Chapter XLVIII: Appendix: On Some of the More Important Minerals Used in Medicine (1)

(Compiled chiefly from Royle’s _Materia Medica_.)

CARBONATE OF SODA is the _neter_ of the Hebrews. It was known to the early Hindus, and is by them called _Sajji noon_ (_i.e._ Sajji or Soda Salt); it is the Sagimen vitri of Geber. The Natron lakes of Egypt were known to the ancients, and it was early employed in glass making, etc. (Royle). On the shores of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, plants of the order _Chenopodeæ_ are burned to form the ash called Barilla, and from this ash soda is obtained. Carbonate of soda was also formerly prepared on the coasts of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Normandy, by burning algæ or sea-weeds, and the ash so obtained was called _kelp_. There is no doubt that the process is extremely ancient, and the discovery of the properties of these ashes accidental.

CHLORIDE OF SODIUM, or common salt, is so universally distributed that it must have been known and used in food from the earliest ages.

BORAX is thought to have been the Chrysocolla of Pliny. It is the _Sohaga_ of the Hindus (Sanscrit, _Tincana_), and is called _Booruk_ by the Arabs. It is abundant on the shores of some of the lakes in Thibet, and was brought into India across the Himalayas (Royle).

SULPHATE OF SODA, or Glauber’s Salt, is found on the soil in India and other countries, and exists in the ashes of many plants, in mineral springs, and in sea-water.

LIME was known to the Egyptians and Hindus.

MAGNESIA seems to have been known to the alchemists. Its name occurs in Geber and other writers of the period. The CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA was probably first used as a medicine by the Count de Palma at Rome. Hoffmann introduced it into the list of Materia Medica.

EPSOM SALTS (SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA) was first discovered by Dr. Grew in 1675 in a spring at Epsom. It is found in many countries.

ALUM is mentioned in _Pliny_, xxxv. chap. 15, and probably is referred to by _Dioscorides_ (v. chap. 122). _Shib_ was the generic term of alum of various kinds in Arab writings. Egyptians and Hindus must have known of its properties from the earliest ages of their civilization. It was introduced into Europe from Syria by the Genoese.

_Green Vitriol_ or _Sulphate of Iron_ was known to the ancients. It is mentioned, says Dr. Royle, in the _Amera Cosha_ of the Hindus (_Hind. Med._, p. 44), and it is used by them as by the Romans in the time of Pliny in making ink.

ZINC seems to have been first made known as a metal in Europe by Paracelsus. The Hindus have imported it from China from remote times. The Oxide of Zinc was anciently called tutty, probably from the Tamil Tutanagum. In the East, says Royle, SULPHATE OF ZINC is called _suffed tutia_, or white tutia, the Sulphates of Iron and Copper being called _green_ and _blue tutia_ (_Hindu Med._, p. 100).

COPPER was one of the metals most anciently known. It was employed in medicine by the Hindus and Arabs in the form of the Sulphate or Blue-stone. VERDIGRIS, the DIACETATE OF COPPER, must have been known wherever copper vessels were used. It was employed by the Greeks as a medicine, by the Arabs, and probably also by the Egyptians.

LEAD was equally well known of old; the carbonate of the metal was one of the most anciently known of the metallic salts. The Middle Ages introduced the acetate of lead commonly known as SUGAR OF LEAD. EXTRACT OF LEAD, or EXTRACT OF SATURN, or _Goulard’s Extract_, have been known since the time of B. Valentine.

BISMUTH was first mentioned by Agricola in 1520.

SULPHUR was employed in medicine by the Greeks, Hindus, and Arabs. Geber knew of its solubility in an alkaline solution, and Albertus Magnus taught the method of procuring Sulphuret of Potassium by fusion.

PHOSPHORUS was discovered in 1669, when it was found in the Phosphate of Soda and Ammonia of Urine by Brandt, an alchemist of Hamburgh. Knuckel in Germany and Boyle in England had also the credit of discovering it (Royle, _Mat. Med._).

NITRIC ACID was known to Geber, and probably also to the Hindus (Royle, _Mat. Med._).

IODINE was obtained by M. Courtois in 1812 in the residual liquor of the process for obtaining soda from sea-weed.

IODIDE OF POTASSIUM was first employed in medicine by Coindet.

BROMINE was discovered in 1826 by M. Balard, in _bittern_, the uncrystallisable residue of sea-water. Bromide of Potassium was first introduced into the London Pharmacopœia in 1836.

SAL AMMONIAC was known to Geber. Avicenna and Serapion mention it by the name _Noshadur_. Persian writers give _Armeena_ as its Greek synonym. The Sanskrit name is _Nuosadur_. In Egypt it is made from camel’s dung. It must have been known to the Romans, as Pliny says that one of the kinds of _Nitrum_ gives out a strong smell when mixed with quicklime (Royle, _Mat. Med._).

CARBONATE OF POTASH is obtained by the burning of vegetables. It must therefore have been known to primitive nations. “Dioscorides describes it by the name τεφρα κληματινης, or _Cinis sarmentorum_, ashes of vine twigs (‘cineris lixivium,’ _Pliny_, xxxviii. chap. 51). The Arabs are usually supposed to have been the first to make known this alkali (al-_kali_); but the Hindus, in works from which the Arabs copied, made use of the ashes of plants” (Royle, _Mat. Med._).

TIN was the Bedel of Moses. It was used by the Egyptians, who probably procured it from India. The Greeks and Romans obtained it from the Phœnicians.

ANTIMONY was probably discovered by the Alchemists. The sulphuret of the metal, however, is the στιμμι and stibium of the ancients. In Asia it has been used from time immemorial for painting the eyebrows and eyelids. Several of the Sulphurets of Antimony have long been used in medicine. The Tartarate (TARTAR EMETIC) is supposed to have been discovered by Mynsicht (Thesaurus, etc., Hamburgh, 1631).

MERCURY or QUICKSILVER was known to the ancients. It was probably first prescribed internally by the Hindus. The Romans and Arabs used it externally. Pliny says that mercury is poisonous, “unless, indeed, it is to be administered in the form of an unction on the belly, when it will stay bloody fluxes.” The Arabs appear to have re-introduced it into the European practice (Royle). The red oxide was known to Geber. CALOMEL is the subchloride of mercury. It occurs native in Carniola and in Spain. The Hindus from very early times prepared it artificially and prescribed it internally. It was introduced into European practice in 1608. BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY, or CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE, is the _ruskapoor_ of the Hindus, to whom, says Royle, it has long been known. It was known also by the Chinese, and was prepared by Geber in the eighth century. The, AMMONIO-CHLORIDE of mercury, or WHITE PRECIPITATE, was discovered by Raymond Lully in the thirteenth century. CINNABAR or VERMILION, the RED SULPHURET OF MERCURY, was known to the Greeks, and was one of the pigments employed by the Egyptians. It has been used by the Chinese and Hindus in medicine from very early times. The ointment of mercury killed with oil or fat was used by the Saracens for killing lice, just as it is used at the present time for the same purpose.

Preparations of ARSENIC have long been used in medicine. Dioscorides applies the name Arsenikon (αρσενικον) to the yellow Sulphuret of Arsenic.

The Arabs call it _zurneekh_, which is supposed by Sprengel to be a corruption of Arsenikon. They were familiar with the white oxide which they called _sum-al-far_, _mouse poison_ or _rat’s-bane_. The Hindus are well acquainted with the form of arsenic known as orpiment, which they call _hurtal_; realgar, which is their _mansil_; and white arsenic, which they name _sanchya_. Royle thinks it was first prescribed internally by the Hindus, who used it for leprosy and intermittent fevers. It is a remedy of great value in many kinds of skin diseases, and is of great use in agues and in all periodic disorders, for which it is only inferior to quinine.

SILVER is supposed to have first been employed in medicine by the Arabs. GOLD was employed by the Greeks and Arabs in medicine, but it is not known which were the first to so use it. The Hindus used it long before the alchemists investigated its properties.

INDEX.

A.

Abaris cured diseases by incantation, 203.

Abdominal surgery, 112, 197, 272, 296, 316, 361.

— surgery of Hindus, 113.

Abella (about 1059), 313.

Abercrombie, John (1780-1844), 454.

Abernethy, J. (1764-1831), 459.

Abipones, birth customs of, 52, 53.

Aborigines of Australia, their knowledge of medicine, 34.

— of South America, 35.

Abortion in Greece and Rome, 203.

Abracadabra, 263.

Abraxas, 263.

Abyssinians, the, 249.

Acacias, 35.

Accad, priests of, 27.

Accadian mythology, 15, 86.

Accadians, the, 86.

Achillini, A. (1463-1512), 337.

Aconite eaten by horses, 4.

Actual cautery, 183, 246.

Actuarius, John (c. 1283), 323.

Acupuncture invented by Chinese, 130.

Acute and chronic diseases first distinguished, 212.

Adamantius of Alexandria, 236.

Addenbrooke, J. (died 1719), 431.

Addison, T. (1793-1860), 454.

Ægidius Corbolensis, 314.

