Chapter V: The Free Cities and the Empire (1300-1350 A.d.) 124

An emperor once more in Italy, 126. Milan seditions; Genoa and
Venice at war, 128. Henry’s coronation and sudden death, 130.
Rival emperors; ecclesiastical dissensions, 131. Castruccio
Castracani, 133. Florence menaced, 135. The Florentine army
under Raymond of Cardona, 137. Raymond temporises, 139. A
brilliant skirmish, 140. Battle of Altopascio, 141. Castruccio
adds insult to injury, 143. Florence in despair calls on
the duke of Calabria, 144. Charles and his army, 145. The
Ghibellines call on Ludwig of Bavaria, 147. Successes of Count
Novello, 148. Ludwig comes to Italy, 149. Castruccio goes to
Rome, 150. Castruccio’s new conquest; his sudden death, 152.
Estimates of Castruccio, 153. Duke of Calabria dies; Ludwig
retires, 155. Can’ Grande Della Scala, 155. John of Bohemia
comes to Italy, 156. Lucca a bone of contention, 158. The duke
of Athens made protector of Florence, 162. Growing unpopularity
of the duke of Athens, 164. The duke driven from the city, 165.
Attempted reforms, 167. War of the factions in Florence, 169.
The Great Plague, 171. Boccaccio’s account of the plague in
Florence, 173. Napier’s reflections on the plague, 176.

CHAPTER VI

THE VANGUARD OF THE RENAISSANCE (_ca._ 1250-1400 A.D.) 178

European culture in general, 181. The universities and
nascent scholarship, 183. Latin and the vernacular, 184. The
master poet, and his theme, 186. Dante the man, 187. Lesser
contemporaries of Dante, 190. Petrarch, 191. Early Italian
prose, 194. Boccaccio, 198. Lesser contemporaries of Petrarch
and Boccaccio, 202. Art in the thirteen and fourteenth
centuries, 203. The Tuscan school of painters, 207. Ruskin’s
estimate of Giotto’s tower, 209.

CHAPTER VII

ROME UNDER RIENZI (1347-1354 A.D.) 211

The rise of Rienzi, 213. Lord Lytton on the speech of Rienzi,
216. Rienzi’s opponents; his friends; his proclamations, 218.
Disaster succeeds victory, 220. Anarchy and jubilee in Rome,
223. Rienzi in exile; his renewed opportunity; his death, 224.

CHAPTER VIII

DESPOTS AND TYRANTS OF THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES
(_ca._ 1309-1496 A.D.) 230

The kingdom of Naples, 231. Joanna II, 234. Alfonso the
Magnanimous, 237. Ferdinand, 238. The tyrants of Lombardy, 240.
Companies of adventure, 241. Florence menaced by the Visconti,
243. Charles IV in Italy, 244. The “war of Liberation,” 248.
The papal schism, 249. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, 251. Filippo
Maria Visconti, 257. The house of Sforza, 258.

CHAPTER IX

THE MARITIME REPUBLICS IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH
CENTURIES 261

The affairs of Pisa and Genoa, 261. Naval exploits, 266. The
affairs of Venice, 269. The Tiepolo conspiracy, and the council
of Ten, 272. The story of Marino Falieri, 273. Venetian wars
and conquests, 275. Victories of Carmagnola, 279. Death of
Frescobaldi; the war ended and renewed, 284. The great naval
battle on the Po, 286. The revolt of Pisa; the cruel ruse of
Baldaccio, 288. The fall of Carmagnola, 289. Venice and the
Turks, 293. The government of Venice, 297. The two Foscari, 301.

CHAPTER X

THE COMMERCE OF VENICE 303

Venice in the Levant, 308. The commercial forebears of the
Venetians, 310. Venetian glass, 315. Other manufactures, 318.
The slave trade, 319. The decline of Venetian commerce, 323.
The bank of Venice, 324.

CHAPTER XI

THE GUILDS AND THE SEIGNIORY IN FLORENCE (1350-1400 A.D.) 326

Social upheavals of the middle of the fourteenth century,
327. Macchiavelli’s account of the Ciompi insurrection, 331.
The eight “saints of war,” 333. Mob violence, 336. Michele di
Lando, 340. Momentary peace; renewed insurrections, 343.

CHAPTER XII

FLORENCE UNDER THE MEDICI (1434-1492 A.D.) 349

The rise, reverses, and power of Cosmo de’ Medici, 350. Cosmo
and the revival of learning, 353. Last years of Cosmo, 356.
Roscoe’s estimate of Cosmo, 359. Cosmo’s successor, 361.
Piero’s sons and the conspiracies, 363. The Pazzi conspiracy,
365. Lorenzo the Magnificent in power, 370. The Florentines
routed at Poggibonzi, 373. Lorenzo’s embassy to Naples, 375.
Peace with honour, 376. Further papal wars, 379. Last years of
Lorenzo, 386. Von Reumont’s estimate of Lorenzo, 388.

