Chapter XVII: Section 2: And be it further resolved, That the President of (6)

The following quantities shall be considered as forming the ton
of merchandize for each of the articles hereinafter specified:

Wines: Four 61-gallon hogsheads, or 244 gallons of 231 cubic
inches, American measure.

Brandies, and all other liquids, 244 gallons.

Silks and all other dry goods, and all other articles usually
subject to measurement, forty-two cubic feet French, in France,
and fifty cubic feet American measure in the United States.

Cotton: 804lbs. avoirdupois, or 365 kilogrammes.

Tobacco: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes.

Ashes, pot and pearl: 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.

Rice: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes, and for all
weighable articles, not specified, 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016
kilogrammes.

ARTICLE V.

The duties of tonnage, light money, pilotage, port charges,
brokerage, and all other duties upon foreign shipping, over and
above those paid by the national shipping in the two countries
respectively, other than those specified in articles 1 and 2 of
the present convention, shall not exceed in France, for vessels
of the United States, five francs per ton of the vessel's
American register; nor for vessels of France in the United
States, ninety four cents per ton of the vessel's French
passport.

ARTICLE VI.

The contracting parties, wishing to favour their mutual commerce,
by affording in their ports every necessary assistance to their
respective vessels, have agreed that the consuls and (p. 269)
vice-consuls may cause to be arrested the sailors, being part of
the crews of the vessels of their respective nations, who shall
have deserted from the said vessels, in order to send them back
and transport them out of the country. For which purpose the said
consuls and vice-consuls shall address themselves to the courts,
judges, and officers competent, and shall demand the said
deserters in writing, proving by an exhibition of the registers
of the vessel, or ship's roll, or other official documents, that
those men were part of the said crews; and on this demand, so
proved, (saving however where the contrary is proved,) the
delivery shall not be refused; and there shall be given all aid
and assistance to the said consuls and vice-consuls for the
search, seizure, and arrest of the said deserters, who shall even
be detained and kept in the prisons of the country, at their
request and expense, until they shall have found an opportunity
of sending them back. But if they be not sent back within three
months, to be counted from the day of their arrest, they shall be
set at liberty, and shall be no more arrested for the same cause.

ARTICLE VII.

The present temporary convention shall be in force for two years
from the first day of October next, and even after the expiration
of that term, until the conclusion of a definitive treaty, or
until one of the parties shall have declared its intention to
renounce it, which declaration shall be made at least six months
beforehand.

And in case the present arrangement should remain without such
declaration of its discontinuance by either party, the extra
duties specified in the 1st and 2d articles shall, from the
expiration of the said two years, be, on both sides, diminished
by one-fourth of their whole amount, and, afterwards by
one-fourth of the said amount from year to year, so long as
neither party shall have declared the intention of renouncing it
as above stated.

ARTICLE VIII.

The present convention shall be ratified on both sides, and the
ratifications shall be exchanged within one year from the date
hereof, or sooner, if possible. But the execution of the said
convention shall commence in both countries on the first of
October next, and shall be effective, even in case of
non-ratification, for all such vessels as may have sailed bonâ
fide for the ports of either nation, in the confidence of its
being in force.

In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed
the present convention, and have hereto affixed their seals, at
the city of Washington, this 24th day of June, A. D. 1822.

John QUINCY ADAMS [l.s.]
G. HYDE DE NEUVILLE [l.s.]

SEPARATE ARTICLE.

The extra duties levied on either side before the present day, by
virtue of the act of Congress of 15th May, 1820, and of the
ordinance of 26th July of the same year, and others confirmative
thereof, and which have not already been paid back, shall be
refunded.

Signed and sealed as above, this 24th day of June, 1822.

John QUINCY ADAMS [l.s.]
G. HYDE DE NEUVILLE [l.s.]

No. 53. (p. 270) PLATE LIV.

_March 4, 1825--March 4, 1829._

John Quincy Adams President of the United States 1825. [Rx].
Peace and friendship.

PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

[_Sixth President of the United States of America._]

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1825. Bust of President John Quincy Adams, facing the right.