Ælfred, King, his services to medicine, 274, 275.

Æneas Sylvius, 336.

Æschryon (pharmacist), 209.

Æsculapius, 147, 148, 153.

Ætiology, 350.

Ætius (6th cent.), 237.

Affinity, doctrine of, 423, 449.

Afflacius, 311.

African disease theories, 22.

Agamede, a lady doctor, 155.

Agate, 257.

Agathinus of Sparta (1st cent. A.D.), 228.

Agni, 9.

Agricola, George (1494-1555), 351.

Agrippa, Cornelius (1486-1536), 337, 347.

Ague, 252.

Ahriman, 141, 142, 143.

Alaska, treatment of headache by natives of, 17.

Albertus Magnus (1193-1280), 321.

Albucasis (d. 1106), 243, 296.

Alchemy, 301, 350.

— of the Egyptians, 71.

Alcohol used everywhere, 46.

Alcuin, 300.

Aldabaran, 83.

Aldrovandi, 346.

Alexander of Tralles, 234.

Alexander Severus first established medical lectureships in Rome, 209.

Alexandria, her famous school, 194.

— Jews in, 83.

Alexandrian library, 287.

— philosophy, 83.

_Alexis_, diviners of North America, 26.

Algonquins, 32.

Ali Abbas, 296.

Aliptæ, 44, 171.

Alkinani, 289.

Alkins, Henry (born 1558), 363.

All, the, 450.

Allopathy, 447.

Almamon, 289.

Aloes, 275.

Alphanus Secundus (c. 1050), 310.

Althaus, J., 458.

Alum, 486.

Amaurosis, 211.

Amazon, aborigines of the, their medicine men, 26.

— — their intoxicating drink, 48.

_Ambre_ or _Embre_, an Egyptian medical book, 58.

America, discovery of, 345.

American medical education, 435, 436.

Ammon, 150.

Ammonia, 487.

Ammoniacum, 275.

Ammonius of Alexandria (B.C. 283-247), 198.

Amputations, 42, 70, 216.

— in Egyptian surgery, 70.

Amulets, 23, 31, 48, 129, 247-265, 327, 398, 404.

— of the Jews, 75.

Amussat, 458.

Anæsthesia, how anciently produced, 310.

Anæsthetics, 449, 464-466, 480.

Anathemata, 157.

Anatomy, 105, 175, 231, 326, 336, 364, 365, 381, 390, 391, 436.

— of ancient Egyptians, 64.

— at Alexandria, 195.

— in England, 461.

— at Oxford, 381.

— in Rome, 209, 215.

— at Salerno, 313.

— well understood by Hippocrates, 174.

— human, its revival in Europe, 325, 326, 351, 365.

— comparative, 375.

— and physiology have made no progress in China, 128.

Anaxagoras (born about 499 B.C.), 159.

Anaximander (born 610 B.C.), 159.

Anaximenes, 159.

Ancestor-worship in connection with disease, 22, 23.

_Ancient Medicine_, treatise by Hippocrates, 175.

Andreæ, J. V. (1586-1654), 370.

Andromachus, 221.

Andry, N. (c. 1701), 471.

Anel (1741-1801), 433.

Anel, D. (1679-1730), 432.

Aneurism, 235, 389, 432, 434.

_Angakoks_, priest-physicians of the Inoits, 30.

Angelic presidents of medicine, 84.

Anger of gods as the cause of disease, 270.

— of demons a cause of disease, 12, 86.

Anglicanus, Gilbertus, 337.

Anglo-Saxon medicine, 273.

Animals and toxicology, 4, 35.

— experiments on, 216, 217, 378, 379, 436.

— their medicine and surgery, 3.

Animism, 7, 8, 24.

Anthropology, 450.

Antidotes, 416.

— for poisons, experiments with, 201.

_Antidotarium_, 313, 363.

Anti-fat, 285.

Antilles Indians, their exorcism of diseases, 29.

Antimony, 487.

Antioquia, Indians of, poisoners of wells, 35.

Antiseptic surgery, 477.

— treatment, 177.

Antonius Musa, 213.

Antyllus (c. 300 _A.D._), 235.

Anubis, Egyptian god, 60.

Apaches consider drunkenness a religious duty, 48.

Apis, Egyptian god, 59, 60.

Apollo the healer, 147, 169.

Apollonius of Tyana, 224.

Apoplexy, Hippocrates on, 182.

— exorcised by rice, 16.

Apothecaries, laws relating to, 317.

Aquinas, Thomas (1225-1274), 321.

Arabian medicine, 288, 291, 311.

Aranzi, J. C. (1530-1589), 367.

Arawaks of Surinam, their birth customs, 50.

Arbuthnot, J. (1658-1735), 451.

Archagathus (B.C. 219), first regular practitioner in Rome, 208.

Archeus, 380.

Archiatri, the, 206, 210, 236.

Archigenes of Apamœa (circ. A.D. 98-117), 228.

Archimatthæus, 311.

Aretæus of Cappadocia (1st cent.), 228.

Aristotle (born B.C. 334), 192, 384, 421.

Armstrong, G., 439.

Arneman, J. (1763-1807), 435.

Arnica, 350.

Arnold of Villa Nova (1235-1312), 326.

Arnot, N., 478.

Arrack, “the Christian deity,” 47.

“Arrows” as warrants to disease-spirits in China, 127.

Arrow-poison of Indians, 35.

Arsenic, 488.

Artemis, goddess of health, 149.

Arteries, ligation of, 217, 232, 245, 368.

— twisting of bleeding, 224, 237, 368.

Aryans, the, 96.

Asclepiades of Prusa (1st cent. B.C.), 212.

— schools of the, 168, 170.

Asclepiadists, 213.

Asclepiads, the, 157, 168.

_Ashwins_, physicians of the Hindu gods, 100.

Asoka established hospitals in India, 117.

— royal patron of medicine, 111.

Assellius, C. (1581-1626), 390.

Assyrians, their medicine, 86, 92.

Asthma, remedies for, 37.

Astigmatism, 463.

Astringents, 43.

Astrology in medicine, 129, 139, 319, 334, 335, 351.

Astruc, J. (1684-1766), 429.

Athenæus of Cilicia (c. A.D. 69), 227.

Athens, plague of, 25.

Athletes rubbed with oil, 44.

Atomic philosophy, 164.

— theory, 159, 449.

Atoms, doctrine of the, 98.

Auenbrugger, L. (1722-1809), 453.

Auscultation, 170, 177, 453.

Australia, aborigines of, their superstitions, 17, 21, 23.

Australian tribes, their medical practice, 33.

Australian-Tasmanian district, 12.

_Autmoins_, diviners of North America, 26.

Automatism, 379.

Ava, drink made from, 49.

Avenzoar (12th cent.), 297.

Averroes (born A.D. 1126), 297.

Avicenna (born A.D. 980), 296.

_Ayur Veda_, the, Hindu medical classic, 98, 99, 102.

Aztecs, hospitals of the, 239.

B.

Baas, J. H., 466.

Babhata on Hindu medicine, 114.

Babylon, captivity of Jews in, 81.

Babylonian religion, 27.

Babylonians, their medicine, 86.

Bacchic orgies, 32, 150.

Bacchus, 150.

Backtischwah, 290, 291.

Bacon, Francis (1561-1626), 377.

Bacon, Roger (1214-1298), 322.

Bacteria, 472, 473.

Bacteriologists, 480.

Bacteriology anticipated by Empedocles, 161.

Badaga folk, their treatment of pregnant women, 52.

— their insurance against disease, 29.

Baer, 481.

Bafiotes of South Guinea, their surgery, 45.

Baghdad, medical schools of, 291.

Baillie, M. (1761-1823), 454.

Baillou, G. (1536-1614), 363.

Bandages, waxed, 178.

Bandaging of mummies, 57.

Banishing disease-demons, 15, 86.

Bannister, John, 363.

Barbers and surgery, 317, 434, 435.

— and surgeons, their fellowship, 329, 354.

Barth, J. (1745-1818), 463.

Bartholin, T. (1619-1680), 376, 390.

Bartholomæus, 314.

Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 359.

— Hospital medical school, 459.

Baschkirs expel devils of disease, 138.

Bassi, 473.

Bastian, H. C. (b. 1837), 458, 472.

Basutos, their theory of diseases, 22.

Baths, 400.

Bayle, G. L. (1774-1816), 453.

Bayle, P. (1647-1706), 380.

Beale, L. S. (b. 1828), 480.

Beans sacred to Pythagoreans, 164.

Beclard, J. (1818-1887), 458.

Beelzebub, god of medicine, 85.

— cast out by Beelzebub, 29.

Beer of the Himalayas, 48.

Beer, G. J. (1663-1821), 463.

Beetle, an emblem, 250.

Behaviour of doctors, 312.

Bell, B. (1763-1820), 459.

Belladonna eaten by birds and herbivora, 4.

Bellini, 420.

Bells, church, medicine drunk out of, 278.

Benares, a seat of Buddhist medicine, 111.

Benedict, St., 300, 308.

Benivieni, A. (c. 1500), 352.