CHAPTER XIII

ASPECTS OF LATER RENAISSANCE CULTURE 391

Fifteenth century art, 392. Vasari’s estimate of fifteenth
century art, 393. Leonardo da Vinci, 395. The end of the
mediæval epoch, 398. The age of Michelangelo, 399. Michelangelo
as sculptor, 402. Raphael, 403. Ariosto, 405. Machiavelli, 406.

CHAPTER XIV

THE “LAST DAY OF ITALY” (1494-1530 A.D.) 408

Charles VIII; his army, 412. Charles VIII in Rome; a
contemporary account, 414. Charles goes to Naples, 420.
Florentine affairs; Savonarola, 421. The French in Milan, 424.
The French and Spaniards in Naples, 428. Northern Italy, 429.
The league of Cambray, 432. Battle of Ravenna, 435. The age
of Leo X, 439. Battle of Marignano; last years of Leo, 441.
Successors of Leo; Francis I and Charles V, 447. Capture and
sack of Rome, 452. The fall of Florence, 458.

CHAPTER XV

THE BEGINNING OF THE AGE OF SLAVERY (1530-1600 A.D.) 463

The siege and fall of Siena, 464. An Italian estimate of the
abdication of Charles V, 467. Renewed hostilities; the Treaty
of Cateau-Cambrésis, 468. A Spanish account of the battle of
Lepanto, 473. The general condition of Italy, 477. Pope Sixtus
V; Ferdinand, grand duke of Tuscany, 478. Pope Clement VIII,
481.

CHAPTER XVI

A CENTURY OF OBSCURITY (1601-1700 A.D.) 484

General conditions, 485. Galileo and the church, 493. The
successors of Urban VIII, 495. Lesser principalities, 498.
Tuscany, 501. Piedmont and Savoy, 502. Venice, 511. Venetian
wars with the Turks, 518.

CHAPTER XVII

ITALY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (1701-1800 A.D.) 524

Italy in the war of the Spanish Succession, 528. War of the
Quadruple Alliance, 530. War of the Polish Succession, 532. War
of the Austrian Succession, 534. Forty years of “languid peace”
for divided Italy, 536. The kingdom of Naples and Sicily, 537.
The states of the church, 538. The Sardinian kingdom, 540. The
four republics, 541. Milan and Tuscany, 542. A Tuscan estimate
of Leopold, 546. Italy in the revolutionary age, 547. Time of
the French Republic under the national convention, 548. The
campaign of 1796 and its consequences, 551. The expulsion of
the French from Italy, 557. Bonaparte reconquers Italy, 564.
The growing desire for liberty, 565.

CHAPTER XVIII

THE NAPOLEONIC RÉGIME (1801-1815 A.D.) 566

The constitution of the republic, 567. Napoleon makes Italy
a kingdom, 568. The kingdom of Naples and the papacy, 570.
The islands of Sicily and Sardinia, 574. The rise of national
spirit, 574. The fall of Napoleon, 576.

CHAPTER XIX

INEFFECTUAL STRUGGLES (1815-1848 A.D.) 578

Marriott on the Restoration, 580. Errors of the monarchy,
581. The insurrections of 1820-1821, 583. The revolutions of
1831, 585. Sassone on Mazzini and “young Italy,” 587. Fyffe’s
estimate of Mazzini, 588. Symonds on the problems and the
leaders, 589. Pope Pius IX and his liberal policy, 591.

CHAPTER XX

THE LIBERATION OF ITALY (1848-1866 A.D.) 593

The war between Naples and Sicily, 594. Revolt against the
pope; Rome a republic, 595. The French restore the pope, 597.
Revolutions in Tuscany and elsewhere, 598. Charles Albert’s war
with Austria, 598. Charles Albert abdicates: Victor Emmanuel
II succeeds, 600. Venice fails to acquire freedom, 601. Louis
Napoleon’s intervention, 603. Austria declares war: Magenta
and Solferino, 603. The papacy _versus_ unity, 606. Garibaldi
drives the Bourbons from Sicily, 607. The death of Cavour and
the revolt of Garibaldi, 611. Florence becomes the capital,
613. The war of 1866 and annexation of Venice, 614.

CHAPTER XXI

THE COMPLETION OF ITALIAN UNITY (1867-1878 A.D.) 616

The revolt of Garibaldi, 617. The French intervene again:
Mentana, October 31st, 618. The Roman question renewed, 620.
Papal infallibility proclaimed, 621. Rome taken from the pope,
621. The plebiscite, 622. Rome again the capital of Italy, 624.
The Minghetti ministry, 625. Death of Victor Emmanuel and Pius
IX, 626.

CHAPTER XXII

RECENT HISTORY (1878-1903 A.D.) 628

Irredentism, the Triple Alliance and “Trasformismo,” 630. The
power of Crispi, 632. Death of King Humbert, of Crispi, and of
Leo XIII, 633.

BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS 635

A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN ITALY 639

A CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF ITALIAN HISTORY 646