Chapter XXI: Section 4: And be it further resolved, That the President of (4)

Head-quarters of the Army,
National Palace of Mexico, September, 1847.

The general-in-chief calls upon his brethren in arms to return,
both in public and in private worship, thanks and gratitude to
God for the signal triumphs which they have recently achieved for
their country.

Beginning with the 19th of August, and ending the 14th instant,
this army has gallantly fought its way through the fields and
forts of Contreras, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molinos del Rey,
Chapultepec, and the gates of San Cosmo and Tacubaya or Belen,
into the capital of Mexico.

When the very limited numbers who have performed those brilliant
deeds shall have become known, the whole world will be
astonished, and our own countrymen filled with joy and
admiration.

But all is not yet done. The enemy, though scattered and (p. 335)
dismayed, has still many fragments of his late army hovering
about us, and aided by an exasperated population, he may again
reunite in treble our numbers, and fall upon us to advantage if
we rest inactive on the security of past victories.

Compactness, vigilance, and discipline are, therefore, our only
securities. Let every good officer and man look to those cautions
and enjoin them upon all others.

By command of Major-General Scott,
H. L. SCOTT,
_Acting Adjutant-General_.

No. 63. (p. 336) PLATE LXIV.

_February 22 and 23, 1847._

Major General Zachary Taylor, etc. [Rx]. Buena Vista Feb 22. &.
23. 1847.

MAJOR-GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR.

[_Victory of Buena Vista._]

MAJOR GENERAL ZACHARY TAYLOR. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS: MAY 9. 1848. Undraped bust of General Taylor, facing the right; underneath, branches of oak and laurel, S. ELLIS. DEL. (_delineavit._) C. C. WRIGHT. F. (_fecit_).

BUENA VISTA FEB. 22. & 23. 1847. Within a circle formed by two serpents, one of which is a rattlesnake, the American army, commanded by General Taylor, is repulsing the attack of the Mexicans. Beneath are branches of cactus and oak. F. A. SMITH DEL. (_delineavit._) C. C. WRIGHT SCULP. (_sculpsit_).

FREDERIC AUGUSTUS SMITH was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant of engineers, July 1, 1833. He was appointed captain, July, 1838, and died in Washington, District of Columbia, October 16, 1852. He designed the reverse of the medal to Major-General Taylor for Buena Vista.

_____

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

_Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to General Taylor._

_Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled_: That the
thanks of Congress are due, and they are hereby tendered to
Major-General Zachary Taylor, and, through him, to the officers
and soldiers of the regular army and of the volunteers under (p. 337)
his command, for their valor, skill, and good conduct,
conspicuously displayed, on the twenty-second and twenty-third
days of February last, in the battle of Buena Vista, in defeating
a Mexican army of more than four times their number, consisting
of chosen troops, under their favorite commander, General Santa
Anna.

_Resolved_, That the President of the United States be requested
to cause to be struck a gold medal, with devices emblematical of
this splendid achievement, and presented to Major-General Zachary
Taylor, as a testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress
of his judicious and distinguished conduct on that memorable
occasion.

_Resolved_, That the President of the United States be requested
to cause the foregoing resolutions to be communicated to
Major-General Taylor in such terms as he may deem best calculated
to give effect to the object thereof.

Approved May 9, 1848.

_____

_General Taylor to the Adjutant-General of the Army._

To Headquarters, Army of Occupation,
THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL OF THE ARMY, Agua Nueva, March 6, 1847.
Washington, D. C.

Sir: I have the honor to submit a detailed report of the
operations of the forces under my command, which resulted in the
engagement of Buena Vista, the repulse of the Mexican army, and
the re-occupation of this position.

The information which reached me of the advance and concentration
of a heavy Mexican force in my front, had assumed such a probable
form, as to induce a special examination far beyond the reach of
our pickets to ascertain its correctness. A small party of Texan
spies, under Major McCulloch, dispatched to the hacienda of
Encarnacion, thirty miles from this, on the route to San Louis
Potosi, had reported a cavalry force of unknown strength at that
place. On the 20th of February, a strong reconnoissance under
Lieutenant-Colonel May was dispatched to the hacienda of
Heclionda, while Major McCulloch made another examination of
Encarnacion. The result of these expeditions left no doubt that
the enemy was in large force at Encarnacion, under the orders of
General Santa Anna, and that he meditated a forward movement, and
attack upon our position.

As the camp of Agua Nueva could be turned on either flank, and as
the enemy's force was greatly superior to our own, particularly
in the arm of cavalry, I determined, after much consideration, to
take up a position about eleven miles in rear, and there await
the attack. The army broke up its camp and marched at noon on the
21st, encamping at the new position a little in front of the
hacienda of Buena Vista. With a small force I proceeded to (p. 338)
Saltillo, to make some necessary arrangements for the defence
of the town, leaving Brigadier-General Wool in the immediate
command of the troops.

Before those arrangements were completed, on the morning of the
22d, I was advised that the enemy was in sight, advancing. Upon
reaching the ground, it was found that his cavalry advance was in
our front, having marched from Encarnacion, as we have since
learned, at eleven o'clock on the day previous, and driving in a
mounted force, left Agua Nueva to cover the removal of public
stores. Our troops were in position, occupying a line of
remarkable strength. The road at this point becomes a narrow
defile, the valley on its right being rendered quite
impracticable for artillery by a system of deep and impassable
gullies, while on the left a succession of rugged ridges and
precipitous ravines extends far back toward the mountain which
bounds the valley. The features of the ground were such as nearly
to paralyze the artillery and cavalry of the enemy, while his
infantry could not derive all the advantages of its numerical
superiority. In this position we prepared to receive him. Captain
Washington's battery (4th Artillery) was posted to command the
road, while the 1st and 2d Illinois regiments, under Colonels
Hardin and Bissell, each eight companies (to the latter of which
was attached Captain Conner's company of Texas Volunteers), and
the 2d Kentucky, under Colonel McKee, occupied the crests of the
ridges on the left and in rear. The Arkansas and Kentucky
regiments of cavalry, commanded by Colonels Yell and H. Marshall,
occupied the extreme left near the base of the mountain, while
the Indiana brigade, under Brigadier-General Lane (composed of
the 2d and 3d regiments, under Colonels Bowles and Lane), the
Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, the squadrons of the
1st and 2d Dragoons, under Captain Steen and Lieutenant-Colonel
May, and the light batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg, 3d
Artillery, were held in reserve.

