Chapter XXII: 1878-1903 (3)

1267 The pope makes Charles ruler of Tuscany and the citizens
of Florence offer him the _signoria_ for ten years. The
Ghibellines induce Conradin to enter Italy and proceed against
Charles.

1268 Defeat and capture of Conradin at the battle of
Tagliacozzo. Conradin beheaded at Naples. This disaster crushes
the hopes of the Ghibellines in Italy. Louis IX and Pope
Clement IV protest against Charles’ cruelties.

1269 Charles captures Nocera and scatters the Saracen
population.

1270 Charles joins Louis IX at Tunis in the last crusade. After
death of Louis, Charles makes treaty with the ruler of Tunis
and exacts tribute. The French and Genoese fleets, returning,
are wrecked on the coast of Sicily. Charles seizes the ships
and plunders them for his own benefit.

1274 The Genoese, who have united with the citizens of other
Italian cities to resist the cruelties of Charles, defeat his
fleet.

1275 Pedro of Aragon, husband of Manfred’s daughter Constanza,
begins his attempt to gain the Sicilian throne.

1277 Charles assumes the government of the principality of
Achaia. He plans to attack the Eastern Empire, but the pope
forbids him to do so.

1281 The agitation in Sicily against Charles incited by Pedro
of Aragon and his emissary Giovanni di Procida reaches a high
pitch. The Byzantine emperor Michael also contributes to it.

1282 The Sicilian Vespers. Massacre of the French in Sicily.
Charles lays siege to Messina. Pedro arrives and forces him to
retire to Calabria. Pedro proclaimed king of Sicily. The pope
excommunicates him. The kingdom is separated.

FIRST SEPARATION OF THE KINGDOM

_Naples (House of Anjou, and the Pretenders of the Second House of Anjou) (1282-1435 A.D.)_

The term “kingdom of Naples” is here used merely for
convenience. It was never officially employed except by Philip,
son of Charles V, and later by Joseph Bonaparte and Murat. The
continental portion of the Two Sicilies was always known as
“Sicily on this side the Pharos,” referring to the lighthouse
at Messina; the island portion was called “Sicily beyond the
Pharos.” So there were often two Sicilian kingdoms and two
kings of Sicily.

1283 Capture of Reggio by Pedro.

1284 Capture of Charles’ son Charles, prince of Salerno, by the
Aragonese admiral Roger de Lauria, in a sea-fight off Naples.
He is sent to Aragon a prisoner.

1285 Death of Charles I. His son, =Charles II=, still a
prisoner, is acknowledged king at Naples.

1287 Roger of Artois, regent of Naples, attempts to recover
Sicily, but Roger de Lauria destroys his fleet.

1288 Charles is liberated by the terms of a treaty between
Aragon and France. He assumes the throne of Naples but resigns
that of Sicily.

1289 Charles is released by the pope from his resignation of
the Sicilian crown. A two years’ truce is effected between
Naples and Sicily.

1292 Defeat of the Neapolitans by Roger de Lauria in Calabria.

1296 The Sicilians invade Calabria, and take Squillace and
other places.

1297 The pope invests Robert duke of Calabria with Sardinia and
Corsica.

1300 Siege of Messina by Robert. Disease compels him to abandon
it.

1309 Death of Charles, succeeded by his son =Robert the Wise=.
He assumes the government of Ferrara as viceroy of the pope.

1312 Robert, in an attempt to prevent the coronation of Henry
VII, seizes the principal fortresses of Rome.

1314 The pope makes Robert senator of Rome and viceroy of
Naples. Robert fails in an attempt to capture Sicily. He makes
a three years’ truce.

1317 Robert’s garrison is expelled from Ferrara.

1318 Robert relieves the Ghibelline siege of Genoa and is
appointed governor for ten years.

1322 Durazzo restored to the kingdom of Naples.

1325 Robert fails in an attempt to capture Palermo.

1338 Another attempt of Robert on Sicily ends in failure.

1343 Death of Robert, succeeded by his granddaughter =Joanna
I=. Her husband, Andrew of Hungary, is not crowned with her. He
allows his Hungarian followers to usurp all political power.

1345 Murder of Andrew of Hungary perhaps by order of Joanna.
His cousin, the duke of Durazzo, incites the Neapolitans
against the queen.

