Chapter XIV: Part 14

||Pfen"nig (?), n.; pl. Pfennigs (#), G. Pfennige (#). [G. See Penny.] ||A small copper coin of Germany. It is the hundredth part of a mark, ||or about a quarter of a cent in United States currency.

||Pha*cel"lus (?), n.; pl. Phacelli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bundle of ||fagots.] (Zoˆl.) One of the filaments on the inner surface of the ||gastric cavity of certain jellyfishes.

Phac"o*chere (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lentil seed, a wart + &?; a pig.] (Zoˆl.) The wart hog.

Pha"coid (?), a. [Gr. &?; a lentil + -oid.] Resembling a lentil; lenticular.

Phac"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; lentil + -lite.] (Min.) A colorless variety of chabazite; the original was from Leipa, in Bohemia.

||Pha"cops (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lentil + &?;, &?;, the eye.] ||(Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Silurian and Devonian ||formations. Phacops bufo is one of the most common species.

PhÊ*a"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to the PhÊacians, a fabulous seafaring people fond of the feast, the lyre, and the dance, mentioned by Homer.

PhÊ"no*gam (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the class PhÊnogamia.

||PhÊ`no*ga"mi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. &?; to show + &?; marriage.] ||(Bot.) The class of flowering plants including all which have true ||flowers with distinct floral organs; phanerogamia.

{ PhÊ`no*ga"mi*an (?), PhÊ`no*gam"ic (?), } a. Same as PhÊnogamous.

PhÊ*nog"a*mous (?), a. (Bot.) Having true flowers with with distinct floral organs; flowering.

PhÊ*nom"e*non (?), n. [L.] See Phenomenon.

PhÊ"o*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?; dusky + E. spore.] (Bot.) A brownish zoˆspore, characteristic of an order (PhÊosporeÊ) of dark green or olive-colored algÊ. -- PhÊ`o*spor"ic (#), a.

Pha"Î*thon (?), n. [L., PhaÎthon (in sense 1), fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, to shine. See Phantom.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The son of Helios (Phúbus), that is, the son of light, or of the sun. He is fabled to have obtained permission to drive the chariot of the sun, in doing which his want of skill would have set the world on fire, had he not been struck with a thunderbolt by Jupiter, and hurled headlong into the river Po.

2. (Zoˆl.) A genus of oceanic birds including the tropic birds.

Pha"Î*ton (?), n. [F. phaÈton a kind of carriage, fr. PhaÈthon PhaÎthon, the son of Helios. See PhaÎthon.] 1. A four-wheeled carriage (with or without a top), open, or having no side pieces, in front of the seat. It is drawn by one or two horses.

2. See PhaÎthon.

3. (Zoˆl.) A handsome American butterfly (Euphydryas, or MelitÊa, PhaÎton). The upper side of the wings is black, with orange-red spots and marginal crescents, and several rows of cream-colored spots; -- called also Baltimore.

Phag`e*de"na (?), n. [L. phagedaena, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to eat.] (Med.) (a) A canine appetite; bulimia. [Obs.] (b) Spreading, obstinate ulceration.

{ Phag`e*den"ic (?), Phag`e*den"ic*AL (?), } a. [L. phagedaenicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. phagÈdÈnique.] (Med.) Of, like, or pertaining to, phagedena; used in the treatment of phagedena; as, a phagedenic ulcer or medicine. -- n. A phagedenic medicine.

Phag`e*de"nous (?), a. (Med.) Phagedenic.

Phag"o*cyte (?), n. [Gr. &?; to eat + &?; a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A leucocyte which plays a part in retrogressive processes by taking up (eating), in the form of fine granules, the parts to be removed.

||Pha*i`no*pep"la (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; shining + &?; robe.] ||(Zoˆl.) A small crested passerine bird (PhaÔnopepla nitens), native ||of Mexico and the Southern United States. The adult male is of a ||uniform glossy blue-black; the female is brownish. Called also black ||flycatcher.

Phak"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lentil, or lenticular body + -scope.] (Physiol.) An instrument for studying the mechanism of accommodation.

||Pha*lÊ"na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind od moth.] (Zoˆl.) A ||linnÊan genus which included the moths in general.

Pha*lÊ"nid (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind od moth.] (Zoˆl.) Any moth of the family PhalÊnidÊ, of which the cankerworms are examples; a geometrid.

{ Pha*lan"ge*al (?), Pha*lan"gal (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the phalanges. See Phalanx, 2.

Pha*lan"ger (?), n. [Cf. F. phalanger. See Phalanx.] (Zoˆl.) Any marsupial belonging to Phalangista, Cuscus, Petaurus, and other genera of the family PhalangistidÊ. They are arboreal, and the species of Petaurus are furnished with lateral parachutes. See Flying phalanger, under Flying.

||Pha*lan"ges (?), n., pl. of Phalanx.

{ Pha*lan"gi*al (?), Pha*lan"gi*an (?), } a. (Anat.) Phalangeal.

Pha*lan"gid (?), n.; pl. Phalangides (&?;). (Zoˆl.) One of the Phalangoidea.

Pha*lan"gi*ous (?), a. [L. phalangium a kind of venomous spider, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a spider. Cf. Phalanx.] (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to Phalangoidea.

Pha*lan"gist (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any arboreal marsupial of the genus Phalangista. The vulpine phalangist (P. vulpina) is the largest species, the full grown male being about two and a half feet long. It has a large bushy tail.

{ Phal`an*gis"ter (?), Phal`an*gis"tine (?), } n. (Zoˆl.) Same as Phalangist.

Phal"an*gite (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. phalangite.] A soldier belonging to a phalanx. [Obs.]

||Phal`an*goi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Phalangium the daddy longlegs ||(see Phalangious) + Gr. &?; form.] (Zoˆl.) A division of Arachnoidea, ||including the daddy longlegs or harvestman (Phalangium) and many ||similar kinds. They have long, slender, many-jointed legs; usually a ||rounded, segmented abdomen; and chelate jaws. They breathe by ||tracheÊ. Called also Phalangides, Phalangidea, Phalangiida, and ||Opilionea.

||Pha`lan`stÈre" (?), n. [F.] A phalanstery.

Phal`an*ste"ri*an (?), a. [F. phalanstÈrien, a. & n.] Of or pertaining to phalansterianism.

Phal`an*ste"ri*an, n. One who favors the system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier.

{ Pha*lan"ster*ism (?), Phal`an*ste"ri*an*ism (?), } n. A system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier; Fourierism.

Phal"an*ster*y (?), n.; pl. -ies (#). [F. phalanstËre, fr. Gr. &?; a phalanx + &?; firm, solid.] 1. An association or community organized on the plan of Fourier. See Fourierism.

2. The dwelling house of a Fourierite community.

Pha"lanx (?), n.; pl. Phalanxes (#), L. Phalanges (#). [L., from Gr. &?;.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A body of heavy-armed infantry formed in ranks and files close and deep. There were several different arrangements, the phalanx varying in depth from four to twenty-five or more ranks of men. "In cubic phalanx firm advanced." Milton.