At eleven o'clock I received from General Santa Anna the
following summons to surrender at discretion:

"Camp at Encantada, February 22d, 1847.

"To
"GENERAL Z. TAYLOR,
"Commanding the Forces of the United States.
"God and Liberty!

"You are surrounded by 20,000 men, and cannot, in any human
probability, avoid suffering a route, and being cut to pieces
with your troops; but as you deserve consideration and particular
esteem, I wish to save you from a catastrophe, and for that
purpose give you this notice, in order that you may surrender at
discretion, under the assurance that you will be treated with the
consideration belonging to the Mexican character, to which end
you will be granted an hour's time to make up your mind, to
commence from the moment when my flag of truce arrives in your
camp.

"With this view, I assure you of my particular consideration,

"Antonio LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA."

To this summons I immediately replied in these terms: (p. 339)

"Headquarters, Army Of Occupation,
"Near Buena Vista, February 22, 1847.

"SEÑOR GENERAL DON ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA,
"Commander-in-Chief, La Encantada.

"Sir: In reply to your note of this date, summoning me to
surrender my forces at discretion, I beg leave to say that I
decline acceding to your request.

"With high respect, I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
"Z. TAYLOR,
"_Major-General United States Army_, _commanding_."

The enemy still forbore his attack, evidently waiting for the
arrival of his rear columns, which could be distinctly seen by
our look-outs as they approached the field. A demonstration made
on his left caused me to detach the 2d Kentucky regiment and a
section of artillery to our right, in which position they
bivouacked for the night. In the mean time the Mexican light
troops had engaged ours on the extreme left (composed of parts of
the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry dismounted, and a rifle
battalion from the Indiana brigade, under Major Gorman, the whole
commanded by Colonel Marshall), and kept up a sharp fire,
climbing the mountain side, and apparently endeavoring to gain
our flank. Three pieces of Captain Washington's battery had been
detached to the left, and were supported by the 2d Indiana
regiment. An occasional shell was thrown by the enemy into this
part of our line, but without effect. The skirmishing of the
light troops was kept up with trifling loss on our part until
dark, when I became convinced that no serious attack would be
made before the morning, and returned, with the Mississippi
regiment and squadron of 2d Dragoons, to Saltillo. The troops
bivouacked without fires, and laid upon their arms. A body of
cavalry, some 1500 strong, had been visible all day in rear of
the town, having entered the valley through a narrow pass east of
the city. This cavalry, commanded by General Minon, had evidently
been thrown in our rear to break up and harass our retreat, and
perhaps make some attempt against the town if practicable. The
city was occupied by four excellent companies of Illinois
volunteers, under Major Warren of the 1st regiment. A field-work,
which commanded most of the approaches, was garrisoned by Captain
Webster's company, 1st Artillery, and armed with two
twenty-four-pound howitzers, while the train and headquarter camp
was guarded by two companies of Mississippi riflemen, under
Captain Rogers, and a field-piece commanded by Captain Shover, 3d
Artillery. Having made these dispositions for the protection of
the rear, I proceeded on the morning of the 23d to Buena Vista,
ordering forward all the other available troops. The action had
commenced before my arrival on the field.

During the evening and night of the 22d, the enemy had thrown a
body of light troops on the mountain side, with the purpose of
outflanking our left; and it was here that the action of the 23d
commenced at an early hour. Our riflemen, under Colonel Marshall,
who had been re-enforced by three companies, under Major Trail,
2d Illinois Volunteers, maintained their ground handsomely
against a greatly superior force, holding themselves under (p. 340)
cover, and using their weapons with deadly effect. About
eight o'clock a strong demonstration was made against the centre
of our position, a heavy column moving along the road. This force
was soon dispersed by a few rapid and well-directed shots from
Captain Washington's battery. In the mean time the enemy was
concentrating a large force of infantry and cavalry under cover
of the ridges, with the obvious intention of forcing our left,
which was posted on an extensive plateau. The 2d Indiana and 2d
Illinois regiments formed this part of our line, the former
covering three pieces of light artillery, under the orders of
Captain O'Brien, Brigadier-General Lane being in the immediate
command. In order to bring his men within effective range,
General Lane ordered the artillery and 2d Indiana regiment
forward. The artillery advanced within musket range of a heavy
body of Mexican infantry, and was served against it with great
effect, but without being able to check its advance. The infantry
ordered to its support had fallen back in disorder, being
exposed, as well as the battery, not only to a severe fire of
small arms from the front, but also to a murderous cross-fire of
grape and canister from a Mexican battery on the left. Captain
O'Brien found it impossible to retain his position without
support, but was only able to withdraw two of his pieces, all the
horses and cannoneers of the third piece being killed or
disabled. The 2d Indiana regiment, which had fallen back as
stated, could not be rallied, and took no further part in the
action, except a handful of men, who, under its gallant colonel,
Bowles, joined the Mississippi regiment; and did good service,
and those fugitives who, at a later period in the day, assisted
in defending the train and depot at Buena Vista. This portion of
our line having given way, and the enemy appearing in
overwhelming force against our left flank, the light troops which
had rendered such good service on the mountain were compelled to
withdraw, which they did, for the most part, in good order. Many,
however, were not rallied until they reached the depot at Buena
Vista, to the defence of which they afterward contributed.