1347 King Louis of Hungary invades Naples to avenge his
brother’s death. Joanna flees to Avignon with her lover, Louis
of Tarentum, and marries him. She resigns her claims on Sicily
and makes treaty with the Sicilian king, Louis.

1348 Louis of Hungary holds Naples. He has the duke of Durazzo
put to death. The plague compels Louis to return to Hungary
and he takes Andrew’s son with him. Avignon is sold by Joanna
to the pope who gives =Louis of Tarentum= the title of king.
Joanna and Louis return to Naples. Louis takes the Free
Company, headed by Werner, into his employ.

1349 Werner deserts Louis for the Hungarians.

1350 Louis of Hungary again invades Naples.

1351 Peace between Joanna and Louis of Hungary, who leaves
Naples.

1353 Niccolo Acciajuoli successfully invades Sicily and
captures Palermo and other towns for the kingdom of Naples.

1357 Rebellion of the duke of Durazzo. Acciajuoli returns to
Naples.

1358 The duke of Durazzo’s rebellion is ended by his
reconciliation with the crown.

1362 Death of Louis of Naples. Joanna marries James of Majorca,
but he does not assume the title of king.

1365 Death of Niccolo Acciajuoli. The king of Sicily recovers
Palermo and Messina.

1372 Peace between Naples and Sicily.

1375 Death of James of Majorca.

1376 Joanna marries Otto, duke of Brunswick, who does not
assume the royal title.

1378 Joanna supports Clement VII against Urban VI.

1379 Urban proclaims a crusade against Clement and Joanna. He
induces Charles of Durazzo, Joanna’s heir, to attempt conquest
of Naples. To thwart him Joanna adopts Louis of Anjou, and
makes him her heir.

1380 Excommunication of Joanna.

1381 Conquest of Naples by =Charles (III) of Durazzo=, who
takes throne and imprisons Joanna and her husband. Clement
gives Joanna’s Provençal dominions to duke Louis of Anjou.

1382 Louis of Anjou as Joanna’s heir attacks Charles, who puts
Joanna to death and takes Sir John Hawkwood into his service.

1384 Death of the pretender _Louis I_ and disbandment of
his army. He leaves his claim to his son, _Louis II_.
Excommunication of Charles, who besieges the pope in Nocera.

1386 Charles, invited to take the Hungarian throne, leaves
Naples to his young son =Ladislaus=, under the regency of the
latter’s mother, Margaret. Charles assassinated in Hungary. The
pope gives the crown of Naples to Louis of Anjou.

1387 Contests in Naples between the supporters of Ladislaus
and Louis. This struggle continues for many years, wrecks the
kingdom, and destroys its influence in Italy.

1388 Urban marches upon Naples with an army to subdue the
factions. He is injured and his army disbands.

1389 Louis II is crowned king of Naples by the anti-pope
Clement at Avignon.

1397 Ladislaus recovers some of the territory that Louis has
occupied.

1399 Ladislaus recovers the city of Naples, and Louis returns
to Provence.

1408 Ladislaus takes possession of Rome.

1409 The adherents of Pope Alexander V expel Ladislaus from
Rome, and invite Louis of Anjou to prosecute his claim to
Naples.

1410 Louis’ fleet on the way to Naples is totally defeated by
the Genoese allies of Ladislaus.

1411 Excommunication of Ladislaus by Pope John XXIII. Louis
defeats Ladislaus at Roccasecca, but from want of supplies is
obliged to return to Provence.

1412 Ladislaus concludes a treaty of peace with John XXIII.

1413 Ladislaus again takes possession of Rome and most of the
papal states.

1414 Death of Ladislaus. He is succeeded by his sister Joanna
II. The Neapolitan army leaves Rome, retaining only the castle
of St. Angelo.

1415 Joanna marries Jacques de Bourbon, who takes all authority
from her.

1416 Joanna regains her power. Muzio Attendolo Sforza, her
constable, whom Jacques has imprisoned, is liberated and his
position is restored.

1417 Sforza expels Braccio from Rome. Death of Louis II. His
son _Louis III_ succeeds as pretender.

1419 Sforza recovers Spoleto from Braccio. Jacques de Bourbon
returns to France.

1420 Joanna makes Alfonso of Aragon her heir. She asks his
protection against Louis III, who is urged by pope Martin to
seize the throne of Naples.