The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tower.

Pope.

2. Any body of troops or men formed in close array, or any combination of people distinguished for firmness and solidity of a union.

At present they formed a united phalanx.

Macaulay.

The sheep recumbent, and the sheep that grazed, All huddling into
phalanx, stood and gazed.

Cowper.

3. A Fourierite community; a phalanstery.

4. (Anat.) One of the digital bones of the hand or foot, beyond the metacarpus or metatarsus; an internode.

5. [pl. Phalanges.] (Bot.) A group or bundle of stamens, as in polyadelphous flowers.

Phal"a*rope (?), n. [Gr. &?; having a patch of white + &?;, &?;, a foot: cf. F. phalarope.] (Zoˆl.) Any species of Phalaropus and allied genera of small wading birds (GrallÊ), having lobate toes. They are often seen far from land, swimming in large flocks. Called also sea goose.

Phal"lic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to the phallus, or to phallism.

Phal"li*cism (?), n. See Phallism.

Phal"lism (?), n. The worship of the generative principle in nature, symbolized by the phallus.

Phal"lus (?), n.; pl. Phalli (&?;). [L., a phallus (in sense 1), Gr. &?;.] 1. The emblem of the generative power in nature, carried in procession in the Bacchic orgies, or worshiped in various ways.

2. (Anat.) The penis or clitoris, or the embryonic or primitive organ from which either may be derived.

3. (Bot.) A genus of fungi which have a fetid and disgusting odor; the stinkhorn.

<! p. 1075 !>

Phane (?), n. See Fane. [Obs.] Joye.

Phan"er*ite (?), a. [Gr. &?; visible, from &?; to bring to light.] Evident; visible.

Phanerite series (Geol.), the uppermost part of the earth's crust, consisting of deposits produced by causes in obvious operation.

||Phan`er*o*car"pÊ (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; evident + &?; fruit ||(but taken to mean, ovary).] (Zoˆl.) Same as Acraspeda.

Phan`er*o*co*don"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; evident + &?; a bell.] (Zoˆl.) Having an umbrella- shaped or bell-shaped body, with a wide, open cavity beneath; -- said of certain jellyfishes.

Phan`er*o*crys"tal*line (?), a. [Gr. &?; visible + E. crystalline.] (Geol.) Distinctly crystalline; -- used of rocks. Opposed to cryptocrystalline.

||Phan`er*o*dac"ty*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; evident + &?; ||finger.] (Zoˆl.) Same as SaururÊ.

||Phan`er*o*ga"mi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; visible (fr. &?; to ||bring to light) + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) That one of the two primary ||divisions of the vegetable kingdom which contains the phanerogamic, ||or flowering, plants.

Phan`er*o*ga"mi*an (?), a. (Bot.) Phanerogamous.

{ Phan`er*o*gam"ic (?), Phan`er*og"a*mous (?), } a. Having visible flowers containing distinct stamens and pistils; -- said of plants.

Phan`er*o*glos"sal (?), a. [Gr. &?; evident + &?; tongue.] (Zoˆl.)Having a conspicious tongue; -- said of certain reptiles and insects.

Phan"ta*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; image + -scope.] An optical instrument or toy, resembling the phenakistoscope, and illustrating the same principle; -- called also phantasmascope.

Phan"tasm (?), n. [L. phantasma. See Phantom, and cf. Fantasm.] [Spelt also fantasm.] 1. An image formed by the mind, and supposed to be real or material; a shadowy or airy appearance; sometimes, an optical illusion; a phantom; a dream.

They be but phantasms or apparitions.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. A mental image or representation of a real object; a fancy; a notion. Cudworth.

Figures or little features, of which the description had produced
in you no phantasm or expectation.

Jer. Taylor.

||Phan"tas"ma (?), n. [L.] A phantasm.

Phan*tas`ma*go"ri*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a phantasm + &?; an assembly, fr. &?; to gather: cf. F. phantasmagorie.] 1. An optical effect produced by a magic lantern. The figures are painted in transparent colors, and all the rest of the glass is opaque black. The screen is between the spectators and the instrument, and the figures are often made to appear as in motion, or to merge into one another.

2. The apparatus by which such an effect is produced.

3. Fig.: A medley of figures; illusive images. "This mental phantasmagoria." Sir W. Scott.

Phan*tas`ma*go"ri*al (?), a. Of, relating to, or resembling phantasmagoria; phantasmagoric.

Phan*tas`ma*gor"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to phantasmagoria; phantasmagorial. Hawthorne.

Phan*tas"ma*go*ry (?), n. See Phantasmagoria.

Phan*tas"mal (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a phantasm; spectral; illusive.

Phan*tas"ma*scope (?), n. See Phantascope.

Phan`tas*mat"ic*al (?), a. [L. phantasmaticus.] Phantasmal. Dr. H. More.

Phan*tas`ma*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, phantasm + -graphy.] A description of celestial phenomena, as rainbows, etc.

{ Phan*tas"tic (?), Phan*tas"tic*al (?), } a. See Fantastic.

Phan"ta*sy (?), n. See Fantasy, and Fancy.

Phan"tom (?), n. [OE. fantome, fantosme, fantesme, OF. fantÙme, fr. L. phantasma, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to show. See Fancy, and cf. PhaÎton, Phantasm, Phase.] That which has only an apparent existence; an apparition; a specter; a phantasm; a sprite; an airy spirit; an ideal image.

Strange phantoms rising as the mists arise.

Pope.

She was a phantom of delight.

Wordsworth.

Phantom ship. See Flying Dutchman, under Flying. -- Phantom tumor (Med.), a swelling, especially of the abdomen, due to muscular spasm, accumulation of flatus, etc., simulating an actual tumor in appearance, but disappearing upon the administration of an anÊsthetic.

Phan`tom*at"ic, a. Phantasmal. [R.] Coleridge.

Pha"raoh (?), n. [Heb. parh; of Egyptian origin: cf. L. pharao, Gr. &?;. Cf. Faro.] 1. A title by which the sovereigns of ancient Egypt were designated.

2. See Faro.

Pharaoh's chicken (Zoˆl.), the gier-eagle, or Egyptian vulture; -- so called because often sculpured on Egyptian monuments. It is nearly white in color. -- Pharaoh's rat (Zoˆl.), the common ichneumon.

Pha"ra*on (?), n. See Pharaoh, 2.

Phar`a*on"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. pharaonique.] Of or pertaining to the Pharaohs, or kings of ancient Egypt.

Phare (?), n. [See Pharos.] 1. A beacon tower; a lighthouse. [Obs.]

2. Hence, a harbor. Howell.

{ Phar`i*sa"ic (fr`*s"k), Phar`i*sa"ic*al (-*kal), } a. [L. Pharisaicus, Gr. Farisai:ko`s: cf. F. pharisaÔque. See Pharisee.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Pharisees; resembling the Pharisees. "The Pharisaic sect among the Jews." Cudworth.