Bennett, J. H. (1812-1875), 454.

Bentley, Prof., on new American remedies, 37.

Berberine, 37, 38.

Berenger of Carpi (died 1527), 361.

Bernard, C. (1813-1878), 456.

Bernard the Provincial, 315.

Bernouelli, J. and D., 420.

Bert, P. (1833-1886), 457, 474.

Bertharius (about 856), 310.

Berthollet, 448.

Bertrandi (1723-1797), 433.

Berzelius (1779-1848), 449.

Bethesda, pool of, 400.

Bezoar stone, 257.

Bible and demoniacal theory of epilepsy, 16, 79.

— diseases of, 79, 432.

— its superiority to other sacred books, 74.

Bichat, M. F. X. de (1771-1802), 429, 446.

Bile as the cause of sickness first suggested, 160.

Bint-resh, the princess, cured by the god Khonsu, 65.

Bird-surgery, 3.

Birds as evil spirits, 17.

— fond of toddy, 49.

Birth customs of the Caribs, 51.

— Arawaks, 52.

— Land Dyaks, 52.

— Abipones, 52.

— Basques, 52.

— Corsicans, 52.

— Chinese, 52.

— Iroquois, 53.

— Badaga folk, 53.

— Romans, 54.

Bismuth, 487.

Black death, the, 329.

— magic, 66, 410.

Blackmore, R. (1650-1729), 425.

Blaes, G. (died 1662), 390.

Blane, G. (b. 1747), 426.

Bleeding, 82, 134, 156, 217, 274, 280, 285.

— practised by savages, 33.

— arrest of, by savages, 40, 42.

Blizzard, W. (1743-1835), 459.

“Blood-bread” in consumption, 131.

Blood as food for invalids, 35, 396.

— circulation of the, 385, 389.

— in medicine, 396.

— pressure, 420.

— purifiers used by negroes, 38.

Bloodless amputations invented by Chrysippus, 195.

Blue cohosh plant, 37.

Blumenbach, J. F. (1752-1840), 450.

Bodo folk of India, their disease-demons, 22.

Boerhaave (1668-1738), 422, 423, 426.

Bonnet, 472.

_Book of the Dead_, 58, 60.

Bora initiations of Australia, 43.

Borax, 486.

Borde, Andrew (c. 1532), 358.

Borden, T. de (1722-1776), 430.

Borelli, G. A. (1608-1679), 381, 420.

Borneo, birth customs in, 52.

Botanic gardens established, 201.

Botany, 297, 336, 351, 363, 426, 427, 438.

Boulimia, a species of hunger, 197.

Bowls for medicine, 95.

Box-bark poultices, 33.

Boyer, A. (1757-1833), 461.

_Boyl-Ya_, 17.

Boyle, Robert (1626-1691), 378, 379, 381, 419.

Brahmanism, 110.

Brahmans forbidden by Menu to become doctors, 101.

— their knowledge of medicine, 101.

Braid, J., 457.

Brain, anatomy of, 365, 391.

— diseases, 228.

— surgery, 112, 177, 206, 456.

— — of the Society Islanders, 43.

Branca, 368.

Brandy in medicine, 326.

Briggs, W. (died 1704), 438.

Bright, R. (1789-1858), 454.

_British Medical Journal_, 467.

Britomartis, 150.

Brittan, 474.

Broca, P. (1824-1880), 458.

Brodie, B. (1783-1862), 459.

Bromfield, W. (1717-1792), 435.

Bromine, 487.

Bronchitis, remedies for, 34, 37, 49.

Bronchocele, 316.

Bronchotomy, 364.

— invented by Asclepiades, 213.

Broth of human flesh, a Chinese remedy, 131.

Broussais, F. J. W. (1772-1838), 446.

Brown, J. (1735-1788), 427.

Browne, Sir Thomas (1605-1682), 391.

Brown-Sequard (b. 1817), 456.

Browning’s Poem, “Saul,” 78.

Bruner, J. C. (1653-1727), 437.

Brunhilda, a doctress, 272.

Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600), 346, 351.

Brunonian theory, 427.

Bucknill, J. C. (b. 1817), 457.

Budd, 474.

Buddhism, 102, 109.

— had a gospel for all creatures, 110.

Buffon (1707-1788), 439, 448.

_Buhitos_ of Hispaniola, 26.

Bulleyn, William (died 1576), 363.

Burial customs of Lower Congo, 24.

— of disease-demons, 15, 139.

Burking, 461.

Burma, disease-demons of, 21.

Burns, J. (1775-1850), 459.

Burrows, 476.

Butts, William (died 1545), 359.

Byzantine medicine, 243.

C.

Cabalism, 84, 337.

Cabbage, 162.

Cactus juice an intoxicant, 48.

Cæsalpinus, A. (1519-1603), 351, 385.

Cæsarean operation in Central Africa, 45.

— in Europe, 361, 362.

Caius, John (1510-1573), 360.

Cajeput tree, 34.

Calculi, 177.

Calenda, 313.

Caliphs, their services to science, 288.

Callisen (1740-1824), 433.

Calumba root, 37.

Cambodians, their exorcism of small-pox, 30.

Cambridge University, 340.

Camomile, 285.

Camper (1722-1789), 435.

Cancer, 182, 183.

Canopic jars of Egypt, 63.

Capillary vessels, discovery of, 386, 389.

Carbonic acid, 380.

Cardan (1501-1576), 351.

Carib races, their use of cascarilla, 49.

Carmina (magic songs), 207.

Carpenter, W. B., 481.

Carter, R. B., 463.

Cascarilla, its introduction into medicine, 49.

_Casdim_ and _Mecasphim_, 91, 92.

Cases, collections of interesting, 327.

Cassava bread, 36.

Casserius (1561-1616), 364.

Cassius Felix (1st cent.), 228.

Cassorius, 390.

Castor oil, its action on savages, 37.

Castration, 77, 169.

Cat, Le (1700-1768), 432.

Catalepsy, 390.

Catamenial women possessed by demons, 143.

— superstitions concerning, 54, 78.

Cataract, 211, 235, 297, 314.

Catheter invented, 197, 245, 297.

Cato as a family doctor, 207.

Cato’s hatred of doctors, 207.

Cats, their use of medicines, 3.

Caul of a child, 273.

— fat, superstitions concerning, 17.

Caulophyllin, 37.

Cauterising instruments, 245.

Cavendish, 448.

_Caxiri_, a drink of the Brazilian Indians, 48.

Celery, 285.

Cellular pathology, 455.

Celsus, A. C. (B.C. 50-A.D. 7), 215.

Ceylon, medicine in, 107.

Chadwick, E., 478.

Chaldæan doctors of three classes, 90.

Chaldæans, their medicine, 86.

Chamberlen, H. (1664-1728), 435.

Chambre, Dr., 358.

Characts as amulets, 262, 263, 327.

Charaka, the Hindu Hippocrates, 100, 103, 289.

Charas, M. (1618-1698), 394.

Charcot, J. M. (b. 1825), 456, 482.

Charlemagne, patron of medical education, 310.

Charles the First, his miraculous blood, 373.

Charlton, W. (1619-1707), 438.

Charms, 23, 27, 86, 129, 133, 247-265, 327, 334, 398, 404.

— largely used in Chinese practice, 129.

— swallowed as medicine, 134.

Chassaignac, 458.

Chaucer on domestic medicine, 328.

Cheiron, the centaur who instructed Æsculapius, 147, 148.

Chelius, Von (1794-1876), 462.

Chemistry, 301, 302, 336, 350, 368, 419.

— of Egyptians, 71.

— originated at Baghdad, 291, 293.

Cheselden, W. (1688-1752), 433.

Chevreuil, 472.

Cheyne, 420.

“Cheyne-Stokes respiration,” 454.

Child-bed described by St. Augustine, 54.

Children’s hospitals, 439.

Chinese medicine, 125.

Chloroform, 464-466

Christianity, influence of, on medicine, 237.

“Christian science healing,” 406.

Christison, Robert (1797-1882), 454.

Chronos, Egyptian god, 59.

Chrysippus (lived 4th cent. B.C.), 194.

Chthonic orgies, 32.

Chyliferous vessels, 390.

Cicuta (the poison), 220.

Cinchona bark, 38, 342, 382.

Circulation of the blood, 202, 236, 237, 325, 351, 361, 364, 365, 378.

Circumcision, its origin, 76.

— practised by many races, 76, 77, 342.

Clark, Andrew (b. 1826), 455, 484, 485.

Cleopatra, a specialist in women’s diseases, 201.

Climacteric years, a Chaldæan doctrine, 163.

Clinical instruction in ancient Rome, 209, 368.

— medicine, 312, 384.

— thermometry, 431.

Clive and vaccination, 440.

Cloacina, 206.

Club-foot, treatment of, by Hippocrates, 178.

— tenotomy in, 462.

Clysters in Egyptian medicine, 67, 156.

Cnidian sentences, 170.

Cnidos, school of, 170.

Coan prognostics, 170.

Cod-liver oil, 454.

Cœlius Aurelianus, 219.

