Chapter II: Part XIV: The History of Italy

BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE FOLLOWING AUTHORITIES

FRANCESCO BERTOLINI, J. BURCKHARDT, PIERRE ANTOINE DARU, S. ASTLEY
DUNHAM, F. GUICCIARDINI, W. C. HAZLITT, HEINRICH LEO, MACHIAVELLI,
F. A. MIGNET, H. E. NAPIER, LORENZO PIGNOTTI, A. VON REUMONT,
WILLIAM ROSCOE, J. C. L. S. DE SISMONDI, J. A. SYMONDS

WITH ADDITIONAL CITATIONS FROM

ADHÉMAR, AMMIRATO, ANAFESTO, GUGLIELMUS APULIENSIS, ANGELO MARIA
BANDINI, CARLO BOTTA, FLAVIUS BLONDUS, BOCCACCIO, POGGIO
BRACCIOLINI, H. B. BRIGGS, LYTTON E. G. BULWER, BURCHARD
(OR BURCHARDUS), ISAAC BUTT, CAFFARO, CAPPONI, GIOVANNI
DE CASTRO, BENVENUTO CELLINI, CARLO CIPOLLA, ANNA
COMNENA, ROBERT COMYN, ANTONIO COSCI, ANDREA
DANDOLO, DANTE, CARLO DENINA, G. B. DEPPING,
DUFFY, HUGO FALCANDUS, FICINO, FLODOARDUS, UBERTUS FOLIETA, E. A.
FREEMAN, GALILEO, GEBHARDT, E. GIBBON, P. L. GINGUENÉ, GIOVANNI
DIACONO, HENRY HALLAM, W. HEYD, KARL HILLEBRAND, WILLIAM
HUNT, J. LABARTHE, M. LAFUENTE, RICORDANO MALASPINA,
GOFREDUS MALATERRA, MÉMOIRES DE BAYARD, GIUSEPPE
MONTANELLI, E. MÜNTZ, MURATORI, F. T. PERRENS,
PETRARCH, GIOVANNI PONTANO, W. H. PRESCOTT,
E. PROCTOR, E. QUINET, J. REINACH, W. ROBERTSON, T. DE ROSSI,
JOHN RUSKIN, WILLIAM SPALDING, OTTOBONUS SCRIBA, SCRIBÆ,
MARCHIRIUS ET BARTHOLOMÆUS, ST. MARC, G. STELLA,
TEGRINI, G. B. TESTA, TRAVERSARI, GIORGIO VASARI,
G. VILLANI, M. VILLANI, P. VILLARI, F. M. A.
VOLTAIRE, WILLIAM WHEWELL, JULES ZELLER

COPYRIGHT, 1904,
BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.

_All rights reserved._

CONTENTS

VOLUME IX

ITALY

PAGE

INTRODUCTION. THE SCOPE OF ITALIAN HISTORY: A PREFATORY
CHARACTERISATION 1

CHAPTER I

ITALY IN THE DARK AGE (476 _ca._-1100 A.D.) 15

The Barbarian invaders, 17. Charlemagne and his successors, 18.
The empire and the papacy, 21. The disunited municipalities,
22. The origin of Venice, 24. The origin of the dogeship, 27.
Venice in the tenth century, 28. Prosperity and political
reforms, 32. Other maritime cities, 35. The Lombard cities
and their allies, 36. Florence, 39. Social conditions, 40.
Municipal wars, 41.

CHAPTER II

IMPERIAL AGGRESSIONS OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY (1152-1200 A.D.) 45

Frederick Barbarossa in Italy, 45. The siege of Crema,
50. Rival popes, 53. Imperial campaigns and reverses, 54.
Frederick once more aggressive, 57. Battle of Legnano; peace of
Constance, 58. Death of Frederick; his successor, 60. Growing
power of the nobility, 61.

CHAPTER III

THE NORMANS IN SICILY (787-1204 A.D.) 63

The Normans in France, 65. The Normans come to Italy, 68.
Capture of the pope; Robert Guiscard, 69. Conquest of Sicily;
Eastern invasions, 72. Roger, great count of Sicily, 76. Roger
II, 77. William the Bad (_il Malo_), 81. William the Good, 81.
Norman influence, 83.