2. Hence: Addicted to external forms and ceremonies; making a show of religion without the spirit of it; ceremonial; formal; hypocritical; self-righteous. "Excess of outward and pharisaical holiness." Bacon. "Pharisaical ostentation." Macaulay.

-- Phar`i*sa"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Phar`i*sa"ic*al*ness, n.

Phar`i*sa"ism (?), n. [Cf. F. pharisaisme.] 1. The notions, doctrines, and conduct of the Pharisees, as a sect. Sharp.

2. Rigid observance of external forms of religion, without genuine piety; hypocrisy in religion; a censorious, self-righteous spirit in matters of morals or manners. "A piece of pharisaism." Hammond.

Phar`i*se"an (?), a. [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. Farisai^os.] Following the practice of Pharisees; Pharisaic. [Obs.] "Pharisean disciples." Milton.

Phar"i*see (fr"*s), n. [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. Farisai^os, from Heb. prash to separate.] One of a sect or party among the Jews, noted for a strict and formal observance of rites and ceremonies and of the traditions of the elders, and whose pretensions to superior sanctity led them to separate themselves from the other Jews.

Phar"i*see*ism (?), n. See Pharisaism.

{ Phar`ma*ceu"tic (f‰r`m*s"tk), Phar`ma*ceu"tic*al (-t*kal), } a. [L. pharmaceuticus, Gr. farmakeytiko`s, fr. farmakey`ein: cf. F. pharmaceutique. See Pharmacy.] Of or pertaining to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or to the art of preparing medicines according to the rules or formulas of pharmacy; as, pharmaceutical preparations. -- Phar`ma*ceu"tic*al*ly, adv.

Pharmaceutical chemistry, that department of chemistry which ascertains or regulates the composition of medicinal substances.

Phar`ma*ceu"tics (?), n. The science of preparing medicines.

Phar`ma*ceu"tist (?), n. One skilled in pharmacy; a druggist. See the Note under Apothecary.

Phar"ma*cist (?), n. One skilled in pharmacy; a pharmaceutist; a druggist.

Phar`ma*co*dy*nam"ics (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon medicine + E. dynamics.] That branch of pharmacology which considers the mode of action, and the effects, of medicines. Dunglison.

Phar`ma*cog*no"sis (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon a drug + gnw^sis a knowing.] That branch of pharmacology which treats of unprepared medicines or simples; -- called also pharmacography, and pharmacomathy.

Phar`ma*cog"no*sy (?), n. Pharmacognosis.

Phar`ma*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon a drug + -graphy.] See Pharmacognosis.

Phar*mac"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon drug, poisonous drug + -lite: cf. F. pharmacolithe.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenate of lime, usually occurring in silky fibers of a white or grayish color.

Phar`ma*col"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. pharmacologiste.] One skilled in pharmacology.

Phar`ma*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon drug + -logy: cf. F. pharmacologie.] 1. Knowledge of drugs or medicines; the art of preparing medicines.

2. A treatise on the art of preparing medicines.

Phar`ma*com"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon a drug + manqa`nein to learn.] See Pharmacognosis.

Phar"ma*con (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fa`rmakon.] A medicine or drug; also, a poison. Dunglison.

Phar`ma*co*pú"ia (?), n. [NL., from Gr. farmakopoii:`a the preparation of medicines; fa`rmakon medicine + poiei^n to make.] 1. A book or treatise describing the drugs, preparations, etc., used in medicine; especially, one that is issued by official authority and considered as an authoritative standard.

2. A chemical laboratory. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Phar`ma*cop"o*list (?), n. [L. pharmacopola, Gr. farmakopw`lhs; fa`rmakon medicine + pwlei^n to sell.] One who sells medicines; an apothecary.

Phar`ma*co*sid"er*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; drug, poison + E. siderite.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenate of iron occurring in green or yellowish green cubic crystals; cube ore.

Phar"ma*cy (?), n. [OE. fermacie, OF. farmacie, pharmacie, F. pharmacie, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to administer or use medicines, fr. &?; medicine.] 1. The art or practice of preparing and preserving drugs, and of compounding and dispensing medicines according to prescriptions of physicians; the occupation of an apothecary or a pharmaceutical chemist.

2. A place where medicines are compounded; a drug store; an apothecary's shop.

Pha"ro (?), n. 1. A pharos; a lighthouse. [Obs.]

2. See Faro.

Pha*rol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lighthouse + -logy.] The art or science which treats of lighthouses and signal lights.

Pha"ros (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; an island in the Bay of Alexandria, where king Ptolemy Philadelphus built a famous lighthouse.] A lighthouse or beacon for the guidance of seamen.

He . . . built a pharos, or lighthouse.

Arbuthnot.

Pha*ryn"gal (?), a. Pharyngeal. H. Sweet.

Phar`yn*ge"al (?), a. [See Pharynx.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pharynx; in the region of the pharynx.

Phar`yn*ge"al, n. (Anat.) A pharyngeal bone or cartilage; especially, one of the lower pharyngeals, which belong to the rudimentary fifth branchial arch in many fishes, or one of the upper pharyngeals, or pharyngobranchials, which are the dorsal elements in the complete branchial arches.

||Phar`yn*gi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Pharynx, and -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the pharynx.

Pha*ryn`go*bran"chi*al (?), a. [Pharynx + branchial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pharynx and the branchiÊ; -- applied especially to the dorsal elements in the branchial arches of fishes. See Pharyngeal. -- n. A pharyngobranchial, or upper pharyngeal, bone or cartilage.

||Pha*ryn`go*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pharynx, and Branchia.] ||(Zoˆl.) Same as Leptocardia.

||Phar`yn*gog"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pharynx, and Gnathic.] ||(Zoˆl.) A division of fishes in which the lower pharyngeal bones are ||united. It includes the scaroid, labroid, and embioticoid fishes.

Pha*ryn`go*lar`yn*ge"al (?), a. [Pharynx + laryngeal.] Of or pertaining both to pharynx and the larynx.

||Pha*ryn`gop*neus"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the pharynx + &?; ||to breathe.] (Zoˆl.) A group of invertebrates including the Tunicata ||and Enteropneusta. -- Pha*ryn`gop*neus"tal (#), a.

Pha*ryn"go*tome (?), n. (Surg.) An instrument for incising or scarifying the tonsils, etc.

Phar`yn*got"o*my (?), n. [Pharynx + Gr. &?; to cut: cf. F. pharyngotomie.] (Surg.) (a) The operation of making an incision into the pharynx, to remove a tumor or anything that obstructs the passage. (b) Scarification or incision of the tonsils.

Phar"ynx (?), n.; pl. pharynges (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. pharynx.] (Anat.) The part of the alimentary canal between the cavity of the mouth and the esophagus. It has one or two external openings through the nose in the higher vertebrates, and lateral branchial openings in fishes and some amphibias.

Phas"co*lome (?), n. [Gr. &?; pouch + &?; mouse.] (Zoˆl.) A marsupial of the genus Phascolomys; a wombat.