Colonel Bissell's regiment (2d Illinois) which had been joined by
a section of Captain Sherman's battery, had become completely
outflanked, and was compelled to fall back, being entirely
unsupported. The enemy was now pouring masses of infantry and
cavalry along the base of the mountain on our left, and was
gaining our rear in great force. At this moment I arrived upon
the field. The Mississippi regiment had been directed to the left
before reaching the position, and immediately came into action
against the Mexican infantry which had turned our flank. The 2d
Kentucky regiment, and a section of artillery under Captain
Bragg, had previously been ordered from the right to re-enforce
our left, and arrived at a most opportune moment. That regiment,
and a portion of the 1st Illinois, under Colonel Hardin,
gallantly drove the enemy, and recovered a portion of the ground
we had lost. The batteries of Captains Sherman and Bragg were in
position on the plateau, and did much execution, not only in
front, but particularly upon the masses which had gained our
rear. Discovering that the enemy was heavily pressing upon the
Mississippi regiment, the 3d Indiana regiment, under Colonel
Lane, was despatched to strengthen that part of the line, which
formed a crotchet perpendicular to the first line of battle. At
the same time Lieutenant Kilburn, with a piece of Captain Bragg's
battery, was directed to support the infantry there engaged. The
action was, for a long time, warmly sustained at that point, (p. 341)
the enemy making several efforts, both with infantry and
cavalry, against our line, and being always repulsed with heavy
loss. I had placed all the regular cavalry, and Captain Pike's
squadron of Arkansas horse, under the orders of Brevet
Lieutenant-Colonel May, with directions to hold in check the
enemy's column, still advancing to the rear along the base of the
mountain, which was done in conjunction with the Kentucky and
Arkansas cavalry under Colonels Marshall and Yell.

In the mean time our left, which was still strongly threatened by
a superior force, was farther strengthened by the detachment of
Captain Bragg's, and a portion of Captain Sherman's batteries to
that quarter. The concentration of artillery fire upon the masses
of the enemy along the base of the mountain, and the determined
resistance offered by the two regiments opposed to them, had
created confusion in their ranks, and some of the corps attempted
to effect a retreat upon their main line of battle. The squadron
of the 1st Dragoons, under Lieutenant Rucker, was now ordered up
the deep ravine which these retreating corps were endeavoring to
cross, in order to charge and disperse them. The squadron
proceeded to the point indicated, but could not accomplish the
object, being exposed to a heavy fire from a battery established
to cover the retreat of those corps. While the squadron was
detached on this service, a large body of the enemy was observed
to concentrate on our extreme left, apparently with the view of
making a descent upon the hacienda of Buena Vista, where our
train and baggage were deposited. Lieutenant-Colonel May was
ordered to the support of that point, with two pieces of Captain
Sherman's battery under Lieutenant Reynolds. In the mean time,
the scattered forces near the hacienda, composed in part of
Majors Trail and Gorman's commands, had been, to some extent,
organized under the advice of Major Munroe, chief of artillery,
with the assistance of Major Morrison, volunteer staff, and were
posted to defend the position. Before our cavalry had reached the
hacienda, that of the enemy had made its attack; having been
handsomely met by the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry under
Colonels Marshall and Yell. The Mexican column immediately
divided, one portion sweeping by the depot, where it received a
destructive fire from the force which had collected there, and
then gaining the mountain opposite, under a fire from Lieutenant
Reynolds' section, the remaining portion regaining the base of
the mountain on our left. In the charge at Buena Vista, Colonel
Yell fell gallantly at the head of his regiment; we also lost
Adjutant Vaughan, of the Kentucky cavalry, a young officer of
much promise. Lieutenant-Colonel May, who had been rejoined by
the squadron of the 1st Dragoons, and by portions of the Arkansas
and Indiana troops, under Lieutenant-Colonel Roane and Major
Gorman, now approached the base of the mountain, holding in check
the right flank of the enemy, upon whose masses, crowded in the
narrow gorges and ravines, our artillery was doing fearful
execution.

The position of that portion of the Mexican army which had gained
our rear was now very critical, and it seemed doubtful whether it
could regain the main body. At this moment I received from
General Santa Anna a message by a staff officer, desiring to know
what I wanted. I immediately dispatched Brigadier-General Wool to
the Mexican general-in-chief and sent orders to cease firing.
Upon reaching the Mexican lines, General Wool could not cause the
enemy to cease their fire, and accordingly returned without (p. 342)
having an interview. The extreme right of the enemy continued its
retreat along the base of the mountain, and finally, in spite
of all our efforts, effected a junction with the remainder of
the army.

During the day, the cavalry of General Minon had ascended the
elevated plain above Saltillo, and occupied the road from the
city to the field of battle, where they intercepted several of
our men. Approaching the town, they were fired upon by Captain
Webster from the redoubt occupied by his company, and then moved
off towards the eastern side of the valley, and obliquely toward
Buena Vista. At this time Captain Shover moved rapidly forward
with his piece, supported by a miscellaneous command of mounted
volunteers, and fired several shots at the cavalry with great
effect. They were driven into the ravines which lead to the lower
valley, closely pursued by Captain Shover, who was farther
supported by a piece of Captain Webster's battery, under
Lieutenant Donaldson, which had advanced from the redoubt,
supported by Captain Wheeler's company of Illinois volunteers.
The enemy made one or two efforts to charge the artillery, but
was finally driven back in a confused mass, and did not again
appear upon the plain.

