Z.S._ 1874, pp. 183, 184.

[213] _Op. cit._ 1852, p. 87.

[214] Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil_, 1893, pp. 212-223.

[215] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xix. 1891, pp. 209-210.

[216] For superstitions connected with Celebes Cuckoos, see Meyer, _Ibis_,
1879, pp. 67-70.

[217] Cf. Sibree, _Ibis_, 1891, pp. 218-219.

[218] Cf. Meyer, _ut supra_ (p. 356).

[219] See Church, _Phil. Trans._ 1869, pp. 627-636; _op. cit._ 1893, pp.
511-530.

[220] Bonn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil_, 1893, pp. 221, 222.

[221] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xx. 1891, pp. viii. 2.

[222] Cf. Buller, _Birds of New Zealand_, 2nd ed., i. London, 1888, pp.
176-191.

[223] Gibson, _Ibis_, 1880, pp. 3-6.

[224] Cf. Salvadori, _Ornitologia Papuasia e Molucche_, i. Torino, 1880, p.
125.

[225] For this, as most Madagascar birds, see Grandidier, _Histoire de
Madagascar_, and Sibree, _Ibis_, 1891, pp. 194-228, 416-443, 557-565;
1892, pp. 103-119, 261-274.

[226] Cf. Salvin, _P.Z.S._ 1873, pp. 429-433.

[227] Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil_, pp. 233-235. The Hoopoes
used once be considered Passerine.

[228] A. D. Bartlett, _P.Z.S._ 1869, p. 142; Flower, _tom. cit._ p. 150;
Murie, _op. cit._ 1874, p. 420.

[229] In the _Upupinae_ and _Irrisorinae_ the oil-gland of the incubating
female, and also of the young, produces a stinking secretion.

[230] Cf. Milne-Edwards, _Oiseaux fossiles de la France_, ii. 1871, pp.
474-492; and for further details A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1894, pp.
671-674.

[231] Brisson, who divided the genus _Strix_, made the Tawny Owl its type;
if this be accepted, Striginae must become Alucinae and Buboninae
become Striginae.

[232] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ ii. 1875, p. vii.

[233] Hume, ed. Oates, _Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds_, iii. 1890, p. 103.

[234] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ ii. 1875, pp. 290-309.

[235] Not to be confounded with the "More-pork" Nightjar of Tasmania
(p. 417).

[236] H. Gadow, in A. Newton's _Dict. Birds_, 1893, p. 69.

[237] _J.f.O._ 1885, p. 341, pl. 4.

[238] Cf. Gosse, _Birds of Jamaica_, 1847, pp. 47, 48; Goeldi, _Ibis_,
1896, pp. 299-305.

[239] Cf. the French "Crapaud-volant" or Flying Frog, applied to Nightjars.

[240] The _Cypselomorphae_ of Huxley included Swifts, Humming-birds, and
the Nightjar group.

[241] D'Albertis noticed _Macropteryx mystacea_ settling on trees in the
day-time, and Shufeldt saw _Cypselus melanoleucus_ sitting on rocky
pinnacles.

[242] Green, _J. Physiol._ vi. 1885, pp. 41-45.

[243] _P.Z.S._ 1863, pp. 191-192.

[244] Two large ticks (_Anapera fimbriata_) are usually found on this bird,
similar to _Anapera pallida_ of _C. apus_.

[245] For a fuller account, see A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1893, pp.
440-451.

[246] These are produced by the prismatic surfaces of the feathers, cf. pp.
3, 4.

[247] _Ibis_, 1859, pp. 139, 140.

[248] _Zool. Voy. Beagle_, iii. 1841, p. 112.

[249] _Birds of Jamaica_, 1847, p. 130.

[250] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xvi. 1892, p. 28.

[251] For the habits, see Taczanowski and Stolzmann, _P.Z.S._ 1881, pp.
827-834.

[252] For the Family generally, see Sclater, _Monograph of the Jacamars and
Puff-birds_, London, 1879-82; and _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xix. 1891.

[253] This is Dr. Gadow's view; but two separate Families are decidedly
preferable.

[254] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xix. 1891, pp. 13-121.

[255] Layard, ed. Sharpe, _Birds of South Africa_, 1875-84, pp. 166-171.
Cf. Sandeman, _Eight Months in an Ox-Waggon_, 1880, pp. 235-239.
[Extract, _Ibis_, 1880, p. 286.]

[256] _Ibis_, 1864, pp. 327-328.

[257] So called either from the note, or from two words meaning "nose" and
"bone."

[258] See Broderip, _Zool. Journ._ i. 1825, p. 484; Vigors, _op. cit._ ii.
1826, pp. 466-483.

[259] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xix. 1891, pp. 122-160.

[260] The hallux is often aborted, producing a tridactylous, instead of a
zygodactylous, foot (cf. p. 10).

[261] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xviii. 1890.

[262] Mr. Abel Chapman (_Wild Spain_, p. 256) says that the Spanish Green
Woodpecker breeds twice a year; and its British congener at times
does likewise.

[263] A Mexican species stores acorns in hollow stems of plants, but
subsequently sticks them in holes bored in branches. Baird, Brewer,
and Ridgway, _N. Amer. Birds_, ii. 1874, pp. 569-572.

[264] _Ibis_, 1880, pp. 340-349.

[265] _Dict. Birds_, 1896, Introduction.

[266] _Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel_, Amsterdam,
1888.