Cohn, 473.

Coiter, V. (1534-1600), 364.

Colchicum used for gout, 218.

Cold-water dressings, 433.

— treatment of fever, 439.

Cole, 420.

Colic, curious remedy for, 251, 254.

College of Health in Rome (154 B.C.), 206.

Collége de Saint Côme, 323.

Colles, A. (1773-1843), 459.

Collins, S. (d. 1710), 393.

Colour-blindness, 449.

Colours in diseases, 251, 257, 258, 327.

Columbus (d. 1559), 367, 385.

Comma-bacillus, 474.

Comparative anatomy, 192, 391.

Compass, 294.

Condensed milk invented, 220.

Confucianism the chief religion of the Chinese, 126.

Congo tribes, their theories of disease, 22, 30.

Conjuring amongst savages, 26.

Conolly, J. (1796-1866), 457.

Conrad, Cardinal, 305.

Conservative surgery, 434, 464.

Constantine the Carthaginian, 310, 311.

“Constitutional irritation,” theory of, 459.

Consultations in ancient Rome, 211.

Consumption, contagiousness of, 363.

— treated with blood-bread, 131.

Contagion, living, 473.

Convalescent homes of ancient Rome, 240.

Convulsions, 184.

_Coomboorah_, good spirit of Australians, 24.

Cooper, Astley (1768-1841), 459.

Copaiba, 38.

Copho (12th cent.), 313, 314.

Copland, Robert (c. 1547), 359.

Copper, 487.

Coral as a charm, 410.

— islanders, sorcery of, 23.

Cordova famous for learning, 292, 293.

Cordus, E. (1486-1535), 352.

Cordus, V. (1515-1544), 352, 363.

Corpuscles of the blind discovered, 389.

Corsicans and the couvade, 52.

Corumba wizards, 29.

Corvisart, J. N. (1755-1821), 453.

Corybantes, the, 85.

Cos, school of, 170, 172.

Cosmas and Damian, SS., 234, 323.

Cosmo de Medici, 373.

“Couching” for cataract, 211.

Council of Tours (A.D. 1163) degraded surgery, 305.

Couvade, the, described, 50.

Cow-dung as a remedy, 285.

— -pox, 439.

— -religion of the Toda tribe, 48.

Cowper, W. (1666-1709), 437.

Cramp-rings, 371.

“Critical days,” 106, 202.

Crocodile’s dung used in medicine, 201, 211.

— incantation against, 65.

Croome, W. (d. 1684), 393.

Croonian lectures, 393.

Crotona, school of, 161.

Croup, remedies for, 37, 363, 369.

Cruikshank, W. (1745-1800), 436.

Crystals, healing by, 33.

Ctesias of Cnidus, 171.

Cullen, W. (1710-1790), 426.

Culpeper (c. 1653), 396.

Cupping, 45, 156, 246.

Currie, J. (1756-1805), 439.

Cuvier, 421.

Cyclamen, 251.

Cyon, E. (b. 1843), 457.

Cyrene, school of, 170.

Czermak, 459.

D.

Dacotas, their theories of disease-demons, 22.

_Daêvas_, the causes of disease amongst Parsees, 143.

Dalton (1776-1844), 449.

Dancing mania, 331, 339.

Danish witchcraft, 18.

Darling river, medicine on the, 27, 35.

Darwin, Charles (1809-1882), 451.

Darwin, Erasmus (1701-1802), 428.

Darwinism in Hindu philosophy, 98.

_Dasyus_, 96.

Davaine, 473.

David exorcised Saul by incantations, 78.

Da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519), 336.

Davy (1788-1829), 449, 464.

Dead, the genii of, in Egypt, 63.

— offence to the, as cause of disease, 20, 21.

Death, superstitions connected with, 413.

— fiends, 144.

Decussation of optic nerves discovered, 209.

De Dondis, Jacob (1298-1359), 326.

Deities of Chinese medicine and surgery, 128.

Demetrius of Apamœa (B.C. 276), 198.

Democedes (6th cent. B.C.), 81, 164.

Democritus of Abdera (5th cent. B.C.), 164.

Demoniacal possession in Western Africa, 14.

Demoniacs and lunatics, 16.

Demonology precedes theology, 24.

Demon-theory of disease in China, 126, 127, 129.

Demons of disease, 10, 66, 77, 78, 86, 88, 89, 90, 99, 136, 143,
161, 327, 332, 346.

Demonstrations of anatomy, 326, 390.

Demosthenes Philalethes (c. A.D. 50), the oculist, 198, 211.

_Dengen_, the gout demon, 14.

Dental operations, 206, 217, 390.

Dentistry, 299, 390.

— of ancient Egyptians, 63.

Derivation and revulsion, 176.

Desault, P. J. (1744-1795). 433.

Descartes (1596-1650), 377, 420.

Desiderius (c. 1685), 310.

Development from egg, 377.

— understood by Pythagoras, 163.

Devil brought up by emetics, 30.

Dhanwantari, the Hindu Æsculapius, 104.

Dhimal people of India, their theories of disease, 22.

Diabetes first named and described, 198.

Diagnosis, 228.

— Egyptian, 68.

Diana, goddess of health, 149.

Diarrhœa, remedies for, 34.

Dictionary, medical, 327.

Dietetics, 176, 180, 181.

Dieting the sick in Homer, 153.

Digby, Sir Kenelm, 397.

Digestion, 419.

Diktynna, 150.

Dill, 162.

Dimsdale, J. (1711-1800), 439.

Diocles Carystius, 189.

Diogenes of Apollonia (460 B.C.), 160.

Dionis, P. (died 1718), 390.

Dionysus, 150, 151.

— festivals of, 50, 150.

— mysteries of, 32, 150.

Dioscorides, his materia medica, 225.

Diotima, the Athenian prophetess, 24.

Discovery of causes, 165.

Disease, a punishment for sin, 76, 87, 88, 89.

— -demons, 29, 30, 86, 99.

— — of Egypt, 64, 65.

— dispelled by drumming, 17.

— goddesses of the Romans, 206.

— -making in the New Hebrides, 17.

— personification of, 10.

— -spirits, 10, 86, 89, 90, 129, 136, 327.

— theory of, in Bible, 74.

— theories of the Greeks, 166.

— -winds, 90.

Diseases as personages, 15, 139.

— blown away, 29.

— caused by offended dead, 20, 139.

— — ghosts, 18, 31, 139.

— the consequences of sin in previous states of existence, 100.

— of the Bible, 79.

— treated by magic, 26, 27, 86, 90, 351.

Disgusting remedies, 131, 201, 211, 394-397.

Dislocations well treated by Hippocrates, 174.

Dissection, 218, 219, 325, 326, 379, 390.

— of the human body, 326, 361.

— — practised in time of Hippocrates, 174.

— — in India, 114, 115, 117.

Dittany eaten by wounded goats, 3, 150.

Diuretic medicines, 38.

Divination and physic, 26, 269.

— by teraphim, 75.

Dobbo, evil spirits of the Watje, 28.

Doctor, title of, 307.

Dodart, 420.

Dogmatic school, the, 187.

Dog-rose, why so called, 225.

Dogs, their use of natural medicines, 3.

Domestic medicine of middle ages, 324.

Donzellini, 420.

Douglas, J. (1675-1742), 426.

Drake, J. (1667-1707), 431.

Dran, Le (1685-1770), 432.

Dreams, the origin of belief in the soul and future life, 9.

Druggists of ancient Rome, 221.

Druids, medicine of the, 269.

Drum of the ear first described, 236.

Drums, use of, in scaring disease-demons, 17.

Drunkenness as a religious duty, 48.

Dualism in Accadian philosophy, 88.

Dubois, Jacques (1478-1555), 364.

Duchenne, G. B., 457.

Dumas (1800-1884), 449, 464.

Duncan, M., 465.

Dung in medicine, 396.

Dusch, Van, 472.

Dyaks of Borneo, 12, 13, 14.

Dyonisia, the, drunkenness at, 50.

Dysentery, remedies for, 34, 131.

Dyspepsia, remedies for, 37, 38.

E.

Eagle stone, 257.

Ear, anatomy of, 361, 367.

— bones of, 337.

— diseases, 217.

Earth, edible, 36, 37.

Eastern Inoits, 6.

Ebers papyrus, 58, 64, 67, 69, 71.

Ebn Albiathar (died about 1197), 297.

Ecclesiasticus probably written by a physician, 82.

Eclectics, sect of the, 227.

Edinburgh College of Physicians, 373.

— Medical School, 425, 436.

Education of physicians, 103, 105, 178, 179, 305, 317, 426.

Edward the Confessor, St., 372.

Egypt, its great antiquity, 57.

Egyptian medicine, 57, 67, 68.

Ehrenberg, 473.

Eir, goddess of physicians, 272.

Elder, the, 256.

Electricity, 427, 449.

— first used in medicine, 215.

Electro-therapeutics, 457.

Elementary bodies, 83.

Elements as causes of disease, 16, 90.

— in Ovid’s metamorphoses, 166.

Elephantiasis, 228.

