Chapter V: Part 5

=_Stationary_ and _stationery_.= _Stationary_ is an adjective
meaning _fixed_; _stationery_ is a noun meaning _writing
material_.

=_Statue_, _stature_, and _statute_.= _Statue_ means a _carved_
or _moulded figure_; _stature_ means _height_; _statute_ means
a _law_.

Exercise:

1. Insert _affect_ or _effect_: Noise does not ---- my
studying. It has little ---- on me. By the exercise of will
power I was able to ---- a change.

2. Insert _healthy_ or _healthful_: New Mexico has a ----
climate, Graham bread is ----. You will be ---- if you take
exercise.

3. Insert _later_ or _latter_: I will see you ----. Here are
two plans: the former is complex; the ---- is simple. Sooner or
---- you will learn the rule.

4. Insert _less_ or _fewer_: They have ---- money than we; we
have ---- pleasures than they. It seems to me there are ----
accidents.

5. Insert _principal_ or _principle_: The ---- part of a clock
is the pendulum, which swings regularly, according to a ---- of
science. My ---- reason for trusting him is that he is a man of
----. He is the ---- of the high school. The widow spends the
interest on the money, but keeps the ---- intact.

=Glossary of Faulty Diction=

=68. Avoid faulty diction.=

=_Ad_= (for _advertisement_). Avoid in formal writing and
speaking.

=_Ain't_.= Never correct. Say _I'm not_, _you_ [_we_, _they_]
_aren't_, _he_ [_she_, _it_] _isn't_.

=_All the farther_, _all the faster_.= Crude. Use _as far as_,
_as fast as_, in such sentences as "This is all the farther I
can go."

=_As_.= (a) Incorrect in the sense of _that_ or _whether_. "I
don't know _whether_ (not _as_) I can tell you." "Not _that_
(not _as_) I know." (b) _As ... as_ are correlatives. _Than_
must not replace the second _as_. Right: "As good as or better
than his neighbors." "As good as his neighbors, or better [than
they]." See 57.

=_Auto_.= An abbreviation not desirable in formal writing.

=_Awful_.= Means _filling with awe_ or _filled with awe_. Do not
use in the sense of _uncivil_, _serious_, or _ludicrous_, or
(in the adverbial form) in the sense of _very_, _extremely_.

=_Balance_.= Incorrect when used in the sense of _remainder_.

=_Because_.= Not to be used for _the fact that_. "_The fact that_
(not _because_) he is absent is no reason why we should not
proceed." See 5.

=_Between_.= Used of two persons or things. Not to be confused
with _among_, which is used of more than two.

=_Blame on_.= A crudity for _put the blame on_ or _blame_.
Faulty: "Don't blame it on me." Better: "Don't blame me."

=_Borned_.= A monstrosity for _born_. "I was _born_ (not
_borned_) in 1899."

=_Bursted_.= The past tense of _burst_ is the same as the
present.

=_Bust_ or _busted_.= Vulgar for _burst_. Right: "The balloon
burst." "The bank failed."

=_But what_.= _That_ is often preferable. "I do not doubt _that_
(not _but what_) he is honest."

=_Canine_.= An adjective. Not in good use as a noun.

=_Cannot help but_.= A confusion of _can but_ and _cannot help_.
"I can but believe you"; or "I cannot help believing you"; not
"I cannot help but believe you." See 34.

=_Caused by_.= To be used only when it refers definitely to a
noun. Wrong: "He was disappointed, caused by the lateness of
the train." The noun _disappointment_ should be used instead of
the verb _disappointed_. Then caused will have a definite
reference. Right: "His disappointment was caused by the
lateness of the train." See 23.

=_Claim_.= Means _to demand as a right_. Incorrect for _maintain_
or _assert_.

=_Considerable_.= An adjective, not an adverb. "He talked
_considerably_ (not _considerable_) about it."

=_Could of_.= An illiterate form arising from slovenly
pronunciation. Use _could have_. Avoid also _may of_, _must
of_, _would of_, etc.

=_Data_.= Plural. The singular (seldom used) is _datum_. Compare
_stratum_, _strata_; _erratum_, _errata_.

=_Demean_.= Means _to conduct oneself_, not _to lower_ or _to
degrade_.

=_Different than_.= _Different from_ is to be preferred. _Than_
is a conjunction. The idea of separation implied in _different_
calls for a preposition, rather than a word of comparison.

=_Disremember_.= Not in good use.

=_Done_.= A gross error when used as the past tense of _do_, or
as an adverb meaning _already_. "_I did it_ (not _I done it_)."
"I've _already_ (not _done_) got my lessons."

=_Don't_.= A contraction for _do not_; never to be used for _does
not_. The contraction of _does not_ is _doesn't_. See 51d.

=_Drownded_.= Vulgar for _drowned_.

=_Due to_.= To be used only when it refers definitely to a noun.
Faulty: "He refused the offer, due to his father's opposition."
Right: "His refusal of the offer was due to his father's
opposition." The noun _refusal_ should be used instead of the
verb _refused_. Then _due_ will have a definite reference. See
5.

=_Enthuse_.= Not in good use.

=_Etc._= An abbreviation for the Latin _et cetera_, meaning _and
other_ [things]. _Et_ means _and_. _And etc._ is therefore
grossly incorrect. Do not write _ect._

=_Expect_.= Means _to look forward to_. Hardly correct in the
sense of _suppose_.

=_Fine_.= Use cautiously as an adjective, and not at all as an
adverb. Seek the exact word. See 62.

=_Former_.= Means the first or first named of two. Not to be used
when more than two have been named. The corresponding word is
_latter_.

=_For to_.= Incorrect for _to_. "I want _you_ (not _for you_) to
listen carefully." "He made up his mind _to_ (not _for to_)
accept."

=_Gent_.= A vulgar abbreviation of _gentleman_.

=_Good_.= An adjective, not an adverb. Wrong: "He did good in
mathematics." Right: "He did well in mathematics." "He did good
work in mathematics."

=_Gotten_.= An old form now usually replaced by _got_ except in
such expressions as _ill-gotten gains_.

=_Guess_.= Expresses conjecture. Not to be used in formal
composition for _think_, _suppose_, or _expect_.

=_Had of_.= Illiterate. "I wish I _had known_ (not _had of
known_) about it."

=_Had ought_.= A vulgarism. "He _ought_ (not _had ought_) to have
resigned." "We _oughtn't_ (not _hadn't ought_) to make this
error."

=_Hardly_.= Not to be used with a negative. See 34.

=_Home_.= Do not use when you mean simply _house_.

=_Human_ or _humans_.= Not in good use as a noun. Say _human
being_. Right: "The house was not fit for _human beings_ (not
_humans_) to live in."

=_If_.= Do not use for _whether_. "I can't say _whether_ (not
_if_) the laundry will be finished today."

=_In_.= Often misused for _into_. "He jumped _into_ (not _in_)
the pond."

=_It's_.= Means _it is_; not to be written for the possessive
_its_.

=_Kind of_.= (a) Should not modify adjectives or verbs. "He was
_somewhat_ (not _kind of_) lean." "_She partly suspected_ (not
_She kind of suspected_) what was going on." (b) When using
with a noun, do not follow by _a_. "That kind of man"; not
"That kind of a man."

=_Like_.= To be followed by a substantive; never by a substantive
and a verb. "He ran like a deer." "Do _as_ (not _like_) I do."
"She felt _as if_ (not _like_) she was going to faint." _Like_
is a preposition; _as_ is a conjunction.