1422 Alfonso threatens to recognise the anti-pope, and the pope
ceases his hostilities. Sforza and Braccio unite to defend
Naples.

1423 Joanna quarrels with Alfonso. She annuls the adoption and
substitutes Louis of Anjou in his place. War with Aragon breaks
out. The Genoese go to the assistance of Naples.

1424 The Genoese take Naples for Queen Joanna. Death of Muzio
Attendolo Sforza. His son Francesco succeeds to the leadership
of the Neapolitan forces. Death of Braccio.

1425 Francesco Sforza leaves the Neapolitans and enters service
of the duke of Milan.

1434 Death of Louis III. Joanna adopts his brother René as her
heir.

1435 Death of Joanna. =René of Anjou= succeeds, but Alfonso of
Aragon and Sicily claims the kingdom. The Visconti and Genoese
uphold René, who is a prisoner in the hands of the duke of
Burgundy.

_Sicily (House of Aragon) (1282-1435 A.D.)_

1282 After Pedro III of Aragon (=Pedro I= of Sicily) drives
Charles of Naples out of Sicily, a parliament at Palermo
chooses him king. The pope excommunicates him and his people.

1283 Pedro obliged to return to Aragon, which the pope has
given to Charles of Valois. He leaves the island to his wife
Constanza and his great admiral Roger de Lauria, who prosecutes
the war against Charles and wins a victory off Malta.

1284 Roger de Lauria captures the son of Charles and sends him
to Aragon.

1285 Death of Pedro. Aragon and Sicily are separated. Pedro’s
second son =James I= receives Sicily. Roger de Lauria captures
Gallipoli and Tarentum.

1287 Roger de Lauria destroys the fleet prepared by Robert of
Artois, regent of Naples, for the conquest of Sicily.

1289 Siege of Gaeta by Roger de Lauria. Two years’ truce
between Naples and Sicily.

1291 James returns to Aragon to succeed his brother Alfonso as
king, leaving his younger brother Frederick regent in Sicily.
The Sicilians seize some territory in Calabria.

1292 Roger de Lauria defeats the Neapolitans and then invades
the Eastern Empire and takes Scios.

1295 James of Aragon becomes reconciled to the pope; the French
claim on Aragon is annulled, and James binds himself by the
treaty of Agnani to restore Sicily to the Angevins. Frederick
and Constanza prepare to prevent this.

1296 =Frederick II= crowned king of Sicily. The Sicilians are
excommunicated, and invade Calabria.

1297 Roger de Lauria captures Otranto. He then deserts the
Sicilians and goes over to James of Aragon, who promises the
pope to make war on Frederick.

1298 Roger di Flor enters Frederick’s service.

1299 James of Aragon besieges Syracuse, and the duke of
Calabria invades Sicily with some success. Great victory of the
Sicilians at Falconara.

1300 The duke of Calabria besieges Messina. Disease ravages his
army and he is obliged to withdraw.

1302 A treaty of peace concluded between Charles II of Naples
and Frederick. The latter receives title of king of Trinacria
for life, and Charles has undisputed right to that of king of
Sicily. Frederick is to marry Charles’ daughter. The terms
of the treaty are not meant to be carried out, and Frederick
resumes the title of king of Sicily.

1303 Roger di Flor forms the Catalan Grand Company out of his
Sicilian mercenaries.

1313 Alliance of Frederick with the emperor Henry VII against
the pope and Robert of Naples.

1314 Sicily is attacked by Robert, who agrees to a three years’
truce.

1317 Robert again attacks Sicily and makes another truce.

1325 Robert attacks Sicily for the third time, but is obliged
to return to Naples after an attempt to capture Palermo.

1337 Death of Frederick. His son =Pedro II= succeeds. The
kingdom sinks into obscurity.

1338 Robert fails in a fourth attack on Sicily.

1339 Robert takes the Lipari Islands from Sicily.

1342 Death of Pedro. His son =Luis= succeeds under the regency
of Pedro’s brother Juan.

1354 Niccolo Acciajuoli, grand seneschal of Naples,
successfully invades Sicily on behalf of Queen Joanna. He
captures Palermo and other territory.