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and a tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by Fürst.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, son of President John Adams, was born in Braintree, now Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. He spent several years of his early life in Europe with his father; was graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1787; was admitted to the bar in 1791, and settled in Boston; was minister to Holland, England, and Prussia, 1794-1801; United States senator, 1803-1808; minister to Russia, 1809-1814; one of the negotiators of the treaty of Ghent, 1814; secretary of State under President Monroe, 1817-1825; President of the United States, 1825-1829; representative in Congress, 1831-1848. He died in the Capitol in Washington, February 23, 1848.

No. 54. (p. 271) PLATE LV.

_March 4, 1829--March 4, 1837._

Andrew Jackson President of the United States A.D. 1829. [Rx].
Peace and friendship.

PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.

[_Seventh President of the United States of America._]

ANDREW JACKSON PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES A. D. (_Anno Domini: The year of our Lord_), 1829. Bust of President Jackson, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

No. 55. (p. 272) PLATE LVI.

_August 2, 1813._

Presented by Congress to Colonel George Croghan 1835. [Rx]. Pars
magna fuit.

COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.

[_Defence of Fort Stephenson._]

PRESENTED BY CONGRESS TO COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN 1835. Bust of Colonel Croghan, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

In a pendant: PARS MAGNA FUIT[111] (_His share was great._) Major Croghan is defending, with one hundred and sixty men, Fort Stephenson against the attack of the British army, one thousand strong. In the background, three gunboats on Lake Erie. Exergue: SANDUSKY 2; AUGUST 1813. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

[Footnote 111: Virgil, Æneid, Book II, 6.]

As this medal was not voted by Congress until 1835, it is placed here according to the chronological order adopted.

GEORGE CROGHAN was born near Louisville, Kentucky, November 15, 1791. He was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, and in 1811 was aid-de-camp to Colonel Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe; captain in 1812, major in 1813, and aid-de-camp to General Harrison at Fort Meigs. On August 3, 1813, with a garrison of one hundred and sixty men, he repulsed General Proctor at the head of an army of one thousand British troops and Indians. For this gallant deed Congress, in 1835, gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In 1814 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel; resigned in 1817; was promoted to the rank of inspector-general and colonel in 1825; served under General Taylor in Mexico, and died in New Orleans, January 8, 1849.

_____

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. (p. 273)

_Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Colonel Croghan, etc._

_Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled_: That the
President of the United States be requested to cause a gold medal
to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented to
Colonel Croghan, in testimony of the high sense entertained by
Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the defence of Fort
Stephenson; and that he present a sword to each of the following
officers engaged in that affair: to Captain James Hunter, to the
eldest male representative of Lieutenant Benjamin Johnston, and
to Lieutenant Cyrus A. Baylor, John Meek, Ensign Joseph Duncan,
and the nearest male representative of Ensign Edmund Shipp,
deceased.

Approved February 13, 1835.

_____

_Major Croghan to General Harrison._

To
MAJOR-GENERAL HARRISON, Lower Sandusky, August 5th, 1813.
Commanding Northwestern Army.