=_Literally_.= Do not use where you plainly do not mean it, as in
the sentence, "I was literally tickled to death."

=_Loan_.= _Lend_ is in better use as a verb.

=_Locate_.= Do not use for _settle_ or _establish oneself_.

=_Lose out_.= Not used in formal writing. Say _lose_.

=_Lots of_.= A mercantile term which has a dubious colloquial
standing. Not in good literary use for _many_ or _much_.

=_Might of_.= A vulgarism for _might have_.

=_Most_.= Do not use for _almost_. "_Almost_ (not _most_) all."

=_Myself_.= Intensive or reflexive; do not use when the simple
personal pronoun would suffice. "I saw them myself." "Some
friends and _I_ (not _myself_) went walking."

=_Neither_.= Used with _nor_, and not with _or_. "Neither the man
whom his associates had suspected _nor_ (not _or_) the one whom
the police had arrested was the criminal." "She could neither
paint a good picture _nor_ (not _or_) play the violin well."

=_Nice_.= Means _delicate_ or _precise_. _Nice_ is used in a
loose colloquial way to indicate general approval, but should
not be so used in formal writing. Right: "He displayed nice
judgment." "We had a _pleasant_ (not _nice_) time." See 62.

=_Nowhere near_.= Vulgar for _not nearly_.

=_Nowheres_.= Vulgar.

=_O_ and _Oh_.= _O_ is used with a noun in direct address; it is
not separated from the noun by any marks of punctuation. _Oh_
is used as an interjection; it is followed by a comma or an
exclamation point. "Hear, O king, what thy servants would say."
"Oh, dear!"

=_Of_.= Do not use for _have_ in such combinations as _should
have_, _may have_, _ought to have_.

=_Off of_.= _On_, _upon_, or some equivalent expression is
usually preferable.

=_Ought to of_.= A vulgarism for _ought to have_.

=_Over with_.= Crude for _over_.

=_Pants_.= _Trousers_ is the approved term in literary usage.
_Pants_ (from _pantaloons_) has found some degree of colloquial
and commercial acceptance.

=_Party_.= Not to be used for _person_, except in legal phrases.

=_Phone_.= A contraction not employed in formal writing. Say
_telephone_.

=_Plenty_.= A noun; not in good use as an adjective or an adverb.
"He had _plenty of_ (not _plenty_) resources." "He had
_resources in plenty_ (not _resources plenty_)."

=_Proposition_.= Means a _thing proposed_. Do not use loosely, as
in the sentence: "A berth on a Pullman is a good proposition
during a railway journey at night." See 62.

=_Proven_.= Prefer _proved_.

=_Providing_.= Prefer _provided_ in such expressions as "I will
vote for him _provided_ (not _providing_) he is a candidate."

=_Quite a_.= Colloquial in such expressions as _quite a while_,
_quite a few_, _quite a number_.

=_Raise_.= _Rear_ or _bring up_ is preferable in speaking of
children. "She _reared_ (not _raised_) seven children."

=_Rarely ever_.= Crude for _rarely_, _hardly ever_.

=_Real_.= Crude for _very_ or _really_. "She was _very_ (not
_real_) intelligent." "He was _really_ (not _real_) brave."

=_Remember of_.= Not to be used for _remember_.

=_Right smart_ and _Right smart of_.= Extremely vulgar.

=_Same_.= No longer used as a pronoun except in legal documents.
"He saw her drop the purse and restored _it_ (not _the same_)
to her."

=_Scarcely_.= Not to be used with a negative. See 34.

=_Seldom ever_.= Crude for _seldom_, _hardly ever_.

=_Shall_.= Do not confuse with _will_. See 53.

=_Sight_.= _A sight_ or _a sight of_ is very crude for _many_,
_much_, _a great deal of_. "_A great many_ (not _a sight_) of
them."

=_So_.= Not incorrect, but loose, vague, and often unnecessary.
(a) As an intensive, the frequent use of _so_ has been
christened "the feminine demonstrative." Hackneyed: "I was so
surprised." Better: "I was much surprised." Or, "I was
surprised." (b) As a connective, the frequent use of _so_ is a
mark of amateurishness. See 36 Note.

=_Some_.= Not to be used as an adverb. "She was _somewhat_ (not
_some_) better the next day." Wrong: "He studied some that
night." Right: "He did some studying that night."

=_Somewheres_.= Very crude. Use _somewhere_.

=_Species_.= Has the same form in singular and plural. "He
discovered a new _species_ (not _specie_) of sunflower."

=_Such_.= (a) To be completed by _that_, rather than by _so
that_, when a result clause follows. "There was such a crowd
_that_ (not _so that_) he did not find his friends." (b) To be
completed by _as_, rather than by _that_, _who_, or _which_,
when a relative clause follows. "I will accept such
arrangements _as_ (not _that_) may be made." "He called upon
such soldiers _as_ (not _who_) would volunteer for this service
to step forward."

=_Superior than_.= Not in good use for _superior to_.

=_Sure_.= Avoid the crude adverbial use. "It _surely_ (not
_sure_) was pleasant." In answer to the question, "Will you
go?" either _sure_ or _surely_ is correct, though _surely_ is
preferred. "[To be] sure." "[You may be] sure." "[I will]
surely [go]."

=_Suspicion_.= A noun. Never to be used as a verb.

=_Take and_.= Often unnecessary, sometimes crude. Redundant: "He
took the ax and sharpened it." Better: "He sharpened the ax."
Crude: "He took and nailed up the box." Better: "He nailed up
the box."

=_Tend_.= In the sense _to look after_, takes a direct object
without an interposed _to_. _Attend_, however, is followed by
_to_. "The milliner's assistant _tends_ (not _tends to_) the
shop." "I shall _attend to your wants in a moment_."

=_That there_.= Do not use for _that_. "I want _that_ (not _that
there_) box of berries."

=_Them_.= Not to be used as an adjective. "_Those_ (not _them_)
boys."

=_There were_ or _There was_.= Avoid the unnecessary use. Crude:
"There were seventeen senators voted for the bill." Better:
"Seventeen senators voted for the bill."

=_These sort_, _These kind_.= Ungrammatical. See 51b.

=_This here_.= Do not use for _this_.

=_Those_.= Do not carelessly omit a relative clause after
_those_. Faulty: "He is one of those talebearers." Better: "He
is a talebearer." [Or] "He is one of those talebearers whom
everybody dislikes."

=_Those kind_, _those sort_.= Ungrammatical. See 51b.

=_Till_.= Do not carelessly misuse for _when_: "I had scarcely
strapped on my skates _when_ (not _till_) Henry fell through an
air hole."

=_Transpire_.= Means _to give forth_ or _to become known_, not
_to occur_. "The secret _transpired_." "The sale of the
property _occurred_ (not _transpired_) last Thursday."

=_Try_.= A verb, not a noun.

=_Unique_.= Means _alone of its kind_, not _odd_ or _unusual_.

=_United States_.= Ordinarily preceded by _the_. "The United
States raised a large army." (Not "United States raised a large
army.")

=_Up_.= Do not needlessly insert after such verbs as _end_,
_rest_, _settle_.

=_Used to could_.= Very crude. Say _used to be able_ or _once
could_.

=_Very_.= Accompanied by _much_ when used with the past
participle. "He was _very much_ (not _very_) pleased with his
reception."