In the mean time, the firing had partially ceased upon the
principal field. The enemy seemed to confine his efforts to the
protection of his artillery, and I had left the plateau for a
moment, when I was recalled thither by a very heavy musketry
fire. On regaining that position, I discovered that our infantry
(Illinois and 2d Kentucky) had engaged a greatly superior force
of the enemy, evidently his reserve, and that they had been
overwhelmed by numbers. The moment was most critical. Captain
O'Brien, with two pieces, had sustained this heavy charge to the
last, and was finally obliged to leave his guns on the field, his
infantry support being entirely routed. Captain Bragg, who had
just arrived from the left, was ordered at once into battery.
Without any infantry to support him, and at the imminent risk of
losing his guns, this officer came rapidly into action, the
Mexican line being but a few yards from the muzzles of his
pieces. The first discharge of canister caused the enemy to
hesitate, the second and third drove him back in disorder, and
saved the day. The 2d Kentucky regiment, which had advanced
beyond supporting distance in this affair, was driven back and
closely pressed by the enemy's cavalry. Taking a ravine which led
in the direction of Captain Washington's battery, their pursuers
became exposed to his fire, which soon checked and drove them
back with loss. In the mean time, the rest of our artillery had
taken position on the plateau, covered by the Mississippi and 3d
Indiana regiments, the former of which had reached the ground in
time to pour a fire into the right flank of the enemy, and thus
contribute to his repulse. In this last conflict we had the
misfortune to sustain a very heavy loss. Colonel Hardin, 1st
Illinois, and Colonel McKee and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, 2d
Kentucky regiment, fell at this time while gallantly leading
their commands.

No further attempt was made by the enemy to force our position,
and the approach of night gave an opportunity to pay proper
attention to the wounded, and also to refresh the soldiers, who
had been exhausted by incessant watchfulness and combat. Though
the night was severely cold, the troops were compelled for the
most to bivouack without fires, expecting that morning would
renew the conflict. During the night the wounded were removed to
Saltillo, and every preparation made to receive the enemy, (p. 343)
should he again attack our position. Seven fresh companies
were drawn from the town, and Brigadier-General Marshall, with a
re-enforcement of Kentucky cavalry and four heavy guns, under
Captain Prentiss, 1st Artillery, was near at hand, when it was
discovered that the enemy had abandoned his position during the
night. Our scouts soon ascertained that he had fallen back upon
Agua Nueva. The great disparity of numbers, and the exhaustion of
our troops, rendered it inexpedient and hazardous to attempt
pursuit. A staff officer was dispatched to General Santa Anna to
negotiate an exchange of prisoners, which was satisfactorily
completed on the following day. Our own dead were collected and
buried, and the Mexican wounded, of which a large number had been
left upon the field, were removed to Saltillo, and rendered as
comfortable as circumstances would permit.

On the evening of the 26th, a close reconnoissance was made of
the enemy's position, which was found to be occupied only by a
small body of cavalry, the infantry and artillery having
retreated in the direction of San Luis Potosi. On the 27th, our
troops resumed their former camp at Agua Nueva, the enemy's rear
guard evacuating the place as we approached, leaving a
considerable number of wounded. It was my purpose to beat up his
quarters at Encarnacion early the next morning, but upon
examination, the weak condition of the cavalry horses rendered it
unadvisable to attempt so long a march without water. A command
was finally dispatched to Encarnacion, on the 1st of March, under
Colonel Belknap. Some two hundred wounded, and about sixty
Mexican soldiers were found there, the army having passed on in
the direction of Matehuala, with greatly reduced numbers, and
suffering much from hunger. The dead and dying were strewed upon
the road and crowded the buildings of the hacienda.

The American force engaged in the action of Buena Vista was 344
officers and 4,425 men, exclusive of the small command left in
and near Saltillo. Of this number, two squadrons of cavalry and
three batteries of light artillery, making not more than 453 men,
composed the only force of regular troops. The strength of the
Mexican army is stated by General Santa Anna, in his summons, to
be 20,000; and that estimate is confirmed by all the information
since obtained. Our loss is 267 killed, 456 wounded, and 23
missing. Of the numerous wounded, many did not require removal to
the hospital, and it is hoped that a comparatively small number
will be permanently disabled. The Mexican loss in killed and
wounded may be fairly estimated at 1,500, and will probably reach
2,000. At least 500 of their killed were left upon the field of
battle. We have no means of ascertaining the number of deserters
and dispersed men from their ranks, but it is known to be very
great.

Our loss has been especially severe in officers, twenty-eight
having been killed upon the field. We have to lament the death of
Captain George Lincoln, Assistant Adjutant-General, serving in
the staff of General Wool, a young officer of high bearing and
approved gallantry, who fell early in the action. No loss falls
more heavily upon the army in the field than that of Colonels
Hardin and McKee, and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay. Possessing, in a
remarkable degree, the confidence of their commanders, and the
last two having enjoyed the advantage of a military education, I
had looked particularly to them for support in case we met the
enemy. I need not say that their zeal in engaging the enemy, and
the cool and steadfast courage with which they maintained (p. 344)
their positions during the day, fully realized my hopes, and
caused me to feel yet more sensibly their untimely loss.

I perform a grateful duty in bringing to the notice of the
government the general good conduct of the troops. Exposed for
successive nights, without fires, to the severity of the weather,
they were ever prompt and cheerful in the discharge of every
duty; and finally displayed conspicuous steadiness and gallantry
in repulsing, at great odds, a disciplined foe. While the
brilliant success achieved by their arms releases me from the
painful necessity of specifying many cases of bad conduct before
the enemy, I feel an increased obligation to mention particular
corps and officers, whose skill, coolness and gallantry in trying
situations, and under a continued and heavy fire, seem to merit
particular notice.

To Brigadier-General Wool my obligations are especially due. The
high state of discipline and instruction of several of the
volunteer regiments was attained under his command, and to his
vigilance and arduous service before the action, and his
gallantry and activity on the field, a large share of our success
may justly be attributed. During most of the engagement he was in
immediate command of the troops thrown back on our left flank. I
beg leave to recommend him to the favorable notice of the
government. Brigadier-General Lane (slightly wounded) was active
and zealous throughout the day, and displayed great coolness and
gallantry before the enemy.