Phase (?), n.; pl. Phases (#). [NL. phasis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make to appear: cf. F. phase. See Phenomenon, Phantom, and Emphasis.] 1. That which is exhibited to the eye; the appearance which anything manifests, especially any one among different and varying appearances of the same object.

2. Any appearance or aspect of an object of mental apprehension or view; as, the problem has many phases.

3. (Astron.) A particular appearance or state in a regularly recurring cycle of changes with respect to quantity of illumination or form of enlightened disk; as, the phases of the moon or planets. See Illust. under Moon.

4. (Physics) Any one point or portion in a recurring series of changes, as in the changes of motion of one of the particles constituting a wave or vibration; one portion of a series of such changes, in distinction from a contrasted portion, as the portion on one side of a position of equilibrium, in contrast with that on the opposite side.

Pha"sel (?), n. [L. phaselus, phaseolus, Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. phasÈole, fasÈole. Cf. Fesels.] The French bean, or kidney bean.

Phase"less (?), a. Without a phase, or visible form. [R.] "A phaseless and increasing gloom." Poe.

||Pha*se"o*lus (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, ||including the Lima bean, the kidney bean, the scarlet runner, etc. ||See Bean.

Pha`se*o*man"nite (?), n. [So called because found in the unripe fruit of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).] (Chem.) Same as Inosite.

||Pha"sis (?), n.; pl. Phases (#). [NL.] See Phase. Creech.

{ Phasm (?), Phas"ma (?), } n. [L. phasma, Gr. &?;. See Phase.] An apparition; a phantom; an appearance. [R.] Hammond. Sir T. Herbert.

Phas"mid (?), n. [See Phasm. Probably so called from its mimicking, or appearing like, inanimate objects.] (Zoˆl.) Any orthopterous insect of the family PhasmidÊ, as a leaf insect or a stick insect.

Phas"sa*chate (?), n. [Gr. &?; the wood pigeon + &?; the agate.] (Min.) The lead-colored agate; -- so called in reference to its color.

Phat"a*gin (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?;; perhaps from native name.] (Zoˆl.) The long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla); -- called also ipi.

Pheas"ant (?), n. [OE. fesant, fesaunt, OF. faisant, faisan, F. faisan, L. phasianus, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;) the Phasian bird, pheasant, fr. &?; a river in Colchis or Pontus.] 1. (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of large gallinaceous birds of the genus Phasianus, and many other genera of the family PhasianidÊ, found chiefly in Asia.

The common, or English, pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus) is now found over most of temperate Europe, but was introduced from Asia. The ring-necked pheasant (P. torquatus) and the green pheasant (P. versicolor) have been introduced into Oregon. The golden pheasant (Thaumalea picta) is one of the most beautiful species. The silver pheasant (Euplocamus nychthemerus) of China, and several related species from Southern Asia, are very beautiful.

2. (Zoˆl.) The ruffed grouse. [Southern U.S.]

Various other birds are locally called pheasants, as the lyre bird, the leipoa, etc.

Fireback pheasant. See Fireback. -- Gold, or Golden, pheasant (Zoˆl.), a Chinese pheasant (Thaumalea picta), having rich, varied colors. The crest is amber-colored, the rump is golden yellow, and the under parts are scarlet. -- Mountain pheasant (Zoˆl.), the ruffed grouse. [Local, U.S.] -- Pheasant coucal (Zoˆl.), a large Australian cuckoo (Centropus phasianus). The general color is black, with chestnut wings and brown tail. Called also pheasant cuckoo. The name is also applied to other allied species. -- Pheasant duck. (Zoˆl.) (a) The pintail. (b) The hooded merganser. -- Pheasant parrot (Zoˆl.), a large and beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus Adelaidensis). The male has the back black, the feathers margined with yellowish blue and scarlet, the quills deep blue, the wing coverts and cheeks light blue, the crown, sides of the neck, breast, and middle of the belly scarlet. -- Pheasant's eye. (Bot.) (a) A red-flowered herb (Adonis autumnalis) of the Crowfoot family; -- called also pheasant's-eye Adonis. (b) The garden pink (Dianthus plumarius); - - called also Pheasant's-eye pink. -- Pheasant shell (Zoˆl.), any marine univalve shell of the genus Phasianella, of which numerous species are found in tropical seas. The shell is smooth and usually richly colored, the colors often forming blotches like those of a pheasant. -- Pheasant wood. (Bot.) Same as Partridge wood (a), under Partridge. -- Sea pheasant (Zoˆl.), the pintail. -- Water pheasant. (Zoˆl.) (a) The sheldrake. (b) The hooded merganser.

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Pheas"ant*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. faisanderie.] A place for keeping and rearing pheasants. Gwilt.

Phe"be (?), n. (Zoˆl.) See Phúbe.

Pheer, n. See 1st Fere. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pheese (?), v. t. To comb; also, to beat; to worry. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, v.

Pheese, n. Fretful excitement. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, n.

Phel"lo*derm (?), n. [Gr. &?; cork + -derm.] (Bot.) A layer of green parenchimatous cells formed on the inner side of the phellogen.

Phel"lo*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; cork + - gen.] (Bot.) The tissue of young cells which produces cork cells.

Phel`lo*plas"tics (?), n. [Gr. &?; cork + &?; to mold.] Art of modeling in cork.

Phen"a*cite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, impostor, deceiver.] (Min.) A glassy colorless mineral occurring in rhombohedral crystals, sometimes used as a gem. It is a silicate of glucina, and receives its name from its deceptive similarity to quartz.

Phen`a*kis"to*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a deceiver + -scope.] A revolving disk on which figures drawn in different relative attitudes are seen successively, so as to produce the appearance of an object in actual motion, as an animal leaping, etc., in consequence of the persistence of the successive visual impressions of the retina. It is often arranged so that the figures may be projected upon a screen.

Phe*nan"threne (?), n. [Phenyl + antracene.] (Chem.) A complex hydrocarbon, C14H10, found in coal tar, and obtained as a white crystalline substance with a bluish fluorescence.

Phe*nan"thri*dine (?), n. [Phenanthrene + pyridine.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous hydrocarbon base, C13H9N, analogous to phenanthrene and quinoline.

Phe*nan"thro*line (?), n. [Phenanthrene + quinoline.] (Chem.) Either of two metameric nitrogenous hydrocarbon bases, C12H8N2, analogous to phenanthridine, but more highly nitrogenized.

Phene (?), n. (Chem.) Benzene. [Obs.]

Phe"ne*tol (?), n. [Phenyl + ethyl + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) The ethyl ether of phenol, obtained as an aromatic liquid, C6H5.O.C2H5.

Phe"nic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, phenyl or phenol.

Phenic acid (Chem.), a phenol. [Obsoles.]

Phe*ni"cian (?), a. & n. See Phúnician.

Phen"i*cine (?), n. [Gr. foi^nix purple red: cf. F. phÈnicine.] (Chem.) (a) A purple powder precipitated when a sulphuric solution of indigo is diluted with water. (b) A coloring matter produced by the action of a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acids on phenylic alcohol. Watts.