=_Want to_.= Not to be used in the sense of _should_, _had
better_. "You _should_ (not _You want to_) keep in good
physical condition."

=_Way_.= Not to be used for _away_. "Away (not _way_) down the
street."

=_Ways_.= Not to be used for _way_ in referring to distance. "A
little _way_ (not _ways_)."

=_When_.= (a) Not to be used for _that_ in such a sentence as "It
was in the afternoon that the races began." (b) A _when_ clause
is not to be used as a predicate noun. See 6.

=_Where_.= (a) Not to be used for _that_ in such a sentence as "I
see in the paper that our team lost the game." (b) A _where_
clause is not to be used as a predicate noun. See 6.

=_Where at_.= Vulgar. "Where is he? (not _Where is he at_?)"

=_Which_.= Do not use for _who_ or _that_ in referring to
persons. "The friends _who_ (not _which_) had loved him in his
boyhood were still faithful to him."

=_Who_.= Do not use unnecessarily for _which_ or _that_ in
referring to animals. Do not use the possessive form _whose_
for _of which_ unless the sentence is so turned as practically
to require the substitution.

=_Will_.= Do not confuse with _shall_. See 53.

=_Win out_.= Not used in formal writing or speaking.

=_Woods_.= Not ordinarily to be used as singular. "_A wood_ (not
_A woods_)."

=_Would have_.= Do not use for _had_ in if clauses. "If you _had_
(not _would have_) spoken boldly, he would have granted your
request."

=_Would of_.= A vulgarism for _would have_.

=_You was_.= Use _You were_ in both singular and plural.

=_Yourself_.= Intensive or reflexive; do not use when the
personal pronoun would suffice. "_You_ (not _Yourself_) and
your family must come."

Exercise:

1. Be sure the gun works alright. I was already when you came.

2. He talked considerable, but I couldn't scarcely remember
what all he said.

3. I never suspicioned that John could of been guilty of
forging his father's note. It don't seem hardly possible.

4. The island was not inhabited by humans. It was different
than any place I ever remember of. One sailor and myself
climbed a sand hill, but we couldn't see any signs of life
anywheres.

5. Hawkeye walked a ways into a woods. He was a right smart at
ease, for he had Kildeer with him.

=69.= EXERCISE IN DICTION

=A. Wordiness=

Strike out all that is superfluous, and make the following sentences simple and exact.

1. Some students lack the ability of being able to spell.

2. He seems to enjoy the universal esteem of all men.

3. The mind rebels against the enforced discipline imposed upon
it by others.

4. This is the house that was constructed and erected by a
young fellow who went by the common name of Jack.

5. There are invariably people in the world who always want to
get something for nothing. I saw some today crowding round a
soap man who was giving away free samples gratis.

6. Strawberries which grow in the woods or anywhere like that
have a flavor that is better than that of those which grow in
gardens.

7. The people showed Jackson the greatest honor it is within
their power to bestow by electing him president.

8. It was an old man of about sixty years, and he carried a
cane to support himself with when he took a walk. He pulled out
his watch to see what time it was every few minutes.

9. My favorite magazine is the one called _Popular Mechanics_.
I like it because it appeals to me.

10. There is a bird, and that bird is the cuckoo, that seems to
think it unnecessary to build its own nest, and so it occupies
any nest that it happens to find.

11. It is a good plan to follow if one would like to be able to
develop his memory to make it a rule to learn at least a few
lines of poetry every night before going to bed.

12. In the annals of history there is no historical character
more unselfish than the character of Robert E. Lee.

13. There are quite a few hotels in Estes Park, which is in
Colorado, but the one that is the most picturesque and striking
so that you remember it a long time on account of its unusual
surroundings is Long's Peak Inn.

14. It is often, but not always, a good sign that when one
person is quick to suspect another person of disloyalty or
dishonesty that he himself is disloyal or dishonest.

15. The canine quadruped was under suspicion of having
obliterated by a process of mastication that article of
sustenance which the butcher deposits at our posterior portal.

=B. The Exact Word=

Substitute, for inaccurate words and phrases, expressions which carry an exact and reasonable meaning.

1. Ostrich eggs made into omelets are a funny experience.

2. A small back porch can be built which will enter directly
into the kitchen.

3. Ruskin uses a great deal of unfamiliar words.

4. Reading will broaden the point of view of a student.

5. To visit the plant in operation is indeed a spectacular
sight.

6. My plants grew and looked nicer than any I ever saw.

7. I place little truth in that article, since it appeared in a
strong partisan paper.

8. The manufacturing of automobiles has gained to quite an
extent.

9. Emerson has some real clever thoughts in his essays.

10. I do not mean to degrade our local street car system, for
indeed, it is good along some lines.

11. I want to attain a greater per cent of efficiency in my
study.

12. Imagination is an important part in the successful writing
of themes.

13. His employer praised him for the preparation he had done.

14. I used water-wings as a sort of a "safety first" until I
learned how to swim.

15. In order to prevent infection from disease, two big things
are necessary.

16. The pastor delivered the announcements and after the
collection had been obtained, he presented the sermon of the
morning.

17. Another factor in my career that winter was that I became a
part of the orchestra.

18. It was a mighty nice party that Mrs. Jones gave and
everybody seemed to have an awfully nice time.

19. The more general word socialism might be divided into three
distinct classes, namely: the political party, the theoretical
socialist, and last what might be called a general tendency.

20. Starting with the pioneer days and up to the present time
every energy was set forth to lay low the forests and to get
homes from the wilderness.

=C. Words Sometimes Confused in Meaning=

Use the word which accurately expresses the thought.

1. The climate of California is very (healthful, healthy).

2. (Leave, let) me have the book.

3. He is afraid that he will (loose, lose) his position.

4. The (principal, principle) speaker of the day was Colonel
Walker.

5. I cannot run (as, like) he can.

6. An hour ago he (laid, lay) down to sleep.

7. I fear we are (liable, likely) to be punished.

8. The scolding did not much (affect, effect) him.

9. The light roller presses down the bricks so that the steam
roller will break (fewer, less) of them.

10. Whittier makes many (allusions, illusions) to the Bible.

11. Bread will (raise, rise) much more quickly in a warm place
than in a place where there is a draft.

12. It hardly seems (credible, creditable) that a small child
could walk ten miles.

13. I can't write a letter on this (stationary, stationery).

14. He (sets, sits) at the head of the table.

15. He spoke to the stranger (respectfully, respectively).

16. Did the president (affect, effect) a settlement of the
strike?

17. I cannot (accept, except) help from anyone.

18. Are the guests (already, all ready) for dinner?

19. Is the train moving or (stationary, stationery)?

20. It is (apt, likely, liable) to be pleasant tomorrow.

=D. Colloquialism, Slang, Faulty Idiom, etc.=

The diction of the following sentences is incorrect or inappropriate for written discourse. Improve the sentences.

1. I was kind of tired this morning, but now I feel alright.

2. I should of known better.

3. A young lady and myself went walking.

4. He is out of town for a couple days.

5. I feel some better now.

6. He will benefit greatly from the results.

7. The Puritans were a very odd acting people.

8. I like camping because of many reasons.

9. Cook your meal, and after you are finished eating, wash the
dishes.

10. He is a regular genius of a bookkeeper.

11. It is hard to see how humans can live in such tenements.

12. The soldiers destroyed property without the least regard of
who owned it.

13. She was crazy for an invite to the hop.

14. It was up to me to get out before there was something
doing.

15. The Gettysburg Address is very simple of understanding
though very strong of meaning.

16. When we become located in a desirable locality, we intend
to pay off some of our social indebtedness.

17. Have some local glass dealer to mend the broken door, and
send us the bill for the same.

18. The first part of Franklin's _Autobiography_ is different
than the latter part, which he wrote after the Revolutionary
War.