— first described, 213.

Elixir of life, 100, 396.

Elliotson, J., 430.

Embalmers of Egypt, 61, 63.

Embryotomy, 294.

Emetics, 43, 83, 156.

Empedocles (born about 490 B.C.), physiologist and philosopher, 160.

Empirics, school of the, 199.

Empiric tripod, the, 199, 201.

Empyema, how treated by Hippocrates, 182.

Enchanters, 91, 108.

Enemas used by Mongols, 135.

Engineering and physiology, 421.

Epidaurus, temple of Æsculapius at, 149.

Epidemics, theory of, 29.

— of middle ages, 329-332.

Epilepsy, 234.

— and demoniacal possession, 181.

— in the New Testament, 16.

Epimenedes, 158.

Epione (the Soother), 149.

Episynthetics, sect of the, 227.

Epsom salts, 438.

Erasistratus of Iulis (about B.C. 340-280), 196.

Erasmus, 357.

Erichsen, J. E. (b. 1818), 460.

Erysipelas, 183.

Esmarch, F. (b. 1823), 462.

Esmun, Phœnician god, 151.

Esquimaux, an intermediate type between past and present, 6.

Essenes, Jewish sect of, 82.

Esthonians, 9.

Ether, 352.

— as an anæsthetic, 464.

Ethics, medical, 169.

Etienne, Charles (1503-1564), 364.

Etiology, 446.

Etiquette of physicians, 106, 107, 169, 298, 329.

Etruscans, their science, 205.

Eucalyptus, a popular remedy of Australian tribes, 34, 36.

Eudemus (B.C. 15), 214.

Euphorbius, 213.

Euryphon of Cnidos, 170.

Eustachian tube, 367.

Eustachius, 367.

Evil eye, 16, 410, 411.

Examinations instituted at Montpellier, 305, 384.

Excitability, doctrine of, 427.

Excitement, theory of, 446.

Exorcising disease-demons, 15, 86, 87, 136, 144, 163, 327.

Exorcisms, 10, 13, 20, 21, 64, 72, 86, 90, 135, 136, 139, 142, 327,
411, 412.

Expectant treatment, 382, 424.

Experimental medicine, 369.

— physiology, 212, 378, 379, 436, 456, 457, 483-485.

Experiments, surgical, how practised by Hindus, 116.

— their prerogatives, 322.

Extension, surgical, 177.

Eye, construction of the, 337.

— diseases treated in Egypt with human brains, 69.

— doctors satirised by Martial, 210.

F.

Fabricius (1557-1619), 364, 385.

_Facies Hippocratica_, 181.

Faith healing, its rationale, 320, 333, 481, 482.

Fallopian tubes, 366.

Fallopius, Gabriel (1523-1562), 366.

Faraday, M. (1791-1867), 449.

Farr, W., 478.

Faye, Le, 433.

Fees, 211, 323.

— of Chinese doctors, 130.

— the largest on record, 196.

— of Welsh court physicians, 282.

— — surgeons, 286.

— of Parsee doctors, 144.

Females, their marvellous influence, 53.

Fennel, 285.

Fermentation, 471, 473, 474.

Fermented liquors, how discovered, 46.

Fern (male), remedy for tape-worm, 36.

Ferrier, D. (b. 1843), 457.

Fetish worship, 249.

Fetishism of the Malagasy, 23.

Fever and stench goddesses, 206.

— -demons, 31, 87, 97, 136, 137.

— -puppets, 31.

— spirit, the, 87, 89, 136.

Fevers, treatment of, 383.

— and ague, remedies for, 34, 43, 136, 137, 181, 342.

Feverfew (the herb), 249.

Fiends as the cause of insanity, 22.

Fiend-sickness, 278.

Final causes believed in by Galen, 230.

Finnish mythology, 14.

— theories of disease, 15.

Finno-Tartarian magic, 125.

Fire, 165.

— -worship, 273.

Fish capturing by poisons, 35.

Fistula treated by the ligature, 177, 297.

Flap operation, 229, 389.

Flint instruments in surgery, 33, 43, 70.

Flogging as a remedy, 139, 278.

Flourens, P. (1794-1867), 456.

Fludd, Robert (b. 1574), 368.

Fœtus, anatomy of, 364, 367, 425.

Fomentations, 42.

Food remains in sorcery, 17.

Forbes, J. (1787-1861), 467.

Forceps, 244, 245.

— in obstetric surgery, 435.

Forensic medicine, 376, 454.

Foster, M., 483, 484.

Fothergill, J. (1712-1780), 436.

Fourcroy, 448.

Four doctors, the, 314.

— masters, the, 314.

Fractures, ancient treatment of, 178, 184, 216.

France, anatomy in, 364.

Franco, Pierre (c. 1560), 362.

Frank, J. P., 429.

Franklin, 450.

Frascatorius (1483-1553), 363, 388.

Frederic II., his services to medical education, 316, 317.

Freemasonry, 370.

Freind, J. (1675-1728), 432.

_Fuh-Hi_, the deity of Chinese doctors, 127.

Fuller, T. (d. 1734), 438.

Fumitory and exorcism, 256.

Funeral ceremonies, physicians not to be present at, 101.

— offerings of the Egyptian fellahs, 72.

— superstitions, 29, 72.

Furnivall, Dr., on the medicine of the Tudor reigns, 359.

G.

Gaddesden, John of, 327.

Galbanum, 275.

Gale, Thomas (1507-1586), 354, 355, 363.

Galen (b. A.D. 170), 229, 385.

Gall, F. J. (1757-1828), 456.

Gall-stones, 363.

Galvani, 450.

Ganglion, 183.

Gariopontus (about 1056), 310.

Gastroraphy in the time of the Vikings, 372.

_Gaunab_, the Hottentot disease-demon, 16.

Gay-Lussac, 449.

Germ theory of disease, 432, 452, 471.

Gesner, Conrad (1516-1565), 346, 351, 359, 362, 363.

Geynes, Dr. (died 1563), 360.

Ghosts as causing diseases, 23, 31, 139.

Gilbert, William (died 1540), 361.

Giliani, Alassandra, a lady anatomist, 326.

Ginseng, 133.

Gippsland, natives of, 23.

Girdles, magic, 259.

Glacial period of the Inoits, 6.

Gladstone, Mr., on the origin of surgery, 41.

Glands, anatomy of the, 390, 437.

— of intestines discovered, 209.

Glisson, Francis, 389.

Gnosticism and amulets, 252.

Goddard, J. (died 1674), 389.

Gods, plants sacred to the, 46.

Goethe, 452.

Goitre, 459.

Gold, 488.

Gold Coast negroes trace diseases to ghosts, 13.

Gooch, B., 433.

Gordonius, 327.

Goulston, Thomas (d. 1632), 380.

Gout, 183, 280.

Graaf, De, 339.

Gräfe, Von, 459.

Gradibus, M., de, 337.

Graves, superstitions connected with, 413.

Graves, R. J. (1797-1853), 454.

Greatrakes, Valentine, 399.

Gredring, J. E. (1718-1775), 439.

Greek medicine, 147.

Greeks indebted to Egypt for philosophy, 98.

Gregory, J. (1758-1822), 426.

Grew, N. (b. 1641), 438.

Gross, S. (1805-1884), 462.

Guaiacum, 38, 342, 375.

Guanches of the stone and bone epoch, 6.

Guglielmini, 420.

Guinea, people of, attribute disease to enchantment, 29.

Gunpowder, 294.

Guthrie, G. (1785-1856), 460.

Guy, 478.

Guy de Chauliac (b. 1300), 330.

Gwyddoniaid, the, Welsh men of knowledge, 280.

Gymnasia, 171.

Gynæcology, 219, 242, 243, 294, 313, 361, 429.

H.

Haeckel, Ernst (b. 1834), 452.

Hæmorrhoids operated on by Hippocrates, 177, 183.

Haen, De (1704-1776), 431.

Haeser, H. (1811-1885), 466.

Hahnemann (1755-1843), 446-448.

Hair, cuttings of, superstitions concerning, 17, 143.

— dye of Egyptians, 71.

— superstitions concerning, 16, 143, 408.

Hales, S. (1677-1761), 436.

Hall, M. (1790-1857), 457.

Haller (1708-1777), 437.

Hallucinations of vision first distinguished by Celsus, 217.

Hamey, B., 389.

_Hantu_ disease-spirits, 12.

_Haoma_, the king of healing-plants, 142.

Hare-lip, ancient treatment of, 277, 297.

Hart, Ernest (b. 1836), 467.

Harvey, William (1578-1657), 377, 385-388.

Hastings, C. (1794-1866), 467.

Havers, C. (d. 1702), 425.

Hayti, poisoning in, 19.

Hea, an Accadian deity, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95.

Head, injuries to the, 184.

Headache, remedies for, 34, 37, 89, 251.

— cured by drum-beating, 17.

Healing art a religion, 446.

— craft of Australian tribes, 33.

Heberden, W. (1710-1801), 439.

Hebra (1816-1880), 455.

Hebrews had no magic of their own, 75.