1355 Death of Luis. His younger brother =Frederick III=
succeeds, and to the duchy of Athens as well.

1357 Acciajuoli returns to Naples.

1365 Frederick recovers the territory seized by Acciajuoli on
the latter’s death.

1372 Treaty of peace between Naples and Sicily.

1376 Death of Frederick, succeeded by his daughter =Maria= and
her husband =Martin I=, son of Martin of Aragon.

1386 Nerio Acciajuoli, governor of Corinth, seizes the duchy of
Athens.

1402 Death of Maria; Martin sole sovereign.

1409 Martin goes to Sardinia for his father to quell an
insurrection. He dies. His father =Martin II= succeeds. Sicily
is united to Aragon with Martin I’s second wife Blanche of
Navarre as regent.

1410 Death of Martin, the last of his line. The thrones of
Aragon and Sicily remain vacant until

1412 when the succession is decided in favour of =Ferdinand (I)
the Just=, regent of Castile.

1416 Death of Ferdinand, succeeded by his son =Alfonso (I)
the Magnanimous=. He is a man of cultivated tastes and great
liberality.

1432 Alfonso arrives in Sicily with a fleet to force his claim
to the succession of Naples. In 1420 Queen Joanna made him her
heir, but in 1423 annulled the adoption.

1435 On death of Joanna, Alfonso besieges Gaeta. Naval battle
of Ponza. Alfonso and his brother captured by the Genoese
allies of René. They are sent as prisoners to Milan, where
Alfonso pleads his cause so successfully that Filippo Maria
Visconti, who fears the French influence, withdraws his support
from René, releases Alfonso and recognises him as the successor
to Joanna. Surrender of Gaeta to Alfonso’s brother Don Pedro.

SECOND UNION (1435-1458 A.D.)

1436 Alfonso is proclaimed king at Gaeta and other places.

1438 René is released by the duke of Burgundy and arrives at
Naples to prosecute his claim.

1440 Alfonso, having taken Aversa, lays siege to Naples.

1442 Surrender of Naples to Alfonso. He is now acknowledged by
the whole kingdom. René returns to Provence.

1443 Alfonso acknowledged by Pope Felix V. He attempts to wrest
the March of Ancona for the pope from Francesco Sforza, and
involves himself in a war with the Italian states. Florence and
Venice side with Sforza.

1447 Alfonso claims the duchy of Milan on death of Filippo
Maria Visconti.

1450 Alfonso makes peace with Florence and Venice.

1455 Alfonso joins the Holy League against the Turks.

1457 Alfonso goes to war with Genoa.

1458 Death of Alfonso. His natural son =Ferdinand I= receives
Naples. Sicily, with Aragon and Sardinia, goes to Alfonso’s
brother Juan, king of Navarre.

SECOND SEPARATION

_Naples--the Bastard Line of Aragon (1458-1503 A.D.)_

1459 Ferdinand’s cruelties cause the nobles to ask the help of
John, governor of Genoa, and son of René of Anjou, against the
king. The terms of the Peace of Lodi prevent Francesco Sforza
from lending assistance.

1460 Defeat of Ferdinand on the Sarno. The pope and Sforza now
send assistance.

1461 Scanderbeg, with a force of Albanians, comes to the
assistance of Ferdinand.

1462 Ferdinand defeats John at Troja, and forces him to give up
his attempt on Naples.

1470 Ferdinand joins the Holy League of the pope against the
Turks.

1478 Ferdinand joins Sixtus IV in his war on the Florentines.

1479 Ferdinand makes peace with Lorenzo de’ Medici, which
arouses the pope against him.

1480 The Turks capture Otranto. Sixtus and Ferdinand become
reconciled.

1481 Otranto recovered from the Turks by a general league of
Christian princes.

1485 Oppressed by taxation, the Neapolitan nobles revolt
against Ferdinand.

1486 Innocent VIII takes the side of the Neapolitan nobles.
They send for René II, duke of Lorraine, grandson of René of
Anjou, with offers of the crown. René delays acceptance and
the opportunity passes. Aragon, Milan, and Florence uphold
Ferdinand. Lorenzo de’ Medici finally reconciles the nobles to
Ferdinand, who breaks his promises and punishes them cruelly.

1492 Piero de’ Medici makes alliance with Ferdinand.

1493 Alarmed at this alliance, Lodovico (Il Moro) Sforza
invites Charles VIII of France to invade Naples in the
interests of the Angevin claim.