19. In 1771 a fellow by the name of Arkwright established a
mill in which spinning machines were run by water power.

20. Each day has brought closer to home the truth that the
condition of mankind in one part of the world is certain to
effect the equilibrium of mankind in most all other parts of
the world.

SPELLING

No one is able to spell all unusual words on demand. But every one must spell correctly even unusual words in formal writing. The writer has time or must take time to consult a dictionary. The best dictionaries are _Webster's New International Dictionary_, the _Standard Dictionary_ (less conservative than Webster's), the _Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia_ (Volume 2 of the _Century_ is the best place to look for proper names), and _Murray's New English Dictionary_ (very thorough, each word being illustrated with numerous quotations to show historical development). An abridged edition of one of these (the price is one to three dollars) should be accessible to each student who cannot buy the larger volumes. The best are: _Webster's Secondary School Dictionary_, _Funk and Wagnalls Desk Standard Dictionary_, the _Oxford Concise Dictionary_, and _Webster's Collegiate Dictionary_.

But the student will be spared constant recourse to the dictionary, and will save himself much time and many humiliations, if he will employ the rules and principles which follow.

=Recording Errors=

=70. Keep a list of all the words you misspell, copying them several times in correct form.= Concentrate your effort upon a few words at a time--upon those words which you yourself actually misspell. The list will be shorter than you think. It may comprise not more than twenty or thirty words. Unless you are extraordinarily deficient, it will certainly not comprise more than a hundred or a hundred and fifty. Find where your weakness lies; then master it. You can accomplish the difficult part of the task in a single afternoon. An occasional review, and constant care when you write, will make your mastery permanent.

After this, and only after this, begin slowly to learn the spelling of words which you do not yourself use often, but which are a desirable equipment for all educated men. See the list under 79. _Concentrate your efforts upon a few words at a time._ It is better to know a few exactly than a large number hazily. Form the mental habit of being always right with a small group of words, and extend this group gradually.

Exercise:

Prepare for your instructor a corrected list of words which you
have misspelled in your papers to the present time.

=Pronouncing Accurately=

=71. Avoid slovenly pronunciation.= Careful articulation makes for correctness in spelling.

Watch the vowels of unaccented syllables; give them distinct (not exaggerated) utterance, at least until you are familiar with the spelling. Examples: _sep=a=rate_, _opp=o=rtunity_, _ever=y=body_, _soph=o=more_, _d=i=vine_.

Sound accurately all the consonants between syllables, and do not sound a single consonant twice. Examples: _can=d=idate_, _gover=n=ment_, _su=r=prise_ (not _supp=r=ise_), _o=m=i=ss=ion_ (compare _o=cc=a=s=ion_), _de=f=er_ (compare _di=ff=er_).

Sound the _g_ in final _-ing_. Examples: _eating_, _running_.

Pronounce the _-al_ of adverbs derived from adjectives in _-ic_ or _-al_. Examples: _tragically_, _occasionally_, _generally_, _ungrammatically_.

Do not transpose letters; place each letter where it belongs. Examples: _p=er=spiration_ (not _p=re=spiration_), _tra=g=edy_ (not _tra=d=e=g=y_).

Note.--The principle of phonetic spelling as stated above applies to many words, but by no means to all. The Simplified Spelling Board would extend this principle by changing the spelling of words to correspond with their actual sounds. It recommends such forms as _tho_, _thru_, _enuf_, _quartet_, _catalog_, _program_. If the student employs these forms, he must use them consistently. Many writers oppose simplified spelling; many advocate it; many compromise. Others desire to supplant our present alphabet with one more nearly phonetic, and prefer, until this fundamental reform takes place, to preserve our present spelling as it is.

Exercise:

Copy the following words slowly, pronouncing the syllables as
you write: _accidentally_, _accommodate_, _accurately_,
_artistically_, _athletics_ (not _atheletics_), _boundary_,
_candidate_, _cavalry_, _commission_, _curiosity_, _defer_,
_definite_, _description_, _despair_, _different_, _dining
room_, _dinned_, _disappoint_, _divide_, _divine_,
_emphatically_, _eighth_, _everybody_, _February_, _finally_,
_goddess_, _government_, _hundred_, _hurrying_, _instinct_,
_laboratory_, _library_, _lightning_, _might have_ (not _might
of_), _naturally_, _necessary_, _occasionally_, _omission_,
_opinion_, _opportunity_, _optimist_, _partner_, _perform_,
_perhaps_, _perspiration_, _prescription_, _primitive_,
_privilege_, _probably_, _quantity_, _really_, _recognise_,
_recommend_, _reverence_, _separate_, _should have_ (not
_should of_), _sophomore_, _strictly_, _superintendent_,
_surprise_, _temperance_, _tragedy_, _usually_, _whether_.

=Logical Kinship in Words=

=72. Get help in spelling a difficult word by thinking of related words.= To think of _ridiculous_ will prevent your writing _a_ for the second _i_ of _ridicule_; to think of _ridicule_ will prevent your writing _rediculous_. To think of _prepare_ will prevent your writing _preperation_; to think of _preparation_ will forestall _preparitory_. To think of _busy_ will save you from the monstrosity _buisness._ To think of the prefixes _re-_ (meaning _again_) and _dis-_ (meaning _not_), and the verbs _commend_ and _appoint_, will prevent your writing _recommend_ or _disappoint_ with a double _c_ or _s_.

Note.--The relationship between words is not always a safe guide to spelling. Observe _four_, _forty_; _nine_, _ninth_; _maintain_, _maintenance_; _please_, _pleasant_; _speak_, _speech_; _prevail_, _prevalent_. Do not confuse the following prefixes, which have no logical connection:

_ante-_ (before) _anti-_ (against, opposite)
_de-_ (from, about) _dis-_ (apart, away, not)
_per-_ (through, entirely) _pre-_ (before)

Exercise:

1. Write the nouns corresponding to the following verbs:
_prepare_, _allude_, _govern_, _represent_, _degrade_.

2. Write the adjectives corresponding to the following nouns
and the nouns corresponding to the following adjectives:
_desperation_, _academy_, _origin_, _ridiculous_, _miraculous_,
_grammatical_, _arithmetical_, _busy_.

3. Write the adverbs corresponding to the following adjectives:
_real_, _sure_, _actual_, _hurried_, _accidental_,
_incidental_, _grammatical_.

4. Copy the following pairs of related words or related forms
of words: _labor, laboratory_; _debate, debater_; _base,
based_; _deal, dealt_; _chose, chosen_; _mean, meant_.

5. Write each of the following words with a hyphen between the
prefix and the body of the word: _describe_, _description_,
_disappoint_, _disappear_, _disease_, _dissatisfy_, _dissever_,
_permit_, _perspire_, _prescription_, _preconceive_,
_recommend_, _recollect_, _reconsider_, _antedate_,
_antecedent_, _anticlimax_, _antitoxin_.