The services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, were
more than usually distinguished. Moving rapidly over the roughest
ground, it was always in action at the right place and the right
time, and its well-directed fire dealt destruction in the masses
of the enemy. While I recommend to particular favor the gallant
conduct and valuable services of Major Munroe, chief of
artillery, and Captains Washington, 4th Artillery, and Sherman
and Bragg, 3d Artillery, commanding batteries, I deem it no more
than just to mention all the subaltern officers. They were nearly
all detached at different times, and in every situation exhibited
conspicuous skill and gallantry. Captain O'Brien, Lieutenants
Brent, Whiting, and Couch, 4th Artillery, and Bryan,
Topographical Engineer (slightly wounded), were attached to
Captain Washington's battery. Lieutenants Thomas, Reynolds, and
French, 3d Artillery, (severely wounded), to that of Captain
Sherman; and Captain Shover and Lieutenant Kilburn, 3d Artillery,
to that of Captain Bragg. Captain Shover, in connection with
Lieutenant Donaldson, 1st Artillery, rendered gallant and
important service in repulsing the cavalry of General Minon. The
regular cavalry, under Lieutenant-Colonel May, with which was
associated Captain Pike's squadron of Arkansas horse, rendered
useful service in holding the enemy in check, and in covering the
batteries at several points. Captain Steen, 1st Dragoons, was
severely wounded early in the day, while gallantly endeavoring,
with my authority, to rally the troops which were falling to the
rear.

The Mississippi riflemen, under Colonel Davis, were highly
conspicuous for their gallantry and steadiness, and sustained
throughout the engagement the reputation of veteran troops.
Brought into action against an immensely superior force, they
maintained themselves for a long time unsupported and with heavy
loss, and held an important part of the field until re-enforced.
Colonel Davis, though severely wounded, remained in the saddle
until the close of the action. His distinguished coolness and
gallantry at the head of his regiment on this day entitle (p. 345)
him to the particular notice of the government. The 3d Indiana
regiment, under Colonel Lane, and a fragment of the 2d, under
Colonel Bowles, were associated with the Mississippi regiment
during the greater portion of the day, and acquitted themselves
creditably in repulsing the attempts of the enemy to break that
portion of our line. The Kentucky cavalry, under Colonel
Marshall, rendered good service dismounted, acting as light
troops on our left, and afterward, with a portion of the Arkansas
regiment, in meeting and dispersing the column of cavalry at
Buena Vista. The 1st and 2d Illinois, and the 2d Kentucky
regiments, served immediately under my eye, and I bear a willing
testimony to their excellent conduct throughout the day. The
spirit and gallantry with which the 1st Illinois and 2d Kentucky
engaged the enemy in the morning, restored confidence to that
part of the field, while the list of casualties will show how
much these three regiments suffered in sustaining the heavy
charge of the enemy in the afternoon. Captain Conner's company of
Texas volunteers, attached to the 2d Illinois regiment, fought
bravely, its captain being wounded and two subalterns killed.
Colonel Bissell, the only surviving colonel of these regiments,
merits notice for his coolness and bravery on this occasion.
After the fall of the field officers of the 1st Illinois and 2d
Kentucky regiments, the command of the former devolved upon
Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, that of the latter upon Major
Fry.

Regimental commanders and others who have rendered reports, speak
in general terms of the good conduct of their officers and men,
and have specified many names, but the limits of this report
forbid a recapitulation of them here. I may, however, mention
Lieutenants Rucker and Campbell, of the dragoons, and Captain
Pike, Arkansas cavalry, commanding squadrons; Lieutenant-Colonel
Field, Kentucky cavalry; Lieutenant-Colonel Roane, Arkansas
cavalry, upon whom the command devolved after the fall of Colonel
Yell; Major Bradford, Captain Sharpe (severely wounded), and
Adjutant Griffith, Mississippi regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel
Hadden, 2d Indiana regiment, and Lieutenant Robinson, aid-de-camp
to General Lane; Lieutenant-Colonel Weatherford, 1st Illinois
regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison, Major Trail, and Adjutant
Whiteside (severely wounded), 2d Illinois regiment; and Major
Fry, 2d Kentucky regiment, as being favorably noticed for
gallantry and good conduct. Major McCulloch, quarter-master in
the volunteer service, rendered important services before the
engagement, in the command of a spy company, and during the
affair was associated with the regular cavalry. To Major Warren,
1st Illinois Volunteers, I feel much indebted for his firm and
judicious course, while exercising command in Saltillo.

The medical staff, under the able direction of Assistant Surgeon
Hitchcock, were assiduous in attention to the wounded, upon the
field, and in their careful removal to the rear. Both in these
respects, and in the subsequent organization and service of the
hospitals, the administration of this department was every thing
that could be wished.

Brigadier-General Wool speaks in high terms of the officers of
his staff, and I take pleasure in mentioning them here, having
witnessed their activity and zeal upon the field. Lieutenant and
Aid-de-camp McDowell, Colonel Churchill, inspector-general,
Captain Chapman, assistant quarter-master, Lieutenant Sitgreaves,
Topographical Engineers, and Captains Howard and Davis, (p. 346)
volunteer service, are conspicuously noticed by the general for
their gallantry and good conduct. Messrs. March, Addicks Potts,
Harrison, Burgess, and Dusenbury, attached in various capacities
to General Wool's head-quarters, are likewise mentioned for their
intelligent alacrity in conveying orders to all parts of the
field.