1494 Death of Ferdinand as he is preparing to resist the French
invasion. His son =Alfonso II= succeeds. Charles enters Italy.
The Neapolitan fleet is defeated off Genoa.

1495 Alfonso abdicates in favour of his son =Ferdinand II=
and retires to a monastery. Charles enters Naples; Ferdinand
flees. Lodovico now becomes alarmed at Charles’ progress and
forms a league against him. Charles leaves Naples in charge of
a viceroy and hurriedly returns to France. Ferdinand returns to
Naples. Most of his kingdom returns to his allegiance.

1496 The viceroy dies and the French garrison leaves Naples.
Venice seizes Brindisi and Otranto for debt. Death of
Ferdinand, succeeded by his uncle =Frederick II=.

1501 Louis XII of France and Ferdinand of Spain and Sicily
agree by Treaty of Granada to conquer Naples and divide it
between them. The conquest is easily accomplished by the duke
of Nemours and Gonsalvo de Cordova. Frederick surrenders his
rights to the French king and is given the duchy of Anjou.

1502 France and Spain begin to quarrel over the partition of
Naples.

1503 Ferdinand adds Naples to the kingdom of Sicily.

_Sicily--the Royal Line of Aragon (1458-1503 A.D.)_

1458 =Juan of Aragon=, hitherto known as king of Navarre,
receives Sicily “beyond the Pharos,” as part of his dominions
on death of his brother Alfonso. Henceforth it is ruled by
viceroys.

1479 Death of Juan, succeeded by his son =Ferdinand the
Catholic=.

1501 Treaty of Granada and conquest of Naples by Ferdinand and
Louis XII.

1502 Quarrel of France and Spain over the division of Naples.
The pope and Cesare Borgia side with France.

1503 Gonsalvo de Cordova wins several victories over the
French, and finally utterly defeats them at Mola. The kingdoms
of Sicily “on this side the Pharos” (Naples) and Sicily “beyond
the Pharos” are united under Ferdinand, and the king is known
as =Ferdinand III=.

THIRD UNION

_The Royal Line of Spain (1503-1516 A.D.)_

1504 Peace between France and Spain. Louis gives up all claim
on Naples.

_The Austro-Spanish Dynasty (1516-1700 A.D.)_

1516 Death of Ferdinand. Succeeded by his grandson =Charles IV=
(V of Germany). A revolt in Sicily is put down the following
year. Sicily is used as a starting-point for the African wars.

1554 Charles gives his son Philip the title of king of Naples,
on Philip’s marriage to Mary of England.

1556 Abdication of Charles V. =Philip I= (II of Spain) receives
the Two Sicilies as part of his dominions. The kingdom becomes
merely a Spanish province. Pope Paul IV wishes to drive the
Spaniards from Naples and makes a league with Henry II of
France for that purpose. Francis, duke of Guise, grandson of
René II of Lorraine, plans to obtain the crown of Naples.

1557 The duke of Guise marches on Naples and lays siege to
Civitella. The duke of Alva, Philip’s viceroy, defeats him, and
he retreats northward. Henry II recalls him to France.

1565 The Inquisition is in full force throughout Philip’s
dominions. Reformed opinions have spread rapidly in Naples.

1598 Death of Philip, succeeded by his son =Philip II= (III of
Spain). The national assemblies are suppressed.

1618 Osuna, viceroy of Naples, plots with the governor of Milan
and Spanish ambassador at Venice, to seize the throne of the
Two Sicilies and destroy Venice. The Venetian Council of Ten
frustrates the plot.

1621 Death of Philip, succeeded by his son =Philip III= (IV of
Spain). The people are heavily taxed.

1647 Insurrection of Masaniello at Naples over a tax on fruit.
The duke of Arcos, the viceroy, is driven into the castle of
St. Elmo. Insurrection at Palermo. The duke of Arcos makes
terms with the people. Assassination of Masaniello. The revolt
subsides, but soon breaks out again. Don John of Austria sent
to preserve order, but is forced to withdraw. The popular
leader, Gennaro Annese, sends for the duke of Guise, who
readily responds. But he ignores Annese, and the latter betrays
Naples to Don John. Guise is sent a prisoner to Spain. Annese
put to death.