=Superficial Resemblances between Words=

=73. Guard against misspelling a word because it bears a superficial resemblance, in sound or appearance, to some other word.= Most of the words in the following list have no logical connection; the resemblance is one of form only (_angel_, _angle_). But a few words are included which are different in spelling in spite of a logical relation (_breath_, _breathe_).

accept (to receive)
except (to exclude, with exclusion of)

advice (noun)
advise (verb)

affect (to influence in part)
effect (to bring to pass totally)

allusion (a reference)
illusion (a deceiving appearance)

all right
almost
already

altogether
always

alley (a back street)
ally (a confederate)

altar (a structure used in worship)
alter (to make otherwise)

angel (a celestial being)
angle (the meeting place of two lines)

baring (making bare)
barring (obstructing)
bearing (carrying)
born (brought into being)
borne (carried)

breath (noun)
breathe (verb)

capital (a city)
capitol (a building)

canvas (a cloth)
canvass (to solicit)

clothes (garments)
cloths (pieces of cloth)

coarse (not fine)
course (route, method of behavior)

conscious (aware)
conscience (an inner moral sense)

dairy
diary

device (noun)
devise (verb)

desert (a barren country)
dessert (food)

dining room
dinning

disappear
disappoint

disavowal
dissatisfaction
dissimilar
dissipate
dissuade

decent (adjective)
descent (downward slope or motion)
dissent (a disagreement)

dual (adjective)
duel (noun)

formally (in a formal way)
formerly (in time past)

forth
forty
four
fourth

freshman
freshmen (not used as adjective)

gambling (wagering money on games of chance)
gamboling (frisking or leaping with joy)

guard
regard

hear
here

hinder
hindrance

holly (a tree)
holy (hallowed, sacred)
wholly (altogether)

hoping (from _hope_)
hopping

instance (an example)
instants (periods of time)

isle (an island)
aisle (a narrow passage)

its (possessive pronoun)
it's (contraction of _it is_)

Johnson, Samuel
Jonson, Ben

later (comparative of _late_)
latter (the second)

lead (present tense)
led (past tense)

lessen (verb)
lesson (noun)

liable (expresses responsibility or disagreeable probability)
likely (expresses probability)

loose (free, not bound)
lose (to suffer the loss of)

maintain
maintenance

nineteenth
ninetieth
ninety
ninth

past (adjective, adverb, preposition)
passed (verb, past tense)

peace (a state of calm)
piece (a fragment)

perceive
perform
persevere
persuade
purchase
pursue

personal (private, individual)
personnel (the body of persons engaged in some activity)

Philippines
Filipino

plain (clear; adjective)
plain (flat region; noun)
plane (flat; adjective)
plane (geometrical term; noun)

planed (past tense of _plane_)
planned (past tense of _plan_)

pleasant
please

precede
proceed }
succeed } these three are the
exceed } "double _e_ group"
concede
intercede
recede
supersede

pre cé dence (act or right of preceding)
préc e dents (things said or done before, now used as authority
or model)

presence (state of being present)
presents (gifts)

prevail
prevalent

principal (chief, leading, the leading official of a school, a
sum of money)
principle (a general truth)

quiet (still)
quite (completely)

rain
reign (rule of a monarch)
rein (part of a harness)

respectfully ("Yours respectfully")
respectively (in a way proper to each--should never be used
to close a letter)

right
rite (ceremony)
write

shone (past tense of _shine_)
shown (past tense of _show_)

seize
siege

sight (view, spectacle)
site (situation, a plot of ground reserved for some use)
cite (to bring forward as evidence)

speak
speech

Spencer, Herbert (scientist)
Spenser, Edmund (poet)

stationary (not moving)
stationery (writing materials)

statue (a sculptured likeness)
stature (height, figure)
statute (a law)

steal (to take by theft)
steel (a variety of iron)

than
then

their (belonging to them)
there (in that place)
they're (they are)

therefor (to that end, for that thing)
therefore (for that reason)

till
until

to
too
two

track (an imprint, or a road)
tract (an area of land)
tract (a treatise on religion)

village
villain

wandering
wondering

weak (not strong)
week (seven days)

weather
whether

whole (entire)
hole (an opening)

who's (who is)
whose (the possessive of _who_)

your (indicates possession)
you're (contraction of _you are_)

Exercise:

1. Insert _to_, _too_, or _two_: He is ---- tired ---- walk the
----miles ---- the town. Then ----, it is ---- late ---- catch
a car. It is ---- minutes of ----. It is ---- bad.

2. Insert _lose_ or _loose_: You will ---- your money if you
carry it ---- in your pocket. We are ----ing time. The sailor
----ens the rope. Did you ---- your ticket?

3. Insert _speak or speech_: I was ----ing with our congressman
about his recent ----. I ---- from experience.

4. Insert _plan_ or _plane_: The architect's ---- was accepted.
The carpenter's ---- cuts a long shaving. The carpenter does
not ---- the house.

5. Insert _quite_ or _quiet_: The baby is ----ly sleeping. She
is ---- well now, but last night she was ---- sick. Be ----.
Walk ----ly when you go.

=Words in _ei_ or _ie_=

=74. Write _i_ before _e_
When sounded as _ee_
Except after _c_.=

Examples: _believe_, _grief_, _chief_; but _receive_, _deceive_, _ceiling_.

Exceptions: _Neither financier seized either species of weird leisure._ (Also a few uncommon words, like _seignior_, _inveigle_, _plebeian_.)

Rules based on a key-word, lice, Alice, Celia (_i_ follows _l_ and _e_ follows _c_) apply after two consonants only, and do not help one to spell a word like _grief_. Rule 74 applies after all consonants.

Note.--The words in which the sound is _ee_ are the words really difficult to spell. When the sound is any other than _ee_ (especially when it is _a_), _i_ usually follows _e_.

Examples: _veil_, _weigh_, _freight_, _neighbor_, _height_, _sleight_, _heir_, _heifer_, _counterfeit_, _foreign_, etc.

Exceptions: _ancient_, _friend_, _sieve_, _mischief_, _fiery_, _tries_, etc.

Exercise:

Write the following words, supplying _ei_ or _ie_: _conc--t_,
_retr--ve_, _dec--tful_, _n--ce_, _y--ld_, _p--ce_, _s--ge_,
_s--ze_, _rec--pt_, _n--ther_, _w--rd_, _rel--ve_, _l--sure_,
_f--ld_, _v--n_, _r--gn_, _sover--gn_, _sl--gh_, _br--f_,
_dec--ve_, _r--n_, _f--nt_, _perc--ve_, _w--ld_, _gr--vous_,
_--ther_.

=Doubling a Final Consonant=

=75. Monosyllables and words accented on the final syllable, if they end in one consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel.=

Examples: (a) Words derived from monosyllables: _plan-ned_, _clan-nish_, _get-ting_, _hot-test_, _bag-gage_, (b) Words derived from words accented on the final syllable: _begin-ning_, _repel-lent_, _unregret-ted_.

Note 1.--There are four distinct steps in the application of this rule. (1) The primary word must be found. To decide whether _begging_ contains two _g's_, we must first think of _beg_. (2) The primary word must be a monosyllable or a word accented on the final syllable. _Hit_ and _allot_ meet this test; _open_ does not. _Deferred_ and _differed_, _preferred_ and _proffered_, _committed_ (or _committee_) and _prohibited_ double or refrain from doubling the final consonant of the primary word according to the position of the accent. The seeming discrepancy between _preferred_ and _preferable_, between _conferred_ and _conference_, is due to a shifting of the accent to the first syllable in the case of _preferable_ and _conference_. (3) The primary word must end in one consonant. _Trace_, _oppose_, _interfere_, _help_, _reach_, and _perform_ fail to meet this test, and therefore in derivatives do not double the last consonant. _Assurance_ has one _r_, as it should have; _occurrence_ has two _r's_, as it should have. (4) The final consonant of the primary word must be preceded by a single vowel. This principle excludes the extra consonant from _needy_, _daubed_, and _proceeding_, and gives it to _running_.