Hecquet, 419.

Hegel, G. W. F. (1770-1831), 451.

Hegeton, 198.

Heidenhain, R., 457.

Heliodorus (c. A.D. 100), 228.

Hellebore, 220.

— first used by Melampus, 152.

— its uses discovered by the goat, 3.

Hells for Chinese physicians, 129.

Helmholtz, H. L. (b. 1821), 463.

Helmont, Van, 380, 419.

Hemlock, 220.

— eaten by goats, sheep, and horses, 4.

Hemp intoxication, 310.

Henbane eaten by sheep, cows, and pigs, 4.

Henle, F. G. (1809-1815), 452, 473.

Heracleitus of Ephesus (born about 556 B.C.), 159.

Herbalists, 359, 369.

Herb baths, 401.

Hermes, god of medicine, 150.

Hermes Trismegistus, 58, 60, 150.

Hermetic books, the, 58, 61, 151, 337.

Hernia, 192, 228, 316.

Herniotomy, 362.

Herodicus, 171, 172, 477.

Herodotus on Egyptian medicine, 62.

— found no doctors in Babylon and Assyria, 89, 90.

— (Roman physician), 228.

Herophilus of Chalcedon (about B.C. 335-280), 195.

Hesiod, 155.

Highmore, N. (1613-1685), 390.

Hildegard, St., famous physician, 307.

Himly, C. (1772-1837), 463.

Hinduism as a creed, 97.

Hindus, antiquity of, 96.

Hip-joint disease, 183.

Hippocrates (b. 460 B.C.), 172.

— first described trepanning, 44.

— works of, 178.

Hippopotamus fabled to have discovered the art of bleeding, 156.

Hispaniola, divination and physic in, 26.

Histories of Medicine, 432, 466, 467.

Hobbes (1588-1679), 379.

Hodgkin, T. (1797-1866), 454.

Hoffmann, F. (1660-1742), 421, 422, 424, 472.

Holy water, 272.

— — in Babylonian sorcery, 87.

— wells, 272, 401.

Home, Sir E., 434.

Homer, medicine of, 152.

— on Egyptian medicines, 66.

Homœopathy, 234, 446-448.

Honain (9th cent.), 295.

Hooping-cough, 285.

Horne, Van (1621-1670), 391.

Horsley, V., 458.

Horus, Egyptian divinity, 58, 60.

Hospitals, their origin, 239, 240, 241, 294, 341.

— in India, 120.

— and medical schools of ancient Hindus, 117.

— at Damascus, 294.

Hottentots, disease-demon of the, 16.

— practise inoculations, 45.

Houel, N. (1520-1585), 375.

Howard, John (1726-1790), 429.

Howell, Dda (A.D. 930), his medical laws, 282.

_Huang-ti_, an ancient Chinese writer on medicine, 126.

Hudibras on the couvade, 52.

Hufeland, C. W. von (1762-1836), 446.

Hukeems, native doctors of India, 121, 123.

Human flesh in Chinese medicine, 132.

— sacrifices and anatomy, 271.

— — commuted in circumcision, 77.

Humanism, 337.

Humboldt, 449.

Humoral pathology, 189, 426.

Hunter, J. (1728-1793), 433.

Hunter, W. (1718-1783), 438.

Husbands, treatment of, by Carib wives, 50.

Hutchinson, J. (b. 1828), 460.

Huxley, Thomas (b. 1825), 452.

Hydatids of liver understood by Hippocrates, 182.

Hydrocephalus, trephining for, 183.

Hydrodynamics, 379.

Hydrogen, 350.

Hydrophobia, remedies for, 83.

— superstitions, remedy for, 210.

“Hydrostatic test,” 376.

Hydro-therapeutics, 467.

Hygeia, goddess of health, 149.

Hygiene, 478.

Hymns to cure disease, 88.

Hypnotism, 457.

I.

Iatro-chemical school, 419.

— -mathematical school, 419, 420.

Iatrosophists, 236.

Iberians, their birth customs, 52.

Ibis believed to have invented clysters, 67.

Ibn Ezra, 84.

Iccus of Tarentum, 171.

Ideas, the origin of, 9.

Idiots divinely inspired, 22.

Ignorant doctors of China have a special hell, 129.

_I Kuang Tāi Wông_, the god of Chinese surgery, 127.

Iliac passion, the, how treated, 214.

Images of demons as talismans, 88.

— of gods used to ward off disease-demons, 95.

—, wax, etc., their use in sorcery, 17, 66, 405, 406.

Imhotep, the Egyptian Æsculapius, 58.

Immortality of the soul taught by Pythagoras, 163.

Immunity, 457.

Incantations against diseases, 15, 86, 87, 91, 108, 247.

Income of Greek physicians, 203.

— of Roman physicians, 211, 212.

Incubatory sleep, 167.

Indian Archipelago, disease spirits of, 12.

— medicine and the Mahometans, 298.

— tribes, their medicine and surgery, 41, 42.

Indra taught mankind the healing art, 100.

Inductive method in science, 322, 377.

Inferior laryngeal nerve discovered, 209.

Influenza, 352.

Inhibitory nerves, 457.

Injection of drugs into veins, 391.

Inoculation for small-pox, 425, 439, 440.

— — practised by Chinese and other nations from the earliest times, 45.

Inoits, their magicians, 29.

Insane persons worshipped as divine, 22.

Insanity considered as divine, 21.

— diagnosis of, 439.

— treatment of, 363, 456, 467-470.

Insects, immortality of, 21.

Inspection of drug-shops, 317.

Instruments, surgical, 244, 433.

— of Hindu surgery, 115, 116.

Intoxicants, universal, 46.

Intoxication and the godhead, 47.

— rationale of, 49, 50.

Inunction used by ancient Greeks, 44.

Iodide of potassium, 487.

Iodine, 487.

Ionicus of Sardis, 225.

Ipecacuanha, 342.

Iris, contractility of the, 390.

Iritis, 463.

Iron, its first use in medicine, 151, 221, 486.

Iroquois, child-bearing amongst the, 52.

Irrigation of wounds, 237.

Irritability, doctrine of, 422, 426.

Ishak Ben Soleiman (830-940), 296.

Isis and Osiris, 58, 59, 60.

Italy, anatomy in, 365, 366.

Itch-goddess, 206.

— -mite, 429.

J.

Jackson, J. H., 458.

Jacobus Psychristus, 236.

Jacques, Frère (c. 1697), 393.

Jains, the, 102.

Jalap, 38.

James, R. (1703-1776), 428.

Japanese medicine, 139.

Javanese believers in animism, 14.

Jaw, fracture of, 184.

Jenner, E. (1749-1823), 439.

Jenner, William (b. 1815), 454.

Jewish physicians at Salerno, 309, 310.

— religion, its comparative purity, 73.

Jews, the medicine of the, 73.

— the magic-mongers of Rome, 84.

— their “golden age,” 84.

Jíwaka, Buddha’s physician, 111.

John of Salisbury on doctors, 306.

Jones, 458.

Joyliffe, George (died 1658), 381.

Julian (A.D. 140), 219.

Jung-Stilling (1740-1817), 463.

Jurin, 420.

K.

Kabeiri gods, 75, 85, 151.

Kaffirs, theories of disease amongst, 28.

Kalevala of the Finns, 15.

— the, 408.

Kalmucks, their exorcism of disease, 28.

Karens of Burmah trace diseases to the rainbow, 13.

_Karma_, 110.

Kava intoxication, 49.

Keill, 420.

Keith, 465.

Kern, Von (1769-1829), 462.

Kerner, 476.

Khonds of Orissa and the small-pox, 12, 13.

— all get royally drunk, 48.

Kidney, the, 389.

— fat of a bewitched man, 17.

King’s evil, 371.

Kircher, A. (1598-1680), 471.

Kirghis cure disease by sorcery, 139.

Knots (magic) as cures for disease, 89.

— as charms, 257.

— in magic, 408, 409.

Knox, 461.

Koch, R. (b. 1843), 474, 480.

Kolarians of Bengal, their cure for diseases, 48.

Kombinegherry tribe of Australia, 24.

_Komil_, an intoxicating drink, 48.

Koran, 293.

Kousso, remedy for tape-worm, 36.

L.

Lacteals, the, 390.

Laënnec, R. T. H. (1781-1826), 453.

Lama doctors, 134, 135.

Lamarck, 428, 452.

Lancets, 245.

Lancisi (c. 1718), 472.

Langenbeck, 462.

Langrish, B., 436.

Larry, J. D. (1766-1842), 461.

Latum, 473.

Laudanum, 348, 382.

Lavoisier, 448.

Law, the, of Hippocrates, 178, 179.

Lawrence, W. (1783-1867), 460.

Lead, 487.

Learning, the revival of, 336.

Lectisternes at Rome, 208.

Lectures on medicine, 305, 426.

_Leech Book_, 276.

Leeches first used in Europe, 214.

— in Sanskrit works on surgery, 114.

Leek juice, 285.

Leeuwenhoeck (1632-1723), 389, 471.

Legal medicine, 376, 454.