In conclusion, I beg leave to speak of my own staff, to whose
exertions in rallying troops and communicating orders I feel
greatly indebted. Major Bliss, assistant adjutant-general,
Captain J. H. Eaton, and Lieutenant R. S. Garnett, aids-de-camp,
served near my person, and were prompt and zealous in the
discharge of every duty. Major Munroe, besides rendering valuable
service as chief of artillery, was active and instrumental, as
were also Colonels Churchill and Belknap, inspectors general, in
rallying troops and disposing them for the defence of the train
and baggage. Colonel Whiting, quartermaster general, and Captain
Eaton, chief of the subsistence department, were engaged with the
duties of their departments, and also served in my immediate
staff on the field. Captain Sibley, assistant quartermaster, was
necessarily left with the head-quarter camp near town, where his
services were highly useful. Major Mansfield and Lieutenant
Benham, engineers, and Captain Linnard and Lieutenants Pope and
Franklin, Topographical Engineers, were employed before and
during the engagement in making reconnoissances, and on the field
were very active in bringing information and in conveying my
orders to distant points. Lieutenant Kingsbury, in addition to
his proper duties as ordnance officer, Captain Chilton, assistant
quartermaster, and Majors Dix and Coffee, served also as extra
aids-de-camp, and were actively employed in the transmission of
orders. Mr. Thomas L. Crittenden, of Kentucky, though not in
service, volunteered as my aid-de-camp on this occasion, and
served with credit in that capacity. Major Craig, chief of
ordnance, and Surgeon Craig, medical director, had been detached
on duty from head-quarters, and did not reach the ground until
the morning of the 24th, too late to participate in the action,
but in time to render useful services in their respective
departments of the staff.

I am, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
Z. TAYLOR,
_Major-General U. S. A._, _commanding_.

_____

_General Order Congratulating the Army._

Headquarters, Army of Occupation,
February 26, 1847.

1. The commanding general has the grateful task of congratulating
the troops upon the brilliant success which attended their arms
in the conflicts of the 22d and the 23d. Confident in the immense
superiority of numbers, and stimulated by the presence of a
distinguished leader, the Mexican troops were yet repulsed in
efforts to force our lines, and finally withdrew with immense
loss from the field.

2. The general would express his obligations to the officers (p. 347)
and men engaged, for the cordial support which they rendered
throughout the action. It will be his highest pride to bring to
the notice of the government the conspicuous gallantry of
different officers and corps, whose unwavering steadiness more
than once saved the fortunes of the day. He would also express
his high satisfaction with the conduct of the small command left
to hold Saltillo. Though not so seriously engaged as their
comrades, their services were very important and efficiently
rendered. While bestowing this just tribute to the good conduct
of the troops, the general deeply regrets to say that there were
not a few exceptions. He trusts that those who fled ingloriously
to Buena Vista, and even to Saltillo, will seek an opportunity to
retrieve their reputation, and to emulate the bravery of their
comrades who bore the brunt of the battle, and sustained, against
fearful odds, the honor of our flag.

The exultation of success is checked by the heavy sacrifice of
life which it has cost, embracing many officers of high rank and
rare merit. While the sympathies of a grateful country will be
given to the bereaved families and friends of those who nobly
fell, their illustrious example will remain for the benefit and
admiration of the army.

By order of Major-General Taylor,
W. W. S. BLISS, _Act. Adj. General_.

No. 64. (p. 348) PLATE LXV.

_March 5, 1849--July 9, 1850._

Zachary Taylor President of the United States 1849. [Rx]. Peace
and friendship.

PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR.

[_Twelfth President of the United States of America._]

ZACHARY TAYLOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1849. Bust of President Taylor, facing the left.

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by Franklin Peale, as may be seen by the following extract from a despatch of R. M. Patterson, director of the Mint, to Orlando Brown, office of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior, and dated Philadelphia, November 26th, 1849:

"Three Indian medal dies, bearing the head of President Taylor, were asked of the chief coiner of the Mint, Mr. Franklin Peale, by Mr. Medill, while Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and he agreed to the estimate of the cost which was $700. I have now the satisfaction of reporting that the dies are finished, and that Mr. Peale is ready to furnish, on sufficient notice, the medals which you may desire.

No. 65. (p. 349) PLATE LXVI.

_June 10, 1850--March 4, 1853._

Millard Fillmore President of the United States 1850. [Rx]. Labor
virtue honor.

PRESIDENT MILLARD FILLMORE.

[_Thirteenth President of the United States of America._]

MILLARD FILLMORE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1850. Undraped bust of President Fillmore, facing the right. S. ELLIS.

LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag envelops both in its folds. In the background is a farm-house. J. WILLSON.

JOSEPH WILLSON was born at Canton, St Lawrence County, New York, in 1825. He studied portrait painting with Salathiel Ellis, followed him to New York in 1842, and began cutting cameos and die sinking. In 1848 he removed to Washington, under the patronage of the Honorable R. H. Gillet, member of Congress from St Lawrence County, New York, associated himself in business with Salathiel Ellis, and made the reverses of the Indian medals of Presidents Fillmore and Pierce. In 1851 he went to Italy to study sculpture, and remained abroad three years. He died, September 8, 1857.

MILLARD FILLMORE was born at Summerhill, Cayuga County, New York, January 7, 1800. He began the study of law in 1819, and was admitted to the bar to practise as an attorney in 1827; was counsellor in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, 1829; and settled in (p. 350) Buffalo, 1830. He was a member of the State Legislature, 1829-1831; member of Congress, 1832-1834, and again, 1837-1841; comptroller of the State of New York, 1847; vice-president of the United States, 1849, and President on the death of General Taylor (June 10), 1850-1853. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1856, and died in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874.

No. 66. (p. 351) PLATE LXVII.

_March 4, 1853--March 4, 1857._

Franklin Pierce, President of the United States. 1853. [Rx].
Labor virtue honor.

PRESIDENT FRANKLIN PIERCE.

[_Fourteenth President of the United States of America._]

FRANKLIN PIERCE, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 1853. Undraped bust of President Pierce, facing the left. S. ELLIS.