Note 2.--After _q_, _u_ has the force of _w_. Hence _quitting_, _quizzes_, _squatter_, _acquitted_, _equipped_, and similar words are not really exceptions to the rule.

Exercise:

1. Write the present participle (in _-ing_) of _din_ (not
_dine_), _begin_, _sin_ (compare _shine_), _stop_, _prefer_,
_rob_, _drop_, _occur_, _omit_, _swim_, _get_, _commit_.

2. Write the past tense (in _-ed_) of _plan_ (not _plane_),
_star_ (compare _stare_), _stop_ (compare _slope_), _lop_ (not
_lope_), _hop_ (not _hope_), _fit_, _benefit_, _occur_ (compare
_cure_), _offer_, _confer_, _bat_ (compare _abate_).

=Final _e_ before a Suffix Beginning with a Vowel=

=76. Words that end in silent _e_ usually drop the _e_ in derivatives or before a suffix beginning with a vowel.=

Examples: _bride_, _bridal_; _guide_, _guidance_; _please_, _pleasure_; _fleece_, _fleecy_; _force_, _forcible_; _argue_, _arguing_; _arrive_, _arrival_; _conceive_, _conceivable_; _college_, _collegiate_; _write_, _writing_; _use_, _using_; _change_, _changing_; _judge_, _judging_; _believe_, _believing_.

Note 1.--Of the exceptions some retain the _e_ to prevent confusion with other words. Exceptions: _dyeing_, _singeing_, _mileage_, _acreage_, _hoeing_, _shoeing_, _agreeing_, _eyeing_. The exceptions cause comparatively little trouble. One rarely sees _hoing_ or _shoing_; he often sees _hopeing_ and _inviteing_.

Note 2.--After _c_ or _g_ and before a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_ the _e_ is retained. The purpose of this retention is to preserve the soft sound of the _c_ or _g_. (Observe that _c_ and _g_ have the hard sound in _cable_, _gable_, _cold_, _go_.)

Examples: _peaceable_, _changeable_, _noticeable_, _serviceable_, _outrageous_, _courageous_, _advantageous_.

Exercise:

1. Write the present participle of the following words: _use_,
_love_, _change_, _judge_, _shake_, _hope_, _shine_, _have_,
_seize_, _slope_, _strike_, _dine_, _come_, _place_, _argue_,
_achieve_, _emerge_, _arrange_, _abide_, _oblige_, _subdue_.

2. Write the present participle of the following words:
_singe_, _tinge_, _dye_, _agree_, _eye_.

3. Write the _-ous_ or _-able_ form of the following words:
_trace_, _love_, _blame_, _move_, _conceive_, _courage_,
_service_, _advantage_, _umbrage_.

4. Write the adjectives which correspond to the following
nouns: _force_, _sphere_, _vice_, _sense_, _fleece_, _college_,
_hygiene_.

5. Write the nouns which correspond to the following verbs:
_please_, _guide_, _grieve_, _arrive_, _oblige_, _prepare_,
_inspire_.

=Plurals=

=77a. Most nouns add _s_ or _es_ to form the plural.= Examples: _word_, _words_; _fire_, _fires_, _negro_, _negroes_; _Eskimo_, _Eskimos_; _leaf_, _leaves_ (_f_ changes to _v_ for the sake of euphony); knife, knives.

=b. Nouns ending in _y_ preceded by a consonant (or by _u_ as _w_) change the _y_ to _i_ and add _es_ to form the plural.=

Examples: _sky_, _skies_; _lady_, _ladies_; _colloquy_, _colloquies_; _soliloquy_, _soliloquies_.

=Other nouns ending in _y_ form the plural in the usual way.= Examples: _day_, _days_; _boy_, _boys_; _monkey_, _monkeys_; _valley_, _valleys_.

=c. Compound nouns usually form the plural by adding _s_ or _es_ to the principal word.= Examples: _sons-in-law_, _passers-by_; but _stand-bys_, _hat-boxes_, _writing-desks_.

=d. Letters, signs, and sometimes figures, add _'s_ to form the plural.= Examples: Cross your t's and dot your i's; ?'s; $'s; 3's or 3s.

=e. A few nouns adhere to old declensions.= Examples: _ox_, _oxen_; _child_, _children_; _goose_, _geese_; _foot_, _feet_; _mouse_, _mice_; _man_, _men_; _woman_, _women_; _sheep_, _sheep_; _deer_, _deer_; _swine_, _swine_.

=f. Words adopted from foreign languages sometimes retain the foreign plural.= Examples: _alumnus_, _alumni_; _alumna_, _alumnæ_; _fungus_, _fungi_; _focus_, _foci_; _radius_, _radii_; _datum_, _data_; _medium_, _media_; _phenomenon_, _phenomena_; _stratum_, _strata_; _analysis_, _analyses_; _antithesis_, _antitheses_; _basis_, _bases_; _crisis_, _crises_; _oasis_, _oases_; _hypothesis_, _hypotheses_; _parenthesis_, _parentheses_; _thesis_, _theses_; _beau_, _beaux_; _tableau_, _tableaux_; _Mr._, _Messrs._ (_Messieurs_); _Mrs._, _Mmes._ (_Mesdames_).

Exercise:

Write the singular and plural of the following words: _day_,
_sky_, _lady_, _wife_, _leaf_, _loaf_, _negro_, _potato_,
_tomato_, _pass_, _glass_, _boat_, _beet_, _flash_, _crash_,
_bead_, _box_, _passenger_, _messenger_, _son-in-law_, _Smith_,
_Jones_, _jack-o'-lantern_, _hanger-on_, _stratum_, _datum_,
_phenomenon_, _crisis_, _basis_, _thesis_, _analysis_.

=Compounds=

=78a. Use a hyphen between two or more words which serve as a single adjective before a noun:= _iron-bound bucket_, _well-kept lawn_, _twelve-inch main_, _normal-school teacher_, _up-to-date methods_, _twentieth-century ideas_, _devil-may-care expression_, _a twenty-dollar-a-week clerk_.

=But when the words follow the noun, the hyphen is omitted.= _The lawn is well kept. Methods up to date in every way_.

=Also adverbs ending in _-ly_ are not ordinarily made into compound modifiers:= _nicely kept lawn_, _securely guarded treasure_.

=b. Use a hyphen between members of a compound noun when the second member is a preposition, or when the writing of two nouns solid or separately might confuse the meaning:= _runner-up_, _kick-off_; _letting-down of effort_, _son-in-law_, _jack-o'-lantern_, _Pedro was a bull-fighter_, _a woman-hater_, _Did you ever see a shoe-polish like this?_

=c. Use a hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine, and in fractions according to the following examples:=

_Twenty-three_, _eighty-nine_; but _one hundred and one_. _Twenty-third_, _one-hundred-and-first man_. _Three-fourths_, _four and two-thirds_, _thirty-hundredths_, _thirty-one hundredths_.