Phe*ni"cious (?), a. [L. phoeniceus, Gr. foini`keos, from &?; purple red.] Of a red color with a slight mixture of gray. Dana.

Phen`i*cop"ter (?), n. [L. phoenicopterus, Gr. foiniko`pteros, i. e., red- feathered; foi^nix, foi`nikos, purple red + ptero`n feather: cf. F. phÈnicoptËre.] (Zoˆl.) A flamingo.

Phe"nix (?), n.; pl. Phenixes (#). [L. phoenix, Gr. foi^nix.] [Written also phúnix.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A bird fabled to exist single, to be consumed by fire by its own act, and to rise again from its ashes. Hence, an emblem of immortality.

2. (Astron.) A southern constellation.

3. A marvelous person or thing. [R.] Latimer.

||Phen`o*ga"mi*a (?), n. pl. (Bot.) Same as PhÊnogamia.

{ Phen`o*ga"mi*an (?), Phen`o*gam"ic (?), Phe*nog"a*mous (?) }, a. Same as PhÊnogamian, PhÊnogamic, etc.

Phe"nol (?), n. [Gr. &?; to show + - ol: cf. F. phÈnol.] (Chem.) 1. A white or pinkish crystalline substance, C6H5OH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar.

It has a peculiar odor, somewhat resembling creosote, which is a complex mixture of phenol derivatives. It is of the type of alcohols, and is called also phenyl alcohol, but has acid properties, and hence is popularly called carbolic acid, and was formerly called phenic acid. It is a powerful caustic poison, and in dilute solution has been used as an antiseptic.

2. Any one of the series of hydroxyl derivatives of which phenol proper is the type.

Glacial phenol (Chem.), pure crystallized phenol or carbolic acid. -- Phenol acid (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds which are at once derivatives of both phenol and some member of the fatty acid series; thus, salicylic acid is a phenol acid. -- Phenol alcohol (Chem.), any one of series of derivatives of phenol and carbinol which have the properties of both combined; thus, saligenin is a phenol alcohol. -- Phenol aldehyde (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds having both phenol and aldehyde properties. - - Phenol phthalein. See under Phthalein.

Phe"no*late (?), n. [Phenol + -ate.] (Chem.) A compound of phenol analogous to a salt.

Phe*nom"e*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. phÈnomÈnal.] Relating to, or of the nature of, a phenomenon; hence, extraordinary; wonderful; as, a phenomenal memory. -- Phe*nom"e*nal*ly, adv.

Phe*nom"e*nal*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) That theory which limits positive or scientific knowledge to phenomena only, whether material or spiritual.

Phe*nom"e*nist (?), n. One who believes in the theory of phenomenalism.

Phe*nom`e*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Phenomenon + -logy: cf. F. phÈnomÈnologie.] A description, history, or explanation of phenomena. "The phenomenology of the mind." Sir W. Hamilton.

Phe*nom"e*non (?), n.; pl. Phenomena (#). [L. phaenomenon, Gr. faino`menon, fr. fai`nesqai to appear, fai`nein to show. See Phantom.] 1. An appearance; anything visible; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent to, or is apprehended by, observation; as, the phenomena of heat, light, or electricity; phenomena of imagination or memory.

In the phenomena of the material world, and in many of the
phenomena of mind.

Stewart.

2. That which strikes one as strange, unusual, or unaccountable; an extraordinary or very remarkable person, thing, or occurrence; as, a musical phenomenon.

Phe"nose` (?), n. [Phenyl + dextrose.] (Chem.) A sweet amorphous deliquescent substance obtained indirectly from benzene, and isometric with, and resembling, dextrose.

Phe"nyl (?), n. [Gr. &?; to bring to light + -yl: cf. F. phÈnyle. So called because it is a by-product of illuminating gas.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical (C6H5) regarded as the essential residue of benzene, and the basis of an immense number of aromatic derivatives.

Phenyl hydrate (Chem.), phenol or carbolic acid. -- Phenyl hydrazine (Chem.), a nitrogenous base (C6H5.N2H3) produced artificially as a colorless oil which unites with acids, ketones, etc., to form well-crystallized compounds.

Phe`nyl*am"ine (?), n. [Phenyl + amine.] (Chem.) Any one of certain class of organic bases regarded as formed from ammonia by the substitution of phenyl for hydrogen.

Phe"nyl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) A hypothetic radical (C6H4) occurring in certain derivatives of benzene; as, phenylene diamine.

Phe*nyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, phenyl.

Phenylic alcohol (Chem.), phenol.

Phe"on (?), n. [Prob. from Old French.] (Her.) A bearing representing the head of a dart or javelin, with long barbs which are engrailed on the inner edge.

Phi"al (?), n. [F. fiole, L. phiala a broad, flat, shallow cup or bowl, Gr. &?;. cf. Vial.] A glass vessel or bottle, especially a small bottle for medicines; a vial.

Phi"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phialed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phialing.] To put or keep in, or as in, a phial.

Its phial'd wrath may fate exhaust.

Shenstone.

Phil"a*beg (?), n. See Filibeg.

Phil`a*del"phi*an (?), a. [Gr. filadelfia brotherly love, from fila`delfos brotherly; fi`los loved, loving, friendly + 'adelfo`s brother.] Of or pertaining to Ptolemy Philadelphus, or to one of the cities named Philadelphia, esp. the modern city in Pennsylvania.

Phil`a*del"phi*an, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Philadelphia.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a society of mystics of the seventeenth century, -- called also the Family of Love. Tatler.

Phil`a*le"thist (?), n. [Philo- + Gr. &?; truth.] A lover of the truth. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Phi*lan"der (?), v. i. [Gr. &?; fond of men; &?; loving + &?; man.] To make love to women; to play the male flirt.

You can't go philandering after her again.

G. Eliot.

Phi*lan"der, n. A lover. [R.] Congreve.

Phi*lan"der, n. (Zoˆl.) (a) A South American opossum (Didelphys philander). (b) An Australian bandicoot (Perameles lagotis).

Phi*lan"der*er (?), n. One who hangs about women; a male flirt. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Phil"an*thrope (?), n. [F.] A philanthropist. [Obs.] R. North.

{ Phil`an*throp"ic (?), Phil`an*throp"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. philanthropique.] Of or pertaining to philanthropy; characterized by philanthropy; loving or helping mankind; as, a philanthropic enterprise. -- Phil`an*throp"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phil`an*throp"i*nism (?), n. A system of education on so-called natural principles, attempted in Germany in the last century by Basedow, of Dessau.

Phil`an*throp"i*nist (?), n. An advocate of, or believer in, philanthropinism.

Phi*lan"thro*pist (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; man: cf. F. philanthrope.] One who practices philanthropy; one who loves mankind, and seeks to promote the good of others.

Phi*lan`thro*pis"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a philanthropist. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi*lan"thro*py (?), n. [L. philanthropia, Gr. &?;: cf. F. philanthropie.] Love to mankind; benevolence toward the whole human family; universal good will; desire and readiness to do good to all men; -- opposed to misanthropy. Jer. Taylor.