1665 Death of Philip, succeeded by his young son =Charles V=
(II of Spain) under the regency of his mother, Maria Anna of
Austria.

1672 Rising in Messina against the oppressions of the Spanish
governor. He is driven from the city.

1674 The people of Messina send to Louis XIV (whom Spain has
taken sides against in the Dutch war) and proclaims him king
of Sicily. Louis sends a fleet to Sicily. His troops occupy
Messina.

1676 French naval victories over the Dutch allies of Spain off
Stromboli, Catania, and Palermo.

1678 The Dutch war settled by the peace of Nimeguen. Louis
withdraws his troops from Sicily. The Sicilians are now more
oppressed than ever.

1693 Great earthquake in Sicily. Messina, Catania, and Syracuse
nearly destroyed by a violent eruption of Mount Etna.

1694 Great earthquake at Naples.

1700 Death of Charles. End of the Austro-Spanish dynasty. The
Two Sicilies acknowledge =Philip IV= (V of Spain) grandson of
Louis XIV.

_From the End of the Austro-Spanish Dynasty to the Peace of Utrecht (1700-1713 A.D.)_

1701 The emperor Leopold claims the Two Sicilies for the
archduke Charles. The war of the Spanish Succession begins.

1702 Philip arrives at Naples and marches northward.

1706 After the battle of Turin the French are driven out of
Italy and =Charles VI= is proclaimed king of the Two Sicilies.

1708 Pope Clement XI invests Charles with the kingdom of the
Two Sicilies.

THIRD SEPARATION (1713-1720 A.D.)

1713 Peace of Utrecht. Charles VI (now emperor Charles VI)
receives the dominions of Sicily on this side the Pharos
(Naples) together with Milan and Sardinia. The island of Sicily
is given to =Victor Amadeus= of Savoy with the title of king.

1717 Philip V takes Sardinia from the Austrians.

1718 Philip invades Sicily. Victor Amadeus sides with him,
hoping to acquire Lombardy. Formation of the Quadruple Alliance
against Philip.

1719 Philip is driven from Sicily by the allies and negotiates
for peace.

FOURTH UNION (1720-1806 A.D.)

1720 Philip accepts the terms of the alliance. Victor Amadeus
is compelled to exchange Sicily for Sardinia. Charles VI is
once more king of the Two Sicilies, which becomes part of the
German Empire.

1733 War of the Polish Succession begins. Philip V leagues with
France and Sardinia to drive the Austrians from Italy. Philip’s
son Don Charles, the duke of Parma and heir to Tuscany, is to
receive the Two Sicilies.

_The Bourbons (1734-1806 A.D.)_

1734 Don Charles enters Naples and is proclaimed king. An army
arrives from Spain to his assistance. Defeat of the Austrians
at Bitonto and capture of Gaeta by Don Charles.

1735 Don Charles crosses to Italy. The island surrenders to him
and he is crowned as =Charles VII=.

1738 The war is settled by the Treaty of Vienna. Charles VII
acknowledged king of the Two Sicilies and gives up his claim to
Tuscany and to Parma.

1740 Charles joins the alliance against Maria Theresa in the
struggle for the Austrian succession.

1743-1748 The Two Sicilies compelled to remain neutral in the
war of the Austrian Succession by the presence of a British
fleet.

1759 Charles inherits the throne of Spain and resigns the Two
Sicilies to his young son =Ferdinand IV=.

1767 The Jesuits are expelled from the kingdom.

1782 The Inquisition is abolished.

1796 Ferdinand makes a treaty of peace with the French Republic.

1798 The French army invades Neapolitan territory.

1799 Surrender of Naples. Ferdinand flees to Sicily. Naples
is formed into the Parthenopæan Republic by the French. The
English fleet under Nelson appears and assists a Calabrian army
under Cardinal Ruffo to regain Naples and restore Ferdinand.
Ruffo works a barbarous vengeance on the republicans.

1805 The emperor Napoleon makes a treaty of neutrality with
Ferdinand. Terrible earthquake at Naples.

FOURTH SEPARATION

_The Kingdom of Naples (1806-1815 A.D.)_

1806 Napoleon forces Ferdinand to flee and makes his brother
=Joseph Bonaparte= king of Naples. He makes many reforms and
starts to suppress the brigands, who under the Bourbons have
overrun the kingdom. Ferdinand remains ruler of Sicily. The
French defeated by the British at Maida. Queen Caroline of
Sicily organises an insurrection in Calabria.