But omit the hyphen in simple fractions when loosely used: _Three quarters of my life are spent._ _One third of his fortune._

=d. A hyphen is not used in the following common words:= _airship_, _altogether_, _anybody_, _baseball_, _basketball_, _everybody_, _football_, _goodby_, _herself_, _handbook_, _himself_, _inasmuch_, _itself_, _midnight_, _myself_, _nevertheless_, _nobody_, _nothing_ (but _no one_), _nowadays_, _railroad_, _themselves_, _together_, _typewritten_, _wherever_, _without_, _workshop_, _yourself_, _newspaper_, _sunset_.

=e. For words that do not come within the scope of rules, consult an up-to-date dictionary.= Compounds tend, with the passing of time, to grow together. Once men wrote _steam boat_, later _steam-boat_, and finally _steamboat_. New-coined words are usually hyphenated; old words are often written solid. The degree of intimacy between the parts of a compound word affects usage; thus we write _sun-motor_, but _sunbeam_; _birth-rate_, but _birthday_; _cooling-room_, but _bedroom_; _non-conductor_, but _nonsense_. The ease with which a vowel blends with the consonant of a syllable adjoining it affects usage; thus _self-evident_, but _selfsame_; _non-existent_, but _nondescript_; _un-American_, but _unwise_. Many compounds, however, are still uncontrolled by usage; whether they should be written as two words or one, whether with or without the hyphen, the dictionaries themselves do not agree.

Exercise:

Copy the following expressions, inserting hyphens where they
are necessary: _twenty two years old_, _twenty two dollar
bills_ _make forty dollars_, _twenty seven eighths inch
boards_, _a normal school graduate_, _two handled boxes_, _a
cloth covered basket_, _blood red sun_, _water tight
compartment_, _sixty horse power motor_, _seven dollar bathing
suits_, _a happy go lucky fellow_, _germ destroying powder_,
_he had a son in law_, _passers by on the street_, _the kick
off is at three o'clock_, _dark complexioned woman_, _silver
tongued orator_, _a dish like valley_, _a rope like tail_, _a
fish shaped cloud_, _a touch me not expression_, _will o' the
wisp_, _well to do merchant_, _rough and tumble existence_.

=79.= SPELLING LIST

The English language comprises about 450,000 words. Of these a student uses about 4000 (although he may understand more than twice that number when he encounters them in sentences). Of these, in turn, not more than four or five hundred are frequently misspelled. The following list includes nearly all of the words which give serious trouble. Certain American colleges using this list require of freshmen an accuracy of ninety per cent.

absurd
academy
=accept=
=accidentally=
=accommodate=
accumulate
accustom
acquainted
acquitted
=across=
addressed
=adviser=
aeroplane
=affects=
aggravate
alley
allotted
=all right=
ally
already
altar
alter
=altogether=
alumnus
=always=
=amateur=
=among=
analogous
analysis
=angel=
angle
annual
anxiety
apparatus
=appearance=
appropriate
arctic
=argument=
=arising=
=arithmetic=
arrange
arrival
ascend
asks
=athletic=
audience
auxiliary
awkward

balance
barbarous
baring
barring
baseball
=based=
bearing
=becoming=
before
beggar
=begging=
=beginning=
=believing=
=benefited=
=biscuit=
boundaries
brilliant
=Britain=
=Britannica=
buoyant
bureau
=business=
=busy=

=calendar=
=candidate=
=can't=
cemetery
=certain=
=changeable=
=changing=
characteristic
chauffeur
=choose=
chose
chosen
=clothes=
=coarse=
column
=coming=
commission
=committee=
comparative
=compel=
compelled
competent
concede
conceivable
=conferred=
conquer
conqueror
conscience
conscientious
considered
continuous
control
=controlled=
coöperate
country
=course=
=courteous=
courtesy
cruelty
cylinder

=dealt=
debater
deceitful
decide
decision
deferred
=definite=
descend
=describe=
=description=
derived
=despair=
=desperate=
destroy
device
devise
dictionary
difference
digging
dilemma
=dining room=
dinning
=disappear=
=disappoint=
disavowal
discipline
disease
=dissatisfied=
dissipate
distinction
distribute
=divide=
=divine=
=doctor=
=don't=
dormitories
drudgery
dying

ecstasy
=effects=
=eighth=
eliminate
=embarrass=
eminent
encouraging
=enemy=
=equipped=
especially
=etc.=
everybody
exaggerate
exceed
excellent
except
exceptional
exhaust
exhilarate
=existence=
expense
experience
explanation

familiar
fascinate
=February=
fiery
fifth
=finally=
financier
forfeit
formally
=formerly=
forth
=forty=
=fourth=
frantically
fraternity
=freshman= (adj.)
=friend=
fulfil
furniture

gallant
gambling
=generally=
goddess
=government=
governor
=grammar=
grandeur
=grievous=
guard
guess
guidance

harass
haul
=having=
height
hesitancy
=holy=
=hoping=
huge
=humorous=
=hurriedly=
hundredths
hygienic

=imaginary=
imitative
immediately
immigration
impromptu
imminent
incidentally
incidents
incredulous
=independence=
indispensable
induce
influence
=infinite=
=instance=
instant
=intellectual=
intelligence
=intentionally=
intercede
irresistible
=its=
it's
itself
invitation

=judgment=

=knowledge=

laboratory
=ladies=
=laid=
=later=
=latter=
=lead=
=led=
liable
library
=lightning=
likely
literature
loneliness
=loose=
=lose=
=losing=
lying

maintain
=maintenance=
manual
manufacturer
=many=
marriage
Massachusetts
material
=mathematics=
mattress
=meant=
messenger
=miniature=
minutes
=mischievous=
Mississippi
misspelled
momentous
month
murmur
muscle
mysterious

=necessary=
=negroes=
=neither=
nickel
nineteenth
ninetieth
=ninety=
ninth
=noticeable=
=nowadays=

oblige
obstacle
=occasion=
occasionally
occur
=occurred=
=occurrence=
occurring
=o'clock=
officers
=omitted=
=omission=
=opinion=
opportunity
=optimistic=
=original=
outrageous
overrun

paid
pantomime
=parallel=
=parliament=
particularly
=partner=
=pastime=
peaceable
=perceive=
perception
peremptory
=perform=
=perhaps=
=permissible=
perseverance
pérsonal
personnél
=perspiration=
persuade
pertain
pervade
physical
picnic
picnicking
=planned=
=pleasant=
politics
politician
=possession=
possible
practically
=prairie=
=precede=
precédent
précedents
=preference=
=preferred=
prejudice
=preparation=
=primitive=
=principal=
=principle=
prisoner
=privilege=
=probably=
=proceed=
prodigy
profession
=professor=
proffered
prohibition
promissory
=prove=
purchase
pursue
putting

quantity
=quiet=
=quite=
quizzes

rapid
=ready=
=really=
recede
=receive=
recognize
=recommend=
=reference=
=referred=
=regard=
region
=religion=
=religious=
repetition
replies
representative
=restaurant=
rheumatism
ridiculous

sacrilegious
safety
=sandwich=
schedule
science
scream
screech
=seems=
=seize=
sense
=sentence=
=separate=
sergeant
several
shiftless
=shining=
shone
shown
=shriek=
=siege=
similar
=since=
smooth
soliloquy
=sophomore=
speak
specimen
=speech=
statement
=stationary=
=stationery=
statue
stature
statute
steal
steel
stops
=stopped=
=stopping=
=stories=
stretch
=strictly=
succeeds
successful
summarize
=superintendent=
supersede
=sure=
=surprise=
syllable
symmetrical