Phil`a*tel"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to philately.

Phi*lat"e*list (?), n. One versed in philately; one who collects postage stamps.

Phi*lat"e*ly (?), n. [Philo- + Gr. &?; exemption from tax; cf. frank to send free.] The collection of postage stamps of various issues.

Phil"a*to*ry (?), n. [OF. filatiere, philatiere. See Phylactery.] (Eccl.) A kind of transparent reliquary with an ornamental top.

Phil"au*ty (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; self.] Self-love; selfishness. [Obs.] Beaumont.

Phil`har*mon"ic (?), a. [Philo- + Gr. &?; harmony: cf. F. philharmonique.] Loving harmony or music.

Phil*hel"lene (?), n. A friend of Greece, or of the Greeks; a philhellenist. Emerson.

Phil`hel*len"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to philhellenism.

Phil*hel"len*ism (?), n. Love of Greece.

Phil*hel"len*ist, n. [Philo- + Gr. &?; a Greek: cf. F. philhellËne.] A friend of Greece; one who supports the cause of the Greeks; particularly, one who supported them in their struggle for independence against the Turks; a philhellene.

Phil"i*beg (?), n. See Filibeg. [Scot.]

Phil"ip (?), n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The European hedge sparrow. (b) The house sparrow. Called also phip. [Prov. Eng.]

Phi*lip"pi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Philippi, a city of ancient Macedonia. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Philippi.

Phi*lip"pic (?), n. [L. Philippicus belonging to Philip, Philippic, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Philip, &?; fond of horses: cf. F. philippique.] 1. Any one of the series of famous orations of Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, denouncing Philip, king of Macedon.

2. Hence: Any discourse or declamation abounding in acrimonious invective.

Phi*lip"pi*um (?), n. [NL. So named from Philippe Plantamour, of Geneva, Switzerland.] (Chem.) A rare and doubtful metallic element said to have been discovered in the mineral samarskite.

Phil"ip*pize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philippized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Philippizing.] [Gr. &?; to be on Philip's side.] 1. To support or advocate the cause of Philip of Macedon.

2. [See Philippic.] To write or speak in the style of a philippic.

Phi*lis"ter (?), n. [G.] A Philistine; -- a cant name given to townsmen by students in German universities.

Phi*lis"tine (?), n. [L. Philistinus, Heb. Phlishth, pl. Phlishthm.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of ancient Philistia, a coast region of southern Palestine.

2. A bailiff. [Cant, Eng.] [Obs.] Swift.

3. A person deficient in liberal culture and refinement; one without appreciation of the nobler aspirations and sentiments of humanity; one whose scope is limited to selfish and material interests. [Recent] M. Arnold.

Phi*lis"tine, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Philistines.

2. Uncultured; commonplace.

Phi*lis"tin*ism (?), n. The condition, character, aims, and habits of the class called Philistines. See Philistine, 3. [Recent] Carlyle.

On the side of beauty and taste, vulgarity; on the side of morals
and feeling, coarseness; on the side of mind and spirit,
unintelligence, -- this is Philistinism.

M. Arnold.

Phil"lips*ite (?), n. [So named after John Phillips, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) (a) A hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda, a zeolitic mineral commonly occurring in complex twin crystals, often cruciform in shape; -- called also christianite.

Phil*lyg"e*nin (?), n. [Phillyrin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) A pearly crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phillyrin.

||Phil*lyr"e*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of ||evergreen plants growing along the shores of the Mediterranean, and ||breading a fruit resembling that of the olive.

Phil"ly*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from Phillyrea as a bitter white crystalline substance. It is sometimes used as a febrifuge.

Philo-. A combining form from Gr. fi`los loving, fond of, attached to; as, philosophy, philotechnic.

Phi*log"y*nist (?), n. [See Philogyny.] A lover or friend of women; one who esteems woman as the higher type of humanity; -- opposed to misogynist.

Phi*log"y*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; woman.] Fondness for women; uxoriousness; -- opposed to misogyny. [R.] Byron.

Phil`o*hel*le"ni*an (?), n. A philhellenist.

Phi*lol"o*ger (?), n. [Cf. L. philologus a man of letters, Gr. &?;, originally, fond of talking; hence, fond of learning and literature; &?; loving + &?; speech, discourse.] A philologist. Burton.

Phil`o*lo"gi*an (?), n. A philologist. [R.]

{ Phil`o*log"ic*al (?), Phil`o*log"ic (?), } a. [Cf. F. philologique.] Of or pertaining to philology. -- Phil`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phi*lol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in philology.

Phi*lol"o*gize (?), v. i. To study, or make critical comments on, language. Evelyn.

Phil"o*logue (?), n. [Cf. F. philologue.] A philologist. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi*lol"o*gy (?), n. [L. philologia love of learning, interpretation, philology, Gr. &?;: cf. F. philologie. See Philologer.] 1. Criticism; grammatical learning. [R.] Johnson.

2. The study of language, especially in a philosophical manner and as a science; the investigation of the laws of human speech, the relation of different tongues to one another, and historical development of languages; linguistic science.

Philology comprehends a knowledge of the etymology, or origin and combination of words; grammar, the construction of sentences, or use of words in language; criticism, the interpretation of authors, the affinities of different languages, and whatever relates to the history or present state of languages. It sometimes includes rhetoric, poetry, history, and antiquities.

3. A treatise on the science of language.

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Phil"o*math (?), n. [Gr. &?;; fi`los loving, a friend + ma`qh learning, fr. &?;, &?;, to learn.] A lover of learning; a scholar. Chesterfield.

Phil`o*math`e*mat"ic (?), n. A philomath.

Phil`o*math"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. philomathique.] 1. Of or pertaining to philomathy.

2. Having love of learning or letters.

Phi*lom"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;.] The love of learning or letters.

Phil"o*mel (?), n. Same as Philomela, the nightingale. [Poetic] Milton. Cowper.

Phil`o*me"la (?), n. [L. philomela, Gr. &?;, according to the legend, from &?; Philomela (daughter of Pandion, king of Athens), who was changed into a nightingale.] 1. The nightingale; philomel. Shak.

2. (Zoˆl.) A genus of birds including the nightingales.

Phil"o*mene (?), n. The nightingale. [Obs.]

Phil"o*mot (?), a. [See Filemot.] Of the color of a dead leaf. [Obs.] Addison.

Phil`o*mu"sic*al (?), a. [Philo- + musical.] Loving music. [R.]Busby.

Phil`o*pe"na (?), n. [Probably a corruption fr. G. vielliebchen, LG. vielliebken, or D. veelliebken, a philopena, literally, much loved; but influenced by Gr. &?; a friend, and L. poena penalty, from an idea that the gift was a penalty of friendship or love.] A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also, the game itself. [Written also fillipeen and phillippine.]

One of the ways may be stated as follows: A person finding a nut with two kernels eats one, and gives the other to a person of the opposite sex, and then whichever says philopena first at the next meeting wins the present. The name is also applied to the kernels eaten.