Dear Sir: I have the honour to inform you that the combined force
of the enemy, amounting to at least 500 regulars, and seven or
eight hundred Indians, under the immediate command of General
Proctor, made its appearance before this place early on Sunday
evening last, and so soon as the general had made such
disposition of his troops as would cut off my retreat, should I
be disposed to make one, he sent Colonel Elliott, accompanied by
Major Chambers, with a flag to demand the surrender of the fort,
as he was anxious to spare the effusion of blood, which he should
probably not have it in his power to do should he be reduced to
the necessity of taking the place by storm. My answer to the
summons was, that I was determined to defend the place to the
last extremity, and that no force, however large, should induce
me to surrender it. So soon as the flag had returned, a brisk
fire was opened upon us from the gunboats in the river, and from
a five and a half inch howitzer on shore, which was kept up with
little intermission through the night. At an early hour the next
morning, three sixes (which had been placed during the night
within 250 yards of the pickets) began to play upon us, but with
little effect. About 4 o'clock P.M., discovering that the fire
from all his guns was concentrated against the northwestern angle
of the fort, I became confident that his object was to make a
breach, and attempt to storm the works at that point. I therefore
ordered out as many men as could be employed for the purpose of
strengthening that front, which was so effectually secured by
means of bags of flour, sand, &c., that the picketing suffered
little or no injury. Notwithstanding which, the enemy, about 5
o'clock, having formed in close column, advancing to assail our
works at the expected point, at the same time making two feints
at the front of Captain Hunter's line, the column which advanced
against the north-western angle, consisting of about 350 men, (p. 274)
was so completely enveloped in smoke as not to be discovered
until it had approached within fifteen or twenty paces of the
lines; but the men being all at their posts and ready to receive
it, commenced so heavy and galling a fire as to throw the column
a little into confusion. Being quickly rallied, it advanced to
the outer works and began to leap into the ditch. Just at that
moment a fire of grape was opened from our six pounder (which had
been previously arranged so as to rake in that direction), which,
together with the musketry, threw them into such confusion, that
they were compelled to retire precipitately to the woods. During
the assault, which lasted about half an hour, an incessant fire
was kept up by the enemy's artillery (which consisted of five
sixes and a howitzer), but without effect. My whole loss during
the siege, was one killed and seven wounded slightly. The loss of
the enemy in killed, wounded, and prisoners, must exceed one
hundred and fifty; one lieutenant-colonel, a lieutenant and fifty
rank and file, were found in and about the ditch, those of the
remainder, who were not able to escape, were taken off during the
night by the Indians. Seventy stand of arms and several brace of
pistols have been collected near the work. About three in the
morning the enemy sailed down the river, leaving behind them a
boat, containing clothing and considerable military stores. Too
much praise cannot be bestowed on the officers, non-commissioned
officers, and privates under my command for their gallantry and
good conduct during the siege.

Yours, with respect,
G. CROGHAN,
_Major 17th U. S. Infantry comdg. L. S._

No. 56. (p. 275) PLATE LVII.

_March 4, 1837--March 4, 1841._

Martin Van Buren President of the United States A. D. 1837. [Rx].
Peace and friendship.

PRESIDENT MARTIN VAN BUREN.

[_Eighth President of the United States of America._]

MARTIN VAN BUREN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES A. D. (_Anno Domini: The year of our Lord_) 1837. Bust of President Van Buren, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

MARTIN VAN BUREN was born at Kinderhook, Columbia County, New York, December 5, 1782. He received his early education at a common school; was admitted to the bar in the city of New York, 1803; State senator, 1812; attorney-general of New York, 1815; United States senator, 1821-1828; governor of New York, 1828; secretary of State to President Jackson, 1829-1831; appointed minister to England, 1831, but was not confirmed by the Senate; vice-president of the United States, 1833-1837; President of the United States, 1837-1841. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1848. He died at Kinderhook, July 24, 1862.

No. 57. (p. 276) PLATE LVIII.

_April 4, 1841--March 4, 1845._

John Tyler, President of the United States. 1841. [Rx]. Peace and
friendship.

PRESIDENT JOHN TYLER.

[_Tenth[112] President of the United States of America._]

[Footnote 112: General Harrison, the ninth
President, died one month after his inauguration,
and no Indian peace medal of him was struck.]

JOHN TYLER, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1841. Bust of President Tyler, facing the left.

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

This medal bears no signature. Below are given the only documents relating to it which could be obtained.

JOHN TYLER was born in Charles City County, Virginia, March 29, 1790. He was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, 1807; and was admitted to the bar, 1809. He was a member of the State Legislature, 1811-1816; member of Congress, 1816-1821; member of the State Legislature, 1823-1825; governor of Virginia, 1825-1827; United States senator, 1827-1836; vice-president of the United States, March 4, 1841, and President, on the death of General Harrison (April 4), (p. 277) 1841-1845. He took part with the South during the Civil War, and was a member of the Confederate Congress. He died in Richmond, January 17, 1862.

_____

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

_R. M. Patterson to J. C. Spencer._

To the Honorable
J. C. SPENCER, Mint of the United States,
Secretary of War. November 2, 1841.

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of the 28th ult., and am gratified to see the interest which you
take in the subject of our American Medals.

The Military Medals of which we have the dies, are now in the
course of execution, in compliance with your request. Among them
is included the Medal voted, in 1777, to General Gates, of which
the dies were given, by the family, through Colonel Burr, to our
former chief coiner, Mr. Eckfeldt.

Electrotype copies of the other Medals, properly mounted, could
be furnished at two dollars each. We have already the means of
making the following: Washington--Boston, 1776; Colonel
Howard--Cowpens, 1781; General Greene, 1781: Alliance with
France, 1777-1781[113]; Colonel Washington--Cowpens, 1781.