LABOR VIRTUE HONOR. A pioneer from the far West, his left hand on a ploughshare, explains to an Indian chief the benefits of civilization, of which he wishes him to partake. The American flag envelops both in its folds. In the background is a farm-house. J. WILLSON.

FRANKLIN PIERCE was born at Hillsborough, New Hampshire, November 23, 1804. He was graduated at Bowdoin College, Maine, 1824, and was admitted to the bar at Hillsborough, 1827; was member of the State Legislature, 1829; member of Congress, 1833-1837; United States senator, 1837-1842; brigadier-general of volunteers, March, 1847; served under General Scott throughout the Mexican campaign; President of the United States, 1853-1857. He retired to Concord, New Hampshire, and died there, October 8, 1869.

No. 67. (p. 352) PLATE LXVIII.

_July 2, 1853._

Smyrna. American sloop of war St. Louis. Austrian brig of war
Hussar. [Rx]. Presented by the President of the United States to
Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, etc.

COMMANDER DUNCAN NATHANIEL INGRAHAM.

[_Release of Martin Coszta._]

The United States sloop-of-war St Louis, and the Austrian brig-of-war Hussar, are at anchor in the roads of Smyrna; while a second Austrian war vessel and three mail steamers are at a little distance. The city of Smyrna and the ruins of the Acropolis, on Mount Pagus, are in the background. Exergue: SMYRNA. AMERICAN SLOOP OF WAR ST. LOUIS. AUSTRIAN BRIG OF WAR HUSSAR, S. EASTMAN D. (_delineavit._) P. F. CROSS SC.. (_sculpsit._) LONGACRE.

Within a wreath of laurel and oak: PRESENTED BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO COMMANDER DUNCAN N. (_Nathaniel_) INGRAHAM AS A TESTIMONIAL OF THE HIGH SENSE ENTERTAINED BY CONGRESS OF HIS GALLANT AND JUDICIOUS CONDUCT ON THE 2D OF JULY 1853. JOINT RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS AUGUST 4{TH} 1854. Exergue: The American eagle, with outspread wings, holds an anchor in its talons; above are thirty-one stars, the whole lighted by the rays of the sun. S. EASTMAN D. (_delineavit._) J. B. LONGACRE SC. (_sculpsit_).

SETH EASTMAN was graduated at West Point as second lieutenant of (p. 353) infantry, July 1, 1829; was assistant teacher of drawing at West Point, 1833-1840; first lieutenant, 1836; and captain, 1839. He engraved the armorial bearings of several of the new States, and designed the Ingraham medal. He was living in Washington in 1872.

P. F. CROSS, who engraved the obverse of the Ingraham medal, was born in Sheffield, England, and died in Philadelphia in 1856.

JAMES BARTON LONGACRE was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, August 11, 1794, and became a steel-plate engraver. In 1844 he was appointed engraver to the United States Mint, in Philadelphia, and retained the situation till his death, January 14, 1869. He was also one of the publishers and proprietors of the "National Portrait Gallery," to which he contributed many engravings. His largest plate, however, the equestrian portrait of General Jackson, is not in that work.

DUNCAN NATHANIEL INGRAHAM was born in Charleston, South Carolina, December 6, 1802. He was appointed a midshipman, June 18, 1812; became a lieutenant, January 13, 1825; and commander, September 8, 1841. While in command of the sloop-of-war St. Louis, off Smyrna, in July, 1853, he rescued Martin Coszta from the Austrian brig-of-war Hussar; for this act Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He became a captain, 1855; and in 1856 was appointed chief of the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography in the Navy Department, Washington. He resigned, February 4, 1861, and acted with the Southern Confederacy during the Civil War. He died in Charleston, South Carolina, June 10, 1863.

_____

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

_Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Commander Ingraham._

_Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled_: That the
President of the United States be, and he is hereby, requested to
cause to be made a medal, with suitable devices, and presented to
Commander Duncan N. Ingraham, of the navy of the United States,
as a testimonial of the high sense entertained by Congress (p. 354)
of his gallant and judicious conduct on the second of July,
eighteen hundred and fifty-three, in extending protection
to Martin Coszta, by rescuing him from illegal seizure and
imprisonment on board the Austrian war brig Hussar.

Approved August 4, 1854.

_____

_Commander Ingraham to Commodore Stringham._

United States ship St. Louis,
To Smyrna, July 6th, 1853.
COMMODORE SILAS H. STRINGHAM,
Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces
in the Mediterranean.

Sir: It becomes my duty to report to you an affair at this place
in which I have taken upon myself to compromise the American
flag.

I arrived here upon the 23d of June, and soon after anchoring was
informed that an American had been kidnapped by the Austrian
Consul upon the Turkish soil and sent on board an Austrian
brig-of-war.

I sent for the American Consul and informed him of what I had
heard. He told me the man was a Hungarian refugee (named Martin
Coszta), who had a certificate of intention to become a citizen
of the United States, and came here in an American vessel, but
that he did not consider him under his protection, having to his
knowledge no passport.

The Consul and myself then went on board the brig, and requested
to see the commander, but were told he was not on board. We then
went to the Austrian Consul, and demanded to see Coszta, which
after some demur was granted.

After a conversation with Coszta, I was afraid I had no right to
demand him as a citizen of the United States, but determined
neither to make a claim nor acquiesce in his seizure until I
could hear from the Legation at Constantinople. I was guided in
this opinion by the Consul, who seemed to think we could not use
force without more evidence than the paper in his possession
gave.