{ Phil`o*po*lem"ic (?), Phil`o*po*lem"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; fond of war, warlike; &?; loving + &?; war.] Fond of polemics or controversy. [R.]

Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive (?), a. Having the love of offspring; fond of children.

Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive*ness, n. [Philo- + L. progenies offspring.] (Phren.) The love of offspring; fondness for children.

Phi*los"o*phas`ter (?), n. [L., a bad philosopher, fr. philosophus: cf. OF. philosophastre.] A pretender to philosophy. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Phi*los"o*phate (?), v. i. [L. philosophatus, p. p. of philosophari to philosophize.] To play the philosopher; to moralize. [Obs.] Barrow.

Phi*los`o*pha"tion (?), n. Philosophical speculation and discussion. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty.

Phil"o*sophe (?), n. [F., a philosopher.] A philosophaster; a philosopher. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi*los"o*pheme (?), n. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to love knowledge.] A philosophical proposition, doctrine, or principle of reasoning. [R.]

This, the most venerable, and perhaps the most ancient, of Grecian
myths, is a philosopheme.

Coleridge.

Phi*los"o*pher (?), n. [OE. philosophre, F. philosophe, L. philosophus, Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; wise. Cf. Philosophy.] 1. One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy.

Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics,
encountered him.

Acts xvii. 18.

2. One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness.

3. An alchemist. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Philosopher's stone, an imaginary stone which the alchemists formerly sought as instrument of converting the baser metals into gold.

{ Phil`o*soph"ic (?), Phil`o*soph"ic*al (?), } a. [L. philosophicus: cf. F. philosophique.] Of or pertaining to philosophy; versed in, or imbued with, the principles of philosophy; hence, characterizing a philosopher; rational; wise; temperate; calm; cool. -- Phil`o*soph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phi*los"o*phism (?), n. [Cf. F. philosophisme.] Spurious philosophy; the love or practice of sophistry. Carlyle.

Phi*los"o*phist (?), n. [Cf. F. philosophiste.] A pretender in philosophy.

{ Phi*los`o*phis"tic (?), Phi*los`o*phis"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the love or practice of sophistry. [R.]

Phi*los"o*phize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philosophized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Philosophizing (?).] To reason like a philosopher; to search into the reason and nature of things; to investigate phenomena, and assign rational causes for their existence.

Man philosophizes as he lives. He may philosophize well or ill, but
philosophize he must.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Phi*los"o*phi`zer (?), n. One who philosophizes.

Phi*los"o*phy (?), n.; pl. Philosophies (#). [OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. &?;. See Philosopher.] 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws.

When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology; when applied to material objects, it is called physics; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics.

"Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; -- the science of effects by their causes; -- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; -- the science of truths sensible and abstract; -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the absolute; -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real." Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.

[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie.

Chaucer.

We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our
philosophy and the doctrines in our school.

Locke.

3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy.

Then had he spent all his philosophy.

Chaucer.

4. Reasoning; argumentation.

Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and
false philosophy.

Milton.

5. The course of sciences read in the schools. Johnson.

6. A treatise on philosophy.

Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy. -- Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a garden in Athens. -- Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the Lyceum at Athens. -- Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.

Phil`o*stor"gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; affection.] Natural affection, as of parents for their children. [R.]

{ Phil`o*tech"nic (?), Phil`o*tech"nic*al (?), } a. [Philo- + Gr. &?; an art: cf. F. philotechnique.] Fond of the arts. [R.]

Phil"ter (?), n. [F. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to love, &?; dear, loving.] A potion or charm intended to excite the passion of love. [Written also philtre.] Addison.

Phil"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Philtered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Philtering.] 1. To impregnate or mix with a love potion; as, to philter a draught.

2. To charm to love; to excite to love or sexual desire by a potion. Gov. of Tongue.

||Phi*mo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a muzzling, fr. &?; muzzle.] ||(Med.) A condition of the penis in which the prepuce can not be drawn ||back so as to uncover the glans penis.

Phi"ton*ess (?), n. Pythoness; witch. [Obs.]

Phiz (?), n.; pl. Phizes (#). [Contr. fr. physiognomy.] The face or visage. [Colloq.] Cowper.

||Phle*bi"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a vein + -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of a vein.

Phleb"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?; + -gram.] (Physiol.) A tracing (with the sphygmograph) of the movements of a vein, or of the venous pulse.

{ Phleb"o*lite (?), Phleb"o*lith (?), } n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a vein + -lite, - lith.] (Med.) A small calcareous concretion formed in a vein; a vein stone.

Phle*bol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a vein + -logy.] A branch of anatomy which treats of the veins.

Phle*bot"o*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. phlÈbotomiste.] (Med.) One who practiced phlebotomy.

Phle*bot"o*mize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlebotomized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phlebotomizing (?).] [Cf. F. phlÈbotomiser.] To let blood from by opening a vein; to bleed. [R.] Howell.

Phle*bot"o*my (?), n. [L. phlebotomia, Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, a vein + &?; to cut: cf. F. phlÈbotomie. Cf. Fleam.] (Med.) The act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood, in the treatment of disease; venesection; bloodletting.

Phlegm (?), n. [F. phlegme, flegme, L. phlegma, fr. Gr. &?; a flame, inflammation, phlegm, a morbid, clammy humor in the body, fr. &?; to burn. Cf. Phlox, Flagrant, Flame, Bleak, a., and Fluminate.] 1. One of the four humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed. See Humor. Arbuthnot.

2. (Physiol.) Viscid mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory and digestive passages.

3. (Old Chem.) A watery distilled liquor, in distinction from a spirituous liquor. Crabb.

4. Sluggishness of temperament; dullness; want of interest; indifference; coldness.

They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm.

Pope.

Phleg"ma*gogue (?), n. [Gr. &?; carrying of phlegm; &?; phlegm + &?; to lead.] (Old Med.) A medicine supposed to expel phlegm.

||Phleg*ma"si*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;. See Phlegm.] (Med.) An ||inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal ||organs.

||Phlegmasia dolens (d"lnz) [NL.], milk leg.

Phleg*mat"ic (?), a. [L. phlegmaticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. phlegmatique.] 1. Watery. [Obs.] "Aqueous and phlegmatic." Sir I. Newton.

2. Abounding in phlegm; as, phlegmatic humors; a phlegmatic constitution. Harvey.

3. Generating or causing phlegm. "Cold and phlegmatic habitations." Sir T. Browne.

4. Not easily excited to action or passion; cold; dull; sluggish; heavy; as, a phlegmatic person. Addison.

Phlegmatic temperament (Old Physiol.), lymphatic temperament. See under Lymphatic.

Phleg*mat"ic*al (?), a. Phlegmatic. Ash.

Phleg*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. In a phlegmatic manner.

Phleg*mat"ic*ly (?), a. Phlegmatically. [Obs.]

Phleg"mon (?), n. [L. phlegmone, phlegmon, inflammation beneath the skin, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to burn: cf. F. phlegmon.] (Med.) Purulent inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue.