The dies for the Indian Medals, bearing the heads of the
successive Presidents, have heretofore been cut by artists in
this country; the earlier ones by Reich, the later by Fürst. One
of these is dead, and the other in Europe.

I now propose, with your approbation, to pursue a different
course, and to dispense entirely with the services of the die
sinker. For this purpose, a medallion likeness of the President
must be modeled in wax or clay, on a table of four inches in
diameter, and I understand that an artist at Washington, named
Chapman, is competent to this work. A plaster cast from this
model is used as a pattern for a casting in fine iron, which can
be executed by Babbit at Boston, as well as at the celebrated
foundries at Berlin. This casting is then placed in an instrument
called a _portrait lathe_ (of which we have a very perfect one at
the Mint, which I caused to be made at Paris), and reduced
fac-similes of it are turned by the lathe, thus preparing for us
the dies which we need.

The advantages offered by this mode of operating are manifest. A
model made on a large scale in relief, and in plastic material,
can hardly fail to be more perfect than a head sunk originally on
a die of steel. I accordingly anticipate from this process a more
perfect set of dies, than any we have yet made. But it is not an
untried experiment which I propose to make. I send you herewith,
a medal of Franklin executed by us here, entirely by this process.
The original was a medallion likeness of Franklin in burnt (p. 278)
clay. All the rest was a purely mechanical operation, (the work
being, in fact, done by a steam engine), except a little
retouching, and the impression of the letters.

The proposed method presents the advantage of greater economy.
The last Indian Medal dies, which were the cheapest we have had
made, cost $1,160; Mr. Peale, our chief coiner, is willing to
undertake the execution of those for President Tyler, for $800.

The Medals for President Van Buren were begun, and in fact
completed, in anticipation of the necessary appropriation by
Congress, and I would suggest to you, whether the same course
would not be desirable now.

I present the following estimate, for the appropriation to be
asked:

For furnishing
three head dies........................... $800.00
For preparing, striking, ringing, etc.,
60 of the largest Medals at $2.37 each..... 142.20
For 200 of the two smaller sizes at
$1.37 each................................. 274.00
Fine silver used for the Medals.............. 1,000.00
Contingencies.................................. 283.80
---------
$2,500.00

[Footnote 113: The Libertas Americana medal.]

It may perhaps be judged proper to introduce Indian Medals of
President Harrison into the series.

In this case, the estimate need not be doubled, for it is not to
be supposed that many more _Medals_ would be wanted. I should
suppose that an additional appropriation of $1000 would be
sufficient. I may remark, however, that Washington is not in the
series of Indian Medals, and that Harrison, like Washington, is
in the series of those voted by Congress to our successful
military commanders.

I wait your instructions, which I shall execute with great
pleasure.

Very respectfully, your faithful servant,
R. M. PATTERSON, _Director_.

_____

_J. C. Spencer to R. M. Patterson._

To
DOCTOR R. M. PATTERSON, Department of War.
Director of the Mint, Washington, Nov. 13, 1841.
Philadelphia, Penn.

Sir: I have had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 2d
instant, respecting the means of procuring the dies for Medals
bearing the likeness of President Tyler. The advantages of the
mode you propose are sufficiently attested by the execution of
the Medal accompanying your letter, and, in accordance with your
suggestions, measures have been adopted to have a medallion
likeness of the President taken, the execution of which has been
entrusted to Mr. Pettrich, whose merit as an artist cannot be
unknown to you.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
J. C. SPENCER.

_____

_R. M. Patterson to John C. Spencer._ (p. 279)

To the Honorable
John C. SPENCER, Mint, U.S.
Secretary of War. September 17, 1842.

Sir: Permit me to ask whether an appropriation was made at the
late session of Congress for defraying the expense of making a
set of medals bearing the head of the President, to be given to
Indian chiefs, as has been the custom heretofore. In consequence
of our former correspondence on this subject, you are aware that
some steps have already been taken for accomplishing this object.
Let me inquire of you whether the work is to go forward.