[267] Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves. Syst. Theil_, 1893, pp. 270-273.

[268] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xiv. 1888.

[269] Cf. Sclater, _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xiv. 1888, p. 282.

[270] _P. buckleyi_ has curious long filaments on the head of the young.
Sclater and Salvin, _P.Z.S._ 1880, p. 158.

[271] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xiv. 1888, p. 326.

[272] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xv. 1890, p. 3.

[273] _I.e._ interiorly scutellated at the back.

[274] Duets are said to be sung; cf. Hudson _Argentine Ornithology_, i.
1888, p. 168.

[275] _P.Z.S._ 1882, p. 609.

[276] _Op. cit._ 1873, p. 268.

[277] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xv. 1890, p. 177.

[278] Some _Oscines_ have as many as seven pairs, but _Sphenoeacus_ has
only three.

[279] Stejneger, _Standard Natural History_, iv. 1885.

[280] Sharpe, _A Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds_, 1891 (2nd
Ornith. Congress).

[281] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ vi. 1881.

[282] _op. cit._ vii. 1883, pp. xii-xvi.

[283] Placed under the Timeliidae in _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ vii. 1883, p.
ix.

[284] The American Redstart is _Setophaga ruticilla_ (Mniotiltidae), the
Cape Robin is _Cossypha caffra_, the Indian Robin _Thamnobia_, the
New Zealand Robin _Miro_.

[285] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ vii. 1883, pp. x. xi. (Timeliidae).

[286] For new British species, see Saunders, _Manual Brit. Birds_, 2nd
edition, 1897-9.

[287] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ viii. 1883, p. 89. The _Gymnorhininae_ belong
to the group _Austro-coraces_ or _Noto-coracomorphae_, if such be
admitted; _i.e._ to the apparently generalized forms whence the
_Corvidae_ (p. 557) and perhaps the _Laniidae_, have sprung.

[288] H. Gadow, Bronn's _Thier-Reich, Aves, Syst. Theil_, 1893, p. 281.

[289] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ viii. 1883, p. 3.

[290] For unconscious mimicry of _Mimeta_ (Oriolidae) and _Philemon_
(Meliphagidae), cf. A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1893, pp. 573-574.

[291] _Cf._ A. Newton, _Dict. Birds_, 1893, pp. 37-40; and for the Family
generally, _op. cit._ pp. 48-51, 534-536, 779-780, 789-790, Wallace,
_Malay Archipelago_, ch. xxxviii., Salvadori, _Ornitologia Papuasia e
Molucche_, and the Monographs of Elliot and Sharpe.

[292] W. A. Forbes, _P.Z.S._ 1882, pp. 347-350; Beddard, _Ibis_, 1891, pp.
512-514.

[293] Not to be confounded with the New Zealand Rifleman (_Acanthidositta
chloris_.)

[294] _Malay Archipelago_, ch. xxxviii.

[295] _P.Z.S._ 1885, pp. 651-656.

[296] _Das Tier-reich_, 1898.

[297] The _Austro-coraces_ (p. 531) may contain these three genera and the
Paradiseidae.

[298] This genus and the two next perhaps belong to the Sturnidae.

[299] _Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds_, i. 1889, p. 363.

[300] _A Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds_, 1891 (2nd _Internat.
Orn. Congress_).

[301] For _Paramythia montium_, of New Guinea, a dull-blue bird with creamy
head, black crest and fore-neck, olive-green rump-region, yellow
vent, and brownish wings; cf. Sclater, _Ibis_, 1893, pp. 243-245;
Hartert, _Novitat. Zool._ iii. pp. 13, 14.

[302] Cf. Wilson and Evans, _Aves Hawaiienses_, pt. ii. 1891, pp. 17-21;
pt. vii. 1899, pp. 1-7; and, for the Family generally, the same work,
Rothschild, _Avifauna of Laysan_, and Perkins, _Ibis_, 1893, pp.
101-112.

[303] _Oreoeca cristata_ (Laniidae) and _Manorhina melanophrys_
(Meliphagidae) are the Bell-birds of Australia; _Chasmorhynchus_
(Cotingidae) of the Neotropical Region.

[304] Cf. Buller, _Birds of New Zealand_, 2nd ed. i. 1888, p. 104; Wilson
and Evans, _Aves Hawaiienses_, pt. i. 1890, p. 3.

[305] _P.Z.S._ 1883, p. 63.

[306] _Ibis_, 1891, p. 510-512.

[307] Shelley, _Monograph of the Nectariniidae_, London, 1880, p. xiii.

[308] For the Family see Sclater, _Monogr. Tanag._ 1857; and _Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus._ xi. 1886.

[309] Euler, _J. f. O._ 1867, p. 411.

[310] Cf. Shelley, _Ibis_, 1886, pp. 301-359; 1887, pp. 1-47.

[311] For a full account of the tail-feathers of these remarkable birds,
see Strickland, _Contrib. Ornith._ 1850, pp. 88, 149; A. Newton,
_Dict. Birds_, 1896, p. 1030.

[312] _Cat. Birds Brit. Mus._ xi. 1886, p. 309.

[313] _Cassidix oryzivora_ is parasitic on other forms; Goeldi, _Ibis_,
1897, p. 364.

[314] For the Pigeon-like conduct of the courting male, see Hudson,
_Argentine Ornithology_, i. 1888, pp. 73, 87.