Phleg"mon*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. phlegmoneux.] Having the nature or properties of phlegmon; as, phlegmonous pneumonia. Harvey.

Phleme (?), n. (Surg. & Far.) See Fleam.

||Phle"um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of marsh plant.] (Bot.) A ||genus of grasses, including the timothy (Phleum pratense), which is ||highly valued for hay; cat's-tail grass. Gray.

Phlo"Îm (?), n. [Gr. &?; bark.] (Bot.) That portion of fibrovascular bundles which corresponds to the inner bark; the liber tissue; -- distinguished from xylem.

Phlo*gis"tian (?), n. A believer in the existence of phlogiston.

Phlo*gis"tic (?), a. 1. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to phlogiston, or to belief in its existence.

2. (Med.) Inflammatory; belonging to inflammations and fevers.

Phlo*gis"tic*al (?), a. (Old Chem.) Phlogistic.

Phlo*gis"ti*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlogisticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phlogisticating.] (Old Chem.) To combine phlogiston with; -- usually in the form and sense of the p. p. or the adj.; as, highly phlogisticated substances.

Phlo*gis`ti*ca"tion (?), n. (Old Chem.) The act or process of combining with phlogiston.

Phlo*gis"ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; burnt, set on fire, fr. &?; to set on fire, to burn, fr. &?;, &?;, a flame, blaze. See Phlox.] (Old Chem.) The hypothetical principle of fire, or inflammability, regarded by Stahl as a chemical element.

This was supposed to be united with combustible (phlogisticated) bodies and to be separated from incombustible (dephlogisticated) bodies, the phenomena of flame and burning being the escape of phlogiston. Soot and sulphur were regarded as nearly pure phlogiston. The essential principle of this theory was, that combustion was a decomposition rather than the union and combination which it has since been shown to be.

Phlo*gog"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?; fire + -genous.] (Med.) Causing inflammation.

Phlog"o*pite (?), n. [Gr. &?; firelike.] (Min.) A kind of mica having generally a peculiar bronze- red or copperlike color and a pearly luster. It is a silicate of aluminia, with magnesia, potash, and some fluorine. It is characteristic of crystalline limestone or dolomite and serpentine. See Mica.

||Phlo*go"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; burning heat.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of external parts of the body; erysipelatous ||inflammation.

Phlo*got"ic (?), n. (Med.) Of or pertaining to phlogisis.

Phlo*ram"ine (?), n. [Phlorlucin + amine.] (Chem.) A basic amido derivative of phloroglucin, having an astringent taste.

Phlo*ret"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the decomposition of phloretin.

Phlor"e*tin (?), n. [From Phlorizin.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phlorizin, and formerly used to some extent as a substitute for quinine.

Phlor"i*zin (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, bark + &?; root.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline glucoside extracted from the root bark of the apple, pear, cherry, plum, etc. [Formerly also written phloridzin.]

Phlor`o*glu"cin (?), n. [Phloretin + Gr. &?; sweet.] (Chem.) A sweet white crystalline substance, metameric with pyrogallol, and obtained by the decomposition of phloretin, and from certain gums, as catechu, kino, etc. It belongs to the class of phenols. [Called also phloroglucinol.]

Phlo"rol (?), n. [Phloretic + -ol.] (Chem.) A liquid metameric with xylenol, belonging to the class of phenols, and obtained by distilling certain salts of phloretic acid.

Phlo"rone (?), n. [Phlorol + quinone.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance having a peculiar unpleasant odor, resembling the quinones, and obtained from beechwood tar and coal tar, as also by the oxidation of xylidine; -- called also xyloquinone.

Phlox (?), n. [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. &?; flame, fr. &?; to burn.] (Bot.) A genus of American herbs, having showy red, white, or purple flowers.

Phlox worm (Zoˆl.), the larva of an American moth (Heliothis phloxiphaga). It is destructive to phloxes. -- Phlox subulata, the moss pink. See under Moss.

Phlyc*ten"u*lar (?), a. [Gr. &?; a blister or pustule.] (Med.) Characterized by the presence of small pustules, or whitish elevations resembling pustules; as, phlyctenular ophthalmia.

||Pho"ca (?), n. [L., a seal, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of seals. ||It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal.

Pho*ca"cean (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any species of Phoca; a seal.

Pho"cal (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Pertaining to seals.

Pho*cen"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; a porpoise.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to dolphin oil or porpoise oil; - - said of an acid (called also delphinic acid) subsequently found to be identical with valeric acid. Watts.

Pho*ce"nin (?), n. [Cf. F. phocÈnine.] (Chem.) See Delphin.

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Pho"cine (?), a. [L. phoca a seal.] (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to the seal tribe; phocal.

Pho"co*dont (?), n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Phocodontia.

||Pho`co*don"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a seal + &?;, &?;, a ||tooth.] (Zoˆl.) A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth ||had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied ||genera.

Phú"be (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The pewee, or pewit.

Phú"bus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; pure, bright.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Apollo; the sun god.

2. The sun. "Phúbus 'gins arise." Shak.

Phú*ni"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Phúnica. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Phúnica.

Phú*ni"cious (?), a. See Phenicious.

||Phú`ni*cop"te*rus (?), n. [NL. See Phenicopter.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of ||birds which includes the flamingoes.

||Phú"nix (?), n. [L., a fabulous bird. See Phenix.] 1. Same as Phenix. ||Shak.

2. (Bot.) A genus of palms including the date tree.

Pho"lad (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any species of Pholas.

Pho*la"de*an (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Pholad.

||Pho"las (?), n.; pl. Pholades (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind of ||mollusk.] (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve ||mollusks of the genus Pholas, or family PholadidÊ. They bore holes ||for themselves in clay, peat, and soft rocks.

Pho"nal (?), a.[Gr. &?; the voice.] Of or relating to the voice; as, phonal structure. Max M¸ller.

Pho`nas*cet"ics (?), n. [Gr. &?; to practice the voice; &?; voice + &?; to practice.] Treatment for restoring or improving the voice.

Pho*na"tion (?), n. [Gr. &?; the voice.] The act or process by which articulate sounds are uttered; the utterance of articulate sounds; articulate speech.

Pho*nau"to*graph (?), n. [Phono- + Gr. &?; self + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument by means of which a sound can be made to produce a visible trace or record of itself. It consists essentially of a resonant vessel, usually of paraboloidal form, closed at one end by a flexible membrane. A stylus attached to some point of the membrane records the movements of the latter, as it vibrates, upon a moving cylinder or plate.

Pho*nei"do*scope (?), n. [Phono- + Gr. &?; form + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument for studying the motions of sounding bodies by optical means. It consists of a tube across the end of which is stretched a film of soap solution thin enough to give colored bands, the form and position of which are affected by sonorous vibrations.

Pho*net"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a sound, tone; akin to Gr. &?; to speak: cf. F. phonÈtique. See Ban a proclamation.] 1. Of or pertaining to the voice, or its use.

2. Representing sounds; as, phonetic characters; -- opposed to ideographic; as, a phonetic notation.