R. M. PATTERSON, _Director_.

_____

_D. Parker to R. M. Patterson._

R. M. PATTERSON, Esq., War Department.
Director of the Mint, Washington, D. C., Sep. 21, 1842.
Philadelphia.

Sir: In answer to your letter of the 17th instant, in the absence
of the Secretary of War, I have to state that $2,500 was
appropriated during the last session of Congress for making
medals bearing the head of the President, to be given to Indian
chiefs. Of this $50 was paid to Mr. Pettrich, and a requisition
has this day been made in your favor for $1,500, which the
Treasury Department is requested to remit to you as early as
practicable.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. PARKER, _Chief Clerk_.

No. 58. (p. 280) PLATE LIX.

_March 4, 1845--March 4, 1849._

James K. Polk, President of the United States, 1845. [Rx]. Peace
and friendship.

PRESIDENT JAMES KNOX POLK.

[_Eleventh President of the United States of America._]

JAMES K (_Knox_) POLK PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1845. Bust of President Polk, facing the left.

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was made by Franklin Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R. M. Patterson, director of the Mint, to William Medill, commissioner of Indian Affairs, and dated Philadelphia, June 15, 1846. "The Indian medals, with the head of President Polk, being nearly finished by our chief coiner, Mr. Peale, etc."

JAMES KNOX POLK was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, November 2, 1795. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina, 1818; was admitted to the bar in Nashville, Tennessee, 1820; member of the State Legislature, 1823-1825; member of Congress, 1825-1839; speaker of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1835-1839; governor of Tennessee, 1839-1841; President of the United States, 1845-1849. He died in Nashville, June 15, 1849.

No. 59. (p. 281) PLATE LX.

_May 8 and 9, 1846._

Major General Zachary Taylor. [Rx]. Resolution of Congress, July
16th, 1846, etc.

MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.

[_Victories on the Rio Grande._]

MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. Bust of General Taylor, in uniform, facing the right.

Within a wreath of laurel and palm inclosing a serpent biting its tail--emblem of immortality through glory and victory: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS JULY 16{TH} 1846. PALO ALTO MAY 8{TH} 1846 RESACA DE LA PALMA MAY 9{TH} 1846.[114]

[Footnote 114: See INTRODUCTION, pages xxiv and
xxv.]

ZACHARY TAYLOR was born in Orange County, Virginia, September 24, 1784. His father soon after removed to a plantation near Louisville, Kentucky, where young Taylor passed the early years of his life. He entered the army as first lieutenant of infantry, 1808; was captain, 1810; distinguished himself by his defence of Fort Harrison, on the Wabash river, against the Indians led by Tecumseh, September 5, 1812, for which he was breveted major; full major, 1814; lieutenant-colonel, 1819; colonel, 1832. He served during all this period against the Indians on the north-west frontier; he was ordered to Florida in 1836, and won the battle of Okechobee against the Seminoles, December 25, 1837, for which he was made brigadier-general by brevet and commander-in-chief in Florida, 1838; commander of the first division in the south-west in 1840, in which year he removed from Kentucky to Louisiana, where he bought a plantation near Baton Rouge. Appointed commander of the army of occupation in Texas, July, 1845, he defeated the Mexican armies in battle at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, May 8 and 9, 1846; at Monterey, September 24, same year; and at Buena Vista, February 22 and 23, 1847. For these victories Congress gave him a vote of thanks and three gold medals.[115] He was made (p. 282) major-general, June 29, 1846; became President of the United States, March 5, 1849, and died at the White House in Washington, July 9, 1850. His soldiers gave him the sobriquet of "Old Rough and Ready."

[Footnote 115: See Nos. 60, page 290, and 63, page
336.]

_____

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

_Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor._

_Resolved unanimously by the Senate and the House of
Representatives of the United States of America in Congress
assembled_: That the thanks of Congress are due, and are hereby
tendered to Major-General Zachary Taylor, commanding the army of
occupation, his officers and men, for the fortitude, skill,
enterprise, and courage, which have distinguished the recent
brilliant operations on the Rio Grande.

SECTION 2. _And be it further resolved_, That Congress sincerely
sympathize with the relatives and friends of the officers and
soldiers of the army of the United States who so bravely fell in
the service of their country on the Rio Grande.

SECTION 3. _And be it further resolved_, That the President of
the United States be requested to cause the foregoing resolutions
to be communicated to General Taylor, and through him to the army
under his command.