I then requested the Consul to write immediately to the Legation,
which he did. Before an answer could arrive, I received
information that Coszta was to be sent to Trieste. I immediately
wrote to the commander of the brig, protesting against this step,
and received a verbal reply that he was ignorant of any such
intention. Next morning, at daylight, I got under way, and
anchored within half cable's length of the brig, and loaded my
guns, the steamer in which it was said Coszta was to be sent
being very near. At 11 A.M. an answer came from Mr. Brown,
stating that Coszta was an American citizen, and advising the
Consul to give him all aid and sympathy, but in an unofficial
way. I then told the Consul he must insist upon Coszta remaining
until I again heard from the Chargé. He did so, when the Austrian
Consul told him he had intended to send the man off that day, but
would wait until the next mail. On Saturday, the 2d of July, (p. 355)
the Capen Oglan of the Legation arrived with letters from the
Chargé to the Consul and myself to use stringent measures.

I immediately held an interview with Coszta, in which he claimed
the protection of the American flag. I then addressed note "B" to
the commander of the brig, demanding Coszta's release. I also
directed the American Consul to furnish the Austrian Consul with
a copy of the demand, which was done. At this time the Austrian
brig and a ten-gun schooner that arrived the day before prepared
for action, having three mail-steamers to assist. I did the same,
and awaited the hour of 4 P.M. At 12, our Consul came off with a
proposition that Coszta should be delivered into the hands of the
Consul-General of France, to be held at the joint order of the
American and Austrian Consuls, until his nationality should be
determined. After some consideration, and the advice of the
English and French Consuls to ours, I agreed to the terms. The
prisoner was then landed amid the cheers of the inhabitants and
every demonstration of joy. I know, Sir, I have taken a fearful
responsibility upon myself by this act, but after Mr. Brown
informed me Coszta had taken the oath of allegiance to the United
States, and foresworn all allegiance to Austria, that he was an
American citizen and had been under the protection of the
Legation at Constantinople, I could not hesitate to believe he
was fully entitled to protection. It was a case of life and
death; for, if Coszta had been taken to Trieste his fate was
sealed, and could I have looked the American people in the face
again, if I had allowed a citizen to be executed and not used the
power in my hands to protect him for fear of doing too much? The
easy manner, also, in which he was given up, and the Convention
that he should be held by a third party until his nationality
could be established, is evidence that they were not sure of
their ground.

Should my conduct be approved by you, Sir, it will be one of the
proudest moments of my life that I have saved this gallant man
from a cruel and ignominious death. On the other hand, should the
course I have pursued be disavowed, I must bow to the decision;
but whatever may be the consequence to myself, I shall feel I
have done my best to support the honor of the flag, and not allow
a citizen to be oppressed who claimed at my hands the protection
of the flag.

I enclose copies of all the papers (A to E) relating to this
affair.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. INGRAHAM, _Commander_.

_____

A

_Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz._

United States ship St. Louis, Smyrna Roads,
To Evening June 28, 1853.
THE COMMANDER OF THE AUSTRIAN BRIG HUSSAR.

Sir: I have this moment received a letter stating Martin Coszta
was to be sent on board the steamer to-morrow at daylight, to be
sent to Trieste. I have been only waiting to hear from the (p. 356)
Minister at Constantinople before I took some action in the
case of Coszta, as he has a paper stating his intention to become
a citizen of the United States. He came here in an American
vessel, and has been some time in the United States. I earnestly
protest against his leaving this port until something has been
heard from Constantinople.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. INGRAHAM, _Commander_.

_____

B

_Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham._

His Imperial Majesty's brig Hussar,
To Smyrna, June 29th, 1853.
THE COMMANDER OF THE UNITED STATES SHIP ST. LOUIS.

Sir: I had the honor to receive your letter of the 28th inst.

Concerning the matter respecting Martin Coszta, I request you,
Sir, to communicate with the Consul General, as I can personally
do nothing in the matter, as I receive all my orders from him.

I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your
obedient servant,
SCHWARTZ.

_____

C

_Commander Ingraham to Commander Schwartz._

United States ship St. Louis,
To Smyrna, July 2d, 1853.
THE COMMANDER OF THE AUSTRIAN BRIG HUSSAR.

Sir: I have been directed by the American Chargé at
Constantinople to demand the person of Martin Coszta, a citizen
of the United States, taken by force from the Turkish soil and
now confined on board the brig Hussar. And if a refusal is given
to take him by force.

An answer to the demand must be returned by 4 o'clock P.M.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
D. N. INGRAHAM, _Commander_.

_____

D (p. 357)

_Commander Schwartz to Commander Ingraham._

His Imperial Majesty's brig Hussar,
To Smyrna, July 2d, 1853.
THE COMMANDER OF THE UNITED STATES SHIP ST. LOUIS,
Present.

Sir: I have the honor to refer you to my letter of the 28th
ultimo, in which I stated that I depend altogether upon the
Consul General in the matter respecting the prisoner Martin
Coszta. I shall send him your letter of this day, and request him
to come to an understanding with you himself.

I protest against all violence toward His Imperial Majesty's brig
"Hussar," or schooner "Artimesia," and shall consider it as a
hostile step for which I would hold you altogether responsible.

I have the honor to subscribe myself, with great respect, your
obedient servant,
SCHWARTZ.

_____

E

_S. N. Brown to Commander Ingraham._

To Legation of the United States,
COMMANDER INGRAHAM, Pera, June 28th, 1853.
United States Corvette St. Louis.

Dear Sir: I send you a copy of my letter to the Austrian
Internuncio (Minister) on the subject of the detention of Martin
Coszta on board the Austrian brig Hussar; which will serve to
show my views of the transaction better than I could do in a
note.

The public here are quite as indignant at the brutal conduct of
the Austrian Consul as they were in Smyrna. Mussulman, Christian
and Jew execrate the conduct of the Consul, and accuse him as the
cause of the bloodshed which resulted from the brutal arrest and
treatment of Coszta. The Porte would have been much pleased had
you taken him from the Austrian brig, and I regret that it was
not done on the ground that he had renounced all allegiance to
the Austrian Emperor, and taken an oath of allegiance to the
government of the United States.