— recognition of doctors in England, 353.

Lemery, 419.

Lemon juice in scurvy, 374.

Lenormant, Professor, on disease-demons, 15, 139.

Leonidas of Alexandria, 229.

Leprosy, 183, 219, 249, 432.

— Egyptian, cures for, 69.

— treated with human blood, 131.

Lettsom, J. C. (1744-1815), 428.

Levasseur (c. 1540), 367.

_Lex Cornelia_ punished negligent doctors, 210.

Libavius, A. (1546-1616), 362, 419.

Libraries, public, of Moors in Spain, 292.

Licking as a fomentation, 3.

Liebig, J. (1803-1873), 449.

Life, indestructibility of, 21.

Ligature of arteries, 224, 232, 235, 237, 296, 368.

Light and heat, undulatory theory of, 337.

Lime, 486.

Linacre, Thomas (b. 1460), 346, 358.

Linnæus, 472.

Lisfranc, J. (1790-1847), 461.

Lister, 472.

Lister’s antiseptic surgery, 477.

Liston (1794-1847), 460.

Litany to fever, 87.

— to disease-demons, 91.

Literature, Greek medical, 204.

Lithotomy, 169, 215, 216, 237, 272, 294, 316, 393, 426, 432, 433.

Lithotrity, 459.

— first practised, 198, 244.

Littré, M., on miracles of healing, 320.

Liver, 364.

— eaten by demons, 12.

Lock Hospital, 435.

Locke, John (1632-1704), 388.

Logwood, 38, 342.

London Hospital medical school, 459.

Lotze, R. H. (1817-1884), 451.

_Louhiatar_, the Finnish disease-demon, 15.

Louis (1723-1792), 433.

Louis (1787-1872), 453.

Lower, R. (1631-1691), 393.

Lubbock, Sir John, on savages, 5.

— on the surgery of the Society Islanders, 43.

Lucius, 237.

Lucky and unlucky days in medicine, 66.

Ludford, Simon (c. 1563), 360.

Ludwig, D. (c. 1671), 394.

Lulli, Raymond (1235-1315), 322.

Lunatics and demoniacs, 16.

— treated by flogging, 278.

“Luz,” nucleus of the resurrection of the body, 83.

Lycanthropy, 236, 470.

Lycus (anatomist), 209.

Lymphatics, the, 381, 390.

M.

Machaon, son of Æsculapius, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155.

Maclaurin, 459.

Madagascar, theories of disease in, 13.

Magendie, F. (1782-1855), 481.

Magical _yarŭk_, 23.

Magic in the treatment of diseases, 26, 27, 65, 86, 90, 129, 141,
144, 271, 327, 351, 375, 376, 405.

— Chaldæan, 87, 88.

— Egyptian, 64, 65, 66.

— of the Finns medicinal, 15.

— in the Talmud, 83.

Magnesia, 486.

Magnus of Alexandria, 225.

Maharncourt, Peter de, 323.

Mahomet’s skill in medicine, 293.

Maimonides (died 1198), 84, 298.

Malagasy and the future life, 23.

Malays have a special demon for each disease, 14.

— sorcery of, 22.

Malebranche (1638-1715), 379.

Malgaigne, J. (1806-1865), 461.

Malpighi, M. (1628-1694), 386, 389.

Mandingoes, their idea of intoxication, 47.

Mandiocca, fermentation of, 48.

Mandrake, 133.

Manioc plant, 36.

Manna, 34.

Manners and tone of good physicians, 312.

Manteas (B.C. 250) first made a book of recipes, 198.

Mantira people, their theory of disease, 12.

Mantras, 110.

_Māra_, a demon, 110.

Marasmus, 234.

Marcellus, Empiricus, 237, 395.

Marghi people, their intoxicating drink, 48.

Marinus (Roman anatomist), 209, 225.

_Marro_, a charm, 24.

Martialis (A.D. 150), 198.

_Maruts_ or Smashers, 9.

Masks to frighten small-pox deity, 129.

Massage, 167, 212, 399.

— practised by savages, 43, 44.

_Mata_, small-pox goddess of India, 119, 120.

Materialism, 451.

Materia Medica, 220, 222, 225, 232, 307, 315, 323. 391, 392, 394.

— of Egyptians, 69.

— of India, 118.

Mathematical school of medicine, 381, 419.

Matico, 41.

Matter, eternity of, 99, 159.

Maudsley, H. (b. 1835), 457.

Maxims of Welsh physicians, 283-285.

Max Müller on the Esthonians, 9.

_Maykeeka_, doctor of New South Wales, 27.

Mayow, 423.

“Me,” “the essential part of,” 23.

Mead, R. (1673-1754), 431.

Measles, goddesses of, in China, 128.

_Mecasphim_ and _Casdim_, 91.

Mechanical school of medicine, 420.

Meckel, J. F. (1724-1774), 437.

Medical education in Egypt, 69.

— in India, 103.

— in Rome, 209.

— guild in Rome, 210.

— literature as studied in Chaucer’s time, 329.

— police, 429.

Medicinal plants tenanted by good spirits, 14.

Medicine and civilization, 8.

— its origin, mysterious, 41.

— and philosophy of Pythagoras, 162.

— as the propitiation of evil spirits, 22.

— as a totem, 32.

— “the great,” 128.

— dance, 32.

— men, 17, 18, 22, 27, 30, 31, 33, 248, 404.

— — their secret language, 30.

Medicines, who discovered them? 7, 85.

Medico-Chemical sect, the, 380, 419.

Mediums, 10, 21, 30, 128.

— as Chinese doctors, 128.

Meges (B.C. 20), 214.

Megrims, 286.

Meibom, H. (1638-1700), 438.

Melampus, the first physician, 151, 221.

Melancholia, 236.

Meletius (4th cent.), 236.

Menders of souls, 30.

Mental diseases, 209.

_Mentik_, the cause of rice disease, 14.

Menu, code of, 100.

Mercury, 150, 350, 487.

— in syphilis, 431.

“Merry Andrew,” 358.

Mesmer, F. A. (1733-1815), 430.

Mesmerism, 235, 430, 457.

Mesue the younger (about 1015), 296.

Metallurgy, 323.

Metempsychosis, 163.

Methodists, school of the, 212, 214.

Metschnikoff, 475.

Mexicans, their beer, 46.

Mexico, 341.

_Mezûza_ wards off demons, 75.

Microbes, 472.

Microscope in anatomy, 389, 390, 471.

Midwifery, 295, 313, 361.

Midwives, 219, 272, 362.

Millet-seed beer, 48.

Millington, T. (c. 1676), 391.

Mind cures, 481.

Mineral medicines, 350, 486-488.

— medicines used by Rhazes, 296.

— waters, 400.

Mineralogy, 293, 351.

Minerva invoked by physicians, 149.

Miracles of healing, 481.

— at the tomb of St. Louis, 320.

— of Tartar surgery, 138.

Mistletoe in medicine, 34, 270.

Mithridates the Great, 201.

“Mithridaticum,” 201, 375.

Mivart, George (b. 1827), 452.

Mohammedan medicine, 287.

_Molee_ charms, 27.

Moly, the, of Homer, 249.

Monasteries, rise of the, 300.

Monastic botany, 369.

Mondino, the father of modern anatomy (c. 1315), 325, 385.

Mongolian peoples, 125.

— Shamanism, 27.

Mongols, their knowledge of anatomy, 135.

Mongoose, its use of antidote to snake-poison, 3.

Monotheism of the Bible, 74.

Monro, A. (1697-1767), 436.

Montagu, Lady W. (1690-1762), 439.

Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592), 351.

Monte Cassino, 308, 309.

Montpellier, its services to education, 305, 384.

— school of, 303, 304, 384.

Moonlight, injurious effects of, 81.

Morand (1697-1773), 432.

_Morbus sacer_, 181.

Morgagni, G. B. (1682-1772), 437.

Morgan, J. (1736-1789), 427.

Moschion Diorthortes (c. 6th cent.), 242.

Moses (B.C. 1490), 477.

Mosques as universities, 292.

Moss from a dead man’s skull, 397.

Mott, V. (1785-1865), 462.

Mountain peaks invoked, 16.

Mouse-dung as a remedy, 285, 395.

Muffet, Thomas (died 1604), 361.

Müller (c. 1786), 472.

Murchison, C. (1830-1879), 454.

_Mūrŭp_, a disembodied spirit, 23.

Musandinus, 315.

Music in the treatment of disease, 165.

Mussel shells as surgical instruments, 33.

Mustard, 285.

Myddvai, physicians of, 281, 283.

Myrepsus, Nicholas (c. 1250), 323.

Mystical school, 419.

Mystic sign in Hindu medicine, 109.

Myxoedema, 458.

N.

Naboth, M. (1675-1721), 437.

Naegeli, 473.

Nail-parings, superstitions concerning, 16, 143, 407.

_Namtar_ and _Idpa_, 89.

Nasal polypus, a punishment for sin, 82.

Nasty physic first disguised by St. Hildegard, 307.

Natural explanations the result of science, 24.