=temperament=
=tendency=
than
=their=
there
therefore
=they're=
thorough
thousandths
till
to
=too=
=together=
=tragedy=
track
=tract=
transferred
tranquillity
translate
treacherous
treasurer
=tries=
=trouble=
=truly=
=Tuesday=
two
typical
tyranny

universally
=until=
=using=
=usually=

vacancy
vengeance
vigilance
village
=villain=

weak
=wear=
weather
=Wednesday=
week
=weird=
welfare
where
wherever
=whether=
which
whole
=wholly=
=who's=
whose
wintry
wiry
within
without
=women=
world
=writing=
written

your
=you're=

Note 1.--The following words have more than one correct form, the one given here being preferred.

abridgement
acknowledgment
analyze
ax
boulder
caliber
catalog
center
check
criticize
develop
development
dulness
endorse
envelop
esthetic
gaiety
gild
gipsy
glamor
goodby
gray
inquire
medieval
meter
mold
mustache
odor
program
prolog
skilful
theater

Note 2.--In a few groups of words American spelling and English spelling differ. American spelling gives preference to _favor_, _honor_, _labor_, _rumor_; English spelling gives preference to _favour_, _honour_, _labour_, _rumour_. American spelling gives preference to _civilize_, _apprize_; _defense_, _pretense_; _traveler_, _woolen_; etc. English spelling gives preference to _civilise_, _apprise_; _defence_, _pretence_; _traveller_, _woollen_; etc.

MISCELLANEOUS

=Manuscript=

=80a. Titles.= Center a title on the page. Capitalize important words. It is unnecessary to place a period after a title, but a question mark or exclamation point should be used when one is appropriate. Do not underscore the title, or unnecessarily place it in quotation marks. Leave a blank line under the title, before beginning the body of the writing.

=b. Spacing.= Careful spacing is as necessary as punctuation. Place writing on a page as you would frame a picture, crowding it toward neither the top nor the bottom. Leave liberal margins. Write verse as verse; do not give it equal indention or length of line with prose. Connect all the letters of a word. Leave a space after a word, and a double space after a sentence. Leave room between successive lines, and do not let the loops of letters run into the lines above or below.

=c. Handwriting.= Write a clear, legible hand. Form _a_, _o_, _u_, _n_, _e_, _i_, properly. Write out _and_ horizontally. Avoid unnecessary flourishes in capitals, and curlicues at the end of words. Dot your _i's_ and cross your _t's_; not with circles or long eccentric strokes, but simply and accurately. Let your originality express itself not in ornate penmanship, or unusual stationery, or literary affectations, but in the force and keenness of your ideas.

=Capitals=

=81a. Begin with a capital a sentence, a line of poetry, or a quoted sentence. But if only a fragment of a sentence is quoted, the capital should be omitted.=

Right: He said, "The time has come."

Right: The question is, Shall the bill pass?

Right: They said they would "not take no for an answer."

Right:

"The good die first,
And they whose hearts are dry as summer dust
Burn to the socket."--Wordsworth.

=b. Begin proper names, and all important words used as or in proper names, with capitals.= Words not so used should not begin with capitals.

Right: Mr. George K. Rogers, the Principal of the Urbana High
School, a college president, the President of the Senior Class,
a senior, the Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia,
three battalions of infantry, the Fourth of July, on the tenth
of June, the House of Representatives, an assembly of
delegates, a Presbyterian church, the separation of church and
state, the Baptist Church, the Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals, a creek known as Black Oak Creek, the
Republican Party, a party that advocates high tariff, Rocky
Mountains, The Bible, God, The Christian Era, Wednesday, in the
summer, living in the South, turning south after taking a few
steps to the east, one morning, O dark-haired Evening! italic
type, watt, pasteurize, herculean effort.

=c. Begin an adjective which designates a language or a race with a capital.=

Right: A Norwegian peasant, Indian arrowheads, English
literature, the study of French.

=d. In the titles of books or themes capitalize the first word and all other important words.= Prepositions, conjunctions, and articles are usually not important.

Right: _The English Novel in the Time of Scott_, _War and
Peace_, _Travels with a Donkey_, _When I Slept under the
Stars_.

=e. Miscellaneous uses. Capitalize the pronoun _I_, the interjection _O_, titles that accompany a name, and abbreviations of proper names.=

Right: Battery F, 150 F. A.; Mobile, Ala.; Dr. Stebbins.

Exercise:

1. the teacher said, "let me read you a famous soliloquy." he
began: "to be, or not to be: that is the question."

2. the chinese laundry man does not write out his lists in
english.

3. the _la fayette tribune_ says that a Principal of a School
has been elected to congress.

4. mr. woodson, the lecturer, said that "the title of a book
may be a poem." he mentioned _christmas eve on lonesome_ by
john fox, jr.

5. i like architecture. as i approached the british museum, i
noticed the ionic colonnade that runs along the front. the
first room i visited was the one filled with marbles which lord
elgin brought from the parthenon at athens.

=Italics=

In manuscript, a horizontal line drawn under a letter or word is a sign for the printer to use italic type.

=82a. Quoted titles of books, periodicals, and manuscripts are usually italicized.=

Right: I admire Shakespeare's _Hamlet_. [The italics make the
reader know that the writer means, _Hamlet_ the play, not
Hamlet the man.]

Right: John Galsworthy's novel, _The Patrician_, appeared in
serial form in the _Atlantic Monthly_.

Note 1.--When the title of a book begins with an article (_a_, _an_, or _the_), the article is italicized. But _the_ before the title of a periodical is usually not italicized.

Note 2.--It is correct, but not the best practice, to indicate the titles of books by quotation marks. The best method is to use italics for the title of a book, and quotation marks for chapters or subdivisions of the same book. Example: See _Encyclopedia Britannica_, Vol. II, p. 427, "Modern Architecture".

=b. Words from a foreign language, unless they have been anglicized by frequent use, are italicized.=

Right: A great noise announced the coming of the _enfant
terrible_.

Right: A play always begins _in medias res_.

=c. The names of ships are usually italicized.=

Right: The _Saxonia_ will sail at four o'clock.

=d. Words taken out of their context and made the subject of discussion are italicized or placed in quotation marks.=

Right: _So_ is a word faded and colorless from constant use.

Right: The _t_ in the word _often_ is not pronounced.

=e. A word or passage requiring great emphasis is italicized.= This device should not be used to excess. The proper way to secure emphasis is to have good ideas, and to use emphatic sentence structure in expressing them.

Exercise:

1. In Vanity Fair Thackeray heads one chapter How to Live Well
on Nothing a Year.

2. Auf wiedersehen was his parting word. He had informed me,
sub rosa of course, that he was going to Bremen.

3. The battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac
revolutionized naval warfare. How far back it seems to the days
when Decatur set fire to the old Philadelphia!

4. Her They say's are as plenteous as rabbits in Australia.

5. A writer in the Century Magazine says the public may know
better than an author what the title of his book should be.
Dickens, for example, called one of his works The Posthumous
Papers of the Pickwick Club.

=Abbreviations=

=83a. In ordinary writing avoid abbreviations. The following, however, are always correct: Mr., Messrs., Dr., or St. (Saint), before proper names; B. C. or A. D., when necessary to avoid confusion, after a date; and No. or $ when followed by numerals.=

In ordinary writing spell out

All titles, except those listed above.

Names of months, states, countries.

Christian names, unless initials are used instead.

Names of weights and measures, except in statistics.