1808 Joseph Bonaparte is transferred to the throne of Spain and
=Joachim Murat= is made king of Naples. He calls himself king
=Joachim Napoleon=. He takes Capri from the British.

1810 Murat attempts to invade Sicily, but is prevented by the
British.

1811 The guerilla warfare against the brigands ends in their
almost entire extermination. This makes Murat unpopular.

1813 Murat becomes offended at Napoleon during the Russian
campaign and returns to Naples.

1814 Murat makes alliance with Austria and seizes the
principality of Benevento.

1815 Murat declares his intention of restoring the unity of
Italy. The Austrians proceed against him and he is totally
defeated at Tolentino and escapes to France. After Waterloo
he goes to Corsica and attempts to regain Naples, is taken
prisoner in Calabria and executed.

_The Kingdom of Sicily (1806-1815 A.D.)_

1806-1815 Ferdinand continues to rule in Sicily.

FIFTH UNION

_The Bourbon Dynasty (1815-1860 A.D.)_

1815 Ferdinand re-established in the Two Sicilies by the
Congress of Vienna. He now calls himself =Ferdinand I of the
Two Sicilies= and returns to his tyrannical rule.

1819 The Society of the Carbonari becomes powerful. General
Pépé joins it.

1820 Sudden revolt of the Carbonari under Pépé. Ferdinand is
compelled to grant a new constitution.

1821 At conference of Laibach, the great powers decide to
suppress the revolutionary movement in Naples. An Austrian army
invades the kingdom; Pépé is defeated and the constitutional
government overthrown.

1825 Death of Ferdinand, succeeded by his son =Francis I=.

1828 An insurrection of the Carbonari is suppressed.

1830 Death of Francis. His son =Ferdinand II=, “=King Bomba=,”
succeeds.

1840 Settlement with England of the dispute concerning the
sulphur trade.

1844 Execution of the Bandiera in Calabria.

1848 Revolutionary outbreaks begin at Palermo. Ferdinand
grants a constitutional government to his subjects. Violent
outbreaks in Naples. The national guard is almost annihilated
by the royal troops and the _lazzaroni_. The constitution is
withdrawn. A Neapolitan army under General Pépé marches to the
assistance of Charles Albert. Ferdinand bombards Messina to
bring the people to terms, and earns the sobriquet of “King
Bomba.”

1849 The French and English ambassadors attempt to mediate
between Ferdinand and the people of Sicily; the latter reject
the offered terms. Palermo surrenders. Ferdinand sends an army
to assist Pius IX, but it is badly defeated by Garibaldi at
Palestrina and Velletri. The liberal leaders arrested in Naples.

1850 The liberal leaders condemned to imprisonment for life.

1855 The allied powers--England, France, and Sardinia--protest
in vain to Ferdinand against his misgovernment.

1856 England and France withdraw their ambassadors from the Two
Sicilies. Milano attempts to assassinate the king.

1858 Amnesty granted to political offenders.

1859 Death of Ferdinand II, succeeded by his son =Francis II=.
Diplomatic relations resumed.

1860 The foreign ambassadors petition France for reform. A
revolutionary movement begins in Palermo, Messina, and Catania.
Garibaldi arrives at Marsala with five thousand volunteers
from Genoa and assumes title “Dictator of Sicily.” He takes
Palermo and defeats the royal troops at Milazzo. All Sicily
except Messina surrenders to him. Francis promises reforms.
State of siege declared at Naples. Garibaldi refuses to
obey Victor Emmanuel’s command to stop. He enters Messina,
and the Neapolitans agree to evacuate. Francis restores the
constitution of 1848. The count of Trani is proclaimed king
by the army. Garibaldi crosses to Italy and defeats the royal
army at Reggio and San Giovanni. Francis flees to Gaeta,
and Garibaldi enters Naples, assumes the dictatorship, and
institutes reforms. He defeats the royalists on the Volturno.
Victor Emmanuel enters the Abruzzi. The kingdom votes for
annexation to Piedmont. The Two Sicilies is annexed to the
kingdom of Italy.

BORMAY & CO.]