— history, 225, 351, 361.

— — studied by Aristotle, 192.

— philosophy, 336, 377, 378, 379.

— sciences, 448.

Nature the physician of diseases, 176.

Neatness of Indian surgery, 42.

Necromancers, 335.

— and tombs, 413.

Needfire, 273.

Needham, W. (died 1691), 425.

Negro priest-physicians, 28.

— religion is fetishism, 65.

Negroes, their theories of disease, 28.

Nelaton, A. (1807-1874), 461.

Nemesius (4th cent.), 236.

Neoplatonism, its influence on medicine, 235.

Nepenthe, 70, 154.

Nerves, 231, 232, 325, 364, 378, 389, 391, 436.

— of sensation and motion recognised, 196, 224.

Nervous disorders, 220, 236, 391.

— system, structure of, 364, 367, 379.

Nestorians, 288, 290, 291.

Neuralgia, remedies for, 34.

Newman, Cardinal, on the world’s benefactors, 7.

Newton, Isaac (1642-1727), 378, 379, 420.

New Zealand, theories of disease in, 13.

_Nganga_, a medicine man of the Congo, 30.

Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464), 336.

Nicholas Præpositus (c. 1140), 313.

Nicholas V. (1389-1455), Pope, 336.

Nicholls, F. (1699-1778), 436.

Nightingale, Florence (b. 1820), 467.

Nigritian character of Egyptian religion, 65.

Nine secrets of the Brahmans, 101.

Nineveh, excavations at, 91.

_Nirvana_, 111.

Nitrous oxide gas, 449, 464, 466.

_Noijat_, sorcerers of Finland, 14.

Nonnus (10th cent.), 302.

“No Restraint” system, 457.

Nosology, 104, 204.

_Novum Organon_, the, 377, 378, 380.

Nuck, A. (1650-1692), 390.

Nukahivans, their use of kava, 49.

Numa Pompilius, 205.

Numbers, magic in, 258, 259.

— the philosophy of, 162-164.

— Pythagorean doctrine of, 162, 163, 216.

Nursing reform, 467.

Nux Vomica, 129.

O.

Oath of the Asclepiades, 169.

Ob, an ancient Egyptian demon, 19.

Obeah witchcraft of West Indies, 18, 19.

Obi-men, 19.

Obsession, 10.

Obstetricians, 435, 479.

Obstetrics, 218, 242, 243, 294, 296, 313, 361, 362, 429, 435.

Occult philosophy, 337, 347, 368.

Oculists in Rome, 210, 217.

Odd and even days in diseases, 164.

— days, the, 202.

Odin a doctor, 272.

Odyl, 430.

Œons, 252.

Offences against dead a cause of disease, 12, 20, 139.

Ointment for sorcerers, 413.

Old age described in Ecclesiastes, 80.

— women, experiments on, 35.

Olfactory nerves discovered, 337.

Operations invented by ancient Hindus, 117.

Ophthalmic surgery, 210, 211, 217, 296, 464.

Ophthalmology, 463.

Ophthalmoscope, 463.

Opium-eaters, 47.

Opium known to the ancients, 70, 154.

— used to procure sleep, 201.

Optic nerves, 364.

— decussation of, 209.

Oracle-spirits, 10.

Orfila (1787-1853), 449.

Orgies of Dionysus, 32, 150.

Oribasius (A.D. 326-403), 235.

“Original People” of Malay Peninsula, 22.

Ormuzd, 141, 142, 143.

Orphic mysteries, 163.

Osteology, 216.

_Oüycou_, a Carib liquor, 51.

Ovariotomy of savages, 43, 45.

— of civilized people, 361, 460.

Owen, George (died 1558), 359.

— Richard (1804-1892), 451.

Oxford University, 339, 382, 383.

P.

Pacchioni, A. (1665-1726), 437.

Pæon the healer, 66, 147.

_Pagés_, priests of the Amazon, 26.

Paget, J. (b. 1814), 460.

Pakht, Egyptian god, 58.

_Palal_, the supreme pontiff of the cow-religion, 48.

Palfyn, J. (1649-1730), 435.

Pallas Athene, goddess of health, 149.

Palletta (1747-1823), 433.

Palmer, Mr. E., on the medicine of Australian tribes, 33.

Pancreas, duct of the, 391.

Pander, 481.

Pantheism, 97.

Panum, 476.

Paper invented by the Arabs, 294.

Papuan Islanders and arrack, 47.

Papyrus of Ebers, 58, 64, 67, 69, 71.

— Harris, 65.

— Lee and Rollin, 65.

— Berlin, 68.

Parabolani, an order of clerical nurses for sick, 241.

Paracelsus (1493-1541), 331, 346, 347, 380, 419.

Paracentesis in ascites, 177, 182.

_Paraschistes_, Egyptian dissectors, 64.

Parasites of skin diseases, 457.

Paré, Ambroise (1509-1590), 368-376.

Parker, 478, 479.

Parsees, medicine of, 141.

Parturition, medicines in, 37.

Pascal (1623-1662), 379, 410.

Pasteur, L. (b. 1820), 472, 474, 477, 480.

_Pastophori_, 62.

Patagonian wizards, 21, 22.

Pathology, 227, 313, 437.

— amongst Egyptians, 63.

— of faith-healing, 320.

Pathological school of medicine, 446.

Patron saints of the Javanese, 14.

Paulus Ægineta (c. 7th cent.), 211, 242.

Pecquet, J. (1622-1674), 390.

Peiresc, F. de (1580-1637), 390.

Pelletier, 449.

Pelops (anatomist), 209.

Pemberton, H., 420.

Penance as a remedy for disease, 101.

Penny, Thomas (c. 1570), 361.

Percussion of thorax, 177, 453.

Percy (1754-1825), 433.

Periapts, 254, 255.

Periodeutes, the, 242.

Perkuna, the thunder-god, 9.

Perrault, 420.

Persians employed Egyptian physicians, 71.

Peru, 341, 383.

Petit, J. L. (1674-1750), 432.

Petrocellus (about 1035), 310.

Petroleum, 275.

Petrus Apono (1250-1315), 326.

Peyer, J. C. (1653-1712), 437.

Phagocyte theory, 475.

Phallic worship, 76, 85.

Pharmacopœias, 313, 363, 364, 392, 394.

Pharmacy, 220, 236, 237, 296, 299, 315, 332, 350, 375, 391, 392, 419.

— and medicine separated, 315, 317.

— elegant, 307.

— in ancient Egypt, 69.

— in China, 133.

— of Hindus, 115.

Pherecydes (c. 609 B.C.), 158.

Philinus of Cos (B.C. 280), 199, 200.

Philip of Cæsarea, 234.

Philonides, 213.

Philosophy, modern, 377.

— of the Greeks, 158.

— of the Hindus, 97, 98.

Philosophical Society of Oxford, 378.

— transactions, the, 378.

Philoxenos (about B.C. 260), 198.

Philoxenus the oculist, 210.

Philtres, 222, 413.

Philumenus (c. A.D. 60), 218.

Phlebitis, 434.

Phlogiston, 423.

Phœnicia, oculists of, 58.

Phœnicians devoted to phallic worship, 85.

Phosphorus, 487.

Phrenology, 456.

Phthisis, Hippocrates on, 182.

Phylacteries of the Jews were amulets, 75, 86.

Physical science, 160, 322.

Physic-god represented by doctor, 109.

Physicians always originally wizards, 26, 86.

— and surgeons of primitive man, 40.

— behaviour, 103, 312.

— College of, 357.

Physics, 351.

Physiological medicine, 446.

Physiology, 212, 228, 336, 367, 381, 384, 390, 420, 436.

_Piayas_, diviners of North America, 26.

Pig, anatomy of the, 313.

Pigeons’ dung in pregnancy, 131.

Pills of precious stones, 130.

— in Egyptian pharmacy, 69.

Pincers, 244, 245.

Pinel, P. (1745-1826), 456.

Pitard, Jean (1228-1315), 323.

Pitcairn, A. (1652-1713), 419, 425.

Pitcairn, W. (1711-1791), 438.

Pius II., _see_ Æneas Sylvius.

Plain cooking, 15.

Plants, the food of ghosts, 23.

— the homes of the departed, 14, 46.

— medicinal, well understood by Australian tribes, 33.

Plant-worship, 32, 46, 142, 269, 270.

Plastic operations, 216, 462.

Platearius, Johannes, 314.

Platearius, Matthæus, 314.

Plato (B.C. 427-347), 185.

Platter, Felix (1536-1614), 363.

Plenciz, M. A. (c. 1762), 472.

Pliny the elder (A.D. 23-79), his natural history, 225.

Plotinus (A.D. 205-270), 235.

Pneumatists, sect of the, 227.

Podalirius, son of Æsculapius, 149, 152, 153, 155.

Poisons, action of, 431.

— and poisoning, 439.

— of a spiritual kind, 23.

— science of, 449, 454.

Poisoning, art of, 323, 324, 404, 439.

— by Obeah-men, 19.

— secret, 222, 223.

Poisonous plants the homes of demons, 14, 46.